Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1929
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
وفي سنة إحدى وعشرين وَلَّى عُمَرُ عَمَّارَ بْنَ يَاسِرٍ عَلَى الْكُوفَةِ بَدَلَ زِيَادِ بْنِ حَنْظَلَةَ الَّذِي وَلَّاهُ بَعْدَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عِتْبَانَ، وَجَعَلَ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ مَسْعُودٍ عَلَى بَيْتِ الْمَالِ. وَعُثْمَانَ بْنِ حُنَيْفٍ مِسَاحَةَ الْأَرْضِ. فعَنْ حَارِثَةَ بْنَ مُصَرِّفٍ قَالَ: قُرِئَ عَلَيْنَا كِتَابُ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنِّي قَدْ بَعَثْتُ إِلَيْكُمْ عَمَّارَ بْنَ يَاسِرٍ أَمِيرًا، وَابْنَ مَسْعُودٍ مُعَلِّمًا وَوَزِيرًا، وَجَعَلْتُ ابْنَ مَسْعُودٍ عَلَى بَيْتِ مَالِكُمْ، وَإِنَّهُمَا لَمِنَ النُّجَبَاءِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ، مِنْ أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ، فَاسْمَعُوا لَهُمَا، وَأَطِيعُوا، وَاقْتَدُوا بِهِمَا، وَقَدْ آثَرْتُكُمْ بِابْنِ أُمِّ عَبْدٍ عَلَى نَفْسِي، وَبَعَثْتُ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ عَلَى السَّوَادِ، وَرَزَقْتُهُمَا كُلَّ يَوْمٍ شَاةً، فَاجْعَلُوا شِطْرَهَا وَبَطْنَهَا لِعَمَّارٍ -وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ أُخْرَى: وَوَلَّيْتُ حُذَيْفَةَ بْنَ الْيَمَانِ مَا سَقَتْ دِجْلَةُ، وَوَلَّيْتُ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ الْفُرَاتَ وَمَا سَقَى أَذْرَبَيْجَانَ، فَاجْعَلُوا الشِّطْرَ الثَّانِي بَيْنَ هُؤَلَاءِ الثَّلَاثَةِ-. وعن أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ] قَالَ: بَعَثَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ عَامِلًا، وَأَمَرَهُ بِمِسَاحَةِ سَقْيِ الْفُرَاتِ، فَمَسَحَ الْكُوَرَ وَالطَّسَاسِيجَ بِالْجَانِبِ الْغَرْبِيِّ مِنْ دِجْلَةَ، وَكَانَ كُوَرَ فَيْرُوزَ -وَهِيَ طَسُّوجُ الْأَنْبَارِ- وَكَانَ أَوَّلُ السَّوَادِ شُرْبًا مِنَ الْفُرَاتِ، ثُمَّ طَسُّوجُ مَسْكَنٍ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ حُدُودِ السَّوَادِ فِي الْجَانِبِ الْغَرْبِيِّ مِنْ دِجْلَةَ وَشُرْبُهُ مِنْ دُجَيْلٍ، وَيَتْلُوهُ طَسُّوجُ قُطْرُبُّلُ، وَشُرْبُهُ أَيْضًا مِنْ دُجَيْلٍ، ثُمَّ طَسُّوجُ بَادَرْوِيَا، وَهُوَ طَسُّوجُ مَدِينَةِ السَّلَامِ، وَكَانَ أَجَلَّ طَسَاسِيجِ السَّوَادِ جَمِيعًا، وَكَانَ كُلُّ طَسُّوجٍ يَتَقَلَّدَهُ فِيمَا يَقْدَمُ عَامِلٌ وَاحِدٌ سِوَى طَسُّوجِ بَادَرْوِيَا، فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ يَتَقَلَّدَهُ عَامِلَانِ لِجَلَالَتِهِ وَكَثْرَةِ ارْتِفَاعِهِ، وَلَمْ يَزَلْ خَطِيرًا عِنْدَ الْفُرْسِ وَمُقَدَّمًا عَلَى مَا سِوَاهُ، وَوَرَدَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ حُنَيْفٍ الْمَدَائِنَ فِي حَالِ وِلَايَتِهِ. وعَنْ أَبِي مِجْلَزٍ: أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ بَعَثَ عَمَّارَ بْنَ يَاسِرٍ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ عَلَى صَلَاتِهِمْ وَجُيُوشِهِمْ، وَعَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ مَسْعُودٍ عَلَى قَضَائِهِمْ وَبَيْتِ مَالِهِمْ، وَعُثْمَانَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ عَلَى مِسَاحَةِ الْأَرْضِ، ثُمَّ فَرَضَ لَهُمْ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ شَاةً، شِطْرُهَا وَسَوَاقِطُهَا لِعَمَّارٍ، وَالشِّطْرُ الْآخَرُ بَيْنَ هَذَيْنِ الرَّجُلَيْنِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: مَا أَرَى قَرْيَةً يُؤْخَذُ مِنْهَا كُلَّ يَوْمٍ شَاةٌ إِلَّا سَرِيعًا فِي خَرَابِهَا. قَالَ: وَمَسَحَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ حُنَيْفٍ الْأَرْضَ فَجَعَلَ عَلَى جَرِيبِ الْكَرْمِ عَشَرَةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ النَّخْلِ خَمْسَةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ الْقَصَبِ سِتَّةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ الْبُرِّ أَرْبَعَةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَعَلَى جَرِيبِ الشَّعِيرِ دِرْهَمَيْنِ. وعَنِ الشَّعْبِيِّ: أَنَّ عُمَرَ ؓ بَعَثَ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ فَمَسَحَ السَّوَادَ، فَوَجَدَهُ سِتَّةً وَثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ جَرِيبٍ، فَوَضَعَ عَلَى كُلِّ جَرِيبٍ دِرْهَمًا وَقَفِيزًا. قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ: وَأَرَى هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ هُوَ الْمَحْفُوظُ. حد السواد وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ حَدَّ السَّوَادِ الَّذِي وَقَعَتْ عَلَيْهِ الْمَسَّاحَةُ مِنْ لَدُنْ تُخُومِ الْمَوْصِلِ مَادًّا مِنَ الْمَاءِ إِلَى سَاحِلِ الْبَحْرَيْنِ مِنْ بِلَادِ عَبَّادَانَ وَشَرْقِيِّ دِجْلَةَ، هَذَا طُولُهُ. وَأَمَّا عَرْضُهُ: فَحَدَّهُ مُنْقَطِعُ الْجَبَلِ مِنْ أَرْضِ حُلْوَانَ إِلَى مُنْتَهَى طَرَفِ الْقَادِسِيَّةِ الْمُتَّصِلِ بِالْعُذَيْبِ مِنْ أَرْضِ الْعَرَبِ، فَهَذَا حُدُودُ السَّوَادِ، وَعَلَيْهَا الْخَرَاجُ وَقَعَ. وَفِي رِوَايَةِ أَبِي مِجْلَزٍ قَالَ: بَعَثَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ حُنَيْفٍ عَلَى خَرَاجِ السَّوَادِ، وَرَزَقَهُ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ رُبْعَ شَاةٍ وَخَمْسَةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَمْسَحَ السَّوَادَ عَامِرَهُ وَغَامِرَهُ، وَلَا يَمْسَحَ سَبَخَهُ وَلَا تِلَالَهُ وَلَا أُجُمَهُ، وَلَا مُسْتَنْقَعَ مَاءٍ، وَمَا لَا يَبْلُغُهُ الْمَاءُ، فَمَسَحَ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ دُونَ الْجَبَلِ -يَعْنِي جَبَلَ حُلْوَانَ- إِلَى أَرْضِ الْعَرَبِ وَهُوَ أَسْفَلُ الْفُرَاتِ، وَكَتَبَ إِلَى عُمَرَ: إِنِّي وَجَدْتُ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ بَلَغَهُ الْمَاءُ مِنْ عَامِرٍ وَغَامِرٍ سِتَّةً وَثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ جَرِيبٍ، وَكَانَ ذِرَاعُ عُمَرَ الَّذِي مُسِحَ بِهِ السَّوَادُ ذِرَاعًا وَقَبْضَةً، وَالْإِبْهَامُ مَضْجَعَةً. وَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ عُمَرُ: أَنْ أَفْرِضْ عَلَى كُلِّ جَرِيبٍ عَامِرٍ أَوْ غَامِرٍ، عَمِلَهُ صَاحِبُهُ أَوْ لَمْ يَعْمَلْهُ دِرْهَمًا وَقَفِيزًا، وَفَرَضَ عَلَى الْكُرُومِ كُلَّ جَرِيبٍ عَشَرَةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَعَلَى الرِّطَابِ خَمْسَةَ دَرَاهِمَ، وَأَطْعَمَهُمُ النَّخْلَ وَالشَّجَرَ، فَقَالَ: هَذَا قُوَّةٌ لَهُمْ عَلَى عِمَارَةِ بِلَادِهِمْ، وَفَرَضَ عَلَى رِقَابِ أَهْلِ الذِّمَّةِ عَلَى الْمُوسِرِ ثَمَانِيَةً وَأَرْبَعِينَ دِرْهَمًا، وَعَلَى مَنْ دُونَ ذَلِكَ أَرْبَعَةً وَعِشْرِينَ، وَعَلَى مَنْ لَا يَجِدُ اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ دِرْهَمًا، فَحُمِلَ مِنْ خَرَاجِ سَوَادِ الْكُوفَةِ إِلَى عُمَرَ فِي أَوَّلِ سَنَةٍ سِتَّةٌ وَثَمَانُونَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَحُمِلَ مَنْ قَابِلٍ عِشْرُونَ وَمِائَةُ أَلْفِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ. قَالَ ابن الجوزي: وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَا أَنَّ مِقْدَارَ هَذَا الطُّولِ مِائَةٌ وَخَمْسَةٌ وَعِشْرُونَ فَرْسَخًا، وَقَدْرُ الْعَرْضِ ثَمَانُونَ فَرْسَخًا، فَجَبَى السَّوَادُ مِائَةَ أَلْفِ أَلْفٍ وَثَمَانِيَةً وَعِشْرِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفٍ، وَجَبَاهُ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ مِائَةَ أَلْفِ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَأَرْبَعَةً وَعِشْرِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ بَعْدَ أَنْ جَبَاهَ الْحَجَّاجُ بِظُلْمِهِ وَعَسْفِهِ مِائَةَ أَلْفِ أَلْفٍ وَثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَرَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَكَانَ الْحَجَّاجُ قَدْ مَنَعَ ذَبْحَ الْبَقَرِ لِيَكْثُرَ الْحَرْثُ. فَقَالَ الشَّاعِرُ: شَكَوْنَا إِلَيْهِ خَرَابَ السَّوَادِ فَحَرَّمَ فِينَا لُحُومَ الْبَقَرْ وَقَدْ كَانَ هَذَا السَّوَادُ يَجْبِي فِي زَمَانِ الْأَكَاسِرَةِ مِائَةَ أَلْفِ أَلْفٍ وَخَمْسِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ. خراج مصر أيام فرعون وَكَانَ خَرَاجُ مِصْرَ فِي أَيَّامِ فِرْعَوْنَ سِتَّةً وَتِسْعِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ دِينَارٍ، فَجَبَاهَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْحَبْحَابِ فِي أَيَّامِ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ أَلْفَيْ أَلْفٍ وَسَبْعَ مِائَةِ أَلْفٍ وَثَلَاثَةً وَعِشْرِينَ أَلْفًا وَثَمَانَمِائَةٍ وَسَبْعَ دَنَانِيرَ، وَحَمَلَ مِنْهَا عِيسَى بْنُ مُوسَى فِي أَيَّامِ بَنِي الْعَبَّاسِ أَلْفَيْ أَلْفٍ وَمِائَةَ أَلْفٍ وَثَمَانِينَ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. وَإِنَّمَا سُمِّيَ سَوَادًا لِأَنَّ الْعَرَبَ حِينَ جَاءُوا نَظَرُوا إِلَى مِثْلِ اللَّيْلِ مِنَ النَّخْلِ وَالشَّجَرِ وَالْمَاءِ فَسَمَّوْهُ سَوَادًا. خراج فارس وَذَكَرَ بَعْضُ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ أَنَّ الْفُرْسَ كَانَتْ تَجْبِي خَرَاجَ فَارِسَ أَرْبَعِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ مِثْقَالٍ، لِأَنَّهَا بِلَادٌ ضَيِّقَةٌ، وَتَجْبِي كَرْمَانَ -لِكَثْرَةِ عُيُونِهَا وَقُنُبِهَا- سِتِّينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ مِثْقَالٍ، لِأَنَّهَا كَثِيرَةُ الْعُيُونِ، وَتَجْبِي خُوزَسْتَانَ خَمْسِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَالسَّوَادَ مِائَةَ أَلْفِ أَلْفٍ وَخَمْسِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفِ دِرْهَمٍ، وَالْجَبَلَ وَالرَّيَّ إِلَى حُلْوَانَ ثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفَ أَلْفٍ سِوَى خُرَاسَانَ، وَيُخَفِّفُونَ الْخَرَاجَ عَلَى الْأَطْرَافِ. خراج مصر وَذَكَرَ بَعْضُ الْعُلَمَاءِ أَنَّهُ كَانَ خَرَاجُ مِصْرَ أَلْفَ أَلْفٍ وَسَبْعَمِائَةِ أَلْفِ دِينَارٍ، وَخَرَاجُ قِنَّسْرِينَ وَالْعَوَاصِمِ أَرْبَعَمِائَةِ أَلْفِ دِينَارٍ، وَخَرَاجُ الْمَوْصِلِ أَرْبَعَةَ آلَافِ أَلْفِ دِينَارٍ، وَثَلَاثَةً وَعِشْرِينَ أَلْفَ دِينَارٍ. عَزْلِ عَمَّارِ بْنِ يَاسِرٍ عَنِ الْكُوفَةِ وَوِلَايَةِ أَبِي مُوسَى وَالْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ شُعْبَةَ وقد اشْتَكَى أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ مِنْ عَمَّارٍ، وَقَالُوا لَهُ: إِنَّهُ لَا يَحْتَمِلُ مَا هُوَ فِيهِ وَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِأَمِينٍ، وَنَزَا بِهِ أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ. فَدَعَاهُ عُمَرُ، فَخَرَجَ مَعَهُ وَفْدٌ يُرِيدُ أَنَّهُمْ مَعَهُ، فَكَانُوا أَشَدَّ عَلَيْهِ مِمَّنْ تَخَلَّفَ عَنْهُ، وَقَالُوا: إِنَّهُ غَيْرُ كَافٍ وَعَالِمٍ بِالسِّيَاسَةِ، وَلَا يَدْرِي عَلَى مَا اسْتَعْمَلْتَهُ. وَكَانَ مِنْهُمْ سَعْدُ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ الثَّقَفِيُّ - عَمُّ الْمُخْتَارِ -، وَجَرِيرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، فَسَعَيَا بِهِ، فَعَزَلَهُ عُمَرُ. وَقَالَ عُمَرُ لِعَمَّارٍ: أَسَاءَكَ الْعَزْلُ ؟ قَالَ: مَا سَرَّنِي حِينَ اسْتُعْمِلْتُ وَلَقَدْ سَاءَنِي حِينَ عُزِلْتُ. فَقَالَ لَهُ: قَدْ عَلِمْتُ مَا أَنْتَ بِصَاحِبِ عَمَلٍ، وَلَكِنِّي تَأَوَّلْتُ: وَنُرِيدُ أَنْ نَمُنَّ عَلَى الَّذِينَ اسْتُضْعِفُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَنَجْعَلَهُمْ أَئِمَّةً وَنَجْعَلَهُمُ الْوَارِثِينَ. ثُمَّ أَقْبَلَ عُمَرُ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ فَقَالَ: مَنْ تُرِيدُونَ ؟ قَالُوا: أَبَا مُوسَى. فَأَمَّرَهُ عَلَيْهِمْ بَعْدَ عَمَّارٍ. فَأَقَامَ عَلَيْهِمْ سَنَةً فَبَاعَ غُلَامُهُ الْعَلَفَ، فَشَكَاهُ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ شَمْسٍ وَجَمَاعَةٌ مَعَهُ وَقَالُوا: إِنَّ غُلَامَهُ يَتَّجِرُ فِي جِسْرِنَا، فَعَزَلَهُ عَنْهُمْ وَصَرَفَهُ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ. وَصَرَفَ عُمَرَ بْنَ سُرَاقَةَ إِلَى الْجَزِيرَةِ. وَخَلَا عُمَرُ فِي نَاحِيَةِ الْمَسْجِدِ فَنَامَ، فَأَتَاهُ الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ فَحَرَسَهُ حَتَّى اسْتَيْقَظَ، فَقَالَ: مَا فَعَلْتُ هَذَا يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِلَّا مِنْ عَظِيمٍ. فَقَالَ: وَأَيُّ شَيْءٍ أَعْظَمُ مِنْ مِائَةِ أَلْفٍ لَا يَرْضَوْنَ عَنْ أَمِيرٍ وَلَا يَرْضَى عَنْهُمْ أَمِيرٌ ؟ وَأُحِيطَتِ الْكُوفَةُ عَلَى مِائَةِ أَلْفِ مُقَاتِلٍ. وَأَتَاهُ أَصْحَابُهُ فَقَالُوا: مَا شَأْنُكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: إِنَّ أَهْلَ الْكُوفَةِ قَدْ عَضَّلُونِي. وَاسْتَشَارَهُمْ فِيمَنْ يُوَلِّيهِ. وَقَالَ: مَا تَقُولُونَ فِي تَوْلِيَةِ رَجُلٍ ضَعِيفٍ مُسْلِمٍ أَوْ رَجُلٍ قَوِيٍّ مُسَدِّدٍ ؟ فَقَالَ الْمُغِيرَةُ: أَمَّا الضَّعِيفُ الْمُسْلِمُ فَإِنَّ إِسْلَامَهُ لِنَفْسِهِ وَضَعْفَهُ عَلَيْكَ، وَأَمَّا الْقَوِيُّ الْمُسَدِّدُ فَإِنَّ سَدَادَهُ لِنَفْسِهِ وَقُوَّتَهُ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ. فَوَلَّى الْمُغِيرَةَ الْكُوفَةَ، فَبَقِيَ عَلَيْهَا حَتَّى مَاتَ عُمَرُ، وَذَلِكَ نَحْوَ سَنَتَيْنِ وَزِيَادَةٍ. وَقَالَ لَهُ حِينَ بَعَثَهُ: يَا مُغِيرَةُ لِيَأْمَنْكَ الْأَبْرَارُ، وَلْيَخَفْكَ الْفُجَّارُ. ثُمَّ أَرَادَ عُمَرُ أَنْ يَبْعَثَ سَعْدًا عَلَى عَمَلِ الْمُغِيرَةِ، فَقُتِلَ عُمَرُ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ فَأَوْصَى بِهِ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ عَمَّارًا عُزِلَ سَنَةَ اثْنَتَيْنِ وَعِشْرِينَ وَوَلِيَ بَعْدَهُ أَبُو مُوسَى.
Translation
✧ In the year twenty-one, ʿUmar appointed ʿAmmār b. Yāsir over al-Kūfah in place of Ziyād b. Ḥanẓalah, whom he had appointed after ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿItbān, and he placed ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd over the treasury, and ʿUthmān b. Ḥunayf over the surveying of the land. From Ḥārithah b. Muṣarrif, he said: The letter of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb was read to us: To proceed. I have sent to you ʿAmmār b. Yāsir as commander, and Ibn Masʿūd as teacher and minister, and I have placed Ibn Masʿūd over your treasury. They are among the noble companions of Muḥammad ﷺ, from the people of Badr. So listen to them, obey them, and follow their example. I have preferred you with Ibn Umm ʿAbd over myself. And I have sent ʿUthmān b. Ḥunayf over the Sawād, and I have assigned them both a sheep each day. So make half of it and its belly for ʿAmmār—in another narration: And I appointed Ḥudhayfah b. al-Yamān over what the Tigris waters, and I appointed ʿUthmān b. Ḥunayf over the Euphrates and what waters Azerbaijan, so make the second half among these three—. From Abū Bakr Aḥmad b. ʿAlī b. Thābit], he said: ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ sent ʿUthmān b. Ḥunayf to Iraq as governor, and commanded him to survey the irrigation of the Euphrates. He surveyed the districts and sub-districts on the western side of the Tigris. The first district was Fayrūz—which is the sub-district of al-Anbār—and it was the first part of the Sawād to drink from the Euphrates. Then the sub-district of Maskin, which is the first boundary of the Sawād on the western side of the Tigris, and its water was from Dujayl. Then followed the sub-district of Quṭrubbul, and its water was also from Dujayl. Then the sub-district of Bādarwāyā, which is the sub-district of the City of Peace, and it was the greatest of all the sub-districts of the Sawād. Each sub-district was usually governed by a single official when a governor arrived, except the sub-district of Bādarwāyā, which was governed by two officials because of its importance and abundant revenue. It had always been esteemed by the Persians and given precedence over others. ʿUthmān b. Ḥunayf arrived at al-Madāʾin during his governorship. From Abū Mijlaz: ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ sent ʿAmmār b. Yāsir to the people of al-Kūfah over their prayers and their armies, and ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd over their judiciary and their treasury, and ʿUthmān b. Ḥunayf over the surveying of the land. Then he assigned them a sheep each day: half of it and its offal for ʿAmmār, and the other half between these two men. Then he said: I do not think a town from which a sheep is taken every day will be long in falling into ruin. He said: ʿUthmān b. Ḥunayf surveyed the land and imposed ten dirhams on each jarīb of vines, five dirhams on each jarīb of date palms, six dirhams on each jarīb of sugar cane, four dirhams on each jarīb of wheat, and two dirhams on each jarīb of barley. From al-Shaʿbī: ʿUmar ؓ sent ʿUthmān b. Ḥunayf, and he surveyed the Sawād and found it to be thirty-six million jarībs. He imposed on each jarīb one dirham and one qafīz. Abū ʿUbayd said: I consider this tradition to be the preserved one. The boundary of the Sawād It is said: The boundary of the Sawād upon which the survey fell extends from the borders of Mosul stretching along the water to the coast of al-Baḥrayn from the lands of ʿAbbādān and east of the Tigris; this is its length. As for its width, its boundary is from the foot of the mountain in the land of Ḥulwān to the end of the edge of al-Qādisiyyah adjoining al-ʿUdhayb in the land of the Arabs. These are the boundaries of the Sawād, and upon them the land tax was imposed. In the narration of Abū Mijlaz, he said: ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb sent ʿUthmān b. Ḥunayf over the land tax of the Sawād, and allotted him each day a quarter of a sheep and five dirhams. He commanded him to survey the Sawād, its cultivated and uncultivated land, but not to survey its salt marshes, its hills, its reed thickets, its stagnant water, or what water does not reach. He surveyed everything below the mountain—meaning the mountain of Ḥulwān—to the land of the Arabs, which is the lower Euphrates. He wrote to ʿUmar: I found everything that water reaches, cultivated and uncultivated, to be thirty-six million jarībs. The cubit of ʿUmar with which the Sawād was measured was a cubit and a fist, with the thumb laid flat. ʿUmar wrote to him: Impose on each jarīb, cultivated or uncultivated, worked by its owner or not, one dirham and one qafīz. He imposed ten dirhams on each jarīb of vines, five dirhams on fresh dates, and he gave them the date palms and trees as food, saying: This is a support for them in cultivating their lands. He imposed on the necks of the protected people: on the wealthy forty-eight dirhams, on those below that twenty-four dirhams, and on those who could not afford it twelve dirhams. In the first year, eighty-six million dirhams were collected from the land tax of the Sawād of al-Kūfah and brought to ʿUmar. The following year, one hundred twenty million dirhams were brought, and it remained at that. Ibn al-Jawzī said: We have mentioned that this length was one hundred twenty-five farsakhs, and the width was eighty farsakhs. The Sawād yielded one hundred twenty-eight million, and ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz collected one hundred twenty-four million dirhams after al-Ḥajjāj had collected, through his injustice and harshness, one hundred eighteen million dirhams. Al-Ḥajjāj had forbidden the slaughter of cows so that cultivation would increase. The poet said: We complained to him of the ruin of the Sawād, so he forbade among us the meat of cows. This Sawād used to yield in the time of the Sasanian emperors one hundred fifty million dirhams. The land tax of Egypt in the days of Pharaoh The land tax of Egypt in the days of Pharaoh was ninety-six million dinars. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Ḥabḥāb collected it in the days of the Umayyads: two million seven hundred twenty-three thousand eight hundred seven dinars. ʿĪsā b. Mūsā brought from it in the days of the Abbasids: two million one hundred eighty thousand dinars. It was called Sawād because when the Arabs came, they saw something like the night from the date palms, trees, and water, so they called it Sawād (blackness). The land tax of Persia Some scholars mentioned that the Persians used to collect from the land tax of Persia forty million mithqāls, because it is a narrow land, and they collected from Kirmān—because of its many springs and canals—sixty million mithqāls, because it has many springs, and they collected from Khūzistān fifty million dirhams, and from the Sawād one hundred fifty million dirhams, and from al-Jabal and al-Rayy up to Ḥulwān thirty million, apart from Khurāsān, and they lightened the land tax on the frontiers. The land tax of Egypt Some scholars mentioned that the land tax of Egypt was one million seven hundred thousand dinars, the land tax of Qinnasrīn and the frontier fortresses was four hundred thousand dinars, and the land tax of Mosul was four million and twenty-three thousand dinars. The dismissal of ʿAmmār b. Yāsir from al-Kūfah and the appointment of Abū Mūsā and al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah The people of al-Kūfah complained about ʿAmmār and said to him: He cannot bear what he is in, and he is not trustworthy. The people of al-Kūfah rose against him. ʿUmar summoned him, and a delegation went out with him intending to support him, but they were harsher against him than those who stayed behind. They said: He is not competent and not knowledgeable in governance, and he does not know why you appointed him. Among them were Saʿd b. Masʿūd al-Thaqafī—the uncle of al-Mukhtār—and Jarīr b. ʿAbd Allāh, and they intrigued against him, so ʿUmar dismissed him. ʿUmar said to ʿAmmār: Did the dismissal grieve you? He said: I was not pleased when I was appointed, and I was grieved when I was dismissed. He said to him: I knew that you are not a man for administration, but I interpreted: "And We wished to bestow favor upon those who were oppressed in the land, and make them leaders, and make them inheritors." Then ʿUmar turned to the people of al-Kūfah and said: Whom do you want? They said: Abū Mūsā. So he appointed him over them after ʿAmmār. He remained over them for a year, then his servant sold fodder, and al-Walīd b. ʿAbd Shams and a group with him complained about him and said: His servant trades on our bridge. So he dismissed him from them and sent him to al-Baṣrah. And he sent ʿUmar b. Surāqah to al-Jazīrah. ʿUmar was alone in a corner of the mosque and fell asleep. Al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah came and guarded him until he woke. He said: I did this, O Commander of the Faithful, only because of something grave. He said: What is graver than a hundred thousand who are not pleased with a commander, and no commander is pleased with them? Al-Kūfah was surrounded by a hundred thousand fighters. His companions came to him and said: What is the matter with you? He said: The people of al-Kūfah have distressed me. He consulted them about whom to appoint. He said: What do you say about appointing a weak Muslim man or a strong, upright man? Al-Mughīrah said: As for the weak Muslim, his Islam is for himself and his weakness is upon you. As for the strong, upright man, his uprightness is for himself and his strength is for the Muslims. So he appointed al-Mughīrah over al-Kūfah, and he remained over it until ʿUmar died, which was about two years and more. He said to him when he sent him: O Mughīrah, let the righteous feel safe from you, and let the wicked fear you. Then ʿUmar wanted to send Saʿd to the post of al-Mughīrah, but ʿUmar was killed before that, so he bequeathed it to him. It is said that ʿAmmār was dismissed in the year twenty-two, and Abū Mūsā succeeded him.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.