Dalil
العربية

Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1976

The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān

خِلَافَةُ عُثْمَانَ بْنِ عَفَّانَ ؓ اسْتُهِلَّتْ سَنَةُ أَرْبَعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ، وَفِي أَوَّلِ يَوْمٍ مِنْهَا دُفِنَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُمَرُ ؓ وَأَرْضَاهُ وَبَعْدَ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ بُويِعَ لِأَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانَ ؓ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ عُمَرَ ؓ كَانَ قَدْ جَعَلَ أَمْرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَى سِتَّةٍ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ رِضْوَانُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَهُمْ عَلِيٌّ وَعُثْمَانُ وَسَعْدٌ وَطَلْحَةُ وَالزُّبَيْرُ وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ عَلَى أَنْ يَخْتَارُوا مِنْ بَيْنِهِمْ مَنْ يَلِي الْخِلَافَةَ فَاجْتَمَعُوا بَعْدَ دَفْنِ عُمَرَ ؓ فِي دَارِ الْمِسْوَرِ بْنِ مَخْرَمَةَ وَتَبَاحَثُوا فَجَعَلُوا الْأَمْرَ إِلَى ثَلَاثَةٍ عَلِيٍّ وَعُثْمَانَ وَعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ ثُمَّ خَلَعَ نَفْسَهُ مِنْهَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ وَطَلَبُوا مِنْهُ أَنْ يَجْتَهِدَ فِي اخْتِيَارِ الْأَوْلَى بِالْخِلَافَةِ، فَاجْتَهَدَ وَسَأَلَ وَاسْتَشَارَ وَاسْتَقَرَّ الْأَمْرُ عَلَى تَوْلِيَةِ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانَ ؓ وَبَايَعَهُ عَلِيٌّ ؓ وَالنَّاسُ، وَقَدْ زَادَ فِي أُعْطِيَّةِ النَّاسِ وَخَطَبَ فِيهِمْ. وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ عَزَلَ عُثْمَانُ سَعْدًا عَنِ الْكُوفَةِ وَوَلَّاهَا الْوَلِيدَ بْنَ عُقْبَةَ، وَفِيهِ أَيْضًا غَزَا الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ أَذْرَبِيجَانَ وَأَرْمِينِيَّةَ حِينَ نَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ فَوَطِئَ بِلَادَهُمْ فَغَنِمَ وَسَبَى فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهَا عَلَى مَا كَانُوا صَالَحُوا عَلَيْهِ حُذَيْفَةَ بْنَ الْيَمَانِ ؓ. وَفِيهَا أَرْسَلَ جَيْشُ الشَّامِ يَسْتَمِدُّ عُثْمَانَ ؓ عَلَى جَيْشِ الرُّومِ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى الْوَلِيدِ بْنِ عُقْبَةَ أَنْ أَرْسِلْ رَجُلًا شُجَاعًا مَعَ ثَمَانِيَةِ آلَافٍ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ ؓ فِي الشَّامِ فَأَمِدَّهُ وَأَمَّرَ سَلْمَانَ بْنَ رَبِيعَةَ، وَأَمَّرَ عَلَى الْجُنْدِ حَبِيبَ بْنَ مُسْلِمٍ الْفِهْرِيِّ، فَنَصَرَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ أَهْلَ الْإِسْلَامِ عَلَى الرُّومِ، وَحَجَّ بِالنَّاسِ فِي هَذَا الْعَامِ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ لِمَرَضِ عُثْمَانَ ؓ بِالرُّعَافِ. وَفِيهَا افْتَتَحَ أَبُو مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيُّ الرَّيَّ بَعْدَمَا نَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ الَّذِي كَانَ وَاثَقَهُمْ عَلَيْهِ حُذَيْفَةُ بْنُ الْيَمَانِ ؓ. وَقَدْ تُوُفِّيَ فِيهَا بَرَكَةُ أُمُّ أَيْمَنَ مَوْلَاةُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، وَلُبَابَةُ الْكُبْرَى بِنْتُ الْحَارِثِ ؓ، وَعُثْمَانُ بْنُ قَيْسِ بْنِ أَبِي الْعَاصِ، وَسُرَاقَةُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ الْمُدْلِجِيُّ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ خَمْسٍ وَعِشْرِينَ وَفِيهَا: خَالَفَ أَهْلُ الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ وَنَقَضُوا صُلْحَهُمْ مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الرُّومَ قَدْ كَاتَبُوا أَهْلَهَا وَحَثُّوهُمْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَأَجَابُوهُمْ إِلَّا الْمُقَوْقِسَ فَقَدْ حَافَظَ عَلَى صُلْحِهِ، وَخَرَجَ الرُّومُ مِنَ الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّةِ بِجَيْشٍ كَبِيرٍ عَلَيْهِمْ مَنْوِيلُ الْخَصِيُّ فَالْتَقَاهُمْ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ فَهَزَمَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ وَقَتَلُوا مَنْوِيلَ الْخَصِيَّ وَهَدَمَ عَمْرٌو سُورَ الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةِ. وَفِيهَا وُجِّهَ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ الْبَاهِلِيُّ إِلَى أَرَّانَ فَفَتَحَ الْبَيْلَقَانَ، وَبَرْذَعَةَ، وَفِيهَا غَزَا مُعَاوِيَةُ الرُّومَ حَتَّى بَلَغَ عَمُّورِيَّةَ، وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ سَيَّرَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ إِلَى أَطْرَافِ إِفْرِيقِيَّةِ، وَفِيهَا وُلِدَ يَزِيدُ بْنُ مُعَاوِيَةَ وَحَجَّ بِالنَّاسِ عُثْمَانُ ؓ. وَمِمَّنْ تُوُفِّيَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ أَبُو ذَرٍّ جُنْدُبُ بْنُ جُنَادَةَ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ قَيْسِ بْنِ زِيَادَةَ بْنِ الْأَصَمِّ، وَعَمْرُو بْنُ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ فَرْقَدِ بْنِ حَبِيبٍ السُّلَمِيُّ، وَعُمَيْرُ بْنُ وَهْبٍ الْجُمَحِيُّ، وَعُرْوَةُ بْنُ حِزَامِ بْنِ مُهَاجِرٍ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ سِتٍّ وَعِشْرِينَ: وَفِيهَا تَمَّ تَوْسِعَةُ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ، وَتَمَُ تَجْدِيدُ أَنْصَابِ الْحَرَمِ، وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَ خُبَيْبُ بْنُ يَسَافِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ ؓ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ سَبْعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ: وَفِيهَا كَانَ عَزْلُ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ عَنْ إِفْرِيقِيَّةَ وَتَوَلِّي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي سَرْحٍ، وَفِيهَا غَزَا ابْنُ أَبِي سَرْحٍ إِفْرِيقِيَّةَ، فَفَتَحَهَا اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ فَتْحُ الْأَنْدَلُسِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ هَزِيمَةُ جُرْجِيرَ وَقَتْلُهُ، وَفِيهَا مَاتَ أَبُو ذُؤَيْبٍ الْهُذَلِيُّ الشَّاعِرُ، وَأَبُو رِمْثَةَ الْبَلَوِيُّ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ كَعْبِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ عَوْفِ بْنِ مَبْذُولٍ، أَبُو الْحَارِثِ، وَأُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ حَفْصَةُ بِنْتُ عُمَرَ ؓ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ ثَمَانٍ وَعِشْرِينَ: وَفِيهَا كَانَ فَتْحُ قُبْرُسَ، وَفِيهَا تَزَوَّجَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانُ ؓ مِنْ نَائِلَةَ بِنْتِ الْفَرَافِصَةِ، وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَ عَمْرُو بْنُ سُرَاقَةَ بْنِ الْمُعْتَمِرِ، وَأُمُّ حَرَامٍ بِنْتُ مِلْحَانَ الْأَنْصَارِيَّةُ بِقُبْرُسَ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ تِسْعٍ وَعِشْرِينَ: وَفِيهَا عُزِلَ أَبُو مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيُّ عَنِ الْبَصْرَةِ وَاسْتُعْمِلَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَامِرِ بْنِ كُرَيْزٍ، وَقَدْ فَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ الْعَدِيدَ مِنَ الْبُلْدَانِ وَقَدْ أَثْخَنَ فِي كَابُلَ وَخُرَسَانَ وَغَيْرِهِمَا، وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَ سَلْمَانُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ الْبَاهِلِيُّ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ ثَلَاثِينَ: وَفِيهَا عَزَلَ عُثْمَانُ الْوَلِيدَ بْنَ عُقْبَةَ عَنِ الْكُوفَةِ وَجَلَدَهُ فِي الْخَمْرِ وَوَلَّاهَا سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْعَاصِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ فَتْحُ طَبَرِسْتَانَ، وَفِيهَا غَزَا حُذَيْفَةُ الْبَابَ وَأَذْرَبِيجَانَ وَرَأَى اخْتِلَافَ أَهْلِ الْأَمْصَارِ فِي الْقُرْآنِ فَأَشَارَ عَلَى أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانَ ؓ بِجَمْعِهِ وَجَمْعِهِمْ عَلَى مُصْحَفٍ وَاحِدٍ مَنْعًا لِلْخِلَافِ. وَفِيهَا سَقَطَ خَاتَمُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مِنْ يَدِ عُثْمَانَ ؓ فِي بِئْرِ أَرِيسَ فَلَمْ يَعْثُرْ عَلَيْهِ. وَفِيهَا زَادَ عُثْمَانُ ؓ الْأَذَانَ الثَّالِثَ عَلَى الزَّوْرَاءِ، وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَ أُبَيُّ بْنُ كَعْبٍ ؓ، وَأَوْسُ بْنُ ثَابِتِ بْنِ الْمُنْذِرِ بْنِ حَرَامٍ ؓ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ إِحْدَى وَثَلَاثِينَ: وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ هَزِيمَةُ قُسْطَنْطِينَ بْنِ هِرَقْلَ فِي غَزْوَةِ الصَّوَارِي، وَفِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ كَانَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ أَبِي حُذَيْفَةَ فَأَظْهَرَا السَّبَّ لِأَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانَ ؓ. وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ قُتِلَ يَزْدَجِرْدُ مَلِكُ الْفُرْسِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ مَسِيرُ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ إِلَى خُرَسَانَ وَفَتْحِ كِرْمَانَ، وَسِجِسْتَانَ وَكَابُلَ وَغَيْرِهِمَا، وَفِيهَا مَاتَ أَبُو الدَّرْدَاءِ ؓ، وَنُعَيْمُ بْنُ مَسْعُودِ بْنِ عَامِرٍ، وَأَبُو طَلْحَةَ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ، وَأَبُو أُسَيْدٍ السَّاعِدِيُّ، وَأَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ بْنِ هَاشِمٍ، وَأَخُوهُ الطُّفَيْلُ، وَأَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ حَرْبِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ، ؓ جَمِيعًا. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ اثْنَتَيْنِ وَثَلَاثِينَ: وَفِيهَا كَانَ غَزْوُ مُعَاوِيَةَ ؓ مَضِيقَ الْقُسْطَنْطِينِيَّةِ، وَقِتَالُ التُّرْكِ وَالْخَزْرِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَبَدْءُ الْفُرْقَةِ بَيْنَ أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ وَالشَّامِ، وَفِيهَا فَتَحَ ابْنُ عَامِرٍ مَرْوَ الرُّوذِ وَالطَّالِقَانَ وَالْفَارِيَابَ وَالْجُوزَجَانَ وَطَخَارِسْتَانَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ جَمْعُ قَارِنَ وَخُرُوجُ ابْنُ خَازِمٍ لَهُ وَهَزِيمَتُهُ وَقَتْلُهُ، وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ تُوُفِّيَ الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ ؓ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ ؓ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ ؓ، وَالْحُصَيْنُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ الْمُطَّلِبِ بْنِ عَبْدِ مَنَافٍ ؓ، وَسَلْمَانُ الْفَارِسِيُّ ؓ، وَأَبُو ذَرٍّ الْغِفَارِيُّ عَلَى الْمَشْهُورِ وَقِيلَ فِي سَنَةِ خَمْسٍ وَعِشْرِينَ، وَأَبُو سُفْيَانَ صَخْرُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، وَقِيلَ فِي الَّتِي قَبْلَهَا، وَعَبْدُ اهَِّ بْنُ حُذَافَةَ السَّهْمِيُّ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ نَضْلَةَ أَبُو بَرْزَةَ الْأَسْلَمِيُّ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زَيْدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ رَبِّهِ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ، وَقُطْبَةُ بْنُ عَامِرِ بْنِ حَدِيدَةَ، وَكَعْبُ الْأَحْبَارِ، وَمُعَيْقِيبُ بْنُ أَبِي فَاطِمَةَ الدَّوْسِيُّ، وَمُعَضِّدُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ أَبُو زِيَادٍ الْعِجْلِيُّ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ ثَلَاثٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ: وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ غَزْوَةُ مُعَاوِيَةَ إِلَى حِصْنِ الْمَرْأَةِ مِنْ أَرْضِ الرُّومِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ غَزْوَةُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ إِفْرِيقِيَّةَ الثَّانِيَةَ حِينَ نَقَضَ أَهْلُهَا الْعَهْدَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ تَسْيِيرُ مَنْ سُيِّرَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ إِلَى الشَّامِ، وَتَسْيِيرُ مَنْ سُيِّرَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ إِلَى الشَّامِ، وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَ الْحَارِثُ بْنُ نَوْفَلِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ بْنِ هَاشِمٍ، وَالْمِقْدَادُ بْنُ الْأَسْوَدِ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ أَرْبَعٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ: وَفِيهَا كَانَ أَنْ تَكَاتَبَ الْمُنْحَرِفُونَ عَنْ عُثْمَانَ ؓ لِلِاجْتِمَاعِ لِمُنَاظَرَتِهِ فِيمَا كَانُوا يَذْكُرُونَ أَنَّهُمْ نَقِمُوا عَلَيْهِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ ابْتِدَاءُ فِتْنَةِ السَّبَئِيِّينَ وَالَّتِي أَفْضَتْ إِلَى قَتْلِ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانَ ؓ. وَفِيهَا تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو طَلْحَةَ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ، وَسُوَيْدُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ الْيَرْبُوعِيُّ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ جَبْرِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو أَبُو عَبْسٍ، وَعُبَادَةُ بْنُ الصَّامِتِ، وَعَوْفُ بْنُ أُثَاثَةَ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ بْنِ الْمُطَّلِبِ، وَأَبُو رُهْمٍ الْغِفَارِيُّ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ خَمْسٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ: وَفِيهَا كَانَتِ الْفِتْنَةُ الْكُبْرَى الَّتِي قُتِلَ فِيهَا أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُثْمَانُ ؓ، وَجَاءَ أَحْزَابُ الْفِتْنَةِ مِنْ مِصْرَ وَالْكُوفَةِ وَالْبَصْرَةِ وَقَدْ زَوَّرُوا كُتُبًا عَلَى لِسَانِ الصَّحَابَةِ يَدْعُونَ النَّاسَ إِلَى الْجِهَادِ ضِدَّ عُثْمَانَ ؓ، وَقَدْ خَرَجُوا مُتَظَاهِرِينَ بِالْحَجِّ، ثُمَّ تَظَاهَرُوا بِالْعَوْدَةِ مِنْ حَيْثُ أَتَوْا لَمَّا رَدَّهُمْ مَنْ قَصَدُوهُ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ الْكِرَامِ ثُمَّ سُرَعَانَ مَا رَجَعُوا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَحَاصَرَ جُمْهُورُهُمْ دَارَ عُثْمَانَ ؓ، وَكَانَ يَخْرُجُ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ ثُمَّ مَنَعُوهُ الْخُرُوجَ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ وَشَدُّوا فِي حِصَارِهِمْ حَتَّى مَنَعُوا عَنْهُ الْمَاءَ، وَكَانَ أَبْنَاءُ الصَّحَابَةِ يَحْرُسُونَهُ حَتَّى عَزَمَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يَنْصَرِفُوا أَوْ أَلَّا يَرْفَعُوا سِلَاحًا فِي وَجْهِ أَحَدٍ وَكَانَ قَدْ رَأَى رُؤْيَا بِأَنَّهُ يُفْطِرُ عِنْدَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَصَاحِبَيْهِ فَعَلِمَ أَنَّهُ مَقْتُولٌ مِنْ يَوْمِهِ فَصَبَرَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ وَحَرَّجَ عَلَى النَّاسِ أَنْ يُقَاتِلُوا دُونَهُ حَتَّى لَا يُرَاقَ بِسَبَبِهِ دَمُ أَحَدٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَقَدْ دَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ وَاقْتَحَمُوا دَارَهُ وَضَرَبُوهُ بِالسَّيْفِ وَطَعَنُوهُ ؓ وَسَالَ الدَّمُ مِنْ جَسَدِهِ ؓ وَأُصِيبَ فِي ذَلِكَ زَوْجَتُهُ نَائِلَةُ بِنْتُ الْفَرَافِصَةِ، وَعَدَدٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَبَعْضُ عَبِيدِهِ. وَكَانَتْ مُدَّةُ حِصَارِهِ فِيمَا ذُكِرَ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا وَقِيلَ غَيْرُ ذَلِكَ. وَهُوَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ بْنِ أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ شَمْسِ بْنِ عَبْدِ مَنَافٍ أَبُو عَمْرٍو وَأَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْقُرَشِيُّ الْأُمَوِيُّ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ذُو النُّورَيْنِ وَصَاحِبُ الْهِجْرَتَيْنِ، وَالْمُصَلِّي إِلَى الْقِبْلَتَيْنِ وَزَوْجُ بِنْتَيِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَوَّلُ مَنْ هَاجَرَ بِأَهْلِهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ لُوطٍ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَهُوَ ثَالِثُ الْخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ، وَقَدْ أَسْلَمَ قَدِيمًا، وَوَرَدَتِ الْأَحَادِيثُ الثَّابِتَةُ فِي فَضْلِهِ وَفَضَائِلِهِ وَمَنَاقِبِهِ، فَهُوَ مُجَهِّزُ جَيْشِ الْعُسْرَةِ وَالَّذِي قَالَ فِيهَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مَا ضَرَّ عُثْمَانُ مَا فَعَلَ بَعْدَ الْيَوْمِ إِلَى غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْفَضَائِلِ الظَّاهِرَةِ الْبَاهِرَةِ. وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَقْطَعَ الْقَطَائِعَ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ حَمَى الْحِمَى، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ خَفَضَ صَوْتَهُ بِالتَّكْبِيرِ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ خَلَّقَ الْمَسْجِدَ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ أَمَرَ بِالْأَذَانِ الْأَوَّلِ فِي الْجُمُعَةِ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ رَزَقَ الْمُؤَذِّنِينَ. وَهُوَ الْمُبَشَّرُ بِالْجَنَّةِ عَلَى بَلْوَى تُصِيبُهُ، وَكَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ قَدَرًا مَقْدُورًا ؓ وَأَرْضَاهُ.

Translation

✧ The Caliphate of ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān ؓ The year twenty-four commenced, and on its first day the Commander of the Faithful ʿUmar ؓ was buried, ؓ. After three days, allegiance was given to the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān ؓ. That was because ʿUmar ؓ had entrusted the affair of the Muslims to six of the Companions, ؓ: namely ʿAlī, ʿUthmān, Saʿd, Ṭalḥah, al-Zubayr, and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf, on the condition that they choose from among themselves one to assume the caliphate. They gathered after the burial of ʿUmar ؓ in the house of al-Miswar b. Makhramah and deliberated. They delegated the matter to three: ʿAlī, ʿUthmān, and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Then ʿAbd al-Raḥmān withdrew himself from it, and they asked him to exercise judgment in selecting the most deserving of the caliphate. He deliberated, asked, and consulted, and the matter settled on appointing the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān ؓ. ʿAlī ؓ and the people pledged allegiance to him. He increased the stipends of the people and delivered a sermon to them. In this year, ʿUthmān dismissed Saʿd from Kufa and appointed al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah to it. Also in it, al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah raided Azerbaijan and Armenia when they violated the pact. He trampled their lands, gained spoils, and took captives, and its people made peace with him on the terms they had previously made with Ḥudhayfah b. al-Yamān ؓ. In it, the army of Syria sought reinforcements from ʿUthmān ؓ against the Byzantine army. He sent word to al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah: "Send a brave man with eight thousand or more to Muʿāwiyah ؓ in Syria and reinforce him." He appointed Salmān b. Rabīʿah as commander and placed Ḥabīb b. Muslim al-Fihrī over the troops. Allah, glorified be He, granted victory to the people of Islam over the Byzantines. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf led the people in pilgrimage that year because ʿUthmān ؓ was ill with nosebleed. In it, Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī conquered al-Rayy after its people violated the pact that Ḥudhayfah b. al-Yamān ؓ had concluded with them. In it died Barakah, Umm Ayman, the freedwoman of the Prophet ﷺ ; Lubābah al-Kubrā bt. al-Ḥārith ؓ ; ʿUthmān b. Qays b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ; and Surāqah b. Mālik al-Mudlijī. Then the year twenty-five entered, and in it: The people of Alexandria rebelled and broke their peace treaty with the Muslims. That was because the Byzantines had written to its people and urged them to do so, and they responded to them, except al-Muqawqis, for he maintained his treaty. The Byzantines marched from Constantinople with a large army under Manuel the Eunuch. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ and the Muslims met them, and the Muslims defeated them and killed Manuel the Eunuch. ʿAmr demolished the wall of Alexandria. In it, Sulaymān b. Rabīʿah al-Bāhilī was dispatched to Arrān, and he conquered al-Baylaqān and Bardhaʿah. In it, Muʿāwiyah raided the Byzantines until he reached Amorium. In this year, ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ sent ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī Sarḥ to the regions of Africa. In it, Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah was born, and ʿUthmān ؓ led the people in pilgrimage. Among those who died in this year were Abū Dharr Jundub b. Junādah; ʿAbd Allāh b. Qays b. Ziyādah b. al-Aṣamm; ʿAmr b. ʿUtbah b. Farqad b. Ḥabīb al-Sulamī; ʿUmayr b. Wahb al-Jumaḥī; and ʿUrwah b. Ḥizām b. Muhājir. Then the year twenty-six entered: In it, the expansion of the Sacred Mosque was completed, and the boundary markers of the sanctuary were renewed. In it, Khubayb b. Yasāf b. ʿUtbah ؓ died. Then the year twenty-seven entered: In it, ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ was dismissed from Egypt and ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd b. Abī Sarḥ was appointed. In it, Ibn Abī Sarḥ raided Africa, and Allah granted him victory over it. In it was the conquest of al-Andalus. In it was the defeat of Jurjīr and his killing. In it died Abū Dhuʾayb al-Hudhalī, the poet; Abū Rimthah al-Balawī; ʿAbd Allāh b. Kaʿb b. ʿAmr b. ʿAwf b. Mabdhūl, Abū al-Ḥārith; and the Mother of the Believers Ḥafṣah bt. ʿUmar ؓ. Then the year twenty-eight entered: In it was the conquest of Cyprus. In it, the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān ؓ married Nāʾilah bt. al-Farāfiṣah. In it died ʿAmr b. Surāqah b. al-Muʿtamir, and Umm Ḥarām bt. Milḥān al-Anṣāriyyah in Cyprus. Then the year twenty-nine entered: In it, Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī was dismissed from Basra, and ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿĀmir b. Kurayz was appointed. Allah granted him conquest of many lands, and he wrought havoc in Kabul, Khurasan, and elsewhere. In it died Salmān b. Rabīʿah al-Bāhilī. Then the year thirty entered: In it, ʿUthmān dismissed al-Walīd b. ʿUqbah from Kufa and flogged him for wine-drinking, and appointed Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ to it. In it was the conquest of Ṭabaristān. In it, Ḥudhayfah raided al-Bāb and Azerbaijan and saw the disagreement of the people of the garrison towns regarding the Qur'an. He advised the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān ؓ to compile it and unite them on a single codex to prevent discord. In it, the seal of the Prophet ﷺ fell from the hand of ʿUthmān ؓ into the well of Arīs and was not found. In it, ʿUthmān ؓ added the third call to prayer on al-Zawrāʾ. In it died Ubayy b. Kaʿb ؓ and Aws b. Thābit b. al-Mundhir b. Ḥarām ؓ. Then the year thirty-one entered: In it was the defeat of Constantine son of Heraclius in the Battle of the Masts. In this battle were Muḥammad b. Abī Bakr and Muḥammad b. Abī Ḥudhayfah, and they openly reviled the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān ؓ. In this year, Yazdegerd, king of the Persians, was killed. In it, Ibn ʿĀmir marched to Khurasan and conquered Kirmān, Sijistān, Kabul, and others. In it died Abū al-Dardāʾ ؓ, Nuʿaym b. Masʿūd b. ʿĀmir, Abū Ṭalḥah al-Anṣārī, Abū Usayd al-Sāʿidī, Abū Sufyān b. al-Ḥārith b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim, and his brother al-Ṭufayl, and Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb b. Umayyah, ؓ. Then the year thirty-two entered: In it was Muʿāwiyah ؓ 's raid on the Strait of Constantinople, and the fighting of the Turks and Khazars against the Muslims, and the beginning of discord between the people of Kufa and Syria. In it, Ibn ʿĀmir conquered Marw al-Rūdh, al-Ṭāliqān, al-Fāryāb, al-Jūzjān, and Ṭakhāristān. In it was the gathering of Qārin and the sally of Ibn Khāzim against him, and his defeat and killing. In this year died al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ؓ, ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd ؓ, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf ؓ, al-Ḥuṣayn b. al-Ḥārith b. al-Muṭṭalib b. ʿAbd Manāf ؓ, Salmān al-Fārisī ؓ, Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī according to the well-known view—though it is said in the year twenty-five—Abū Sufyān Ṣakhr b. Ḥarb, though it is said in the previous year, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥudhāfah al-Sahmī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Naḍlah Abū Barzah al-Aslamī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Zayd b. ʿAbd Rabbihi Abū Muḥammad, Quṭbah b. ʿĀmir b. Ḥadīdah, Kaʿb al-Aḥbār, Muʿayqīb b. Abī Fāṭimah al-Dawsī, and Muʿaḍḍid b. Yazīd Abū Ziyād al-ʿIjlī. Then the year thirty-three entered: In it was Muʿāwiyah's raid on the Fortress of the Woman in the land of the Byzantines. In it was the second raid of ʿAbd Allāh b. Saʿd on Africa when its people violated the pact. In it was the dispatching of some of the people of Kufa to Syria, and the dispatching of some of the people of Basra to Syria. In it died al-Ḥārith b. Nawfal b. al-Ḥārith b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib b. Hāshim and al-Miqdād b. al-Aswad. Then the year thirty-four entered: In it, those who had deviated from ʿUthmān ؓ corresponded with each other to gather to debate with him regarding what they claimed to hold against him. In it was the beginning of the fitnah of the Sabaʾiyyah, which led to the killing of the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān ؓ. In it died Abū Ṭalḥah al-Anṣārī, Suwayd b. Shuʿbah al-Yarbūʿī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Jabr b. ʿAmr Abū ʿAbs, ʿUbādah b. al-Ṣāmit, ʿAwf b. Uthāthah b. ʿUbādah b. al-Muṭṭalib, and Abū Ruhm al-Ghifārī. Then the year thirty-five entered: In it was the great fitnah in which the Commander of the Faithful ʿUthmān ؓ was killed. The parties of sedition came from Egypt, Kufa, and Basra, and they had forged letters in the name of the Companions calling the people to jihad against ʿUthmān ؓ. They set out pretending to perform the pilgrimage. Then they pretended to return whence they came when the noble Companions they had approached turned them back. But soon they returned to Madinah, and the majority of them besieged the house of ʿUthmān ؓ. He used to go out to prayer, then they prevented him from going out to prayer and intensified their siege until they denied him water. The sons of the Companions were guarding him until he resolved that they should leave or not raise weapons against anyone. He had seen a vision that he would break his fast with the Prophet ﷺ and his two companions, so he knew he would be killed that day. He remained patient until he was killed, and he strictly forbade the people from fighting in his defense so that no Muslim blood would be shed because of him. They entered upon him, forced their way into his house, struck him with the sword, and stabbed him ؓ. Blood flowed from his body ؓ. In that, his wife Nāʾilah bt. al-Farāfiṣah was wounded, as were a number of Muslims and some of his slaves. The duration of his siege, as mentioned, was forty days, though other views are reported. He is ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ b. Umayyah b. ʿAbd Shams b. ʿAbd Manāf, Abū ʿAmr and Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Qurashī al-Umawī, the Commander of the Faithful, Dhū al-Nūrayn (possessor of the two lights), the companion of the two migrations, the one who prayed toward the two qiblahs, and the husband of the two daughters of the Prophet ﷺ. He was the first to migrate with his family after Lot ﷺ. He is the third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. He embraced Islam early. Authentic hadiths have been narrated concerning his virtue, excellences, and merits. He equipped the army of hardship, about which the Prophet ﷺ said: "Nothing ʿUthmān does after today will harm him," besides other manifest and brilliant virtues. He was the first to grant land allotments, the first to establish protected pastures, the first to lower his voice in takbīr, the first to perfume the mosque, the first to order the first call to prayer on Friday, and the first to give stipends to the muezzins. He is one given glad tidings of Paradise despite a trial that would befall him. The decree of Allah was a determined decree, ؓ and grant him contentment.

Grades by grader

No grade is recorded for this wording.