Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2024
The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
صِفَةُ حَصْرِ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، ؓ لَمَّا وَقَعَ مَا وَقَعَ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ، وَشُجَّ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانُ وَهُوَ فِي رَأْسِ الْمِنْبَرِ، وَسَقَطَ مَغْشِيًّا عَلَيْهِ، وَاحْتُمِلَ إِلَى دَارِهِ، تَفَاقَمَ الْأَمْرُ وَطَمِعَ فِيهِ أُولَئِكَ الْأَجْلَافُ الْأَخْلَاطُ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَأَلْجَئُوهُ إِلَى دَارِهِ وَضَيَّقُوا عَلَيْهِ، وَأَحَاطُوا بِهَا مُحَاصِرِينَ لَهُ، وَلَزِمَ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ بُيُوتَهُمْ، وَسَارَ إِلَيْهِ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنْ أَبْنَاءِ الصَّحَابَةِ عَنْ أَمْرِ آبَائِهِمْ ; مِنْهُمُ الْحَسَنُ وَالْحُسَيْنُ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ - وَكَانَ أَمِيرَ الدَّارِ - وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ، وَصَارُوا يُجَاحِفُونَ عَنْهُ، وَيُنَاضِلُونَ دُونَهُ أَنْ يَصِلَ إِلَيْهِ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ، وَأَسْلَمَهُ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ رَجَاءَ أَنْ يُجِيبَ أُولَئِكَ إِلَى وَاحِدَةٍ مِمَّا سَأَلُوا، فَإِنَّهُمْ كَانُوا قَدْ طَلَبُوا مِنْهُ إِمَّا أَنْ يَعْزِلَ نَفْسَهُ أَوْ يُسْلِمَ إِلَيْهِمْ مَرْوَانَ بْنَ الْحَكَمِ، وَلَمْ يَقَعْ فِي خَلَدِ أَحَدٍ أَنَّهُ يُقْتَلُ، إِلَّا مَا كَانَ فِي نَفْسِ أُولَئِكَ الْخَارِجِينَ عَلَيْهِ. وَانْقَطَعَ عُثْمَانُ عَنِ الْمَسْجِدِ، فَكَانِ لَا يَخْرُجُ إِلَيْهِ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا فِي أَوَائِلِ الْأَمْرِ، ثُمَّ انْقَطَعَ بِالْكُلِّيَّةِ فِي آخِرِهِ، وَكَانَ يُصَلِّي بِالنَّاسِ فِي هَذِهِ الْأَيَّامِ الْغَافِقِيُّ بْنُ حَرْبٍ. وَقَدِ اسْتَمَرَّ الْحَصْرُ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ شَهْرٍ. وَقِيلَ: أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا. حَتَّى كَانَ آخِرَ ذَلِكَ أَنْ قُتِلَ شَهِيدًا، ؓ، عَلَى مَا سَنُبَيِّنُهُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى. وَالَّذِي ذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ أَنَّ الَّذِي كَانَ يُصَلِّي بِالنَّاسِ فِي هَذِهِ الْمُدَّةِ وَعُثْمَانُ مَحْصُورٌ طَلْحَةُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ. وَرَوَى الْوَاقِدِيُّ أَنَّ عَلِيًّا صَلَّى أَيْضًا، وَصَلَّى أَبُو أَيُّوبَ وَصَلَّى بِهِمْ سَهْلُ بْنُ حُنَيْفٍ، وَكَانَ يَجْمَعُ بِهِمْ عَلِيٌّ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي صَلَّى بِهِمْ بَعْدُ. وَقَدْ خَاطَبَ النَّاسَ فِي غُبُونِ ذَلِكَ بِأَشْيَاءَ، وَجَرَتْ أُمُورٌ سَنُورِدُ مِنْهَا مَا تَيَسَّرَ. وَبِاللَّهِ الْمُسْتَعَانُ. قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: بسنده عن: قَالَ الْأَحْنَفُ: انْطَلَقْنَا حُجَّاجًا فَمَرَرْنَا بِالْمَدِينَةِ، فَبَيْنَمَا نَحْنُ فِي مَنْزِلِنَا إِذْ جَاءَنَا آتٍ فَقَالَ: النَّاسُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ. فَانْطَلَقْتُ أَنَا وَصَاحِبِي فَإِذَا النَّاسُ مُجْتَمِعُونَ عَلَى نَفَرٍ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ قَالَ: فَتَخَلَّلْتُهُمْ حَتَّى قُمْتُ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَإِذَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ وَالزُّبَيْرُ وَطَلْحَةُ وَسَعْدُ بْنُ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، قَالَ: فَلَمْ يَكُنْ ذَلِكَ بِأَسْرَعَ مِنْ أَنْ جَاءَ عُثْمَانُ يَمْشِي، فَقَالَ: هَاهُنَا عَلِيٌّ ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: أَهَاهُنَا الزُّبَيْرُ ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: أَهَاهُنَا سَعْدٌ ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: أَنْشُدُكُمْ بِاللَّهِ الَّذِي لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ أَتَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، قَالَ: مَنْ يَبْتَاعُ مِرْبَدَ بَنِي فُلَانٍ غَفَرَ اللَّهُ لَهُ فَابْتَعْتُهُ فَأَتَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فَقُلْتُ: إِنِّي قَدِ ابْتَعْتُهُ. فَقَالَ: " اجْعَلْهُ فِي مَسْجِدِنَا وَأَجْرُهُ لَكَ " ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: أَنْشُدُكُمْ بِاللَّهِ الَّذِي لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ، أَتَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ، ﷺ، قَالَ: مَنْ يَبْتَاعُ بِئْرَ رُومَةَ ؟. فَابْتَعْتُهَا بِكَذَا وَكَذَا، فَأَتَيْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فَقُلْتُ: إِنِّي قَدِ ابْتَعْتُهَا - يَعْنِي بِئْرَ رُومَةَ - فَقَالَ: اجْعَلْهَا سِقَايَةً لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَلَكَ أَجْرُهَا " ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: أَنْشُدُكُمْ بِاللَّهِ الَّذِي لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ أَتَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، نَظَرَ فِي وُجُوهِ الْقَوْمِ يَوْمَ جَيْشِ الْعُسْرَةِ فَقَالَ: مَنْ يُجَهِّزْ هَؤُلَاءِ غَفَرَ اللَّهُ لَهُ فَجَهَّزْتُهُمْ حَتَّى مَا يَفْقِدُونَ خِطَامًا وَلَا عِقَالًا ؟ قَالُوا: اللَّهُمَّ نَعَمْ. فَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ اشْهَدْ، اللَّهُمَّ اشْهَدْ، اللَّهُمَّ اشْهَدْ. ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ. طَرِيقٌ أُخْرَى: قَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ: بسنده عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَسْلَمَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: شَهِدْتُ عُثْمَانَ يَوْمَ حُصِرَ فِي مَوْضِعِ الْجَنَائِزِ، وَلَوْ أُلْقِيَ حَجَرٌ لَمْ يَقَعْ إِلَّا عَلَى رَأْسِ رَجُلٍ، فَرَأَيْتُ عُثْمَانَ أَشْرَفَ مِنَ الْخَوْخَةِ الَّتِي تَلِي مَقَامَ جِبْرِيلَ، فَقَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ أَفِيكُمْ طَلْحَةُ ؟ فَسَكَتُوا. ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ أَفِيكُمْ طَلْحَةُ ؟ فَسَكَتُوا. ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ أَفِيكُمْ طَلْحَةُ ؟ فَقَامَ طَلْحَةُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ عُثْمَانُ: أَلَا أَرَاكَ هَاهُنَا ؟ مَا كُنْتُ أَرَى أَنَّكَ تَكُونُ فِي جَمَاعَةِ قَوْمٍ تَسْمَعُ نِدَائِي آخِرَ ثَلَاثِ مَرَّاتٍ ثُمَّ لَا تُجِيبُنِي، أَنْشُدُكَ اللَّهَ يَا طَلْحَةُ، تَذْكُرُ يَوْمَ كُنْتُ أَنَا وَأَنْتَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فِي مَوْضِعِ كَذَا وَكَذَا، لَيْسَ مَعَهُ أَحَدٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ غَيْرِي وَغَيْرُكَ - فَقَالَ: نَعَمْ - فَقَالَ لَكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ: يَا طَلْحَةُ إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ مِنْ نَبِيٍّ إِلَّا وَمَعَهُ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ رَفِيقٌ مِنْ أُمَّتِهِ مَعَهُ فِي الْجَنَّةِ، وَإِنَّ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ عَفَّانَ هَذَا - يَعْنِينِي - رَفِيقِي فِي الْجَنَّةِ ؟. فَقَالَ طَلْحَةُ: اللَّهُمَّ نَعَمْ. ثُمَّ انْصَرَفَ. لَمْ يُخْرِجُوهُ. طَرِيقٌ أُخْرَى: قَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَحْمَدَ: بسنده عَنْ ثُمَامَةَ بْنِ حَزْنٍ الْقُشَيْرِيِّ، قَالَ: شَهِدْتُ الدَّارَ يَوْمَ أُصِيبَ عُثْمَانُ، فَاطَّلَعَ عَلَيْهِمُ اطِّلَاعَةً، فَقَالَ: ادْعُوا لِي صَاحِبَيْكُمُ اللَّذَيْنِ أَلَّبَاكُمْ عَلَيَّ، فَدُعِيَا لَهُ فَقَالَ: أَنْشُدُكُمَا اللَّهَ، أَتَعْلَمَانِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، لَمَّا قَدِمَ الْمَدِينَةَ ضَاقَ الْمَسْجِدُ بِأَهْلِهِ، فَقَالَ: مَنْ يَشْتَرِي هَذِهِ الْبُقْعَةَ مِنْ خَالِصِ مَالِهِ فَيَكُونَ فِيهَا كَالْمُسْلِمِينَ وَلَهُ خَيْرٌ مِنْهَا فِي الْجَنَّةِ ؟. فَاشْتَرَيْتُهَا مِنْ خَالِصِ مَالِي فَجَعَلْتُهَا بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَأَنْتُمْ تَمْنَعُونِي أَنْ أُصَلِّيَ فِيهِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ ! ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَنْشُدُكُمُ اللَّهَ أَتَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ. طَرِيقٌ أُخْرَى: قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: بسنده قَالَ: دَعَا عُثْمَانُ رِجَالًا مِنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فِيهِمْ عَمَّارُ بْنُ يَاسِرٍ، فَقَالَ: إِنِّي سَائِلُكُمْ وَإِنِّي أُحِبُّ أَنْ تُصْدُقُونِي، نَشَدْتُكُمُ اللَّهَ، أَتَعْلَمُونَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، كَانَ يُؤْثِرُ قُرَيْشًا عَلَى سَائِرِ النَّاسِ، وَيُؤْثِرُ بَنِي هَاشِمٍ عَلَى سَائِرِ قُرَيْشٍ ؟ فَسَكَتَ الْقَوْمُ، فَقَالَ عُثْمَانُ: لَوْ أَنَّ بِيَدِي مَفَاتِيحَ الْجَنَّةِ لَأَعْطَيْتُهَا بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ حَتَّى يَدْخُلُوا مِنْ عِنْدِ آخِرِهِمْ. فَبَعَثَ إِلَى طَلْحَةَ وَالزُّبَيْرِ، فَقَالَ عُثْمَانُ: أَلَا أُحَدِّثُكُمَا عَنْهُ - يَعْنِي عَمَّارًا - أَقْبَلْتُ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، آخِذًا بِيَدِي نَتَمَشَّى فِي الْبَطْحَاءِ حَتَّى أَتَى عَلَى أَبِيهِ وَأُمِّهِ وَعَلَيْهِ يُعَذَّبُونَ، فَقَالَ أَبُو عَمَّارٍ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، الدَّهْرَ هَكَذَا ؟ فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ، ﷺ: " اصْبِرْ ". ثُمَّ قَالَ: " اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِآلِ يَاسِرٍ وَقَدْ فَعَلْتَ ". تَفَرَّدَ بِهِ أَحْمَدُ، وَلَمْ يُخَرِّجْهُ أَحَدٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ الْكُتُبِ. طَرِيقٌ أُخْرَى: قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: بسنده عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ أَشْرَفَ عَلَى أَصْحَابِهِ وَهُوَ مَحْصُورٌ فَقَالَ: عَلَامَ تَقْتُلُونِي ؟ فَإِنِّي سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، يَقُولُ: لَا يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ إِلَّا بِإِحْدَى ثَلَاثٍ؛ رَجُلٌ زَنَى بَعْدَ إِحْصَانِهِ فَعَلَيْهِ الرَّجْمُ، أَوْ قَتَلَ عَمْدًا فَعَلَيْهِ الْقَوَدُ، أَوِ ارْتَدَّ بَعْدَ إِسْلَامِهِ فَعَلَيْهِ الْقَتْلُ. فَوَاللَّهِ مَا زَنَيْتُ فِي جَاهِلِيَّةٍ وَلَا إِسْلَامٍ، وَلَا قَتَلْتُ أَحَدًا فَأُقِيدَ نَفْسِي مِنْهُ، وَلَا ارْتَدَدْتُ مُنْذُ أَسْلَمْتُ؛ إِنِّي أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ. طَرِيقٌ أُخْرَى: قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: بسنده عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، قَالَ: أَشْرَفَ عُثْمَانُ مِنَ الْقَصْرِ وَهُوَ مَحْصُورٌ، فَقَالَ: أَنْشُدُ بِاللَّهِ مَنْ شَهِدَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، يَوْمَ حِرَاءَ، إِذِ اهْتَزَّ الْجَبَلُ فَرَكَلَهُ بِقَدَمِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: اسْكُنْ حِرَاءُ لَيْسَ عَلَيْكَ إِلَّا نَبِيٌّ أَوْ صِدِّيقٌ أَوْ شَهِيدٌ، وَأَنَا مَعَهُ. فَانْتَشَدَ لَهُ رِجَالٌ. قَالَ: أَنْشُدُ بِاللَّهِ مَنْ شَهِدَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، يَوْمَ بَيْعَةِ الرِّضْوَانِ، إِذْ بَعَثَنِي إِلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ إِلَى أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ فَقَالَ: " هَذِهِ يَدِي وَهَذِهِ يَدُ عُثْمَانَ " فَبَايَعَ لِي ؟ فَانْتَشَدَ لَهُ رِجَالٌ. إرسال عثمان ؓ وإلى معاوية وابن عامر لطرد الخوارج وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، لَمَّا رَأَى مَا فَعَلَهُ هَؤُلَاءِ الْخَوَارِجُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْأَمْصَارِ، مِنْ مُحَاصَرَتِهِ فِي دَارِهِ، وَمَنْعِهِ الْخُرُوجَ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ، كَتَبَ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ بِالشَّامِ، وَإِلَى ابْنِ عَامِرٍ بِالْبَصْرَةِ، وَإِلَى أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ، يَسْتَنْجِدُهُمْ فِي بَعْثِ جَيْشٍ يَطْرُدُونَ هَؤُلَاءِ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَبَعَثَ مُعَاوِيَةُ حَبِيبَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ، وَانْتَدَبَ يَزِيدُ بْنُ أَسَدٍ الْقَسْرِيُّ فِي جَيْشٍ، وَبَعَثَ أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ جَيْشًا، وَأَهْلُ الْبَصْرَةِ جَيْشًا، فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ أُولَئِكَ بِخُرُوجِ الْجُيُوشِ إِلَيْهِمْ صَمَّمُوا فِي الْحِصَارِ، فَمَا اقْتَرَبَ الْجُيُوشُ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ حَتَّى جَاءَهُمْ قَتْلُ عُثْمَانَ، ؓ، كَمَا سَنَذْكُرُهُ. وَذَكَرَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ اسْتَدْعَى الْأَشْتَرَ النَّخَعِيَّ، وَوُضِعَتْ لِعُثْمَانَ وِسَادَةٌ فِي كُوَّةٍ مِنْ دَارِهِ، فَأَشْرَفَ عَلَى النَّاسِ فَقَالَ لَهُ عُثْمَانُ: يَا أَشْتَرُ مَاذَا يُرِيدُونَ ؟ فَقَالَ: إِنَّهُمْ يُرِيدُونَ مِنْكَ إِمَّا أَنْ تَعْزِلَ نَفْسَكَ عَنِ الْإِمْرَةِ، وَإِمَّا أَنْ تُقِيدَ مِنْ نَفْسِكَ مَنْ قَدْ ضَرَبْتَهُ، أَوْ جَلَدْتَهُ، أَوْ حَبَسْتَهُ، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَقْتُلُوكَ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ أَنَّهُمْ طَلَبُوا مِنْهُ أَنْ يَعْزِلَ نُوَّابَهُ عَنِ الْأَمْصَارِ وَيُوَلِّيَ عَلَيْهَا مَنْ يُرِيدُونَ هُمْ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَعْزِلْ نَفْسَهُ، أَنْ يُسْلِمَ لَهُمْ مَرْوَانَ بْنَ الْحَكَمِ فَيُعَاقِبُوهُ كَمَا زَوَّرَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ كِتَابَهُ إِلَى مِصْرَ. فَخَشِيَ عُثْمَانُ إِنْ سَلَّمَهُ إِلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يَقْتُلُوهُ، فَيَكُونَ سَبَبًا فِي قَتْلِ امْرِئٍ مُسْلِمٍ، وَمَا فَعَلَ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ مَا يَسْتَحِقُّ بِسَبَبِهِ الْقَتْلَ، وَاعْتَذَرَ عَنِ الِاقْتِصَاصِ مِمَّا قَالُوا بِأَنَّهُ رَجُلٌ ضَعِيفُ الْبَدَنِ كَبِيرُ السِّنِّ. وَأَمَّا مَا سَأَلُوهُ مِنْ خَلْعِهِ نَفْسَهُ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَفْعَلُ وَلَا يَنْزِعُ قَمِيصًا قَمَّصَهُ اللَّهُ إِيَّاهُ، وَيَتْرُكُ أُمَّةَ مُحَمَّدٍ يَعْدُو بَعْضُهَا عَلَى بَعْضٍ، وَقَالَ لَهُمْ فِيمَا قَالَ: وَأَيُّ شَيْءٍ إِلَيَّ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ إِنْ كُنْتُ كُلَّمَا كَرِهْتُمْ أَمِيرًا عَزَلْتُهُ، وَكُلَّمَا رَضِيتُمْ عَنْهُ وَلَّيْتُهُ ؟ وَقَالَ لَهُمْ فِيمَا قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ قَتَلْتُمُونِي لَا تَتَحَابُّوا بَعْدِي أَبَدًا، وَلَا تُصَلُّوا جَمِيعًا أَبَدًا، وَلَا تُقَاتِلُوا بَعْدِي عَدُوًّا جَمِيعًا أَبَدًا. وَقَدْ صَدَقَ، ؓ فِيمَا قَالَ. وعن النُّعْمَانُ بْنُ بَشِيرٍ قَالَ: كَتَبَ مَعِي مُعَاوِيَةُ إِلَى عَائِشَةَ كِتَابًا فَدَفَعَتْ إِلَيْهَا كِتَابَهُ، فَحَدَّثَتْنِي أَنَّهَا سَمِعَتْ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، يَقُولُ لِعُثْمَانَ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَعَلَّهُ يُقَمِّصُكَ قَمِيصًا فَإِنْ أَرَادَكَ أَحَدٌ عَلَى خَلْعِهِ فَلَا تَخْلَعْهُ ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ. قَالَ النُّعْمَانُ: فَقُلْتُ يَا أُمَّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، فَأَيْنَ كُنْتِ عَنْ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ ؟ فَقَالَتْ: يَا بُنَيَّ، وَاللَّهِ أُنْسِيتُهُ. وَعَنْ أَبِي سَهْلَةَ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ قَالَتْ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ: " ادْعُوا لِي بَعْضَ أَصْحَابِي ". قُلْتُ: أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؟ قَالَ: " لَا ". قُلْتُ: عُمَرُ ؟ قَالَ: " لَا ". قُلْتُ: ابْنُ عَمِّكَ عَلِيٌّ ؟ قَالَ: " لَا ". قَالَتْ: قُلْتُ: عُثْمَانُ ؟ قَالَ: " نَعَمْ ". فَلَمَّا جَاءَ قَالَ: تَنَحَّيْ. فَجَعَلَ يُسَارُّهُ وَلَوْنُ عُثْمَانَ يَتَغَيَّرُ. فَلَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمُ الدَّارِ وَحُصِرَ فِيهَا قُلْنَا: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَلَا تُقَاتِلُ ؟ قَالَ: لَا؛ إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، عَهِدَ إِلَيَّ عَهْدًا وَإِنِّي صَابِرٌ نَفْسِي عَلَيْهِ. وَعَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ عَمْرٍو أَنَّهُ سَمِعَ أَبَا ثَوْرٍ الْفَهْمِيَّ يَقُولُ: قَدِمْتُ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ فَبَيْنَا أَنَا عِنْدَهُ فَخَرَجْتُ فَإِذَا بِوَفْدِ أَهْلِ مِصْرَ قَدْ رَجَعُوا فَدَخَلْتُ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ فَأَعْلَمْتُهُ، فَقَالَ: وَكَيْفَ رَأَيْتَهُمْ ؟ فَقُلْتُ: رَأَيْتُ فِي وُجُوهِهِمُ الشَّرَّ، وَعَلَيْهِمُ ابْنُ عُدَيْسٍ الْبَلَوِيُّ، فَصَعِدَ ابْنُ عُدَيْسٍ مِنْبَرَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فَصَلَّى بِهِمُ الْجُمُعَةَ وَتَنَقَّصَ عُثْمَانَ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ، فَدَخَلْتُ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ بِمَا قَامَ فِيهِمْ، فَقَالَ: كَذَبَ وَاللَّهِ ابْنُ عُدَيْسٍ، وَلَوْلَا مَا ذَكَرَ مَا ذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ، إِنِّي لَرَابِعُ أَرْبَعَةٍ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ، وَلَقَدْ أَنْكَحَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، ابْنَتَهُ، ثُمَّ تُوُفِّيَتْ، فَأَنْكَحَنِي ابْنَتَهُ الْأُخْرَى، وَاللَّهِ وَلَا زَنَيْتُ وَلَا سَرَقْتُ فِي جَاهِلِيَّةٍ وَلَا إِسْلَامٍ، وَلَا تَعَتَّيْتُ وَلَا تَمَنَّيْتُ مُنْذُ أَسْلَمْتُ، وَلَا مَسَسْتُ فَرْجِي بِيَمِينِي مُنْذُ بَايَعْتُ بِهَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، وَلَقَدْ جَمَعْتُ الْقُرْآنَ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، وَلَا أَتَتْ عَلَيَّ جُمُعَةٌ إِلَّا وَأَنَا أُعْتِقُ فِيهَا رَقَبَةً مُنْذُ أَسْلَمْتُ، إِلَّا أَنْ لَا أَجِدَهَا فِي تِلْكَ الْجُمُعَةِ فَأَجْمَعَهَا فِي الْجُمُعَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ.
Translation
✧ Description of the siege of the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān, ؓ When what happened on Friday took place, and the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān was wounded while he was at the top of the pulpit and fell unconscious, and was carried to his house, the matter worsened and those rough mixed crowds of people became covetous of him, forced him into his house, constrained him, and surrounded it besieging him. Many of the Companions stayed in their homes, and a group of the sons of the Companions went to him at the command of their fathers; among them al-Ḥasan and al-Ḥusayn, and ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr—who was the commander of the house—and ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar. They defended him and fought on his behalf so that none of them could reach him. Some people abandoned him hoping that he would yield to those people in one of the things they asked, for they had demanded of him either that he depose himself or that he hand over Marwān b. al-Ḥakam to them. It never occurred to anyone that he would be killed, except what was in the minds of those rebels against him. ʿUthmān was cut off from the mosque, and he only came out to it a little at the beginning of the affair, then he was completely cut off at its end. During these days al-Ghāfiqī b. Ḥarb led the people in prayer. The siege lasted more than a month. It is said: forty days. Until the end of it was that he was killed as a martyr, ؓ, as we shall explain, if God Almighty wills. What Ibn Jarīr mentioned is that the one who led the people in prayer during this period while ʿUthmān was besieged was Ṭalḥah b. ʿUbayd Allāh. Al-Wāqidī narrated that ʿAlī also prayed, Abū Ayyūb prayed, and Sahl b. Ḥunayf prayed with them, and ʿAlī used to gather them together, and he was the one who prayed with them afterward. He addressed the people during the midst of that with some things, and matters occurred of which we will mention what is easy. And from God is the help sought. Imam Aḥmad said: with his chain of transmission from: al-Aḥnaf said: We set out as pilgrims and passed by Madinah. While we were at our camp, a messenger came to us and said: The people are in the mosque. So I and my companion went, and there were the people gathered around a group in the mosque. He said: I made my way through them until I stood over them, and there were ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, al-Zubayr, Ṭalḥah, and Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ. He said: It was not quicker than that ʿUthmān came walking and said: Is ʿAlī here? They said: Yes. He said: Is al-Zubayr here? They said: Yes. He said: Is Saʿd here? They said: Yes. He said: I adjure you by God, besides whom there is no god, do you know that the Messenger of God, ﷺ, said: Whoever buys the mirbad of Banū Fulān, God forgives him, so I bought it, then I came to the Messenger of God, ﷺ, and said: I have bought it. He said: 'Put it in our mosque, and its reward is yours'? They said: Yes. He said: I adjure you by God, besides whom there is no god, do you know that the Messenger, ﷺ, said: Who will buy the well of Rūmah? So I bought it for such and such, then I came to the Messenger of God, ﷺ, and said: I have bought it—meaning the well of Rūmah—and he said: Make it a drinking place for the Muslims, and its reward is yours'? They said: Yes. He said: I adjure you by God, besides whom there is no god, do you know that the Messenger of God, ﷺ, looked at the faces of the people on the day of the army of hardship and said: Whoever equips these, God forgives him, so I equipped them until they lacked neither a halter nor a fetter? They said: O God, yes. Then he said: O God, bear witness, O God, bear witness, O God, bear witness. Then he departed. Another chain: ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad said: with his chain of transmission from Zayd b. Aslam, from his father, who said: I witnessed ʿUthmān on the day he was besieged in the place of the funeral biers, and if a stone had been thrown it would not have fallen except on a man's head. I saw ʿUthmān look out from the small door that is next to the station of Gabriel, and he said: O people, is Ṭalḥah among you? They were silent. Then he said: O people, is Ṭalḥah among you? They were silent. Then he said: O people, is Ṭalḥah among you? Ṭalḥah b. ʿUbayd Allāh stood up, and ʿUthmān said to him: Do I not see you here? I did not think that you would be in a group of people who hear my call three times and then do not answer me. I adjure you by God, O Ṭalḥah, do you remember the day when I and you were with the Messenger of God, ﷺ, in such and such a place, and none of his companions was with him except me and you—he said: Yes—and the Messenger of God, ﷺ, said to you: O Ṭalḥah, there is no prophet but that with him among his companions is a companion from his community who will be with him in Paradise, and this ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān—meaning me—is my companion in Paradise? Ṭalḥah said: O God, yes. Then he departed. They did not let him out. Another chain: ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad said: with his chain of transmission from Thumāmah b. Ḥazn al-Qushayrī, who said: I witnessed the house on the day ʿUthmān was killed. He looked out at them with a single look and said: Call for me your two companions who incited you against me. They were called for him, and he said: I adjure you both by God, do you know that when the Messenger of God, ﷺ, came to Madinah, the mosque was too narrow for its people, and he said: Who will buy this plot from his pure wealth, so that he may be in it like the Muslims and have something better than it in Paradise? So I bought it from my pure wealth and made it for the Muslims, and you are preventing me from praying two rakʿahs in it! Then he said: I adjure you by God, do you know that the Messenger of God, ﷺ... Another chain: Imam Aḥmad said: with his chain of transmission: He said: ʿUthmān called men from the companions of the Messenger of God, ﷺ, among them ʿAmmār b. Yāsir, and said: I am going to ask you, and I would like you to tell me the truth. I adjure you by God, do you know that the Messenger of God, ﷺ, used to prefer Quraysh over the rest of the people, and preferred Banū Hāshim over the rest of Quraysh? The people were silent, and ʿUthmān said: If I had in my hand the keys of Paradise, I would give them to Banū Umayyah so that they could enter from the last of them. Then he sent for Ṭalḥah and al-Zubayr, and ʿUthmān said: Shall I tell you about him—meaning ʿAmmār—I came with the Messenger of God, ﷺ, holding my hand, walking in the pebbly plain until he came upon his father and mother while they were being tortured. Abū ʿAmmār said: O Messenger of God, is time like this? The Prophet, ﷺ, said to him: 'Be patient.' Then he said: 'O God, forgive the family of Yāsir, and You have done so.' Only Aḥmad transmitted this, and none of the compilers of the books included it. Another chain: Imam Aḥmad said: with his chain of transmission from Ibn ʿUmar that ʿUthmān looked out at his companions while he was besieged and said: Why would you kill me? I heard the Messenger of God, ﷺ, say: The blood of a Muslim man is not permissible except for one of three: a man who commits adultery after being married, upon him is stoning; or one who kills intentionally, upon him is retaliation; or one who apostatizes after his Islam, upon him is execution. By God, I did not commit adultery in ignorance or in Islam, nor did I kill anyone that I should give my life in retaliation for him, nor did I apostatize since I became Muslim. I bear witness that there is no god but God, and that Muḥammad is His servant and His messenger. Another chain: Imam Aḥmad said: with his chain of transmission from Abū Salamah b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, who said: ʿUthmān looked out from the palace while he was besieged and said: I adjure by God anyone who witnessed the Messenger of God, ﷺ, on the day of Ḥirāʾ, when the mountain shook and he kicked it with his foot, then said: Be still, Ḥirāʾ, for upon you there is only a prophet, a truthful one, or a martyr, and I was with him. Men testified for him. He said: I adjure by God anyone who witnessed the Messenger of God, ﷺ, on the day of the pledge of al-Riḍwān, when he sent me to the polytheists, to the people of Makkah, and said: 'This is my hand, and this is the hand of ʿUthmān,' and pledged allegiance on my behalf? Men testified for him. ʿUthmān's, ؓ, sending to Muʿāwiyah and Ibn ʿĀmir to drive out the Kharijites Ibn Jarīr mentioned that when ʿUthmān, ؓ, saw what these Kharijites from the garrison towns had done in besieging him in his house and preventing him from going out to the mosque, he wrote to Muʿāwiyah in Syria, and to Ibn ʿĀmir in Basra, and to the people of Kufa, seeking their aid in sending an army to drive those people from Madinah. Muʿāwiyah sent Ḥabīb b. Maslamah, and Yazīd b. Asad al-Qasrī was enlisted in an army, and the people of Kufa sent an army, and the people of Basra sent an army. When those people heard of the armies setting out against them, they became more determined in the siege, and the armies had hardly approached Madinah when the news of the killing of ʿUthmān, ؓ, reached them, as we shall mention. Ibn Jarīr mentioned that ʿUthmān summoned al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī, and a cushion was placed for ʿUthmān in an opening of his house, and he looked out at the people. ʿUthmān said to him: O Ashtar, what do they want? He said: They want from you either that you depose yourself from the rule, or that you allow retaliation against yourself from those you have struck, or flogged, or imprisoned, or they will kill you. In another narration, they asked him to dismiss his governors from the garrison towns and appoint over them whomever they wished, and if he would not depose himself, to hand over Marwān b. al-Ḥakam to them so that they could punish him, since he had forged ʿUthmān's letter to Egypt. ʿUthmān feared that if he handed him over to them they would kill him, and thus he would be a cause of killing a Muslim man, and what he did of the affair did not deserve killing. He excused himself from retaliation for what they said because he was a man weak of body and advanced in age. As for their request that he depose himself, he would not do it, nor would he take off a shirt which God had clothed him with, and leave the community of Muḥammad with some of it transgressing against others. He said to them, among other things: And what do I have to do with the affair if every time you dislike a governor I dismiss him, and every time you are pleased with him I appoint him? And he said to them, among other things: By God, if you kill me, you will never love one another after me, never pray together after me, and never fight an enemy together after me. And he spoke the truth, ؓ, in what he said. From al-Nuʿmān b. Bashīr, who said: Muʿāwiyah wrote a letter with me to ʿĀʾishah, and I delivered his letter to her. She told me that she heard the Messenger of God, ﷺ, say to ʿUthmān: God may clothe you with a shirt, and if someone wants you to take it off, do not take it off—three times. Al-Nuʿmān said: I said: O Mother of the Believers, where were you regarding this ḥadīth? She said: O my son, by God, I forgot it. From Abū Sahlah, from ʿĀʾishah, who said: The Messenger of God, ﷺ, said: 'Call for me one of my companions.' I said: Abū Bakr? He said: 'No.' I said: ʿUmar? He said: 'No.' I said: Your cousin ʿAlī? He said: 'No.' She said: I said: ʿUthmān? He said: 'Yes.' When he came, he said: Move aside. Then he began to speak privately with him, and ʿUthmān's color was changing. When the day of the house came and he was besieged in it, we said: O Commander of the Faithful, will you not fight? He said: No; the Messenger of God, ﷺ, made a covenant with me, and I am patiently restraining myself for it. From Yazīd b. ʿAmr that he heard Abū Thawr al-Fahmī say: I came to ʿUthmān, and while I was with him I went out, and there was the delegation of the people of Egypt returning. I entered upon ʿUthmān and informed him, and he said: How did you see them? I said: I saw evil in their faces, and over them was Ibn ʿUdays al-Balawī. Ibn ʿUdays ascended the pulpit of the Messenger of God, ﷺ, and led them in Friday prayer, and belittled ʿUthmān in his sermon. I entered upon ʿUthmān and told him what he had said among them. He said: Ibn ʿUdays lied, by God, and were it not for what he mentioned I would not have mentioned that. I was the fourth of four in Islam, and the Messenger of God, ﷺ, married me to his daughter, then she died, and he married me to his other daughter. By God, I did not commit adultery or steal in ignorance or in Islam, nor did I transgress or wish since I became Muslim, and I did not touch my private part with my right hand since I pledged allegiance with it to the Messenger of God, ﷺ. I collected the Qurʾān during the lifetime of the Messenger of God, ﷺ, and no Friday has passed me since I became Muslim except that I freed a slave on it, unless I could not find one that Friday, then I combined them on the second Friday.
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