Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2023
The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
ذِكْرُ مَجِيءِ الْأَحْزَابِ إِلَى عُثْمَانَ لِلْمَرَّةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مِنْ مِصْرَ وَغَيْرِهَا فِي شَوَّالٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ وَسَبَبُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ أَهْلَ الْأَمْصَارِ لَمَّا بَلَغَهُمْ خَبَرُ مَرْوَانَ وَغَضَبُ عَلِيٍّ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ بِسَبَبِهِ، وَوَجَدُوا الْأَمْرَ عَلَى مَا كَانَ عَلَيْهِ لَمْ يَتَغَيَّرْ، وَتَكَاتَبَ أَهْلُ مِصْرَ وَأَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ وَأَهْلُ الْبَصْرَةِ وَتَرَاسَلُوا، وَزُوِّرَتْ كُتُبٌ عَلَى لِسَانِ الصَّحَابَةِ الَّذِينَ بِالْمَدِينَةِ وَعَلَى لِسَانِ عَلِيٍّ وَطَلْحَةَ وَالزُّبَيْرِ، يَدْعُونَ النَّاسَ إِلَى قِتَالِ عُثْمَانَ وَنَصْرِ الدِّينِ، وَأَنَّهُ أَكْبَرُ الْجِهَادِ الْيَوْمَ. وَقَالَ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ التَّمِيمِيُّ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدٍ وَطَلْحَةَ وَأَبِي حَارِثَةَ وَأَبِي عُثْمَانَ - وَقَالَهُ غَيْرُهُمْ أَيْضًا - قَالُوا: لَمَّا كَانَ فِي شَوَّالٍ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ، خَرَجَ أَهْلُ مِصْرَ فِي أَرْبَعِ رِفَاقٍ عَلَى أَرْبَعَةِ أُمَرَاءَ؛ الْمُقَلِّلُ لَهُمْ يَقُولُ: سِتُّمِائَةٍ. وَالْمُكَثِّرُ يَقُولُ: أَلْفٌ. عَلَى الرِّفَاقِ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عُدَيْسٍ الْبَلَوِيُّ، وَكِنَانَةُ بْنُ بِشْرٍ التُّجِيبِيُّ، وَعُرْوَةُ بْنُ شُيَيْمٍ اللِّيثِيُّ، وَسَوْدَانُ بْنُ حُمْرَانَ السُّكُونِيُّ، وَقُتَيْرَةُ السُّكُونِيُّ، وَعَلَى الْقَوْمِ جَمِيعًا الْغَافِقِيُّ بْنُ حَرْبٍ الْعَكِّيُّ، وَخَرَجُوا فِيمَا يُظْهِرُونَ لِلنَّاسِ حُجَّاجًا، وَمَعَهُمُ ابْنُ السَّوْدَاءِ، وَكَانَ أَصْلُهُ ذِمِّيًّا، فَأَظْهَرَ الْإِسْلَامَ وَأَحْدَثَ بِدَعًا قَوْلِيَّةً وَفِعْلِيَّةً - قَبَّحَهُ اللَّهُ - وَخَرَجَ أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ فِي أَرْبَعِ رِفَاقٍ، وَأُمَرَاؤُهُمْ زَيْدُ بْنُ صُوحَانَ، وَالْأَشْتَرُ النَّخَعِيُّ، وَزِيَادُ بْنُ النَّضْرِ الْحَارِثِيُّ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْأَصَمِّ، وَعَلَى الْجَمِيعِ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْأَصَمِّ، وَخَرَجَ أَهْلُ الْبَصْرَةِ أَيْضًا فِي أَرْبَعِ رَايَاتٍ مَعَ حَكِيمِ بْنِ جَبَلَةَ الْعَبْدِيِّ، وَبِشْرِ بْنِ شُرَيْحِ بْنِ ضُبَيْعَةَ الْقَيْسِيِّ، وَذُرَيْحِ بْنِ عَبَّادٍ الْعَبْدِيِّ، وَابْنِ مُحَرِّشٍ الْحَنَفِيِّ، وَعَلَيْهِمْ كُلِّهِمْ حُرْقُوصُ بْنُ زُهَيْرٍ السَّعْدِيُّ. وَأَهْلُ مِصْرَ مُصِرُّونَ عَلَى وِلَايَةِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَأَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ عَازِمُونَ عَلَى تَأْمِيرِ الزُّبَيْرِ، وَأَهْلُ الْبَصْرَةِ مُصَمِّمُونَ عَلَى تَوْلِيَةِ طَلْحَةَ. لَا تَشُكُّ كُلُّ فِرْقَةٍ أَنَّ أَمْرَهَا سَيَتِمُّ، فَسَارَ كُلُّ طَائِفَةٍ مِنْ بَلَدِهِمْ حَتَّى تَوَافَوْا حَوْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ - كَمَا تَوَاعَدُوا فِي كُتُبِهِمْ - فِي شَهْرِ شَوَّالٍ فَنَزَلَ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ بِذِي خُشُبٍ، وَطَائِفَةٌ بِالْأَعْوَصِ، وَالْجُمْهُورُ بِذِي الْمَرْوَةِ، وَهُمْ عَلَى وَجَلٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَبَعَثُوا قُصَّادًا وَعُيُونًا بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ؛ لِيَخْتَبِرُوا النَّاسَ وَيُخْبِرُوهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ إِنَّمَا جَاءُوا لِلْحَجِّ لَا لِغَيْرِهِ، وَلِيَسْتَعْفُوا هَذَا الْوَالِي مِنْ بَعْضِ عُمَّالِهِ، مَا جِئْنَا إِلَّا لِذَلِكَ، وَاسْتَأْذَنُوا فِي الدُّخُولِ، فَكُلُّ النَّاسِ أَبَى دُخُولَهُمْ، وَنَهَى عَنْهُ، فَتَجَاسَرُوا وَاقْتَرَبُوا مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ. وَجَاءَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنَ الْمِصْرِيِّينَ إِلَى عَلِيٍّ وَهُوَ فِي عَسْكَرٍ عِنْدَ أَحْجَارِ الزَّيْتِ، عَلَيْهِ حُلَّةُ أَفْوَافٍ، مُعْتَمٌّ بِشَقِيقَةٍ حَمْرَاءَ يَمَانِيَةٍ، مُتَقَلِّدًا السَّيْفَ، وَلَيْسَ عَلَيْهِ قَمِيصٌ، وَقَدْ سَرَّحَ ابْنَهُ الْحَسَنَ إِلَى عُثْمَانَ فِي مَنِ اجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِ، فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ الْمِصْرِيُّونَ فَصَاحَ بِهِمْ وَأَطْرَدَهُمْ وَقَالَ: لَقَدْ عَلِمَ الصَّالِحُونَ أَنَّ جَيْشَ ذِي الْمَرْوَةِ وَذِي خُشُبٍ مَلْعُونُونَ عَلَى لِسَانِ مُحَمَّدٍ، ﷺ، فَارْجِعُوا لَا صَبَّحَكُمُ اللَّهُ. قَالُوا: نَعَمْ. وَانْصَرَفُوا مِنْ عِنْدِهِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، وَأَتَى الْبَصْرِيُّونَ طَلْحَةَ وَهُوَ فِي جَمَاعَةٍ أُخْرَى إِلَى جَنْبِ عَلِيٍّ - وَقَدْ أَرْسَلَ ابْنَيْهِ إِلَى عُثْمَانَ - فَسَلَّمُوا عَلَيْهِ، فَصَاحَ بِهِمْ وَأَطْرَدَهُمْ وَقَالَ لَهُمْ كَمَا قَالَ عَلِيٌّ لِأَهْلِ مِصْرَ، وَكَذَلِكَ كَانَ رَدُّ الزُّبَيْرِ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ. فَرَجَعَ كُلُّ فَرِيقٍ مِنْهُمْ إِلَى قَوْمِهِمْ وَأَظْهَرُوا لِلنَّاسِ أَنَّهُمْ رَاجِعُونَ إِلَى بُلْدَانِهِمْ، وَسَارُوا أَيَّامًا رَاجِعِينَ، ثُمَّ كَرُّوا عَائِدِينَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَمَا كَانَ غَيْرَ قَلِيلٍ حَتَّى سَمِعَ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ التَّكْبِيرَ، وَإِذَا الْقَوْمُ قَدْ زَحَفُوا عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَأَحَاطُوا بِهَا، وَجُمْهُورُهُمْ عِنْدَ دَارِ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، وَقَالُوا لِلنَّاسِ: مَنْ كَفَّ يَدَهُ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ. فَكَفَّ النَّاسُ وَلَزِمُوا بُيُوتَهُمْ، وَأَقَامَ النَّاسُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَيَّامًا. هَذَا كُلُّهُ وَلَا يَدْرِي النَّاسُ مَا الْقَوْمُ صَانِعُونَ وَلَا عَلَى مَا هُمْ عَازِمُونَ، وَفِي كُلِّ ذَلِكَ وَأَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ يَخْرُجُ مِنْ دَارِهِ فَيُصَلِّي بِالنَّاسِ، فَيُصَلِّي وَرَاءَهُ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ وَأُولَئِكَ الْآخَرُونَ، وَذَهَبَ الصَّحَابَةُ إِلَى هَؤُلَاءِ يُؤَنِّبُونَهُمْ وَيَعْذِلُونَهُمْ عَلَى رُجُوعِهِمْ، حَتَّى قَالَ عَلِيٌّ لِأَهْلِ مِصْرَ: مَا رَدُّكُمْ بَعْدَ ذَهَابِكُمْ وَرُجُوعِكُمْ عَنْ رَأْيِكُمْ ؟ فَقَالُوا: وَجَدْنَا مَعَ بَرِيدٍ كِتَابًا بِقَتْلِنَا. وَكَذَلِكَ قَالَ الْبَصْرِيُّونَ لِطَلْحَةَ، وَالْكُوفِيُّونَ لِلزُّبَيْرِ. وَقَالَ أَهْلُ كُلِّ مِصْرَ: إِنَّمَا جِئْنَا لِنَنْصُرَ أَصْحَابَنَا. فَقَالَ لَهُمُ الصَّحَابَةُ: كَيْفَ عَلِمْتُمْ بِذَلِكَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِكُمْ وَقَدِ افْتَرَقْتُمْ وَصَارَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَرَاحِلُ ؟ إِنَّمَا هَذَا أَمْرٌ اتَّفَقْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ. فَقَالُوا: ضَعُوهُ عَلَى مَا أَرَدْتُمْ، لَا حَاجَةَ لَنَا فِي هَذَا الرَّجُلِ، لِيَعْتَزِلْنَا وَنَحْنُ نَعْتَزِلُهُ. يَعْنُونَ أَنَّهُ إِنْ نَزَلَ عَنِ الْخِلَافَةِ تَرَكُوهُ آمِنًا. وَكَانَ الْمِصْرِيُّونَ - فِيمَا ذُكِرَ - لَمَّا رَجَعُوا إِلَى بِلَادِهِمْ وَجَدُوا فِي الطَّرِيقِ بَرِيدًا يَسِيرُ، فَأَخَذُوهُ، فَفَتَّشُوهُ، فَإِذَا مَعَهُ فِي إِدَوَاةٍ كِتَابٌ عَلَى لِسَانِ عُثْمَانَ فِيهِ الْأَمْرُ بِقَتْلِ طَائِفَةٍ مِنْهُمْ، وَبِصَلْبِ آخَرِينَ، وَبِقَطْعِ أَيْدِي آخَرِينَ مِنْهُمْ وَأَرْجُلِهِمْ. وَكَانَ عَلَى الْكِتَابِ طَابَعٌ بِخَاتَمِ عُثْمَانَ وَالْبَرِيدُ أَحَدُ غِلْمَانِ عُثْمَانَ، وَعَلَى جَمَلِ عُثْمَانَ، فَلَمَّا رَجَعُوا جَاءُوا بِالْكِتَابِ وَدَارُوا بِهِ عَلَى النَّاسِ، فَكَلَّمَ النَّاسُ أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فِي ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ: بَيِّنَةٌ عَلَيَّ بِذَلِكَ، وَإِلَّا فَوَاللَّهِ لَا كَتَبْتُ وَلَا أَمْلَيْتُ، وَلَا دَرَيْتُ بِشَيْءٍ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، وَالْخَاتَمُ قَدْ يُزَوَّرُ عَلَى الْخَاتَمِ. فَصَدَّقَهُ الصَّادِقُونَ فِي ذَلِكَ، وَكَذَّبَهُ الْكَاذِبُونَ. وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ أَهْلَ مِصْرَ كَانُوا قَدْ سَأَلُوا مِنْ عُثْمَانَ أَنْ يَعْزِلَ عَنْهُمُ ابْنَ أَبِي سَرْحٍ وَيُوَلِّيَ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَأَجَابَهُمْ إِلَى ذَلِكَ فَلَمَّا رَجَعُوا وَجَدُوا ذَلِكَ الْبَرِيدَ وَمَعَهُ الْكِتَابُ بِقَتْلِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَآخَرِينَ مَعَهُ، فَرَجَعُوا وَقَدْ حَنِقُوا عَلَيْهِ حَنَقًا شَدِيدًا، وَطَافُوا بِالْكِتَابِ عَلَى النَّاسِ فَدَخَلَ ذَلِكَ فِي أَذْهَانِ كَثِيرٍ مِنَ النَّاسِ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ، مِنْ طَرِيقِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ عَمِّهِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ، أَنَّ الَّذِي كَانَ مَعَهُ هَذِهِ الرِّسَالَةُ مِنْ جِهَةِ عُثْمَانَ إِلَى مِصْرَ أَبُو الْأَعْوَرِ السُّلَمِيُّ عَلَى جَمَلٍ لِعُثْمَانَ. وَذَكَرَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ، مِنْ هَذِهِ الطَّرِيقِ أَنَّ الصَّحَابَةَ كَتَبُوا إِلَى الْآفَاقِ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ يَأْمُرُونَ النَّاسَ بِالْقُدُومِ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ لِيُقَاتِلُوهُ. وَهَذَا كَذِبٌ عَلَى الصَّحَابَةِ، وَإِنَّمَا كُتِبَتْ كُتُبٌ مُزَوَّرَةٌ عَلَيْهِمْ، كَمَا كَتَبُوا مِنْ جِهَةِ عَلِيٍّ وَطَلْحَةَ وَالزُّبَيْرِ إِلَى الْخَوَارِجِ كُتُبًا مُزَوَّرَةً عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْكَرُوهَا، وَهَكَذَا زُوِّرَ هَذَا الْكُتَّابُ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ أَيْضًا، فَإِنَّهُ لَمْ يَأْمُرْ بِهِ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِهِ أَيْضًا. وَاسْتَمَرَّ عُثْمَانُ يُصَلِّي بِالنَّاسِ فِي تِلْكَ الْأَيَّامِ كُلِّهَا، وَهُمْ أَحْقَرُ فِي عَيْنِهِ مِنَ التُّرَابِ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ فِي بَعْضِ الْجُمُعَاتِ وَقَامَ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ، وَفِي يَدِهِ الْعَصَا الَّتِي كَانَ يَعْتَمِدُ عَلَيْهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، فِي خُطْبَتِهِ، وَكَذَلِكَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ، ؓ، مِنْ بَعْدِهِ، فَقَامَ إِلَيْهِ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أُولَئِكَ فَسَبَّهُ وَنَالَ مِنْهُ، وَأَنْزَلَهُ عَنِ الْمِنْبَرِ، فَطَمِعَ النَّاسِ فِيهِ مِنْ يَوْمَئِذٍ، كَمَا قَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: بسنده عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ حَاطِبٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: بَيْنَا أَنَا أَنْظُرُ إِلَى عُثْمَانَ يَخْطُبُ عَلَى عَصَا النَّبِيِّ، ﷺ، الَّتِي كَانَ يَخْطُبُ عَلَيْهَا وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ جَهْجَاهُ: قُمْ يَا نَعْثَلُ فَانْزِلْ عَنْ هَذَا الْمِنْبَرِ. وَأَخَذَ الْعَصَا فَكَسَرَهَا عَلَى رُكْبَتِهِ الْيُمْنَى فَدَخَلَتْ شَظِيَّةٌ مِنْهَا فِيهَا، فَبَقِيَ الْجُرْحُ حَتَّى أَصَابَتْهُ الْأَكِلَةُ فَرَأَيْتُهَا تُدَوِّدُ، فَنَزَلَ عُثْمَانُ وَحَمَلُوهُ وَأَمَرَ بِالْعَصَا فَشَدُّوهَا، فَكَانَتْ مُضَبَّبَةً، فَمَا خَرَجَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمِ إِلَّا خَرْجَةً أَوْ خَرْجَتَيْنِ، حَتَّى حُصِرَ فَقُتِلَ. وَعَنْ أَبِي حَبِيبَةَ قَالَ: خَطَبَ عُثْمَانُ النَّاسَ فِي بَعْضِ أَيَّامِهِ فَقَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، إِنَّكَ قَدْ رَكِبْتَ نَهَابِيرَ وَرَكِبْنَاهَا مَعَكَ، فَتُبْ نَتُبْ. فَاسْتَقْبَلَ عُثْمَانُ الْقِبْلَةَ وَشَهَرَ يَدَيْهِ قَالَ أَبُو حَبِيبَةَ: فَلَمْ أَرَ يَوْمًا أَكْثَرَ بَاكِيًا وَلَا بَاكِيَةً مِنْ يَوْمِئِذٍ. ثُمَّ لَمَّا كَانَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ خَطَبَ النَّاسَ فَقَامَ إِلَيْهِ جَهْجَاهُ الْغِفَارِيُّ فَصَاحَ: يَا عُثْمَانُ أَلَا إِنَّ هَذِهِ شَارِفٌ قَدْ جِئْنَا بِهَا عَلَيْهَا عَبَاءَةٌ وَجَامِعَةٌ، فَانْزِلْ فَلْنُدْرِجْكَ فِي الْعَبَاءَةِ، وَلْنَطْرَحْكَ فِي الْجَامِعَةِ، وَلْنَحْمِلْكَ عَلَى الشَّارِفِ، ثُمَّ نَطْرَحْكَ فِي جَبَلِ الدُّخَانِ. فَقَالَ عُثْمَانُ: قَبَّحَكَ اللَّهُ وَقَبَّحَ مَا جِئْتَ بِهِ. ثُمَّ نَزَلَ عُثْمَانُ. قَالَ أَبُو حَبِيبَةَ: وَكَانَ آخِرَ يَوْمٍ رَأَيْتُهُ فِيهِ. أَوَّلَ مَنِ اجْتَرَأَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ بِالْمَنْطِقِ السَّيِّئِ وَقَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ إِسْمَاعِيلَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَامِرِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ قَالَ: كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنِ اجْتَرَأَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ بِالْمَنْطِقِ السَّيِّئِ جَبَلَةُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو السَّاعِدِيُّ، مَرَّ بِهِ عُثْمَانُ وَهُوَ فِي نَادِي قَوْمِهِ، وَفِي يَدِ جَبَلَةَ جَامِعَةٌ، فَلَمَّا مَرَّ عُثْمَانُ سَلَّمَ فَرَدَّ الْقَوْمُ، فَقَالَ جَبَلَةُ لِمَ تَرُدُّونَ عَلَيْهِ ؟ رَجُلٌ قَالَ كَذَا وَكَذَا. ثُمَّ أَقْبَلَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ فَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ لَأَطْرَحَنَّ هَذِهِ الْجَامِعَةَ فِي عُنُقِكَ أَوْ لَتَتْرُكَنَّ بِطَانَتَكَ هَذِهِ. فَقَالَ عُثْمَانُ: أَيُّ بِطَانَةٍ ؟ فَوَاللَّهِ إِنِّي لِأَتَخَيَّرُ النَّاسُ. فَقَالَ: مَرْوَانَ تَخَيَّرْتَهُ ؟! وَمُعَاوِيَةَ تَخَيَّرْتَهُ ؟! وَعَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ عَامِرِ بْنِ كُرَيْزٍ تَخَيَّرْتَهُ ؟! وَعَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ تَخَيَّرْتَهُ ؟! مِنْهُمْ مَنْ نَزَلَ الْقُرْآنُ بِدَمِهِ، وَأَبَاحَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، دَمَهُ. قَالَ: فَانْصَرَفَ عُثْمَانُ فَمَا زَالَ النَّاسُ مُجْتَرِئِينَ عَلَيْهِ إِلَى هَذَا الْيَوْمِ. وَذَكَرَ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ أَنَّ عُثْمَانَ بَعْدَ أَنْ صَلَّى بِالنَّاسِ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ صَعِدَ الْمِنْبَرَ فَخَطَبَهُمْ أَيْضًا، فَقَالَ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ: يَا هَؤُلَاءِ الْعِدَا اللَّهَ اللَّهَ ! فَوَاللَّهِ إِنَّ أَهْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ لَيَعْلَمُونِ أَنَّكُمْ مَلْعُونُونَ عَلَى لِسَانِ مُحَمَّدٍ، ﷺ، فَامْحُوَا الْخَطَأَ بِالصَّوَابِ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَمْحُو السَّيِّئَ إِلَّا بِالْحَسَنِ. فَقَامَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ فَقَالَ: أَنَا أَشْهَدُ بِذَلِكَ. فَأَخَذَهُ حَكِيمُ بْنُ جَبَلَةَ فَأَقْعَدَهُ، فَقَامَ زَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ فَقَالَ: إِنَّهُ فِي الْكِتَابِ. فَثَارَ إِلَيْهِ مِنْ نَاحِيَةٍ أُخْرَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي قُتَيْرَةَ فَأَقْعَدَهُ وَقَالَ فَأَفْظَعَ، وَثَارَ الْقَوْمُ بِأَجْمَعِهِمْ فَحَصَبُوا النَّاسَ حَتَّى أَخْرَجُوهُمْ مِنَ الْمَسْجِدِ، وَحَصَبُوا عُثْمَانَ حَتَّى صُرِعَ مِنَ الْمِنْبَرِ مَغْشِيًّا عَلَيْهِ، فَاحْتُمِلَ وَأُدْخِلَ دَارَهُ، وَكَانَ الْمِصْرِيُّونَ لَا يَطْمَعُونَ فِي أَحَدٍ مِنَ النَّاسِ أَنْ يُسَاعِدَهُمْ إِلَّا مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَمُحَمَّدَ بْنَ جَعْفَرٍ، وَعَمَّارَ بْنَ يَاسِرٍ. وَأَقْبَلَ عَلِيٌّ وَطَلْحَةُ وَالزُّبَيْرُ إِلَى عُثْمَانَ فِي أُنَاسٍ يَعُودُونَهُ وَيَشْكُونَ إِلَيْهِ بَثَّهُمْ وَمَا حَلَّ بِالنَّاسِ، ثُمَّ رَجَعُوا إِلَى مَنَازِلِهِمْ، وَاسْتَقْتَلَ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ؛ مِنْهُمْ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ، وَابْنُ عُمَرَ، وَزَيْدُ بْنُ ثَابِتٍ، فِي الْمُحَارَبَةِ عَنْ عُثْمَانَ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِمْ يُقْسِمُ عَلَيْهِمْ لَمَا كَفُّوا أَيْدِيَهُمْ وَسَكَنُوا حَتَّى يَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ مَا يَشَاءُ.
Translation
✧ Mention of the coming of the parties to ʿUthmān for the second time, from Egypt and elsewhere, in Shawwāl of this year. And the reason for that was that when the people of the garrisons received news of Marwān and the anger of ʿAlī at ʿUthmān because of him, and they found the situation as it had been, not changed, the people of Egypt, the people of al-Kūfah, and the people of al-Baṣrah corresponded with one another and exchanged messages. Letters were forged in the name of the Companions who were in al-Madīnah and in the name of ʿAlī, Ṭalḥah, and al-Zubayr, calling the people to fight ʿUthmān and to aid the religion, and that it was the greatest struggle today. Sayf b. ʿUmar al-Tamīmī said, from Muḥammad, Ṭalḥah, Abū Ḥārithah, and Abū ʿUthmān — and others also said it — they said: When it was Shawwāl of the year thirty-five, the people of Egypt set out in four companies under four commanders; the one who minimizes them says: six hundred; and the one who maximizes says: a thousand. Over the companies were ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿUdays al-Balawī, Kinānah b. Bishr al-Tujībī, ʿUrwah b. Shuyaym al-Laythī, Sawdān b. Ḥumrān al-Sakūnī, and Qutayrah al-Sakūnī. Over all the people was al-Ghāfiqī b. Ḥarb al-ʿAkkī. They set out appearing to the people as pilgrims, and with them was Ibn al-Sawdāʾ, whose origin was that of a dhimmī; he had professed Islam and introduced verbal and practical innovations — may God disfigure him. The people of al-Kūfah set out in four companies, and their commanders were Zayd b. Ṣūḥān, al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī, Ziyād b. al-Naḍr al-Ḥārithī, and ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Aṣamm, and over all of them was ʿAmr b. al-Aṣamm. The people of al-Baṣrah also set out in four banners with Ḥakīm b. Jabalah al-ʿAbdī, Bishr b. Shurayḥ b. Ḍubayʿah al-Qaysī, Dhurayḥ b. ʿAbbād al-ʿAbdī, and Ibn Muḥarrish al-Ḥanafī, and over all of them was Ḥurqūṣ b. Zuhayr al-Saʿdī. The people of Egypt insisted on appointing ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib; the people of al-Kūfah were determined on making al-Zubayr commander; and the people of al-Baṣrah were resolved on placing Ṭalḥah in charge. No faction doubted that its affair would succeed. Each group traveled from its own land until they converged around al-Madīnah — as they had agreed in their letters — in the month of Shawwāl. A group of them encamped at Dhū Khushub, another at al-Aʿwaṣ, and the majority at Dhū al-Marwah, and they were in fear of the people of al-Madīnah. They sent emissaries and scouts ahead of them to test the people and inform them that they had come only for the pilgrimage, not for anything else, and to seek relief from this governor concerning some of his agents; we have come only for that. They sought permission to enter, but all the people refused their entry and forbade it. Then they became bold and drew near to al-Madīnah. A group of Egyptians came to ʿAlī while he was in a camp near the stones of oil, wearing a Yemeni striped cloak, turbaned with a red Yemeni cloth, girded with a sword, and with no shirt on. He had sent his son al-Ḥasan to ʿUthmān among those who gathered to him. The Egyptians greeted him, but he shouted at them and drove them away, saying: The righteous know that the army of Dhū al-Marwah and Dhū Khushub are cursed on the tongue of Muḥammad, ﷺ, so go back, may God not grant you the morning. They said: Yes. And they left him on that note. The Baṣrans came to Ṭalḥah while he was in another group beside ʿAlī — and he had sent his two sons to ʿUthmān — and they greeted him, but he shouted at them and drove them away and said to them the same as ʿAlī said to the people of Egypt. Likewise al-Zubayr's response to the people of al-Kūfah. Each faction returned to its people and showed the people that they were returning to their lands. They traveled for several days returning, then they turned back and came again to al-Madīnah. It was not long before the people of al-Madīnah heard the takbīr, and behold, the people had advanced upon al-Madīnah and surrounded it, with their majority near the house of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān. They said to the people: Whoever restrains his hand is safe. So the people restrained themselves and kept to their houses. The people remained in that state for days. All this while the people did not know what the group was doing or what they were resolved upon. In all of that, the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān would come out of his house and lead the people in prayer, and the people of al-Madīnah and those others prayed behind him. The Companions went to these people rebuking them and blaming them for returning, until ʿAlī said to the people of Egypt: What made you return after your departure and your turning back from your opinion? They said: We found with a courier a letter ordering our killing. Likewise the Baṣrans said to Ṭalḥah, and the Kūfans to al-Zubayr. The people of each garrison said: We have come only to aid our companions. The Companions said to them: How did you know that from your companions when you had separated and there were stages between you? This is only a matter you agreed upon. They said: Put it as you wish; we have no need of this man; let him withdraw from us and we will withdraw from him. Meaning, if he steps down from the caliphate, they will leave him safe. It was mentioned that the Egyptians, when they were returning to their lands, found on the road a courier traveling. They seized him and searched him, and behold, in a water-skin there was a letter in the name of ʿUthmān ordering the killing of a group of them, the crucifixion of others, and the cutting off of hands and feet of others among them. On the letter was a seal with the signet of ʿUthmān, and the courier was one of the servants of ʿUthmān, riding on a camel of ʿUthmān. When they returned, they brought the letter and circulated it among the people. The people spoke to the Commander of the Faithful about that, and he said: Is there evidence against me for that? Otherwise, by God, I did not write, nor dictate, nor know anything of that. The seal may be forged upon the seal. The truthful believed him in that, and the liars disbelieved him. It is also said that the people of Egypt had asked ʿUthmān to remove Ibn Abī Sarḥ from over them and appoint Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr. He answered them to that. When they returned, they found that courier with the letter ordering the killing of Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr and others with him. So they returned, burning with intense anger at him, and they circulated the letter among the people. That entered the minds of many of the people. Ibn Jarīr narrated, by way of Muḥammad b. Isḥāq, from his uncle ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Yasār, that the one who carried this message from ʿUthmān to Egypt was Abū al-Aʿwar al-Sulamī on a camel of ʿUthmān. Ibn Jarīr mentioned from this route that the Companions wrote from al-Madīnah to the regions commanding the people to come to ʿUthmān to fight him. This is a lie against the Companions; rather, letters were forged in their names, just as they wrote from the direction of ʿAlī, Ṭalḥah, and al-Zubayr to the Khārijites letters forged in their names, which they denied. Likewise, this letter was forged against ʿUthmān too, for he did not order it and did not know of it either. ʿUthmān continued to lead the people in prayer during all those days, and they were more insignificant in his eyes than dust. When it was one of the Fridays, he stood on the pulpit, in his hand the staff upon which the Messenger of God, ﷺ, used to lean in his sermons, and likewise Abū Bakr and ʿUmar, ؓ, after him. A man from among those people stood up to him, reviled him, attacked him, and made him come down from the pulpit. From that day the people became bold against him, as al-Wāqidī said with his chain from Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ḥāṭib, from his father, who said: While I was watching ʿUthmān preaching on the staff of the Prophet, ﷺ, on which he used to preach, and Abū Bakr and ʿUmar, Jahjāh said to him: Arise, O Naʿthal, and come down from this pulpit. He took the staff and broke it on his right knee. A splinter from it entered it, and the wound remained until it became gangrenous, and I saw it being infested with worms. ʿUthmān came down, and they carried him. He ordered the staff to be bound, and it was banded with iron. After that day he did not come out except once or twice, until he was besieged and killed. And from Abū Ḥabībah, who said: ʿUthmān preached to the people on one of his days, and ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ said: O Commander of the Faithful, you have ridden into perilous precipices and we have ridden with you; repent and we shall repent. ʿUthmān faced the qiblah and raised his hands. Abū Ḥabībah said: I never saw a day with more weeping men and weeping women than that day. Then after that he preached to the people, and Jahjāh al-Ghifārī stood up to him and shouted: O ʿUthmān, here is an old she-camel that we have brought, upon it a cloak and a fetter. Come down so that we may wrap you in the cloak and throw you into the fetter and carry you on the she-camel, then cast you into the mountain of smoke. ʿUthmān said: May God disfigure you and disfigure what you have brought. Then ʿUthmān came down. Abū Ḥabībah said: That was the last day I saw him. The first to dare against ʿUthmān with evil speech Al-Wāqidī said: Abū Bakr b. Ismāʿīl narrated to me, from his father, from ʿĀmir b. Saʿd, who said: The first to dare against ʿUthmān with evil speech was Jabalah b. ʿAmr al-Sāʿidī. ʿUthmān passed by him while he was in the gathering of his people, and in Jabalah's hand was a fetter. When ʿUthmān passed and greeted, the people returned the greeting, but Jabalah said: Why do you return his greeting? A man who said such and such. Then he turned to ʿUthmān and said: By God, I will throw this fetter around your neck unless you abandon this entourage of yours. ʿUthmān said: What entourage? By God, I select the best of people. He said: You selected Marwān? You selected Muʿāwiyah? You selected ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir b. Kurayz? You selected ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī Sarḥ? Among them are those whose blood was made lawful by the Qurʾān, and whose blood the Messenger of God, ﷺ, permitted. He said: So ʿUthmān departed, and the people did not cease to be daring against him until this day. Sayf b. ʿUmar mentioned that after ʿUthmān led the people in prayer on Friday, he ascended the pulpit and preached to them again. In his sermon he said: O these enemies, fear God, fear God! By God, the people of al-Madīnah know that you are cursed on the tongue of Muḥammad, ﷺ. So erase error with what is right, for God does not erase evil except with good. Muḥammad b. Maslamah stood up and said: I bear witness to that. Ḥakīm b. Jabalah seized him and made him sit down. Zayd b. Thābit stood up and said: It is in the Book. From another side Muḥammad b. Abī Qutayrah rushed at him and made him sit down, and he said something terrible. The people rose all together and threw pebbles at the people until they drove them out of the mosque, and they threw pebbles at ʿUthmān until he fell from the pulpit unconscious. He was carried and brought into his house. The Egyptians had hope in no one among the people to help them except Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr, Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar, and ʿAmmār b. Yāsir. ʿAlī, Ṭalḥah, and al-Zubayr came to ʿUthmān with some people to visit him and complain to him of their distress and what had befallen the people. Then they returned to their homes. A group of the Companions — among them Abū Hurayrah, Ibn ʿUmar, and Zayd b. Thābit — sought to fight to the death in defense of ʿUthmān, but he sent to them adjuring them to restrain their hands and be still until God fulfills what He wills.
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