Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1909
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
غَزْوَةِ فَارِسَ مِنَ الْبَحْرَيْنِ قِيلَ: كَانَ عُمَرُ يَقُولُ لَمَّا أُخِذَتِ الْأَهْوَازُ وَمَا يَلِيهَا: وَدِدْتُ أَنَّ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَ فَارِسٍ حَبْلًا مِنْ نَارٍ لَا نَصِلُ إِلَيْهِمْ مِنْهُ وَلَا يَصِلُونَ إِلَيْنَا. وَقَدْ كَانَ الْعَلَاءُ بْنُ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ عَلَى الْبَحْرَيْنِ أَيَّامَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَعَزَلَهُ عُمَرُ وَجَعَلَ مَوْضِعَهُ قُدَامَةَ بْنَ مَظْعُونٍ، ثُمَّ عَزَلَ قُدَامَةَ وَأَعَادَ الْعَلَاءَ يُنَاوِئُ سَعْدَ بْنَ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، فَفَازَ الْعَلَاءُ فِي قِتَالِ أَهْلِ الرِّدَّةِ بِالْفَضْلِ، فَلَمَّا ظَفِرَ سَعْدٌ بِأَهْلِ الْقَادِسِيَّةِ وَأَزَاحَ الْأَكَاسِرَةَ جَاءَ بِأَعْظَمَ مِمَّا فَعَلَهُ الْعَلَاءُ، فَأَرَادَ الْعَلَاءُ أَنْ يَصْنَعَ فِي الْفُرْسِ شَيْئًا، وَلَمْ يَنْظُرْ فِي الطَّاعَةِ وَالْمَعْصِيَةِ، وَقَدْ كَانَ عُمَرُ نَهَاهُ عَنِ الْغَزْوِ فِي الْبَحْرِ، وَنَهَى غَيْرَهُ أَيْضًا اتِّبَاعًا لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَبِي بَكْرٍ وَخَوْفَ الْغَرَرِ. فَنَدَبَ النَّاسَ إِلَى حَرْبِهِمْ؛ فَاسْتَجَابَ لَهُ أَهْلُ بِلَادِهِ، فَجَزَّأَهُمْ أَجْزَاءً، فَعَلَى فِرْقَةٍ الْجَارُودُ بْنُ الْمُعَلَّى، وَعَلَى الْأُخْرَى السَّوَّارُ بْنُ هَمَّامٍ، وَعَلَى الْأُخْرَى خُلَيْدُ بْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ بْنِ سَاوَى، وَخُلَيْدٌ هُوَ أَمِيرُ الْجَمَاعَةِ. فَحَمَلَهُمْ فِي الْبَحْرِ إِلَى فَارِسَ وَذَلِكَ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِ عُمَرَ لَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ - وَكَانَ عُمَرُ يَكْرَهُ ذَلِكَ؛ لِأَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، ﷺ، وَلَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ أَغْزَيَا فِيهِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ - فَعَبَرَتْ تِلْكَ الْجُنُودُ مِنَ الْبَحْرَيْنِ إِلَى فَارِسَ فَخَرَجُوا مِنْ عِنْدِ إِصْطَخْرَ، فَحَالَتْ فَارِسُ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ سُفُنِهِمْ، فَقَامَ فِي النَّاسِ خُلَيْدُ بْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ، فَقَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، إِنَّمَا أَرَادَ هَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمُ بِصَنِيعِهِمْ هَذَا مُحَارَبَتَكُمْ، وَأَنْتُمْ إِنَّمَا جِئْتُمْ لِمُحَارَبَتِهِمْ، فَاسْتَعِينُوا بِاللَّهِ وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ، فَإِنَّمَا الْأَرْضُ وَالسُّفُنُ لِمَنْ غَلَبَ: وَاسْتَعِينُوا بِالصَّبْرِ وَالصَّلَاةِ وَإِنَّهَا لَكَبِيرَةٌ إِلَّا عَلَى الْخَاشِعِينَ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 45 ]. فَأَجَابُوهُ إِلَى ذَلِكَ فَصَلُّوا الظُّهْرَ ثُمَّ نَاهَدُوهُمْ، فَاقْتَتَلُوا قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا فِي مَكَانٍ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ يُدْعَى طَاوُسَ، ثُمَّ أَمَرَ خُلَيْدٌ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَتَرَجَّلُوا، وَقَاتَلُوا فَصَبَرُوا، ثُمَّ ظَفِرُوا، فَقَتَلُوا فَارِسَ مَقْتَلَةً لَمْ يُقْتَلُوا قَبْلَهَا مِثْلَهَا، ثُمَّ خَرَجُوا يُرِيدُونَ الْبَصْرَةَ فَغَرِقَتْ بِهِمْ سُفُنُهُمْ، وَلَمْ يَجِدُوا إِلَى الرُّجُوعِ فِي الْبَحْرِ سَبِيلًا، وَوَجَدُوا شَهْرَكَ فِي أَهْلِ إِصْطَخْرَ قَدْ أَخَذُوا عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِالطُّرُقِ، فَعَسْكَرُوا وَامْتَنَعُوا مِنَ الْعَدُوِّ. بلوغ عمر صنيع العلاء بن الحضرمي وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ عُمَرَ صُنْعُ الْعَلَاءِ بْنِ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ، اشْتَدَّ غَضَبُهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ، فَعَزَلَهُ وَتَوَعَّدَهُ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِأَثْقَلِ الْأَشْيَاءِ عَلَيْهِ، وَأَبْغَضِ الْوُجُوهِ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: الْحَقْ بِسَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ فِي مَنْ قِبَلَكَ، فَخَرَجَ الْعَلَاءُ إِلَى سَعْدِ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ مُضَافًا إِلَيْهِ، وَكَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى عُتْبَةَ بْنِ غَزْوَانَ: إِنَّ الْعَلَاءَ بْنَ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ خَرَجَ بِجَيْشٍ فَأَقْطَعَهُمْ أَهْلُ فَارِسَ، وَعَصَانِي، وَأَظُنُّهُ لَمْ يُرِدِ اللَّهَ بِذَلِكَ، فَخَشِيتُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ لَا يُنْصَرُوا، أَنْ يُغْلَبُوا وَيُنْشَبُوا، فَانْدُبْ إِلَيْهِمُ النَّاسَ، وَاضْمُمْهُمْ إِلَيْكَ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ يُجْتَاحُوا. فَنَدَبَ عُتْبَةُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَأَخْبَرَهُمْ بِكِتَابِ عُمَرَ إِلَيْهِ فِي ذَلِكَ، فَانْتَدَبَ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ الْأُمَرَاءِ الْأَبْطَالِ، مِنْهُمْ هَاشِمُ بْنُ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، وَعَاصِمُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو، وَعَرْفَجَةُ بْنُ هَرْثَمَةُ، وَحُذَيْفَةُ بْنُ مِحْصَنٍ، وَالْأَحْنَفُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ، فِي اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ الْفًا، وَعَلَى الْجَمِيعِ أَبُو سَبْرَةَ بْنُ أَبِي رُهْمٍ. فَخَرَجُوا عَلَى الْبِغَالِ يَجْنُبُونَ الْخَيْلَ سِرَاعًا، فَسَارُوا عَلَى السَّاحِلِ لَا يَلْقَوْنَ أَحَدًا، حَتَّى انْتَهَوْا إِلَى مَوْضِعِ الْوَقْعَةِ الَّتِي كَانَتْ بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ الْعَلَاءِ وَبَيْنَ أَهْلِ فَارِسَ بِالْمَكَانِ الْمُسَمَّى بِطَاوُسَ، وَإِذَا خُلَيْدُ بْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مَحْصُورُونَ، قَدْ أَحَاطَ بِهِمُ الْعَدُوُّ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ، وَقَدْ تَدَاعَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ تِلْكَ الْأُمَمُ مِنْ كُلِّ وَجْهٍ، وَقَدْ تَكَامَلَتْ أَمْدَادُ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ إِلَّا الْقِتَالُ، فَقَدِمَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ إِلَيْهِمْ فِي أَحْوَجِ مَا هُمْ فِيهِ إِلَيْهِمْ، فَالْتَقَوْا مَعَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ رَأْسًا، فَكَسَرَ أَبُو سَبْرَةَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ كَسْرَةً عَظِيمَةً، وَقَتَلَ مِنْهُمْ مَقْتَلَةً عَظِيمَةً جِدًّا، وَأَخَذَ مِنْهُمْ أَمْوَالًا جَزِيلَةً بَاهِرَةً، وَاسْتَنْقَذَ خُلَيْدًا وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْ أَيْدِيهِمْ، وَأَعَزَّ اللَّهُ بِهِ الْإِسْلَامَ وَأَهْلَهُ، وَدَمَغَ الشِّرْكَ وَذَلَّهُ، وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ وَالْمِنَّةُ، ثُمَّ عَادُوا إِلَى عُتْبَةَ بْنِ غَزْوَانَ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ. وَلَمَّا اسْتَكْمَلَ عُتْبَةُ فَتْحَ تِلْكَ النَّاحِيَةِ، اسْتَأْذَنَ عُمَرَ فِي الْحَجِّ فَأَذِنَ لَهُ، فَسَارَ إِلَى الْحَجِّ، وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عَلَى الْبَصْرَةِ أَبَا سَبْرَةَ بْنَ أَبِي رُهْمٍ، وَاجْتَمَعَ بِعُمَرَ فِي الْمَوْسِمِ، وَسَأَلَهُ أَنْ يُقِيلَهُ فَلَمْ يَفْعَلْ، وَأَقْسَمَ عَلَيْهِ عُمَرُ لَيَرْجِعَنَّ إِلَى عَمَلِهِ. فَدَعَا عُتْبَةُ اللَّهَ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فَمَاتَ بِبَطْنِ نَخْلَةَ، وَهُوَ مُنْصَرِفٌ مِنَ الْحَجِّ، فَتَأَسَّفَ عَلَيْهِ عُمَرُ، وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ خَيْرًا، وَوَلَّى بَعْدَهُ بِالْبَصْرَةِ الْمُغِيرَةَ بْنَ شُعْبَةَ، فَوَلِيَهَا بَقِيَّةَ تِلْكَ السَّنَةِ وَالَّتِي تَلِيهَا، لَمْ يَقَعْ فِي زَمَانِهِ حَدَثٌ، وَكَانَ مَرْزُوقَ السَّلَامَةِ فِي عَمَلِهِ.
Translation
✧ The Expedition Against Fāris from al-Baḥrayn It is said that ʿUmar used to say, when al-Ahwāz and its neighboring regions were taken: "I wish that between us and Fāris there were a rope of fire, so that we could not reach them from it, nor could they reach us." Al-ʿAlāʾ b. al-Ḥaḍramī had been over al-Baḥrayn during the days of Abū Bakr, but ʿUmar dismissed him and put Qudāmah b. Maẓʿūn in his place. Then he dismissed Qudāmah and restored al-ʿAlāʾ, who was vying with Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ. Al-ʿAlāʾ had gained distinction in fighting the people of apostasy, but when Saʿd triumphed over the people of al-Qādisiyyah and drove out the Chosroes, he achieved something greater than what al-ʿAlāʾ had done. So al-ʿAlāʾ wanted to accomplish something against the Persians, without considering obedience or disobedience. ʿUmar had forbidden him from raiding by sea, and he had also forbidden others, following the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and Abū Bakr, and out of fear of peril. He called upon the people to fight them, and the people of his region responded to him. He divided them into groups: over one group was al-Jārūd b. al-Muʿallā, over another al-Sawwār b. Hammām, and over another Khulayd b. al-Mundhir b. Sāwā, and Khulayd was the commander of the whole force. He transported them by sea to Fāris, and that was without ʿUmar's permission for it—and ʿUmar disliked that, because neither the Messenger of Allah ﷺ nor Abū Bakr had sent the Muslims on raids by sea. Those armies crossed from al-Baḥrayn to Fāris, and they came out near Iṣṭakhr. Then the Persians came between them and their ships. Khulayd b. al-Mundhir stood up among the people and said: "O people, these people only intend by this action of theirs to fight you, and you have only come to fight them. Seek help from Allah and fight them, for the land and the ships belong to whoever prevails. And seek help through patience and prayer; indeed, it is difficult except for the humbly submissive [al-Baqarah: 45]." They responded to him, prayed the noon prayer, and then advanced against them. They fought a fierce battle in a place called Ṭāwūs. Then Khulayd ordered the Muslims to dismount, and they fought and were steadfast. Then they prevailed and killed the Persians with a slaughter the like of which they had not suffered before. Then they set out for al-Baṣrah, but their ships sank with them, and they found no way to return by sea. They found Shahrak among the people of Iṣṭakhr had seized the roads against the Muslims, so they encamped and defended themselves against the enemy. ʿUmar Learns of al-ʿAlāʾ b. al-Ḥaḍramī's Action When ʿUmar learned of what al-ʿAlāʾ b. al-Ḥaḍramī had done, his anger against him intensified. He sent for him, dismissed him, threatened him, and ordered him to do the heaviest thing upon him and the most hateful course to him, saying: "Join Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ with those who are with you." So al-ʿAlāʾ went out to Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ, attached to him as a subordinate. ʿUmar wrote to ʿUtbah b. Ghazwān: "Al-ʿAlāʾ b. al-Ḥaḍramī went out with an army, and the people of Fāris cut them off. He disobeyed me, and I think he did not intend Allah by that. I feared for them that they would not be helped, that they would be defeated and ensnared. So summon the people to them and join them to yourself before they are annihilated." ʿUtbah called upon the Muslims and informed them of ʿUmar's letter to him about that. A group of heroic commanders volunteered, among them Hāshim b. ʿUtbah b. Abī Waqqāṣ, ʿĀṣim b. ʿAmr, ʿArfajah b. Harthamah, Ḥudhayfah b. Miḥṣan, al-Aḥnaf b. Qays, and others, in twelve thousand men, with Abū Sabrah b. Abī Ruhm in command of them all. They went out on mules, leading horses alongside, moving swiftly. They traveled along the coast, encountering no one, until they reached the site of the battle that had taken place between the Muslims of al-ʿAlāʾ's force and the people of Fāris at the place called Ṭāwūs. There they found Khulayd b. al-Mundhir and the Muslims with him besieged, with the enemy surrounding them on every side, and those nations had converged upon them from every direction. The reinforcements of the polytheists had been completed, and nothing remained but fighting. The Muslims arrived to them at the time when they were most in need of them. They met the polytheists head-on, and Abū Sabrah inflicted a great defeat upon the polytheists and killed them with a very great slaughter. He took from them abundant, dazzling wealth, and rescued Khulayd and the Muslims with him from their hands. Through him Allah honored Islam and its people, and crushed and humiliated polytheism—to Allah be praise and grace. Then they returned to ʿUtbah b. Ghazwān at al-Baṣrah. When ʿUtbah had completed the conquest of that region, he asked ʿUmar's permission to perform the pilgrimage, and ʿUmar permitted him. He set out for the pilgrimage and appointed Abū Sabrah b. Abī Ruhm as his deputy over al-Baṣrah. He met ʿUmar during the pilgrimage season and asked him to relieve him, but ʿUmar refused and swore to him that he must return to his post. ʿUtbah supplicated Allah, Mighty and Majestic, and he died at Baṭn Nakhlah while returning from the pilgrimage. ʿUmar grieved over him and praised him highly. After him, ʿUmar appointed al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah over al-Baṣrah, and he governed it for the remainder of that year and the following one. No incident occurred during his time, and he was blessed with safety in his office.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.