Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1912
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
فَتْحِ رَامَهُرْمُزَ وَتُسْتَرَ وَأَسْرِ الْهُرْمُزَانِ قِيلَ: كَانَ فَتْحُ رَامَهُرْمُزَ وَتُسْتَرَ وَالسُّوسَ فِي سَنَةِ سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ، وَقِيلَ: سَنَةَ تِسْعَ عَشْرَةَ، وَقِيلَ: سَنَةَ عِشْرِينَ. وَكَانَ سَبَبُ فَتْحِهَا أَنْ يَزْدَجِرْدَ كَانَ يُحَرِّضُ أَهْلَ فَارِسَ فِي كُلِّ وَقْتٍ وَيُؤَنِّبُهُمْ بِمَلْكِ الْعَرَبِ بِلَادَهُمْ وَقَصْدِهِمْ إِيَّاهُمْ فِي حُصُونِهِمْ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْأَهْوَازِ وَأَهْلِ فَارِسَ ; فَتَحَرَّكُوا وَتَعَاهَدُوا وَتَعَاقَدُوا عَلَى حَرْبِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَأَنْ يَقْصِدُوا الْبَصْرَةَ. وَبَلَغَ الْخَبَرُ إِلَى عُمَرَ؛ فَكَتَبَ إِلَى سَعْدٍ وَهُوَ بِالْكُوفَةِ: أَنِ ابْعَثْ جُنْدًا كَثِيفًا إِلَى الْأَهْوَازِ مَعَ النُّعْمَانِ بْنِ مُقَرِّنٍ، وَعَجِّلْ، وَلْيَكُونُوا بِإِزَاءِ الْهُرْمُزَانِ وَسَمَّى رِجَالًا مِنَ الشُّجْعَانِ الْأَعْيَانِ الْأُمَرَاءِ، يَكُونُونَ فِي هَذَا الْجَيْشِ؛ مِنْهُمْ جَرِيرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْبَجَلِيُّ، وَجَرِيرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْحِمْيَرِيُّ، وَسُوَيْدُ بْنُ مُقَرِّنٍ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ ذِي السَّهْمَيْنِ. وَكَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى أَبِي مُوسَى وَهُوَ بِالْبَصْرَةِ: أَنِ ابْعَثْ إِلَى الْأَهْوَازِ جُنْدًا كَثِيفًا، وَأَمِّرْ عَلَيْهِمْ سُهَيْلَ بْنَ عَدِيٍّ، وَلْيَكُنْ مَعَهُ الْبَرَاءُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ، وَعَاصِمُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو، وَمَجْزَأَةُ بْنُ ثَوْرٍ، وَكَعْبُ بْنُ سُورٍ، وَعَرْفَجَةُ بْنُ هَرْثَمَةَ، وَحُذَيْفَةُ بْنُ مِحْصَنٍ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ سَهْلٍ، وَالْحُصَيْنُ بْنُ مَعْبَدٍ، وَلْيَكُنْ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ وَأَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ جَمِيعًا أَبُو سَبْرَةَ بْنُ أَبِي رُهْمٍ، وَعَلَى كُلِّ مَنْ أَتَاهُ مِنَ الْمَدَدِ. قَالُوا: فَسَارَ النُّعْمَانُ بْنُ مُقَرِّنٍ بِجَيْشِ الْكُوفَةِ فَسَبَقَ الْبَصْرِيِّينَ، فَانْتَهَى إِلَى رَامَهُرْمُزَ وَبِهَا الْهُرْمُزَانُ، فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِ الْهُرْمُزَانُ فِي جُنْدِهِ، وَنَقَضَ الْعَهْدَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَبَادَرَهُ طَمَعًا أَنْ يَقْتَطِعَهُ قَبْلَ مَجِيءِ أَصْحَابِهِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ رَجَاءَ أَنْ يَنْصُرَ أَهْلَ فَارِسَ فَالْتَقَى مَعَهُ النُّعْمَانُ بْنُ مُقَرِّنٍ بِأَرْبُكَ، فَاقْتَتَلَا قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، فَهُزِمَ الْهُرْمُزَانُ وَفَرَّ إِلَى تَسْتُرَ وَتَرَكَ رَامَهُرْمُزَ فَتَسَلَّمَهَا النُّعْمَانُ عَنْوَةً وَأَخَذَ مَا فِيهَا مِنَ الْحَوَاصِلِ وَالذَّخَائِرِ وَالسِّلَاحِ وَالْعُدَدِ. وَلَمَّا وَصَلَ الْخَبَرُ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ بِمَا صَنَعَ الْكُوفِيُّونَ بِالْهُرْمُزَانِ، وَأَنَّهُ قَدْ فَرَّ فَلَجَأَ إِلَى تَسْتُرَ سَارُوا إِلَيْهَا، وَلَحِقَهُمْ أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ حَتَّى أَحَاطُوا بِهَا فَحَاصَرُوهَا جَمِيعًا، وَعَلَى الْجَمِيعِ أَبُو سَبْرَةَ، فَوَجَدُوا الْهُرْمُزَانَ قَدْ حَشَدَ بِهَا خَلْقًا كَثِيرًا، وَجَمًّا غَفِيرًا. وَكَتَبُوا إِلَى عُمَرَ فِي ذَلِكَ وَسَأَلُوهُ أَنْ يُمِدَّهُمْ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَى أَبِي مُوسَى أَنْ يَسِيرَ إِلَيْهِمْ؛ فَسَارَ إِلَيْهِمْ، وَكَانَ أَمِيرَ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ وَاسْتَمَرَّ أَبُو سَبْرَةَ عَلَى الْإِمْرَةِ عَلَى جَمِيعِ أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ وَالْبَصْرَةِ، فَحَاصَرَهُمْ أَشْهُرًا، وَكَثُرَ الْقَتْلُ مِنَ الْفَرِيقَيْنِ، وَقَتَلَ الْبَرَاءُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ أَخُو أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ يَوْمَئِذٍ مِائَةً مُبَارَزَةً سِوَى مَنْ قَتَلَ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ، وَكَذَلِكَ فَعَلَ كَعْبُ بْنُ سُورٍ، وَمَجْزَأَةُ بْنُ ثَوْرٍ، وَأَبُو تَمِيمَةَ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ، وَكَذَلِكَ أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ قَتَلَ مِنْهُمْ جَمَاعَةٌ مِائَةً مُبَارَزَةً، كَحَبِيبِ بْنِ قُرَّةَ، وَرِبْعِيِّ بْنِ عَامِرٍ، وَعَامِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْأَسْوَدِ، وَقَدْ تَزَاحَفُوا أَيَّامًا مُتَعَدِّدَةً، حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ فِي آخِرِ زَحْفٍ، قَالَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ لِلْبَرَاءِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ - وَكَانَ مُجَابَ الدَّعْوَةِ -: يَا بَرَاءُ، أَقْسِمْ عَلَى رَبِّكَ لَيَهْزِمَنَّهُمْ لَنَا. فَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ اهْزِمْهُمْ لَنَا، وَاسْتَشْهِدْنِي. قَالَ: فَهَزَمَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ حَتَّى أَدْخَلُوهُمْ خَنَادِقَهُمْ وَاقْتَحَمُوهَا عَلَيْهِمْ، وَلَجَأَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ إِلَى الْبَلَدِ فَتَحَصَّنُوا بِهِ، وَقَدْ ضَاقَتْ بِهِمُ الْبَلَدُ، وَطَلَبَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَلَدِ الْأَمَانَ مِنْ أَبِي مُوسَى فَأَمَّنَهُ، فَبَعَثَ يَدُلُّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى مَكَانٍ يَدْخُلُونَ مِنْهُ إِلَى الْبَلَدِ، وَهُوَ مِنْ مَدْخَلِ الْمَاءِ إِلَيْهَا، فَنَدَبَ الْأُمَرَاءُ النَّاسَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ، فَانْتَدَبَ لِذَلِكَ رِجَالٌ مِنَ الشُّجْعَانِ وَالْأَبْطَالِ، وَجَاءُوا فَدَخَلُوا مَعَ الْمَاءِ - كَالْبَطِّ - إِلَى الْبَلَدِ، وَذَلِكَ فِي اللَّيْلِ، فَيُقَالُ: كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ دَخَلَهَا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُغَفَّلٍ الْمُزَنِيُّ، وَجَاءُوا إِلَى الْبَوَّابِينَ فَأَنَامُوهُمْ وَفَتَحُوا الْأَبْوَابَ، وَكَبَّرَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فَدَخَلُوا الْبَلَدَ، وَذَلِكَ فِي وَقْتِ الْفَجْرِ إِلَى أَنْ تَعَالَى النَّهَارُ، وَلَمْ يُصَلُّوا الصُّبْحَ يَوْمَئِذٍ إِلَّا بَعْدَ طُلُوعِ الشَّمْسِ، كَمَا حَكَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ، عَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ قَالَ: شَهِدْتُ فَتْحَ تُسْتَرَ وَذَلِكَ عِنْدَ إِضَاءَةِ الْفَجْرِ، فَاشْتَغَلَ النَّاسُ بِالْفَتْحِ، فَمَا صَلَّوُا الصُّبْحَ إِلَّا بَعْدَ طُلُوعِ الشَّمْسِ، فَمَا أُحِبُّ أَنَّ لِي بِتِلْكَ الصَّلَاةِ حُمْرَ النَّعَمِ. فائدة فقهية احْتَجَّ بِذَلِكَ الْبُخَارِيُّ لِمَكْحُولٍ وَالْأَوْزَاعِيِّ فِي ذَهَابِهِمَا إِلَى جَوَازِ تَأْخِيرِ الصَّلَاةِ لِعُذْرِ الْقِتَالِ . وَجَنَحَ إِلَيْهِ الْبُخَارِيُّ، وَاسْتَدَلَّ بِقِصَّةِ الْخَنْدَقِ فِي قَوْلِهِ، ﷺ: شَغَلُونَا عَنِ الصَّلَاةِ الْوُسْطَى، مَلَأَ اللَّهُ قُبُورَهُمْ وَبُيُوتَهُمْ نَارًا وَبِقَوْلِهِ يَوْمَ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ: لَا يُصَلِّيَنَّ أَحَدٌ مِنْكُمُ الْعَصْرَ إِلَّا فِي بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ فَأَخَّرَهَا فَرِيقٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ إِلَى بَعْدِ غُرُوبِ الشَّمْسِ، وَلَمْ يُعَنِّفْهُمْ. أسر الهرمزان وَالْمَقْصُودُ أَنَّ الْهُرْمُزَانَ لَمَّا فُتِحَ الْبَلَدُ لَجَأَ إِلَى الْقَلْعَةِ فَتَبِعَهُ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ الْأَبْطَالِ مِمَّنْ ذَكَرْنَا وَغَيْرُهُمْ، فَلَمَّا حَصَرُوهُ فِي مَكَانٍ مِنَ الْقَلْعَةِ وَلَمْ يَبْقَ إِلَّا تَلَفُهُ أَوْ تَلَفُهُمْ، قَالَ لَهُمْ بَعْدَ مَا قَتَلَ الْبَرَاءَ بْنَ مَالِكٍ وَمَجْزَأَةَ بْنَ ثَوْرٍ، رَحِمَهُمَا اللَّهُ: إِنَّ مَعِيَ جَعْبَةً فِيهَا مِائَةُ سَهْمٍ، وَإِنَّهُ لَا يَتَقَدَّمُ إِلَيَّ أَحَدٌ مِنْكُمْ إِلَّا رَمَيْتُهُ بِسَهْمٍ فَقَتَلْتُهُ، وَلَا يَسْقُطُ لِي سَهْمٌ إِلَّا فِي رَجُلٍ مِنْكُمْ، فَمَاذَا يَنْفَعُكُمْ إِنْ أَسَرْتُمُونِي بَعْدَمَا قَتَلْتُ مِنْكُمْ مِائَةَ رَجُلٍ ؟ قَالُوا: فَمَاذَا تُرِيدُ ؟ قَالَ: تُؤَمِّنُونِي حَتَّى أُسَلِّمَكُمْ يَدِي فَتَذْهَبُوا بِي إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ فَيَحْكُمَ فِيَّ بِمَا يَشَاءُ. فَأَجَابُوهُ إِلَى ذَلِكَ، فَأَلْقَى قَوْسَهُ وَنُشَّابَهُ وَأَسَرُوهُ، فَشُدُّوهُ وِثَاقًا وَأَرْصَدُوهُ لِيَبْعَثُوهُ إِلَى أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عُمَرَ، ثُمَّ تَسَلَّمُوا مَا فِي الْبَلَدِ مِنَ الْأَمْوَالِ وَالْحَوَاصِلِ، فَاقْتَسَمُوا أَرْبَعَةَ أَخْمَاسِهِ، فَنَالَ كُلُّ فَارِسٍ ثَلَاثَةَ آلَافٍ وَكُلُّ رَاجِلٍ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ.
Translation
✧ The conquest of Rāmahurmuz and Tustar and the capture of al-Hurmuzān. It is said: The conquest of Rāmahurmuz, Tustar, and al-Sūs was in the year seventeen, and it is said: the year nineteen, and it is said: the year twenty. And the cause of its conquest was that Yazdajird used to incite the people of Persia at all times and reproach them for the Arabs' taking possession of their lands and their aiming at them in their fortresses. So he wrote to the people of al-Ahwāz and the people of Persia; they bestirred themselves, made a pact, and bound themselves by compact to war against the Muslims, and to aim at al-Baṣrah. The news reached ʿUmar; so he wrote to Saʿd, who was at al-Kūfah: "Send a dense army to al-Ahwāz with al-Nuʿmān b. Muqarrin, and hasten; and let them be opposite al-Hurmuzān." He named men among the brave notables and commanders to be in this army; among them Jarīr b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Bajalī, Jarīr b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥimyarī, Suwayd b. Muqarrin, and ʿAbd Allāh b. Dhī al-Sahmayn. And ʿUmar wrote to Abū Mūsā, who was at al-Baṣrah: "Send to al-Ahwāz a dense army, and appoint over them Suhayl b. ʿAdī, and let there be with him al-Barāʾ b. Mālik, ʿĀṣim b. ʿAmr, Majzaʾah b. Thawr, Kaʿb b. Sūr, ʿArfajah b. Harthamah, Ḥudhayfah b. Miḥṣan, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Sahl, and al-Ḥuṣayn b. Maʿbad. And let Abū Sabrah b. Abī Ruhm be over all the people of al-Kūfah and the people of al-Baṣrah together, and over everyone who comes to him of the reinforcements." They said: So al-Nuʿmān b. Muqarrin marched with the army of al-Kūfah and preceded the Baṣrans, and came to Rāmahurmuz, in which was al-Hurmuzān. Al-Hurmuzān went out to meet him with his army, and broke the covenant between him and the Muslims. He hastened against him greedily, hoping to cut him off before the coming of his companions from the people of al-Baṣrah, hoping that the people of Persia would aid him. Al-Nuʿmān b. Muqarrin met him at Arbuk, and they fought a fierce battle; al-Hurmuzān was defeated and fled to Tustar, leaving Rāmahurmuz, which al-Nuʿmān took possession of by force and took what was in it of storehouses, treasures, weapons, and equipment. And when the news reached the people of al-Baṣrah of what the Kūfans had done to al-Hurmuzān, and that he had fled and taken refuge in Tustar, they marched to it, and the people of al-Kūfah joined them until they surrounded it; so they besieged it all together, with Abū Sabrah over all of them. They found that al-Hurmuzān had gathered in it a great multitude and a vast host. They wrote to ʿUmar about that and asked him to reinforce them. So he wrote to Abū Mūsā to march to them; he marched to them, and he was the commander of the people of al-Baṣrah, while Abū Sabrah continued in command over all the people of al-Kūfah and al-Baṣrah. They besieged them for months, and slaughter increased on both sides. Al-Barāʾ b. Mālik, the brother of Anas b. Mālik, killed on that day a hundred in single combat, apart from those he killed otherwise; and likewise did Kaʿb b. Sūr, Majzaʾah b. Thawr, Abū Tamīmah, and others of the people of al-Baṣrah; and likewise the people of al-Kūfah, a group of them killed a hundred in single combat, such as Ḥabīb b. Qurrah, Ribʿī b. ʿĀmir, and ʿĀmir b. ʿAbd al-Aswad. They had fought in close ranks on several days, until in the last engagement the Muslims said to al-Barāʾ b. Mālik — and he was one whose supplication was answered — "O Barāʾ, adjure your Lord to defeat them for us." He said: "O Allah, defeat them for us, and grant me martyrdom." He said: Then the Muslims defeated them until they drove them into their trenches and rushed into them upon them. The polytheists took refuge in the town and fortified themselves in it, and the town became too narrow for them. A man of the people of the town sought protection from Abū Mūsā, and he granted him protection. So he sent someone to guide the Muslims to a place by which they could enter the town, that is, from the water inlet to it. The commanders called upon the people for that, and men among the brave and heroes volunteered for it. They came and entered with the water — like ducks — into the town, and that was at night. It is said: The first of the Muslims to enter it was ʿAbd Allāh b. Mughaffal al-Muzanī. They came to the gatekeepers, put them to sleep, and opened the gates. The Muslims shouted "God is great" and entered the town, and that was at the time of dawn until the day rose high; and they did not perform the morning prayer that day except after sunrise, as al-Bukhārī related from Anas b. Mālik who said: "I witnessed the conquest of Tustar, and that was at the break of dawn. The people were occupied with the conquest, and they did not perform the morning prayer except after sunrise. I would not love to have in exchange for that prayer red camels." A juristic benefit: Al-Bukhārī used this as evidence for Makḥūl and al-Awzāʿī in their view of the permissibility of delaying prayer due to the excuse of fighting. Al-Bukhārī inclined to it, and he adduced as evidence the story of the trench in his ﷺ saying: "They distracted us from the middle prayer; may Allah fill their graves and their houses with fire," and his saying on the day of Banū Qurayẓah: "None of you shall pray the afternoon prayer except among Banū Qurayẓah." So a group of people delayed it until after sunset, and he did not rebuke them. The capture of al-Hurmuzān. The point is that when the town was conquered, al-Hurmuzān took refuge in the citadel, and a group of the heroes whom we have mentioned and others followed him. When they besieged him in a place of the citadel and nothing remained but his destruction or theirs, he said to them after he had killed al-Barāʾ b. Mālik and Majzaʾah b. Thawr, may Allah have mercy on them both: "I have with me a quiver containing a hundred arrows, and none of you shall advance against me but I shoot him with an arrow and kill him, and no arrow of mine falls except in a man of you. What benefit is it to you if you capture me after I have killed a hundred of your men?" They said: "What do you want?" He said: "You grant me protection until I surrender my hand to you, so that you take me to ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb and he judges concerning me as he wills." They granted him that. So he threw down his bow and his arrows, and they captured him. They bound him with bonds and kept him to send him to the Commander of the Faithful ʿUmar. Then they took possession of what was in the town of wealth and storehouses, and they divided four-fifths of it, each horseman receiving three thousand and each foot soldier one thousand dirhams.
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