Tarikh (al-Tabari) 194
The story of Moses the one who spoke with Allah (peace and blessings be upon him)
مُلَخَّصُ قِصَّةِ مُوسَى الْكَلِيمِ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ هُوَ نَبِيُّ اللَّهِ مُوسَى بْنُ عِمْرَانَ بْنِ قَاهِثَ بْنِ عَازِرَ بْنَ لَاوِي بْنِ يَعْقُوبَ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، عَلَيْهِمُ السَّلَامُ، وَقَدْ جَاءَ بَعْدَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْخَلِيلِ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ بِأَلْفِ سَنَةٍ، مَا زَالَ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ مُنْذُ يُوسُفَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ يَسُوسُهُمُ الْفَرَاعِنَةُ فِي مِصْرَ وَلَا يَتَعَرَّضُونَ لِلْإِيذَاءِ حَتَّى جَاءَ فِرْعَوْنُ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَهُوَ رَابِعُ الْفَرَاعِنَةِ مِنْ بَعْدِ فِرْعَوْنَ يُوسُفَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَأَطْوَلُهُمْ عُمْرًا، فَسَاسَهُمْ بِالْقَهْرِ وَالذُّلِّ وَالْهَوَانِ، يَقْتُلُ أَبْنَاءَهُمْ وَيَسْتَحْيِي نِسَاءَهُمْ وَيُكَلِّفُ مِنَ الْأَعْمَالِ مَا لَا يُطِيقُونَ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ قَدْ عَلِمَ مَا تَحَدَّثَتْ بِهِ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ مِنْ أَنَّ غُلَامًا يُولَدُ فِيهِمْ يَكُونُ هَلَاكُ مُلْكِ مِصْرَ عَلَى يَدَيْهِ فَعِنْدَئِذٍ أَمَرَ بِقَتْلِ الذُّكُورِ مِنْ أَطْفَالِهِمْ فَلَمَّا كَثُرَ فِيهِمُ الْقَتْلُ خَشَتِ الْقِبْطُ أَلَّا يَجِدُوا مَنْ يَقُومُ بِالْأَعْمَالِ بَدَلًا عَنْهُمْ مَنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ فَشَكَوَا ذَلِكَ إِلَى فِرْعَوْنَ فَأَمَرَ بِقَتْلِ ذُكُورِ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ عَامًا وَاسْتَبَقَاهُمْ عَامًا، وَلَمَّا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى سُبْحَانَهُ أَنْ يَمُنَّ عَلَى الَّذِينَ اسْتُضْعِفُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ وُلِدَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي الْعَامِ الَّذِي يُذْبَحُ فِيهِ مَنْ وُلِدَ مِنَ الذُّكُورِ، فَلَمَّا وَضَعَتْ أُمُّ مُوسَى أُلْهِمَتْ أَنِ اتَّخَذَتْ لَهُ تَابُوتًا، فَرَبَطَتْهُ فِي حَبْلٍ، وَكَانَتْ دَارُهَا مُتَاخِمَةً لِلنِّيلِ، فَكَانَتْ تُرْضِعُهُ، فَإِذَا خَشِيَتْ مِنْ أَحَدٍ وَضَعَتْهُ فِي ذَلِكَ التَّابُوتِ فَأَرْسَلَتْهُ فِي الْبَحْرِ، وَأَمْسَكَتْ طَرَفَ الْحَبْلِ عِنْدَهَا، فَإِذَا ذَهَبُوا اسْتَرْجَعَتْهُ إِلَيْهَا بِهِ، فَأَرْسَلَتْهُ ذَاتَ يَوْمٍ، وَذُهِلَتْ أَنْ تَرْبُطَ طَرَفَ الْحَبْلِ عِنْدَهَا، فَذَهَبَ مَعَ النِّيلِ فَمَرَّ عَلَى دَارِ فِرْعَوْنَ فَالْتَقَطَهُ آلُ فِرْعَوْنَ، وَأَلْقَى اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مَحَبَّتَهُ فِي قَلْبِ آسِيَةَ امْرَأَةِ فِرْعَوْنَ فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ أَنْ يَقْتُلَهُ فِرْعَوْنُ اسْتَوْهَبَتْهُ مِنْهُ، وَقَالَتْ عَسَى أَنْ يَنْفَعَنَا أَوْ نَتَّخِذَهُ وَلَدًا، وَطَلَبَتْ لَهُ الْمَرَاضِعَ فَلَمْ يَجِدُوا أَهْلَ بَيْتٍ يُرْضِعُهُ حَتَّى رَأَتْهُ أُخْتُهُ فَدَلَّتْهُمْ عَلَى أُمِّهَا، وَكَانَتْ أُمُّ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ قَدْ بَلَغَ بِهَا الْخَوْفُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ كَادَتْ لِتُظْهِرَ أَمْرَهُ لَوْلَا أَنْ رَبَطَ اللَّهُ عَلَى قَلْبِهَا، وَفِي الْأَخِيرِ رَدَّهُ إِلَيْهَا كَيْ تَقَرَّ عَيْنُهَا وَلَا تَحْزَنَ. وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ مَبْلَغَ الْأَطْفَالِ نَاوَلَتْهُ يَوْمًا امْرَأَةُ فِرْعَوْنَ إِلَيْهِ فَنَتَفَ مُوسَى لِحْيَتَهُ فَهَمَّ فِرْعَوْنُ بِقَتْلِهِ فَقَالَتِ امْرَأَتُهُ إِنَّهُ لَا يُمَيِّزُ وَلَا يَعْقِلُ وَجَعَلَتْ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ يَخْتَارُ بَيْنَ جَمْرَةٍ وَحُلِيِّهَا اخْتِبَارًا فَاخْتَارَ الْجَمْرَةَ وَوَضَعَهُ عَلَى لِسَانِهِ فَاحْتَرَقَ. وَلَمَّا شَبَّ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَصَارَ فَتًى وَدَخَلَ مَدِينَةَ مَنْفَ وَقْتَ غَلْقِ النَّاسِ أَسْوَاقِهِمْ وَوَجَدَ فِيهَا رَجُلَيْنِ يَقْتَتِلَانِ أَحَدُهُمَا مِنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَالْآخَرُ مِنَ الْقِبْطِ فَوَكَزَ مُوسَى الْقِبْطِيَّ فَمَاتَ، وَقَدْ تَابَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ مِنْ هَذَا الْفِعْلِ رَغْمَ كَوْنِهِ قَتْلَ خَطَأٍ، وَاجْتَمَعَ الْقَوْمُ لِيَقْتَصُّوا مِنْ مُوسَى فَجَاءَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَقْصَى الْمَدِينَةِ مُحَذِّرًا أَنَّ الْمَلَأَ يَجْتَمِعُونَ لِيَقْتُلُوكَ فَخَرَجَ خَائِفًا يَتَرَقَّبُ حَتَّى وَصَلَ إِلَى مَدْيَنَ حَيْثُ مَاؤُهُمْ وَوَجَدَ عَلَيْهِ امْرَأَتَيْنِ تَسْقِيَانِ غَنَمَهُمَا وَلَا يَسْقِيَانِ حَتَّى يَسْقِيَ النَّاسُ فَلَمَّا عَلِمَ مِنْ خَبَرِهِمَا سَقَى لَهُمَا، وَتَوَجَّهَ إِلَى الظِّلِّ وَبَيْنَمَا هُوَ كَذَلِكَ إِذْ جَاءَتْهُ إِحْدَاهُمَا تَدْعُوهُ إِلَى أَبِيهَا لِيَجْزِيَهُ أَجْرَ مَا سَقَى لَهُمَا فَلَّمَا وَصَلَ إِلَى حَيْثُ أَبِيهِمَا وَعَلِمَ أَبُوهُمَا خَبَرَهُ طَمْأَنَهُ بِأَنَّهُ نُجِّيَ وَطَلَبَ مِنْهُ أَنْ يُزَوِّجَهُ إِحْدَى ابْنَتَيْهِ عَلَى أَنْ يَأْجُرَهُ ثَمَانِيَ حِجَجٍ وَإِنْ زَادَ لِعَشْرٍ فَمِنْ عِنْدِهِ، فَوَافَقَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ. وَلَمَّا أَتَمَّ الْمُدَّةَ أَرَادَ أَنْ يَرْحَلَ بِأَهْلِهِ فَأَعْطَاهُ صِهْرَهُ مَا وَلَدَتْ غَنَمُهُ مِنْ قَالَبِ لَوْنِ مَنْ وُلِدَ هَذَا الْعَامُ، فَأَخَذَهَا مُوسَى وَسَارَ بِأَهْلِهِ. وَكَانَتِ اللَّيْلَةُ الَّتِي أَرَادَ اللَّهُ - عَزَّ وَجَلَّ - لِمُوسَى كَرَامَتَهُ، وَابْتِدَاءَهُ فِيهَا بِنُبُوَّتِهِ، وَكَلَامِهِ، وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتُهُ حَامِلًا، فَأَخَذَهَا الطَّلْقُ فِي لَيْلَةٍ شَاتِيَةٍ ذَاتِ مَطَرٍ، وَرَعْدٍ، وَبَرْقٍ، فَأَخْرَجَ زَنْدَهُ لِيَقْدَحَ نَارًا لِأَهْلِهِ لِيَصْطَلُوا وَيَبِيتُوا حَتَّى يُصْبِحَ وَيَعْلَمَ وَجْهَ طَرِيقِهِ، فَأَصْلَدَ زَنْدَهُ فَقَدَحَ حَتَّى أَعْيَا، فَبَيْنَمَا هُوَ كَذَلِكَ إِذْ أَبْصَرَ عَنْ بُعْدٍ نَارًا تَأَجَّجُ فِي جَانِبِ الطُّورِ وَهُوَ الْجَبَلُ الْغَرْبِيُّ مِنْهُ عَنْ يَمِينِهِ، فَقَالَ لِأَهْلِهِ: امْكُثُوا إِنِّي آنَسْتُ نَارًا لَعَلِّي آتِيكُمْ مِنْهَا بِخَبَرٍ أَيْ; لَعَلِّي أَسْتَعْلِمُ مِنْ عِنْدِهَا عَنِ الطَّرِيقِ أَوْ جَذْوَةٍ مِنَ النَّارِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَصْطَلُونَ فَدَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّهُمْ كَانُوا قَدْ تَاهُوا عَنِ الطَّرِيقِ فِي لَيْلَةٍ بَارِدَةٍ وَمُظْلِمَةٍ. فَلَمَّا أَتَاهَا نُودِيَ مِنْ شَاطِئِ الْوَادِ الأَيْمَنِ فِي الْبُقْعَةِ الْمُبَارَكَةِ مِنْ الشَّجَرَةِ أَنْ يَا مُوسَى إِنِّي أَنَا اللَّهُ رَبُّ الْعَالَمِينَ فَكَلَّمَهُ رَبُّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ ثُمَّ أَرْسَلَهُ وَأَخَاهُ هَارُونُ إِلَى فِرْعَوْنَ، لِيَدْعُوَانِهِ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، وَأَمَرَهُمَا أَنْ يَقُولَا لَهُ قَوْلًا لَيِّنًا لَعَلَّهُ يَتَذَكَّرُ أَوْ يَخْشَى، وَقَدْ دَعَا مُوسَى أَنْ يَشْرَحَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ صَدْرَهُ وَيَحْلِلَ الْعُقْدَةَ مِنْ لِسَانِهِ فَيَفْقَهُوا قَوْلَهُ، وَقَدْ دَخَلَا عَلَى فِرْعَوْنَ، وَدَعَاهُ لِرَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ وَهُوَ يَجْحَدُ وَيُنْكِرُ، ثُمَّ هَدَّدَ وَتَوَعَّدَ، وَمُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ يُقَابِلُهُ بِالْحُجَجِ وَالْبَرَاهِينِ ثُمَّ عَدَلَ إِلَى الْآيَاتِ وَالْمُعْجِزَاتِ فَأَخْرَجَ يَدَهُ فَإِذَا هِيَ بَيْضَاءُ لِلنَّاظِرِينَ وَأَلْقَى عَصَاهُ فَإِذَا هِيَ ثُعْبَانٌ مُبِينٌ، فَمَا ارْعَوَى فِرْعَوْنُ وَمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْمُتَّقِينَ، وَادَّعَى أَنَّ مَا جَاءَ بِهِ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ إِنَّمَا هُوَ السِّحْرُ وَأَنَّهُ سَيُعَارِضُهُ بِمِثْلِهِ، وَطَلَبَ الْمُنَاظَرَةَ فَضَرَبَ لَهُ يَوْمَ الزِّينَةِ وَأَنْ يُحْشَرَ النَّاسُ ضُحًى فَجَمَعَ فِرْعَوْنُ كَيْدَهُ مِنَ السَّحَرَةِ مِنْ جَمِيعِ مَمْلَكَتِهِ وَوَعَدَهُمْ وَمَنَّاهُمْ وَقَدَّمَهُمْ فَلَمَّا جَاءَ الْحَقُّ وَتَوَاجَهَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَالسَّحَرَةُ نَصَحَهُمْ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ بِأَلَّا يَفْتَرُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ وَأَنْ يَتَّقُوا فَأَلْقَوْا حِبَالَهُمْ وَعِصِيَّهُمْ وَخُيِّلَ لِلنَّاسِ أَنَّهَا تَسْعَى وَكَادَ مُوسَى يَتَأَثَّرُ فَأَوْحَى إِلَيْهِ رَبُّهُ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْأَعْلَى وَأَلْقِ مَا فِي يَمِينِكَ تَلْقَفْ مَا صَنَعُوا إِنَّمَا صَنَعُوهُ كَيْدُ سَاحِرٍ وَلَا يُفْلِحُ السَّاحِرُ حَيْثُ أَتَى فَلَمَّا أَلْقَى مُوسَى عَصَاهُ فَإِذَا هِيَ ثُعْبَانٌ مُبِينٌ يَبْتَلِعُ مَا صَنَعُوا وَأَيْقَنَ السَّحَرَةُ أَنَّ مَا جَاءَ بِهِ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ لَيْسَ مِنْ قَبِيلِ السِّحْرِ وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ مِنَ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ فَآمَنُوا بِاللَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ وَوَقَعُوا لِلَّهِ سَاجِدِينَ، فَمَا كَانَ مِنْ فِرْعَوْنَ إِلَّا التَّهْدِيدُ وَالْوَعِيدُ لَهُمْ إِلَّا أَنَّ هَذَا التَّهْدِيدَ لَمْ يَثْبُتْ أَمَامَ الْإِيمَانِ الرَّاسِخِ فَقَالُوا بِلُغَةِ الْإِيمَانِ الَّتِي لَا تَعْرِفُ الِانْحِنَاءَ إِلَّا لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى سُبْحَانَهُ وَلِدِينِهِ: اقْضِ مَا أَنْتَ قَاضٍ إِنَّمَا تَقْضِي هَذِهِ الْحَيَاةَ الدُّنْيَا، وَهُنَا مَا كَانَ مِنْ فِرْعَوْنَ إِلَّا أَنْ أَنْفَذَ فِيهِمْ مَا قَدَّرَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَبَاءَ بِإِثْمِهِمْ فَقَطَّعَ أَيْدِيَهُمْ وَأَرْجُلَهُمْ مِنْ خِلَافٍ وَصَلَّبَهُمْ فِي جُذُوعِ النَّخْلِ فَأَكْرَمَهُمُ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ بِالشَّهَادَةِ. وَأَوْحَى اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ إِلَى مُوسَى بِالْمَسِيرِ بِبَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ وَأَنْ يَحْمِلَ مَعَهُ التَّابُوتَ وَيَدْفِنَهُ فِي الْأَرْضِ الْمُقَدَّسَةِ، فَدُلَّ عَلَى التَّابُوتِ دَلَّتْهُ عَلَيْهِ امْرَأَةٌ عَجُوزٌ وَلَهَا قِصَّةٌ. فَطَارَدَ فِرْعَوْنُ - لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ - مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَقَوْمَهُ فَمَا كَانَ مِنْ مُوسَى إِلَّا أَنْ أَمَرَ قَوْمَهُ بِالِاسْتِعَانَةِ بِاللَّهِ تَعَالَى وَالصَّبْرِ وَأَنَّ الْعَاقِبَةَ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ، وَخَرَجَ فِرْعَوْنُ بَطَرًا وَأَشَرًا حَتَّى أَلْجَأَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ إِلَى الْبَحْرِ حَتَّى إِذَا مَا تَرَاءَ الْجَمْعَانِ، وَقَالَ أَصْحَابُ مُوسَى إِنَّا لَمُدْرَكُونَ جَاءَ الْأَمْرُ مِنَ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ أَنِ اضْرِبِ الْبَحْرَ فَانْفَلَقَ وَكَانَ كُلُّ فَرْقٍ كَالطَّوْدِ الْعَظِيمِ وَمَرَّ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَأَتْبَعَهُمْ فِرْعَوْنُ وَجُنُودُهُ فَأَطْبَقَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَأَهْلَكَهُ وَجُنْدَهُ أَجْمَعِينَ، وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ. هَذَا وَإِنَّ مِنْ طُغْيَانِ فِرْعَوْنَ أَنْ قَتَلَ زَوْجَتَهُ آسِيَةَ لَمَّا آمَنَتْ بِاللَّهِ وَحْدَهُ كَمَا حَرَّقَ مَاشِطَةَ ابْنَتِهِ، وَحَرَّقَ أَبْنَاءَهَا، وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ مِنْ طُغْيَانِ فِرْعَوْنَ وَقَوْمِهِ مَا بَلَغَ أَرْسَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقُمَّلَ وَالضَّفَادِعَ وَالدَّمَ وَكَانُوا كُلَّمَا جَاءَتْهُمْ آيَةٌ يَطْلُبُونَ مِنْ مُوسَى أَنْ يَدْعُوَ رَبَّهُ يَرْفَعُ عَنْهُمُ الْبَلَاءَ وَيُؤْمِنُونَ بِهِ فَلَمَّا يَدْعُو فَيَرْفَعُ عَنْهُمْ لَا يَزِيدُهُمْ إِلَّا كُفْرًا فَلَمَّا أَيْقَنَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ أَنَّهُمْ أَهْلُ زَيْغٍ وَضَلَالٍ دَعَا عَلَيْهِمْ. وَلَمَّا سَارَ مُوسَى بِقَوْمِهِ وَنَجَّاهُمُ اللَّهُ إِذَا بِهِمْ يَجِدُونَ قَوْمًا عَاكِفِينَ عَلَى أَصْنَامٍ لَهُمْ فَطَلَبُوا مِنْ مُوسَى أَنْ يَجْعَلَ لَهُمْ إِلَهًا كَمَا لَهُمْ آلِهَةً فَأَنْكَرَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَشَدَّ النَّكِيرِ وَذَكَّرَهُمْ بِاللَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ، وَلَمَّا طَلَبَ مُوسَى مِنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ أَنْ يَدْخُلُوا الْأَرْضَ الْمُقَدَّسَةَ لَمْ يَقْبَلُوا وَقَالُوا إِنَّ بِهَا قَوْمًا جَبَّارِينَ، فَكَتَبَ عَلَيْهِمُ التِّيهَ، وَقَدْ وَقَعَ فِيهِ مِنَ الْآيَاتِ الْكَثِيرُ، وَتَوَفَّى اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ هَارُونَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ فِي التِّيهِ. ثُمَّ لَمَّا ذَهَبَ مُوسَى لِمُلَاقَاةِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى وَأَخْذِ التَّوْرَاةِ صَنَعَ لَهُمُ السَّامِرِيُّ الْعِجْلَ وَعَكَفُوا عَلَى عِبَادَتِهِ وَقَدْ نَهَاهُمْ هَارُونُ وَأَنْكَرَ عَلَيْهِمْ فَرَدُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَقَدْ رَجَعَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ إِلَيْهِمْ مُغْضَبًا وَأَلْقَى أَلْوَاحَ التَّوْرَاةِ مِنْ يَدِهِ مِنْ شِدَّةِ الْغَضَبِ وَأَخَذَ بِرَأْسِ أَخِيهِ وَحَرَّقَ الْعِجْلَ وَأَلْقَاهُ فِي الْبَحْرِ، وَاخْتَارَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ سَبْعِينَ رَجُلًا يَذْهَبُونَ مَعَهُ إِلَى الطُّورِ لِيَعْتَذِرُوا عَمَّا وَقَعَ مِنْ قَوْمِهِمْ مِنَ الْكُفْرِ وَيَتُوبُونَ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى. وَقَدْ طَلَبُوا أَنْ يَرَوُا اللَّهَ تَعَالَى جَهْرَةً فَصُعِقُوا وَذَلِكَ فِي قِصَّةٍ. وَمِمَّا وَقَعَ لِمُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ مَا قَصَّهُ الرَّحْمَنُ فِي كِتَابِهِ الْعَزِيزِ مِنْ قِصَّةِ الْبَقَرَةِ وَإِحْيَاءِ الْقَتِيلِ بِضَرْبِهِ بِبَعْضِهَا، وَمَا جَاءَ مِنْ لِقَاءِ مُوسَى لِلْخَضِرِ عَلَيْهِمَا السَّلَامُ، وَمَا وَقَعَ فِيهَا مِنَ الْآيَاتِ وَالْعِلْمِ النَّافِعِ كَمَا اخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاءُ فِي الْخَضِرِ هَلْ كَانَ نَبِيًّا أَمْ وَلِيًّا؟ وَهَلْ مَا زَالَ حَيًّا أَمْ قَضَى؟ وَمَا جَاءَ فِي قِصَّةِ قَارُونَ وَتَجَبُّرِهِ، وَبِلْعَامَ بْنِ بَاعُورَاءَ الَّذِي آتَاهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى آيَاتِهِ فَانْسَلَخَ مِنْهَا، وَاتَّبَعَ هَوَاهُ. وَقَدِ احْتَمَلَ مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ مِنْ إِيذَاءِ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ الْكَثِيرَ حَتَّى نَسَبُوهُ إِلَى الْأُدْرِ فَبَرَّأَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مِمَّا قَالُوا وَأَطْلَعَهُمْ عَلَى اسْتِوَاءِ خِلْقَتِهِ ثُمَّ تَوَفَّى اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مُوسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ فِي التِّيهِ، فَدَعَا اللَّهَ أَنْ يُقَرِّبَهُ إِلَى بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ فَأُجِيبَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ.
Translation
✧ Summary of the story of Moses the one who spoke with Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) He is the prophet of Allah, Moses b. ʿImrān b. Qāhith b. ʿĀzir b. Lāwī b. Yaʿqūb b. Isḥāq b. Ibrāhīm, peace be upon them. He came one thousand years after Abraham the Friend ﷺ. Since Joseph ﷺ, the Israelites had been ruled by the Pharaohs in Egypt without being subjected to harm, until the Pharaoh of Moses ﷺ came—he was the fourth Pharaoh after the Pharaoh of Joseph ﷺ and the longest-lived of them. He ruled them with oppression, humiliation, and contempt, killing their sons and sparing their women, and imposing upon them unbearable labors. That was because he had learned what the Israelites were saying: that a boy would be born among them at whose hands the kingdom of Egypt would be destroyed. So then he ordered the killing of the male children among them. When the killing increased among them, the Copts feared that they would not find anyone from the Israelites to carry out the work in their place, so they complained of that to Pharaoh, and he ordered that the male children of the Israelites be killed one year and spared the next. When Allah, exalted and glorified be He, willed to bestow favor upon those who were oppressed in the land, Moses ﷺ was born, and that was in the year in which male newborns were being slaughtered. When Moses' mother gave birth, she was inspired to make for him a chest, and she tied it with a rope. Her house was adjacent to the Nile. She would nurse him, and when she feared anyone, she would place him in that chest and send it into the river while keeping the end of the rope with her, and when they went away she would pull him back to her with it. One day she sent him off and forgot to keep the end of the rope with her, so he drifted with the Nile and passed by Pharaoh's house. The family of Pharaoh picked him up, and Allah, exalted be He, cast love for him into the heart of Āsiyah, Pharaoh's wife. When Pharaoh wanted to kill him, she asked for him to be given to her and said, "Perhaps he will benefit us, or we may adopt him as a son." She sought wet nurses for him, but they could not find a household whose milk he would accept, until his sister saw him and directed them to their mother. Moses' mother ﷺ had become so fearful for him that she almost disclosed his affair, had Allah not bound her heart. In the end, He returned him to her so that her eye might be comforted and she would not grieve. When Moses ﷺ reached the age of a child, one day Pharaoh's wife handed him to Pharaoh, and Moses plucked his beard. Pharaoh resolved to kill him, but his wife said, "He does not distinguish or understand." Moses ﷺ was made to choose between a live coal and her jewelry as a test, and he chose the coal and put it on his tongue, so his tongue was burned. When Moses ﷺ grew up and became a young man, he entered the city of Memphis at the time when people were closing their markets. He found in it two men fighting, one of them from the Israelites and the other from the Copts. Moses struck the Copt and he died. Moses ﷺ repented of this act, even though it was an accidental killing. The people gathered to exact retaliation from Moses, and a man came to him from the farthest end of the city warning him that the chiefs were gathering to kill him. So he left in fear, watching out, until he reached Midian, where their water was. He found there two women watering their flocks, and they did not water until the people had finished. When he learned of their situation, he watered for them, then turned to the shade. While he was thus, one of the two women came to him inviting him to her father so that he might reward him for the watering he had done for them. When he reached their father and the father learned of his story, he reassured him that he had been saved, and asked him to marry one of his two daughters on condition that he hire himself to him for eight years, and if he completed ten, it would be from himself. Moses ﷺ agreed. When he completed the term, he wanted to depart with his family. His father-in-law gave him what his flocks had given birth to of the color pattern of those born that year. Moses took them and departed with his family. The night in which Allah—mighty and majestic be He—willed for Moses His honor and the beginning of his prophethood and His speaking to him, his wife was pregnant, and labor seized her on a cold, rainy night with thunder and lightning. He took out his fire drill to strike a fire for his family so they might warm themselves and spend the night until morning and he could learn the direction of his path. His fire drill failed, and he kept striking until he was exhausted. While he was thus, he saw from afar a fire blazing on the side of the mount—that is, the western mountain, on his right. He said to his family, "Stay; indeed I perceive a fire. Perhaps I may bring you from it some information," that is, perhaps I may learn from it about the way, "or a brand from the fire that you may warm yourselves." This indicates that they had lost their way on a cold, dark night. When he came to it, he was called from the right side of the valley, in the blessed spot, from the tree: "O Moses, indeed I am Allah, Lord of the worlds." His Lord, glorified be He, spoke to him, then sent him and his brother Aaron to Pharaoh, to call him to Allah, exalted be He, and commanded them to speak to him a gentle word, that perhaps he might remember or fear. Moses prayed that Allah, glorified be He, would expand his breast and loosen the knot from his tongue so that they might understand his speech. They entered upon Pharaoh and called him to the Lord of the worlds, while he denied and rejected. Then he threatened and warned, and Moses ﷺ confronted him with arguments and proofs. Then he turned to signs and miracles: he drew out his hand and it was white to the beholders, and he cast down his staff and it became a manifest serpent. But Pharaoh did not desist and was not among the God-fearing. He claimed that what Moses ﷺ had brought was only sorcery and that he would oppose him with the like of it, and he requested a contest. So he set for him the day of adornment and that the people be assembled at forenoon. Pharaoh gathered his plot—the sorcerers from all his kingdom—and promised them and gave them hope and put them forward. When the truth came and Moses ﷺ faced the sorcerers, Moses ﷺ advised them not to fabricate lies against Allah and to fear Him. They cast down their ropes and staffs, and it was made to appear to the people that they were moving, and Moses was about to be affected. Then his Lord revealed to him, "You are the higher, and cast what is in your right hand; it will swallow up what they have made. What they have made is only the craft of a sorcerer, and the sorcerer does not succeed wherever he comes." When Moses cast down his staff, it became a manifest serpent, devouring what they had made. The sorcerers were certain that what Moses ﷺ had brought was not of the sort of sorcery but was from Allah, glorified be He. So they believed in Allah, Lord of the worlds, and fell down prostrating to Allah. Pharaoh had nothing but threats and warnings for them, but these threats did not stand before their firm faith. They said in the language of faith, which knows no bending except to Allah, exalted and glorified be He, and to His religion: "Decree whatever you are to decree; you only decree for this worldly life." Here Pharaoh could only carry out upon them what Allah had decreed for him, and he bore their sin: he cut off their hands and feet on opposite sides and crucified them on trunks of palm trees. Allah, glorified be He, honored them with martyrdom. Allah, glorified be He, revealed to Moses to depart with the Israelites and to carry with him the Ark and bury it in the Holy Land. He was directed to the Ark by an old woman, and she has a story. Pharaoh—may Allah curse him—pursued Moses ﷺ and his people. Moses had no recourse but to command his people to seek help from Allah, exalted be He, and to be patient, and that the outcome is for the God-fearing. Pharaoh went forth in arrogance and insolence until he drove Moses ﷺ to the sea. When the two hosts saw each other, and Moses' companions said, "We are overtaken," the command came from Allah, glorified be He: "Strike the sea." It parted, and each part was like a great mountain. Moses ﷺ crossed, and Pharaoh and his soldiers followed them. Allah closed it over him and destroyed him and all his troops. And praise be to Allah. Moreover, among Pharaoh's tyranny was that he killed his wife Āsiyah when she believed in Allah alone, just as he burned the hairdresser of his daughter and burned her children. When the tyranny of Pharaoh and his people reached its extent, Allah sent upon them lice, frogs, and blood. Every time a sign came to them, they asked Moses to call upon his Lord to remove the affliction from them and they would believe in him. But when he called and it was removed, it only increased them in disbelief. When Moses ﷺ was certain that they were people of deviation and misguidance, he supplicated against them. When Moses departed with his people and Allah saved them, they came upon a people devoted to idols of theirs. They asked Moses to make for them a god as they had gods. He rebuked them most severely and reminded them of Allah, glorified be He. When Moses asked the Israelites to enter the Holy Land, they refused and said, "In it are a people of giants." So wandering in the wilderness was decreed upon them, and many signs occurred in it. Allah, glorified be He, took Aaron ﷺ in death in the wilderness. Then, when Moses went to meet Allah, exalted be He, and to receive the Torah, the Sāmirī made for them the calf, and they devoted themselves to worshiping it. Aaron had forbidden them and rebuked them, but they opposed him. Moses ﷺ returned to them angry and cast the tablets of the Torah from his hand out of intense anger, seized his brother by the head, burned the calf, and threw it into the sea. He chose from his people seventy men to go with him to the Mount to apologize for what their people had fallen into of disbelief and to repent to Allah, exalted be He. They asked to see Allah, exalted be He, openly, and they were struck down—that is in a story. Among what happened to Moses ﷺ was what the Most Merciful related in His Mighty Book: the story of the cow and the revival of the slain man by striking him with part of it, and the meeting of Moses with al-Khiḍr (peace be upon them both), and the signs and beneficial knowledge that occurred in it. Scholars differed about al-Khiḍr: was he a prophet or a saint? And is he still alive or has he passed away? And what came in the story of Korah and his tyranny, and Balaam b. Bāʿūrāʾ, whom Allah, exalted be He, gave His signs, but he detached himself from them and followed his desire. Moses ﷺ endured much harm from the Israelites, until they attributed to him a defect in his private parts, but Allah, exalted be He, cleared him of what they said and showed them the soundness of his physique. Then Allah, exalted be He, took Moses ﷺ in death in the wilderness. He prayed to Allah to bring him near to Jerusalem, and that was granted to him.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.