Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2005
The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān
ذكر مَسِيرِ ابْنِ عَامِرٍ إِلَى خُرَاسَانَ وَفَتْحِهَا لَمَّا قُتِلَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ نَقَضَ أَهْلُ خُرَاسَانَ وَغَدَرُوا. فَلَمَّا افْتَتَحَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ فَارِسَ قَامَ إِلَيْهِ حَبِيبُ بْنُ أَوْسٍ التَّمِيمِيُّ فَقَالَ لَهُ: أَيُّهَا الْأَمِيرُ إِنَّ الْأَرْضَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْكَ وَلَمْ يُفْتَحْ مِنْهَا إِلَّا الْقَلِيلُ، فَسِرْ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ نَاصِرُكَ. قَالَ: أَوَلَمْ نُأْمَرْ بِالْمَسِيرِ ؟ وَكَرِهَ أَنْ يُظْهِرَ أَنَّهُ قَبِلَ رَأْيَهُ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ ابْنَ عَامِرٍ لَمَّا فَتَحَ فَارِسَ عَادَ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ، وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عَلَى إِصْطَخْرَ شَرِيكَ بْنَ الْأَعْوَرِ الْحَارِثِيَّ، فَبَنَى شَرِيكٌ مَسْجِدَ إِصْطَخْرَ. فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ الْبَصْرَةَ أَتَاهُ الْأَحْنَفُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، وَقِيلَ غَيْرُهُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنَّ عَدُوَّكَ مِنْكَ هَارِبٌ، وَلَكَ هَائِبٌ، وَالْبِلَادُ وَاسِعَةٌ، فَسِرْ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ نَاصِرُكَ وَمُعِزٌّ دِينَهُ. فَتَجَهَّزَ وَسَارَ وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عَلَى الْبَصْرَةِ زِيَادًا، وَسَارَ إِلَى كَرْمَانَ، فَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَيْهَا مُجَاشِعَ بْنَ مَسْعُودٍ السُّلَمِيَّ، وَلَهُ صُحْبَةٌ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِمُحَارَبَةِ أَهْلِهَا، وَكَانُوا قَدْ نَكَثُوا أَيْضًا، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى سِجِسْتَانَ الرَّبِيعَ بْنَ زِيَادٍ الْحَارِثِيَّ، وَكَانُوا أَيْضًا قَدْ غَدَرُوا وَنَقَضُوا الصُّلْحَ. وَسَارَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ إِلَى نَيْسَابُورَ، وَجَعَلَ عَلَى مُقَدَّمَتِهِ الْأَحْنَفَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ، فَأَتَى الطَّبَسَيْنِ، وَهُمَا حِصْنَانِ، وَهُمَا بَابَا خُرَاسَانَ، فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهُمَا، وَسَارَ إِلَى قُوهِسْتَانَ فَلَقِيَهُ أَهْلُهَا، وَقَاتَلَهُمْ حَتَّى أَلْجَأَهُمْ إِلَى حِصْنِهِمْ، وَقَدِمَ عَلَيْهَا ابْنُ عَامِرٍ، فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهَا عَلَى سِتِّمِائَةِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ. وَقِيلَ: كَانَ الْمُتَوَجِّهَ إِلَى قُوهِسْتَانَ أُمَيْرُ بْنُ أَحْمَرُ الْيَشْكُرِيُّ - وَهِيَ بِلَادُ بَكْرِ بْنِ وَائِلٍ - وَبَعَثَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ سَرِيَّةً إِلَى رُسْتَاقِ زَامَ مِنْ أَعْمَالِ نَيْسَابُورَ، فَفَتَحَهُ عَنْوَةً، وَفَتَحَ بَاخَرْزَ مِنْ أَعْمَالِ نَيْسَابُورَ أَيْضًا، وَفَتَحَ جُوَيْنَ مِنْ أَعْمَالِ نَيْسَابُورَ أَيْضًا. وَوَجَّهَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ الْأَسْوَدَ بْنَ كُلْثُومٍ الْعَدَوِيَّ مِنْ عَدِيِّ الرَّبَابِ، وَكَانَ نَاسِكًا، إِلَى بَيْهَقَ، مِنْ أَعْمَالِهِمَا أَيْضًا، فَقَصَدَ قَصَبَتَهُ وَدَخَلَ حِيطَانَ الْبَلَدِ مِنْ ثُلْمَةٍ كَانَتْ فِيهِ، وَدَخَلَتْ مَعَهُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَأَخَذَ الْعَدُوُّ عَلَيْهِمْ تِلْكَ الثُّلْمَةَ، فَقَاتَلَ الْأَسْوَدُ حَتَّى قُتِلَ هُوَ وَطَائِفَةٌ مِمَّنْ مَعَهُ، وَقَامَ بِأَمْرِ النَّاسِ بَعْدَهُ أَخُوهُ أَدْهَمُ بْنُ كُلْثُومٍ، فَظَفِرَ وَفَتَحَ بَيْهَقَ، وَكَانَ الْأَسْوَدُ يَدْعُو اللَّهَ أَنْ يَحْشُرَهُ مِنْ بُطُونِ السِّبَاعِ وَالطَّيْرِ، فَلَمْ يُوَارِهِ أَخُوهُ، وَدَفَنَ مَنِ اسْتُشْهِدَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ. وَفَتَحَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ بُشْتَ مِنْ نَيْسَابُورَ. وَافْتَتَحَ خَوَافَ وَأَسْفَرَايِينَ وَأَرْغِيَانَ، ثُمَّ قَصَدَ نَيْسَابُورَ بَعْدَمَا اسْتَوْلَى عَلَى أَعْمَالِهَا وَافْتَتَحَهَا، فَحَصَرَ أَهْلَهَا أَشْهُرًا، وَكَانَ عَلَى كُلِّ رُبْعٍ مِنْهَا مَرْزُبَانٌ لِلْفُرْسِ يَحْفَظُهُ، فَطَلَبَ صَاحِبُ رُبْعٍ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْأَرْبَاعِ الْأَمَانَ عَلَى أَنْ يُدْخِلَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ الْمَدِينَةَ، فَأُجِيبَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ، فَأَدْخَلَهُمْ لَيْلًا فَفَتَحُوا الْبَابَ وَتَحَصَّنَ مَرْزُبَانُهَا الْأَكْبَرُ فِي حِصْنِهَا، وَمَعَهُ جَمَاعَةٌ، وَطَلَبَ الْأَمَانَ وَالصُّلْحَ عَلَى جَمِيعِ نَيْسَابُورَ، فَصَالَحَهُ عَلَى أَلْفِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَوَلَّى نَيْسَابُورَ قَيْسَ بْنَ الْهَيْثَمِ السُّلَمِيَّ، وَسَيَّرَ جَيْشًا إِلَى نَسَا وَأَبِيوَرْدَ فَافْتَتَحُوهَا صُلْحًا، وَسَيَّرَ سَرِيَّةً أُخْرَى إِلَى سَرْخَسَ مَعَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ خَازِمٍ السُّلَمِيِّ، فَقَاتَلُوا أَهْلَهَا ثُمَّ طَلَبُوا الْأَمَانَ وَالصُّلْحَ عَلَى أَمَانِ مِائَةِ رَجُلٍ، فَأُجِيبُوا إِلَى ذَلِكَ، فَصَالَحَهُمْ مَرْزُبَانُهَا عَلَى ذَلِكَ، وَسَمَّى مِائَةَ رَجُلٍ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ نَفْسَهُ فَقَتَلَهُ، وَدَخَلَ سَرْخَسَ عَنْوَةً. وَأَتَى مَرْزُبَانُ طُوسَ إِلَى ابْنِ عَامِرٍ فَصَالَحَهُ عَنْ طُوسَ عَلَى سِتِّمِائَةِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَسَيَّرَ جَيْشًا إِلَى هَرَاةَ عَلَيْهِمْ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ خَازِمٍ ، وَقِيلَ غَيْرُهُ، فَبَلَغَ مَرْزُبَانَ هَرَاةَ ذَلِكَ، فَسَارَ إِلَى ابْنِ عَامِرٍ فَصَالَحَهُ عَنْ هَرَاةَ وَبَاذَغِيسَ وَبُوشَنْجَ. وَقِيلَ: بَلْ سَارَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ فِي الْجَيْشِ إِلَى هَرَاةَ، فَقَاتَلَهُ أَهْلُهَا ثُمَّ صَالَحَهُ مَرْزُبَانُهَا عَلَى أَلْفِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَلَمَّا غَلَبَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ عَلَى هَذِهِ الْبِلَادِ أَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ مَرْزُبَانُ مَرْوَ فَصَالَحَهُ عَلَى أَلْفَيْ أَلْفٍ وَمِائَتَيْ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَقِيلَ غَيْرُ ذَلِكَ، وَأَرْسَلَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ حَاتِمَ بْنَ النُّعْمَانِ الْبَاهِلِيَّ إِلَى مَرْزُبَانِهَا، وَكَانَتْ مَرْوُ كُلُّهَا صُلْحًا إِلَّا قَرْيَةً مِنْهَا يُقَالُ لَهَا سِنْجُ، فَإِنَّهَا أُخِذَتْ عَنْوَةً ( وَهِيَ بِكَسْرِ السِّينِ الْمُهْمَلَةِ وَالنُّونِ السَّاكِنَةِ وَآخِرُهَا جِيمٌ ). توجيه الأحنف بن قيس إلى طخارستان ومرو الروذ وَوَجَّهَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ الْأَحْنَفَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ إِلَى طُخَارِسْتَانَ، فَمَرَّ بِرُسْتَاقٍ يُعْرَفُ بِرُسْتَاقِ الْأَحْنَفِ، وَيُدْعَى سِوَانْجَرْدَ، فَحَصَرَ أَهْلَهَا، فَصَالَحُوهُ عَلَى ثَلَاثِمِائَةِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، فَقَالَ الْأَحْنَفُ: أُصَالِحُكُمْ عَلَى أَنْ يَدْخُلَ رَجُلٌ مِنَّا الْقَصْرَ فَيُؤَذِّنَ فِيهِ، وَيُقِيمَ فِيكُمْ حَتَّى يَنْصَرِفَ. فَرَضُوا بِذَلِكَ، وَمَضَى الْأَحْنَفُ إِلَى مَرْوِ الرُّوَذِ فَقَاتَلَهُ أَهْلُهَا فَقَتَلَهُمْ وَهَزَمَهُمْ وَحَصَرَهُمْ، وَكَانَ مَرْزُبَانُهَا مِنْ أَقَارِبِ بَاذَانَ صَاحِبِ الْيَمَنِ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَى الْأَحْنَفِ: إِنَّهُ دَعَانِي إِلَى الصُّلْحِ إِسْلَامُ بَاذَانَ، فَصَالَحَهُ عَلَى سِتِّمِائَةِ أَلْفٍ، وَسَيَّرَ الْأَحْنَفَ سَرِيَّةً، فَاسْتَوْلَتْ عَلَى رُسْتَاقِ بَغَ وَاسْتَاقَتْ مِنْهُ مَوَاشِيَ، ثُمَّ صَالَحُوا أَهْلَهُ. وَجُمِعَ لَهُ أَهْلُ طُخَارِسْتَانَ، فَاجْتَمَعَ أَهْلُ الْجُوزَجَانِ وَالطَّالَقَانِ وَالْفَارِيَابِ وَمَنْ حَوْلَهُمْ فِي خَلْقٍ كَثِيرٍ، فَالْتَقَوْا وَاقْتَتَلُوا، وَحَمَلَ مَلِكُ الصَّغَانِيَانِ عَلَى الْأَحْنَفِ، فَانْتَزَعَ الْأَحْنَفُ الرُّمْحَ مِنْ يَدِهِ وَقَاتَلَ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، فَانْهَزَمَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ وَقَتَلَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ قَتْلًا ذَرِيعًا كَيْفَ شَاءُوا، وَعَادَ إِلَى مَرْوِ الرُّوَذِ، وَلَحِقَ بَعْضُ الْعَدُوِّ بِالْجُوزَجَانِ، فَوَجَّهَ إِلَيْهِمُ الْأَحْنَفُ الْأَقْرَعَ بْنَ حَابِسٍ التَّمِيمِيَّ فِي خَيْلٍ وَقَالَ: يَا بَنِي تَمِيمٍ تَحَابُّوا وَتَبَاذَلُوا تُعْدَلْ أُمُورُكُمْ، وَابْدَءُوا بِجِهَادِ بُطُونِكُمْ وَفُرُوجِكُمْ يَصْلُحْ لَكُمْ دِينُكُمْ، وَلَا تَغْلُوا يَسْلَمْ لَكُمْ جِهَادُكُمْ. فَسَارَ الْأَقْرَعُ فَلَقِيَ الْعَدُوَّ بِالْجُوزَجَانِ فَكَانَتْ بِالْمُسْلِمِينَ جَوْلَةٌ، ثُمَّ عَادُوا فَهَزَمُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَفَتَحُوا الْجُوزَجَانَ عَنْوَةً، فَقَالَ ابْنُ الْغَرِيزَةِ النَّهْشَلِيُّ: سَقَى صَوْبُ السَّحَابِ إِذَا اسْتَهَلَّتْ مَصَارِعَ فِتْيَةٍ بِالْجُوزَجَانِ إِلَى الْقَصْرَيْنِ مِنْ رُسْتَاقِ خُوتٍ أَقَادَهُمْ هُنَاكَ الْأَقْرَعَانِ وَفَتَحَ الْأَحْنَفُ الطَّالَقَانَ صُلْحًا، وَفَتَحَ الْفَارِيَابَ ، وَقِيلَ: بَلْ فَتَحَهَا أُمَيْرُ بْنُ أَحْمَرَ، ثُمَّ سَارَ الْأَحْنَفُ إِلَى بَلْخَ، وَهِيَ مَدِينَةُ طُخَارِسْتَانَ، فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهَا عَلَى أَرْبَعِمِائَةِ أَلْفٍ، وَقِيلَ: سَبْعِمِائَةِ أَلْفٍ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى بَلْخَ أَسِيدَ بْنَ الْمُتَشَمِّسِ، ثُمَّ سَارَ إِلَى خَوَارِزْمَ، وَهِيَ عَلَى نَهْرِ جَيْحُونَ، فَلَمْ يَقْدِرْ عَلَيْهَا، فَاسْتَشَارَ أَصْحَابَهُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ حُضَيْنُ بْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ: قَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ مَعْدِ يكَرِبَ: إِذَا لَمْ تَسْتَطِعْ أَمْرًا فَدَعْهُ وَجَاوِزْهُ إِلَى مَا تَسْتَطِيعُ فَعَادَ إِلَى بَلْخَ وَقَدْ قَبَضَ أَسِيدٌ صُلْحَهَا، وَوَافَقَ وَهُوَ يُجِيبُهُمُ الْمَهْرَجَانَ، فَأَهْدَوْا لَهُ هَدَايَا كَثِيرَةً مِنْ دَرَاهِمَ وَدَنَانِيرَ وَدَوَابَّ وَأَوَانٍ وَثِيَابٍ وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: مَا صَالَحْنَاهُمْ عَلَى هَذَا !: فَقَالُوا لَا، وَلَكِنْ هَذَا شَيْءٌ نَفْعَلُهُ فِي هَذَا الْيَوْمِ بِأُمَرَائِنَا. فَقَالَ: مَا أَدْرِي مَا هَذَا وَلَعَلَّهُ مِنْ حَقِّي، وَلَكِنْ أَقْبِضُهُ حَتَّى أَنْظُرَ، فَقَبَضَهُ حَتَّى قَدِمَ الْأَحْنَفُ فَأَخْبَرَهُ، فَسَأَلَهُمْ عَنْهُ، فَقَالُوا مَا قَالُوا لِأَسِيدٍ، فَحَمَلَهُ إِلَى ابْنِ عَامِرٍ وَأَخْبَرَهُ عَنْهُ، فَقَالَ: خُذْهُ يَا أَبَا بَحْرٍ. قَالَ: لَا حَاجَةَ لِي فِيهِ. فَأَخَذَهُ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ. قَالَ الْحَسَنُ الْبَصْرِيُّ: فَضَمَّهُ الْقُرَشِيُّ ، وَكَانَ مُضِمًّا . وَلَمَّا تَمَّ لَابْنِ عَامِرٍ هَذَا الْفَتْحُ قَالَ لَهُ النَّاسُ: مَا فُتِحَ لِأَحَدٍ مَا فُتِحَ عَلَيْكَ، فَارِسُ وَكَرْمَانُ وَسِجِسْتَانُ وَخُرَاسَانُ. فَقَالَ: لَا جَرَمَ لَأَجْعَلَنَّ شُكْرِي لِلَّهِ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَنْ أَخْرُجَ مُحْرِمًا مِنْ مَوْقِفِي هَذَا. فَأَحْرَمَ بِعُمْرَةٍ مِنْ نَيْسَابُورَ وَقَدِمَ عَلَى عُثْمَانَ وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عَلَى خُرَاسَانَ قَيْسَ بْنَ الْهَيْثَمِ، فَسَارَ قَيْسٌ بَعْدَ شُخُوصِهِ فِي أَرْضِ طَخَارِسْتَانَ، فَلَمْ يَأْتِ بَلَدًا مِنْهَا إِلَّا صَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهُ وَأَذْعَنُوا لَهُ، حَتَّى أَتَى سِمِنْجَانَ فَامْتَنَعُوا عَلَيْهِ، فَحَصَرَهُمْ حَتَّى فَتَحَهَا عَنْوَةً.
Translation
✧ Mention of Ibn ʿĀmir's march to Khurāsān and its conquest When ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb was killed, the people of Khurāsān broke their pact and acted treacherously. When Ibn ʿĀmir conquered Fārs, Ḥabīb b. Aws al-Tamīmī stood before him and said: 'O amīr, the land lies before you, and only a little of it has been conquered. March forth, for Allah is your helper.' He replied: 'Have we not been commanded to march?' He disliked showing that he had accepted his opinion. It is also said that when Ibn ʿĀmir conquered Fārs, he returned to al-Baṣrah, leaving Sharīk b. al-Aʿwar al-Ḥārithī as his deputy over Iṣṭakhr. Sharīk built the mosque of Iṣṭakhr. When he entered al-Baṣrah, al-Aḥnaf b. Qays—or someone else, it is said—came to him and said: 'Your enemy flees from you and fears you, and the lands are vast. March forth, for Allah is your helper and strengthens His religion.' So he prepared and marched, leaving Ziyād as his deputy over al-Baṣrah, and went to Kirmān. He appointed Mujāshiʿ b. Masʿūd al-Sulamī, a Companion, over it and ordered him to fight its people, for they too had broken their pact. He appointed al-Rabīʿ b. Ziyād al-Ḥārithī over Sijistān, whose people had also acted treacherously and broken the peace treaty. Ibn ʿĀmir marched to Naysābūr, placing al-Aḥnaf b. Qays at the head of his vanguard. He came to al-Ṭabasayn, two fortresses that are the gates of Khurāsān, whose people made peace with him. He marched to Qūhistān, whose people met him, and he fought them until he forced them into their fortress. Ibn ʿĀmir arrived there, and its people made peace with him for six hundred thousand dirhams. It is also said that the one who went to Qūhistān—the lands of Bakr b. Wāʾil—was Umayr b. Aḥmar al-Yashkurī. Ibn ʿĀmir sent a raiding party to the rural district of Zām, in the dependencies of Naysābūr, and conquered it by force. He also conquered Bākharz, also in the dependencies of Naysābūr, and Juwayn, also in the dependencies of Naysābūr. Ibn ʿĀmir dispatched al-Aswad b. Kulthūm al-ʿAdawī, of ʿAdī al-Rabāb, a devout man, to Bayhaq, also in their dependencies. He made for its chief town and entered the walls of the city through a breach in it, and a company of Muslims entered with him. The enemy seized that breach against them, and al-Aswad fought until he and a company of those with him were killed. His brother Adham b. Kulthūm took charge of the men after him, prevailed, and conquered Bayhaq. Al-Aswad had prayed to Allah to gather him from the bellies of beasts and birds, so his brother did not bury him, and he buried those of his companions who were martyred. Ibn ʿĀmir conquered Busht in Naysābūr. He conquered Khawāf, Asfarāyīn, and Arghiyān. Then he made for Naysābūr after taking control of its dependencies and conquering it. He besieged its people for months. Each quarter of it had a Persian marzbān guarding it. The lord of one of those quarters sought a guarantee of safety on condition that he admit the Muslims into the city. He was granted that, and he admitted them by night. They opened the gate, and its chief marzbān fortified himself in its citadel with a group. He sought safety and peace for all of Naysābūr, and Ibn ʿĀmir made peace with him for one million dirhams. He appointed Qays b. al-Haytham al-Sulamī over Naysābūr. He sent an army to Nasā and Abīward, and they conquered them by treaty. He sent another raiding party to Sarakhs under ʿAbd Allāh b. Khāzim al-Sulamī. They fought its people, then the latter sought safety and peace on terms of safety for one hundred men. They were granted that, and its marzbān made peace with them on that basis. He named one hundred men but did not mention himself, so he killed him and entered Sarakhs by force. The marzbān of Ṭūs came to Ibn ʿĀmir and made peace with him for Ṭūs for six hundred dirhams. He sent an army to Herāt under ʿAbd Allāh b. Khāzim—or someone else, it is said. The marzbān of Herāt learned of that and went to Ibn ʿĀmir, making peace with him for Herāt, Bādhaghīs, and Būshanj. It is also said that Ibn ʿĀmir marched with the army to Herāt, fought its people, and then its marzbān made peace with him for one million dirhams. When Ibn ʿĀmir had subdued these lands, the marzbān of Marw sent to him and made peace for two million two hundred thousand dirhams—or something else, it is said. Ibn ʿĀmir sent Ḥātim b. al-Nuʿmān al-Bāhilī to its marzbān. All of Marw was acquired by treaty except a village of it called Sinj, which was taken by force (it is with a kasrah on the unpointed sīn, a sukūn on the nūn, and ending in jīm). Dispatch of al-Aḥnaf b. Qays to Ṭukhāristān and Marw al-Rūdh Ibn ʿĀmir dispatched al-Aḥnaf b. Qays to Ṭukhāristān. He passed by a rural district known as the rural district of al-Aḥnaf, called Siwānjard, and besieged its people. They made peace with him for three hundred thousand dirhams. Al-Aḥnaf said: 'I will make peace with you on condition that a man of ours enter the palace and call the adhān in it, and remain among you until he departs.' They agreed to that. Al-Aḥnaf went on to Marw al-Rūdh, whose people fought him, and he killed them, routed them, and besieged them. Its marzbān was one of the relatives of Bādhān, the governor of Yemen, and he wrote to al-Aḥnaf: 'The Islam of Bādhān has called me to peace.' So he made peace with him for six hundred thousand. Al-Aḥnaf sent a raiding party, and it took control of the rural district of Bagh and drove off livestock from it; then its people made peace. The people of Ṭukhāristān gathered against him: the people of al-Jūzjān, al-Ṭālaqān, al-Fāryāb, and those around them assembled in great numbers. They met and fought, and the king of al-Ṣaghāniyān charged at al-Aḥnaf. Al-Aḥnaf snatched the spear from his hand and fought fiercely. The polytheists fled, and the Muslims killed them in great slaughter as they wished. He returned to Marw al-Rūdh. Some of the enemy caught up with al-Jūzjān, so al-Aḥnaf sent al-Aqraʿ b. Ḥābis al-Tamīmī against them with cavalry, saying: 'O Banū Tamīm, love one another and give generously to one another, and your affairs will be set right. Begin with striving against your bellies and your private parts, and your religion will be sound for you. Do not go to extremes, and your striving will be safe for you.' Al-Aqraʿ marched and met the enemy at al-Jūzjān. The Muslims suffered a setback, then they returned and routed the polytheists and conquered al-Jūzjān by force. Ibn al-Gharīzah al-Nahshalī said: May the downpour of the clouds, when they pour, water the battlefields of young men at al-Jūzjān, to the two palaces of the rural district of Khūt, where the two Aqraʿs exacted vengeance for them. Al-Aḥnaf conquered al-Ṭālaqān by treaty and conquered al-Fāryāb—though it is said that Umayr b. Aḥmar conquered it. Then al-Aḥnaf marched to Balkh, the city of Ṭukhāristān, and its people made peace with him for four hundred thousand—or seven hundred thousand, it is said. He appointed Usayd b. al-Mutashammis over Balkh. Then he marched to Khwārizm, which lies on the Jayḥūn River, but he could not prevail over it. He consulted his companions, and Ḥuḍayn b. al-Mundhir said to him: 'ʿAmr b. Maʿdīkarib said: If you cannot attain a matter, leave it and pass on to what you can attain.' So he returned to Balkh. Usayd had received its tribute, and it happened that he was answering their festival of Mihrajān. They gave him many gifts of dirhams, dinars, mounts, vessels, garments, and other things. He said to them: 'We did not make peace with them for this.' They said: 'No, but this is something we do on this day for our commanders.' He said: 'I do not know what this is; perhaps it is my due, but I will take it until I look into it.' He took it until al-Aḥnaf arrived and informed him. He asked them about it, and they said what they had said to Usayd. So he carried it to Ibn ʿĀmir and told him about it. Ibn ʿĀmir said: 'Take it, O Abū Baḥr.' He said: 'I have no need of it.' So Ibn ʿĀmir took it. Al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī said: 'The Qurashī clutched it, and he was one who clutched.' When this conquest was completed for Ibn ʿĀmir, people said to him: 'No one has had conquered for him what has been conquered for you: Fārs, Kirmān, Sijistān, and Khurāsān.' He said: 'It is certain that I will make my gratitude to Allah for that by departing in iḥrām from this very place of mine.' So he entered iḥrām for ʿumrah from Naysābūr and went to ʿUthmān, leaving Qays b. al-Haytham as his deputy over Khurāsān. After his departure, Qays marched through the land of Ṭukhāristān, and he came to no town of it but its people made peace with him and submitted to him, until he reached Siminjān, whose people resisted him, and he besieged them until he conquered it by force.
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