Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1907
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
فَتْحُ الْأَهْوَازِ وَمَنَاذِرَ وَنَهْرِ تِيرَى قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ كَانَ فِي سنة سبع عشرة. وَقِيلَ: فِي سَنَةِ سِتَّ عَشْرَةَ. وَكَانَ السَّبَبُ فِي هَذَا الْفَتْحِ أَنَّهُ لَمَّا انْهَزَمَ الْهُرْمُزَانُ يَوْمَ الْقَادِسِيَّةِ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ الْبُيُوتَاتِ السَّبْعَةِ فِي أَهْلِ فَارِسَ، وَكَانَتْ أُمَّتَهُ مِنْهُمْ مِهْرَجَانْقَذَقَ وَكُوَرَ الْأَهْوَازِ، فَلَمَّا انْهَزَمَ قَصَدَ خُوزِسْتَانَ فَمَلَكَهَا وَقَاتَلَ بِهَا مَنْ أَرَادَهُمْ، فَكَانَ الْهُرْمُزَانُ يُغِيرُ عَلَى أَهْلِ مَيْسَانَ وَدَسْتِمَيْسَانَ مِنْ مَنَاذِرَ وَنَهْرِ تِيرَى. فَاسْتَمَدَّ عُتْبَةُ بْنُ غَزْوَانَ سَعْدًا فَأَمَدَّهُ بِنُعَيْمِ بْنِ مُقَرِّنٍ وَنُعَيْمِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ، وَأَمَرَهُمَا أَنْ يَأْتِيَا أَعْلَى مَيْسَانَ وَدَسْتِمَيْسَانَ حَتَّى يَكُونَا بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ نَهْرِ تِيرَى، وَوَجَّهَ عُتْبَةُ بْنُ غَزْوَانَ سُلْمَى بْنَ الْقَيْنِ وَحَرْمَلَةَ بْنَ مُرَيْطَةَ، وَكَانَا مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَهُمَا مِنْ بَنِي الْعَدَوِيَّةِ مِنْ بَنِي حَنْظَلَةَ، فَنَزَلَا عَلَى حُدُودِ مَيْسَانَ وَدَسْتِمَيْسَانَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ مَنَاذِرَ، وَدَعَوْا بَنِي الْعَمِّ، فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِمْ غَالِبٌ الْوَائِلِيُّ وَكُلَيْبُ بْنُ وَائِلٍ الْكُلَيْبِيُّ، فَتَرَكَا نُعَيْمًا وَنُعَيْمًا وَأَتَيَا سُلْمَى وَحَرْمَلَةَ وَقَالَا: أَنْتُمَا مِنَ الْعَشِيرَةِ وَلَيْسَ لَكُمَا مَنْزِلٌ، فَإِذَا كَانَ يَوْمُ كَذَا وَكَذَا فَانْهَدَا لِلْهُرْمُزَانِ، فَإِنَّ أَحَدَنَا يَثُورُ بِمَنَاذِرَ، وَالْآخَرَ بِنَهْرِ تِيرَى، فَنَقْتُلُ الْمُقَاتِلَةَ، ثُمَّ يَكُونُ وَجْهُنَا إِلَيْكُمْ، فَلَيْسَ دُونَ الْهُرْمُزَانِ شَيْءٌ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ. وَرَجَعَا وَقَدِ اسْتَجَابَا، وَاسْتَجَابَ قَوْمُهُمَا بَنُو الْعَمِّ بْنِ مَالِكٍ، وَكَانُوا يَنْزِلُونَ خُوزِسْتَانَ قَبْلَ الْإِسْلَامِ، فَأَهْلُ الْبِلَادِ يَأْمَنُونَهُمْ. فَلَمَّا كَانَ تِلْكَ اللَّيْلَةُ لَيْلَةَ الْمَوْعِدِ بَيْنَ سُلْمَى وَحَرْمَلَةَ وَغَالِبٍ وَكُلَيْبٍ، وَكَانَ الْهُرْمُزَانُ يَوْمَئِذٍ بَيْنَ نَهْرِ تِيرَى وَبَيْنَ دُلُثَ، وَخَرَجَ سُلْمَى وَحَرْمَلَةُ صَبِيحَتَهُمَا فِي تَعْبِئَةٍ وَأَنْهَضَا نُعَيْمًا وَمَنْ مَعَهُ، فَالْتَقَوْا هُمْ وَالْهُرْمُزَانُ بَيْنَ دُلُثَ وَنَهْرِ تِيرَى، وَسُلْمَى بْنُ الْقَيْنِ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ، وَنُعَيْمُ بْنُ مُقَرِّنٍ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ، فَاقْتَتَلُوا. فَبَيْنَا هُمْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَقْبَلَ مَدَدٌ مِنْ قِبَلِ غَالِبٍ وَكُلَيْبٍ، وَأَتَى الْهُرْمُزَانَ الْخَبَرُ بِأَنَّ مَنَاذِرَ نَهْرِ تِيرَى قَدْ أُخِذُوا، فَكَسَرَ ذَلِكَ قَلْبَ الْهُرْمُزَانِ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ، وَهَزَمَهُ اللَّهُ وَإِيَّاهُمْ، فَقَتَلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنْهُمْ مَا شَاءُوا وَأَصَابُوا مَا شَاءُوا، وَاتَّبَعُوهُمْ حَتَّى وَقَفُوا عَلَى شَاطِئِ دُجَيْلٍ، وَأَخَذُوا مَا دُونَهُ وَعَسْكَرُوا بِحِيَالِ سُوقِ الْأَهْوَازِ، وَعَبَرَ الْهُرْمُزَانُ جِسْرَ سُوقِ الْأَهْوَازِ وَأَقَامَ، وَصَارَ دُجَيْلٌ بَيْنَ الْهُرْمُزَانِ وَالْمُسْلِمِينَ. فَلَمَّا رَأَى الْهُرْمُزَانُ مَا لَا طَاقَةَ لَهُ بِهِ طَلَبَ الصُّلْحَ، فَاسْتَأْمَرُوا عُتْبَةَ، فَأَجَابَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ عَلَى الْأَهْوَازِ كُلِّهَا وَمِهْرَجَانَقَذَقَ، مَا خَلَا نَهْرَ تِيرَى وَمَنَاذِرَ، وَمَا غَلَبُوا عَلَيْهِ مِنْ سُوقِ الْأَهْوَازِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَجَعَلَ سُلْمَى عَلَى مَنَاذِرَ مَسْلَحَةً وَأَمْرُهَا إِلَى غَالِبٍ، وَحَرْمَلَةَ عَلَى نَهْرِ تِيرَى وَأَمْرُهَا إِلَى كُلَيْبٍ، فَكَانَا عَلَى مَسَالِحِ الْبَصْرَةِ. وَهَاجَرَتْ طَوَائِفُ مِنْ بَنِي الْعَمِّ فَنَزَلُوا الْبَصْرَةَ. وَوَفَّدَ عُتْبَةُ وَفْدًا إِلَى عُمَرَ، مِنْهُمْ: سُلْمَى وَجَمَاعَةٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ، فَأَمَرَهُمْ عُمَرُ أَنْ يَرْفَعُوا حَوَائِجَهُمْ، فَكَلَّمَهُمْ قَالَ: أَمَّا الْعَامَّةُ فَأَنْتَ صَاحَبُهَا، وَطَلَبُوا لِأَنْفُسِهِمْ، إِلَّا مَا كَانَ مِنَ الْأَحْنَفِ بْنِ قَيْسٍ، فَإِنَّهُ قَالَ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِنَّكَ كَمَا ذَكَرُوا، وَلَقَدْ يَعْزُبُ عَنْكَ مَا يَحِقُّ عَلَيْنَا إِنْهَاؤُهُ إِلَيْكَ مِمَّا فِيهِ صَلَاحُ الْعَامَّةِ، وَإِنَّمَا يَنْظُرُ الْوَالِي فِيمَا غَابَ عَنْهُ بِأَعْيُنِ أَهْلِ الْخَبَرِ وَيَسْمَعُ بِآذَانِهِمْ، فَإِنَّ إِخْوَانَنَا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ نَزَلُوا فِي مِثْلِ حَدَقَةِ الْبَعِيرِ الْغَاسِقَةِ مِنَ الْعُيُونِ الْعِذَابِ وَالْجِنَانِ الْخِصَابِ فَتَأْتِيهِمْ ثِمَارُهُمْ وَلَمْ يَحْصُدُوا، وَإِنَّا مَعْشَرَ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ نَزَلْنَا سَبَخَةً وَزَعَقَّةً نَشَّاشَةً، طَرَفٌ لَهَا فِي الْفَلَاةِ وَطَرَفٌ لَهَا فِي الْبَحْرِ الْأُجَاجِ، يَجْرِي إِلَيْهَا مَا جَرَى فِي مِثْلِ مَرِيءِ النَّعَامَةِ، دَارُنَا فَعْمَةٌ، وَوَظِيفَتُنَا ضَيِّقَةٌ، وَعَدَدُنَا كَثِيرٌ، وَأَشْرَافُنَا قَلِيلٌ، وَأَهْلُ الْبَلَاءِ فِينَا كَثِيرٌ، وَدِرْهَمُنَا كَبِيرٌ، وَقَفِيزُنَا صَغِيرٌ، وَقَدْ وَسَّعَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْنَا وَزَادَنَا فِي أَرْضِنَا، فَوَسِّعْ عَلَيْنَا يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَزِدْنَا وَظِيفَةً تُوَظَّفُ عَلَيْنَا وَنَعِيشُ بِهَا. فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ عُمَرُ قَوْلَهُ أَحْسَنَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَأَقْطَعَهُمْ مِمَّا كَانَ فَيْئًا لِأَهْلِ كِسْرَى وَزَادَهُمْ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: هَذَا الْفَتَى سَيِّدُ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ. وَكَتَبَ إِلَى عُتْبَةَ فِيهِ بِأَنْ يَسْمَعَ مِنْهُ وَيَرْجِعَ إِلَى رَأْيِهِ، وَرَدَّهُمْ إِلَى بَلَدِهِمْ. وَبَيْنَا النَّاسُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ مِنْ ذِمَّتِهِمْ مَعَ الْهُرْمُزَانِ، وَقَعَ بَيْنَ الْهُرْمُزَانِ وَغَالِبٍ وَكُلَيْبٍ فِي حُدُودِ الْأَرَضِينَ اخْتِلَافٌ، فَحَضَرَ سُلْمَى وَحَرْمَلَةُ لِيَنْظُرَا فِيمَا بَيْنَهُمْ، فَوَجَدَا غَالِبًا وَكُلَيْبًا مُحِقَّيْنِ وَالْهُرْمُزَانَ مُبْطِلًا، فَحَالَا بَيْنَهُمَا وَبَيْنَهُ، فَكَفَرَ الْهُرْمُزَانُ وَمَنَعَ مَا قِبَلَهُ، وَاسْتَعَانَ بِالْأَكْرَادِ وَكَفَّ جُنْدَهُ، وَكَتَبَ سُلْمَى وَمَنْ مَعَهُ إِلَى عُتْبَةَ بِذَلِكَ، فَكَتَبَ عُتْبَةُ إِلَى عُمَرَ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ عُمَرُ يَأْمُرُهُ بِقَصْدِهِ، وَأَمَدَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِحُرْقُوصِ بْنِ زُهَيْرٍ السَّعْدِيِّ، كَانَتْ لَهُ صُحْبَةٌ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَمَّرَهُ عَلَى الْقِتَالِ وَعَلَى مَا غَلَبَ عَلَيْهِ. وَسَارَ الْهُرْمُزَانُ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ، وَسَارَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ إِلَى جِسْرِ سُوقِ الْأَهْوَازِ وَأَرْسَلُوا إِلَيْهِ: إِمَّا أَنْ تَعْبُرَ إِلَيْنَا أَوْ نَعْبُرَ إِلَيْكُمْ. فَقَالَ: اعْبُرُوا إِلَيْنَا، فَعَبَرُوا فَوْقَ الْجِسْرِ فَاقْتَتَلُوا مِمَّا يَلِي سُوقَ الْأَهْوَازِ، فَانْهَزَمَ الْهُرْمُزَانُ وَسَارَ إِلَى رَامَهُرْمُزَ، وَفَتَحَ حُرْقُوصٌ سُوقَ الْأَهْوَازِ، وَنَزَلَ بِهَا وَاتَّسَعَتْ لَهُ بِلَادُهَا إِلَى تُسْتَرَ، وَوَضَعَ الْجِزْيَةَ، وَكَتَبَ بِالْفَتْحِ إِلَى عُمَرَ وَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ الْأَخْمَاسَ. شعر الأسود بن سريع في ذلك وَقَدْ قَالَ الْأُسُودُ بْنُ سَرِيعٍ فِي ذَلِكَ، وَكَانَ صَحَابِيًّا، ؓ: لَعَمْرُكَ مَا أَضَاعَ بَنُو أَبِينَا وَلَكِنْ حَافَظُوا فِي مَنْ يُطِيعُ أَطَاعُوا رَبَّهُمْ وَعَصَاهُ قَوْمٌ أَضَاعُوا أَمْرَهُ فِي مَنْ يُضِيعُ مَجُوسٌ لَا يُنَهْنِهُهَا كِتَابٌ فَلَاقَوْا كَبَّةً فِيهَا قُبُوعُ وَوَلَّى الْهُرْمُزَانُ عَلَى جَوَادٍ سَرِيعِ الشَّدِّ يَثْفِنُهُ الْجَمِيعُ وَخَلَّى سُرَّةَ الْأَهْوَازِ كَرْهًا غَدَاةَ الْجِسْرِ إِذْ نَجَمَ الرَّبِيعُ وَقَالَ حُرْقُوصُ بْنُ زُهَيْرٍ السَّعْدِيُّ، وَكَانَ صَحَابِيًّا أَيْضًا: غَلَبْنَا الْهُرْمُزَانَ عَلَى بِلَادٍ لَهَا فِي كُلِّ نَاحِيَةٍ ذَخَائِرْ سَوَاءٌ بَرُّهُمْ وَالْبَحْرُ فِيهَا إِذَا صَارَتْ نَوَاحِيهَا بَوَاكِرْ لَهَا بَحْرٌ يَعُجُّ بِجَانِبَيْهِ جَعَافِرُ لَا يَزَالُ لَهَا زَوَاخِرْ
Translation
✧ The conquest of al-Ahwāz, Manādhir, and Nahr Tīrā Ibn Jarīr said: It was in the year seventeen. And it is said: in the year sixteen. The reason for this conquest was that when al-Hurmuzān was defeated on the day of al-Qādisiyyah—and he is one of the seven noble houses among the people of Fāris, and his domain among them was Mihrajānqadhaq and the districts of al-Ahwāz—when he was defeated, he headed to Khūzistān and took possession of it and fought there against those who sought them. Al-Hurmuzān used to raid the people of Maysān and Dastimaysān from Manādhir and Nahr Tīrā. ʿUtbah b. Ghazwān sought reinforcement from Saʿd, so he reinforced him with Nuʿaym b. Muqarrin and Nuʿaym b. Masʿūd, and ordered them to come to the upper part of Maysān and Dastimaysān so that they would be between them and Nahr Tīrā. ʿUtbah b. Ghazwān dispatched Sulmā b. al-Qayn and Ḥarmalah b. Murayṭah—both of whom were among the Muhājirūn with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and of the Banū al-ʿAdawiyyah of the Banū Ḥanẓalah—so they encamped on the borders of Maysān and Dastimaysān between them and Manādhir, and they called upon the Banū al-ʿAmm. Ghālib al-Wāʾilī and Kulayb b. Wāʾil al-Kulaybī came out to them, and they left the two Nuʿayms and went to Sulmā and Ḥarmalah and said: “You are of the tribe, yet you have no dwelling. So when it is such-and-such day, rise against al-Hurmuzān, for one of us will stir up Manādhir and the other Nahr Tīrā, and we will kill the fighting men. Then our faces will be toward you, and there will be nothing between you and al-Hurmuzān, if Allah wills.” They returned, and they had agreed, and their people, the Banū al-ʿAmm b. Mālik, agreed; they had dwelt in Khūzistān before Islam, so the people of the lands trusted them. When that night came, the night of the appointed time between Sulmā and Ḥarmalah and Ghālib and Kulayb—on that day al-Hurmuzān was between Nahr Tīrā and Duluth—Sulmā and Ḥarmalah set out in the morning in battle order and roused Nuʿaym and those with him. They and al-Hurmuzān met between Duluth and Nahr Tīrā, Sulmā b. al-Qayn being over the people of al-Baṣrah, and Nuʿaym b. Muqarrin over the people of al-Kūfah, and they fought. While they were thus engaged, reinforcements came from the direction of Ghālib and Kulayb, and the news reached al-Hurmuzān that Manādhir and Nahr Tīrā had been taken. That broke the heart of al-Hurmuzān and those with him, and Allah routed him and them. The Muslims killed of them as they willed and seized as they willed, and pursued them until they stood on the bank of Dujayl, and took what was before it and encamped opposite the market of al-Ahwāz. Al-Hurmuzān crossed the bridge of the market of al-Ahwāz and stayed, and Dujayl became between al-Hurmuzān and the Muslims. When al-Hurmuzān saw that he had no strength for them, he sought peace. They consulted ʿUtbah, and he agreed to that on the basis of all of al-Ahwāz and Mihrajānqadhaq, except Nahr Tīrā and Manādhir and what they had taken of the market of al-Ahwāz, which would not be returned to them. He made Sulmā commander of the garrison at Manādhir, its command under Ghālib, and Ḥarmalah at Nahr Tīrā, its command under Kulayb; and they were over the garrisons of al-Baṣrah. Groups of the Banū al-ʿAmm migrated and settled in al-Baṣrah. ʿUtbah sent a delegation to ʿUmar, among them Sulmā and a group of the people of al-Baṣrah. ʿUmar commanded them to present their needs, and spoke to them, saying: “As for the common people, you are their spokesman.” And they requested for themselves, except for what was from al-Aḥnaf b. Qays, for he said: “O Commander of the Faithful, you are as they have mentioned, but what we are duty-bound to report to you regarding the welfare of the common people may be hidden from you. The governor only sees what is absent from him through the eyes of the people of experience and hears with their ears. Our brothers of the people of al-Kūfah have settled in what is like the dark pupil of a camel’s eye, with sweet springs and fertile gardens; their fruits come to them without reaping. But we, the people of al-Baṣrah, have settled in a salty, bitter, oozing marsh; one end of it is in the desert and the other in the briny sea. What flows to it is like the gullet of an ostrich. Our land is abundant, but our stipend is narrow, our numbers are many, our nobles are few, and those of trial among us are many. Our dirham is large and our qafīz is small. Allah has expanded things for us and increased our land, so expand for us, O Commander of the Faithful, and increase for us a stipend to be assigned to us by which we may live.” When ʿUmar heard his words, he treated them well and allotted to them from what had been the spoil of the people of Kisrā and increased them. Then he said: “This young man is the chief of the people of al-Baṣrah.” And he wrote to ʿUtbah concerning him, to listen to him and follow his opinion, and sent them back to their land. While the people were thus under their covenant with al-Hurmuzān, a dispute arose between al-Hurmuzān and Ghālib and Kulayb over the boundaries of the lands. Sulmā and Ḥarmalah came to examine the matter between them, and they found Ghālib and Kulayb to be in the right and al-Hurmuzān in the wrong, so they intervened between them and him. Then al-Hurmuzān broke the covenant and withheld what was with him, and sought help from the Kurds and held back his army. Sulmā and those with him wrote to ʿUtbah about that, and ʿUtbah wrote to ʿUmar, and ʿUmar wrote to him ordering him to march against him, and reinforced the Muslims with Ḥurqūṣ b. Zuhayr al-Saʿdī, who had companionship of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and placed him in command of the fighting and of whatever he conquered. Al-Hurmuzān and those with him marched, and the Muslims marched to the bridge of the market of al-Ahwāz and sent to him: “Either cross over to us or we will cross over to you.” He said: “Cross over to us.” So they crossed the bridge and fought on the side near the market of al-Ahwāz, and al-Hurmuzān was routed and went to Rāmahurmuz. Ḥurqūṣ conquered the market of al-Ahwāz and settled there, and its lands expanded for him as far as Tustar, and he imposed the jizyah and wrote of the conquest to ʿUmar and sent him the fifths. Poetry of al-Aswad b. Sarīʿ on that. Al-Aswad b. Sarīʿ said about that—and he was a Companion, ؓ: By your life, the sons of our father did not lose, but they preserved among those who obey. They obeyed their Lord, and a people disobeyed Him; they lost His command among those who lose. Magians whom no Book restrains; they met a defeat in which there was crouching. And al-Hurmuzān turned away on a swift steed, fast in running, which the crowd pursued. And he abandoned the center of al-Ahwāz unwillingly, on the morning of the bridge when spring appeared. And Ḥurqūṣ b. Zuhayr al-Saʿdī said—and he was also a Companion: We overcame al-Hurmuzān over lands that have treasures in every region. Their land and sea are equal in them when their regions become early-coming. It has a sea that surges on its two sides; crocodiles never cease to have great waves in it.
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