Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1886
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
فَتْحِ حَلَبَ وَأَنْطَاكِيَةَ وَغَيْرِهَا مِنَ الْعَوَاصِمِ لَمَّا فَرَغَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ مِنْ قِنَّسْرِينَ سَارَ إِلَى حَلَبَ، فَبَلَغَهُ أَنَّ أَهْلَ قِنَّسْرِينَ نَقَضُوا وَغَدَرُوا، فَوَجَّهَ إِلَيْهِمُ السِّمْطَ الْكِنْدِيَّ فَحَصَرَهُمْ وَفَتَحَهَا، وَأَصَابَ فِيهَا بَقَرًا وَغَنَمًا، فَقَسَّمَ بَعْضَهُ فِي جَيْشِهِ، وَجَعَلَ بَقِيَّتَهُ فِي الْمَغْنَمِ. وَوَصَلَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ إِلَى حَاضِرِ حَلَبَ وَهُوَ قَرِيبٌ مِنْهَا فَجَمَعَ أَصْنَافًا مِنَ الْعَرَبِ، فَصَالَحَهُمْ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ، ثُمَّ أَسْلَمُوا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، وَأَتَى حَلَبَ وَعَلَى مُقَدَّمَتِهِ عِيَاضُ بْنُ غَنْمٍ الْفِهْرِيُّ، فَتَحَصَّنَ أَهْلُهَا وَحَصَرَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ، فَلَمْ يَلْبَثُوا أَنْ طَلَبُوا الصُّلْحَ وَالْأَمَانَ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَأَوْلَادِهِمْ وَمَدِينَتِهِمْ وَكَنَائِسِهِمْ وَحِصْنِهِمْ، فَأُعْطُوا ذَلِكَ، وَاسْتُثْنِيَ عَلَيْهِمْ مَوْضِعُ الْمَسْجِدِ، وَكَانَ الَّذِي صَالَحَهُمْ عِيَاضٌ، فَأَجَازَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ ذَلِكَ. وَقِيلَ: صُولِحُوا عَلَى أَنْ يُقَاسَمُوا مَنَازِلَهُمْ وَكَنَائِسَهُمْ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ لَمْ يُصَادِفْ بِحَلَبَ أَحَدًا لِأَنَّ أَهْلَهَا انْتَقَلُوا إِلَى أَنْطَاكِيَةَ وَرَاسَلُوا فِي الصُّلْحِ، فَلَمَّا تَمَّ ذَلِكَ رَجَعُوا إِلَيْهَا. وَسَارَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ مِنْ حَلَبَ إِلَى أَنْطَاكِيَةَ، وَقَدْ تَحَصَّنَ بِهَا كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْخَلْقِ مِنْ قِنَّسْرِينَ وَغَيْرِهَا. فَلَمَّا فَارَقَهَا لَقِيَهُ جَمْعُ الْعَدُوِّ، فَهَزَمَهُمْ فَأَلْجَأَهُمْ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَحَاصَرَهَا مِنْ جَمِيعِ نَوَاحِيهَا، ثُمَّ إِنَّهُمْ صَالَحُوهُمْ عَلَى الْجَلَاءِ أَوِ الْجِزْيَةِ، فَجَلَا بَعْضٌ وَأَقَامَ بَعْضٌ فَآمَنَهُمْ، ثُمَّ نَقَضُوا، فَوَجَّهَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ إِلَيْهِمْ عِيَاضَ بْنَ غَنْمٍ وَحَبِيبَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ، فَفَتَحَاهَا عَلَى الصُّلْحِ الْأَوَّلِ. وَكَانَتْ أَنْطَاكِيَةُ عَظِيمَةَ الذِّكْرِ عِنْدَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَلَمَّا فُتِحَتْ كَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ أَنْ رَتِّبْ بِأَنْطَاكِيَةَ جَمَاعَةً مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَاجْعَلْهُمْ بِهَا مُرَابِطَةً، وَلَا تَحْبِسْ عَنْهُمُ الْعَطَاءَ. وَبَلَغَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ أَنْ جَمْعًا مِنَ الرُّومِ بَيْنَ مَعَرَّةَ مَصْرِينَ وَحَلَبَ، فَسَارَ إِلَيْهِمْ فَلَقِيَهُمْ فَهَزَمَهُمْ وَقَتَلَ عِدَّةَ بَطَارِقَةٍ، وَسَبَى وَغَنِمَ، وَفَتَحَ مَعَرَّةَ مَصْرِينَ عَلَى مِثْلِ صُلْحِ حَلَبَ، وَجَالَتْ خُيُولُهُ فَبَلَغَتْ بُوقَا، وَفُتِحَتْ قُرَى الْجُومَةَ وَسَرْمِينَ وَتِيزِينَ، وَغَلَبُوا عَلَى جَمِيعِ أَرْضِ قِنَّسْرِينَ وَأَنْطَاكِيَةَ. ثُمَّ أَتَى أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ حَلَبَ وَقَدِ الْتَاثَ أَهْلُهَا، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ بِهِمْ حَتَّى أَذْعَنُوا وَفَتَحُوا الْمَدِينَةَ. وَسَارَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ يُرِيدُ قُورُسَ وَعَلَى مُقَدَّمَتِهِ عِيَاضٌ، فَلَقِيَهُ رَاهِبٌ مِنْ رُهْبَانِهَا يَسْأَلُهُ الصُّلْحَ، فَبَعَثَ بِهِ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ فَصَالَحَهُ عَلَى صُلْحِ أَنْطَاكِيَةَ، وَبَثَّ خَيْلَهُ فَغَلَبَ عَلَى جَمِيعِ أَرْضِ قُورُسَ وَفَتَحَ تَلَّ عَزَازَ، وَكَانَ سَلْمَانُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ الْبَاهِلِيُّ فِي جَيْشِ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ، فَنَزَلَ فِي حِصْنٍ بِقُورُسَ، فَنُسِبَ إِلَيْهِ، فَهُوَ يُعْرَفُ بِحِصْنِ سَلْمَانَ. ثُمَّ سَارَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ إِلَى مَنْبِجَ وَعَلَى مُقَدَّمَتِهِ عِيَاضٌ، فَلَحِقَهُ وَقَدْ صَالَحَ أَهْلَهَا عَلَى مِثْلِ صُلْحِ أَنْطَاكِيَةَ، وَسَيَّرَ عِيَاضًا إِلَى نَاحِيَةِ دُلُوكَ وَرَعْبَانَ فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهَا عَلَى مِثْلِ صُلْحِ مَنْبِجَ، وَاشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يُخْبِرُوا الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِخَبَرِ الرُّومِ. وَوَلَّى أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ كُلَّ كُورَةٍ فَتَحَهَا عَامِلًا، وَضَمَّ إِلَيْهِ جَمَاعَةً، وَشَحَنَ النَّوَاحِيَ الْمَخُوفَةَ. وَسَارَ إِلَى بَالِسَ، وَبَعَثَ جَيْشًا مَعَ حَبِيبِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ إِلَى قَاصِرِينَ، فَصَالَحَهُمْ أَهْلُهَا عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ أَوِ الْجَلَاءِ، فَجَلَا أَكْثَرُهُمْ إِلَى بَلَدِ الرُّومِ وَأَرْضِ الْجَزِيرَةِ وَقَرْيَةِ جِسْرِ مَنْبِجَ، وَلَمْ يَكُنِ الْجِسْرُ يَوْمَئِذٍ، وَإِنَّمَا اتُّخِذَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُثْمَانَ لِلصَّوَائِفِ، وَقِيلَ: بَلْ كَانَ لَهُ رَسْمٌ قَدِيمٌ. وَاسْتَوْلَى الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَلَى الشَّامِ مِنْ هَذِهِ النَّاحِيَةِ إِلَى الْفُرَاتِ، وَعَادَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ إِلَى فِلَسْطِينَ. وَكَانَ بِجَبَلِ اللُّكَّامِ مَدِينَةٌ يُقَالُ لَهَا جُرْجُومَةُ، وَأَهْلُهَا يُقَالُ لَهُمُ الْجَرَاجِمَةُ، فَسَارَ حَبِيبُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ إِلَيْهَا مِنْ أَنْطَاكِيَةَ، فَافْتَتَحَهَا صُلْحًا، عَلَى أَنْ يَكُونُوا أَعْوَانًا لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ. وَفِيهَا سَيَّرَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بْنُ الْجَرَّاحِ جَيْشًا مَعَ مَيْسَرَةَ بْنِ مَسْرُوقٍ الْعَبْسِيِّ، فَسَلَكُوا دَرْبَ بَغْرَاسَ مِنْ أَعْمَالِ أَنْطَاكِيَةَ إِلَى بِلَادِ الرُّومِ، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ سَلَكَ ذَلِكَ الدَّرْبَ، فَلَقِيَ جَمْعًا لِلرُّومِ مَعَهُمْ عَرَبٌ مِنْ غَسَّانَ وَتَنُوخَ وَإِيَادٍ يُرِيدُونَ اللَّحَاقَ بِهِرَقْلَ، فَأَوْقَعَ مِنْهُمْ وَقَتَلَ مِنْهُمْ مَقْتَلَةً عَظِيمَةً، ثُمَّ لَحِقَ بِهِ مَالِكٌ الْأَشْتَرُ النَّخَعِيُّ مَدَدًا مِنْ قِبَلِ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ وَهُوَ بِأَنْطَاكِيَةَ، فَسَلِمُوا وَعَادُوا. وَسَيَّرَ جَيْشًا آخَرَ إِلَى مَرْعَشَ مَعَ خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ، فَفَتَحَهَا عَلَى إِجْلَاءِ أَهْلِهَا بِالْأَمَانِ وَأَخْرَبَهَا. وَسَيَّرَ جَيْشًا آخَرَ مَعَ حَبِيبِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ إِلَى حِصْنِ الْحَدَثِ، وَإِنَّمَا سُمِّيَ الْحَدَثَ لِأَنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ لَقُوا عَلَيْهِ غُلَامًا حَدَثًا فَقَاتَلَهُمْ فِي أَصْحَابِهِ، فَقِيلَ دَرْبُ الْحَدَثِ، وَقِيلَ: لِأَنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أُصِيبُوا بِهِ فَقِيلَ دَرْبُ الْحَدَثِ، وَكَانَ بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ يُسَمُّونَهُ دَرْبَ السَّلَامَةِ لِهَذَا الْمَعْنَى.
Translation
✧ The conquest of Aleppo, Antioch, and other frontier fortresses When Abū ʿUbaydah had finished with Qinnasrīn, he marched to Aleppo. It reached him that the people of Qinnasrīn had broken their pact and acted treacherously, so he sent al-Simṭ al-Kindī against them. He besieged them and conquered it, and he seized cattle and sheep there. He distributed some of it among his army and placed the rest in the spoils. Abū ʿUbaydah reached the settlement of Aleppo, which is near it, where groups of Arabs had gathered, and Abū ʿUbaydah made peace with them on terms of the jizyah; then they accepted Islam after that. He came to Aleppo with ʿIyāḍ b. Ghanm al-Fihrī at the head of his vanguard. Its inhabitants fortified themselves, and the Muslims besieged them. It was not long before they sought peace and security for themselves, their children, their city, their churches, and their fortress. They were granted that, and the site of the mosque was excluded from them. The one who made peace with them was ʿIyāḍ, and Abū ʿUbaydah approved that. It is said: They made peace on condition that they share their dwellings and churches with the Muslims. It is said: Abū ʿUbaydah found no one in Aleppo because its inhabitants had moved to Antioch and corresponded regarding peace; when that was concluded, they returned to it. Abū ʿUbaydah marched from Aleppo to Antioch, where many people from Qinnasrīn and elsewhere had fortified themselves. When he left it, he encountered a gathering of the enemy and routed them, driving them back into the city, and he besieged it from all directions. Then they made peace on terms of departure or jizyah, so some departed and some remained, and he granted them security. Then they broke the pact, so Abū ʿUbaydah sent ʿIyāḍ b. Ghanm and Ḥabīb b. Maslamah against them, and they conquered it on the original peace terms. Antioch was of great renown among the Muslims. When it was conquered, ʿUmar wrote to Abū ʿUbaydah: Station a group of Muslims in Antioch and make them a garrison there, and do not withhold their stipends from them. It reached Abū ʿUbaydah that a force of Byzantines was between Maʿarrat Maṣrīn and Aleppo, so he marched against them, met them, routed them, killed several patricians, took captives and spoils, and conquered Maʿarrat Maṣrīn on terms similar to the peace of Aleppo. His cavalry ranged and reached Būqā, and the villages of al-Jūmah, Sarmīn, and Tīzīn were conquered, and they gained control over all the land of Qinnasrīn and Antioch. Then Abū ʿUbaydah came to Aleppo, and its people had become refractory. He did not cease dealing with them until they submitted and opened the city. Abū ʿUbaydah marched toward Qūrus with ʿIyāḍ at the head of his vanguard. A monk from among its monks met him seeking peace, so he sent him to Abū ʿUbaydah, who made peace with him on the terms of the peace of Antioch. He dispatched his cavalry and gained control over all the land of Qūrus and conquered Tall ʿAzāz. Salmān b. Rabīʿah al-Bāhilī was in Abū ʿUbaydah's army, and he encamped in a fortress at Qūrus, which was attributed to him, so it is known as the Fortress of Salmān. Then Abū ʿUbaydah marched to Manbij with ʿIyāḍ at the head of his vanguard. He caught up with him after he had made peace with its people on terms similar to the peace of Antioch. He sent ʿIyāḍ to the region of Dulūk and Raʿbān, whose people made peace with him on terms similar to the peace of Manbij, and he stipulated that they inform the Muslims of news of the Byzantines. Abū ʿUbaydah appointed a governor over each district he conquered, attached a group to him, and garrisoned the dangerous areas. He marched to Bālis and sent an army with Ḥabīb b. Maslamah to Qāṣirīn. Its people made peace with them on terms of jizyah or departure, and most of them departed to the land of the Byzantines, the land of al-Jazīrah, and the village of Jisr Manbij. The bridge did not exist at that time; it was built during the caliphate of ʿUthmān for the summer expeditions. It is said: Rather, it had an ancient trace. The Muslims took control of Syria from this direction to the Euphrates, and Abū ʿUbaydah returned to Palestine. In Mount al-Lukkām there was a city called Jurjūmah, whose people were called al-Jarājimah. Ḥabīb b. Maslamah marched to it from Antioch and conquered it by peace, on condition that they be helpers to the Muslims. In that year Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ sent an army with Maysarah b. Masrūq al-ʿAbsī. They took the pass of Baghrās from the districts of Antioch into the land of the Byzantines, and he was the first to take that pass. He encountered a force of Byzantines accompanied by Arabs from Ghassān, Tanūkh, and Iyād who were seeking to join Heraclius. He fell upon them and inflicted a great slaughter. Then Mālik al-Ashtar al-Nakhaʿī joined him as reinforcement from Abū ʿUbaydah while he was at Antioch, and they returned safely. He sent another army to Marʿash with Khālid b. al-Walīd, and he conquered it by expelling its inhabitants under a guarantee of safety and destroyed it. He sent another army with Ḥabīb b. Maslamah to the fortress of al-Ḥadath. It was called al-Ḥadath because the Muslims encountered a young boy (ghulām ḥadath) there who fought them among his companions, so it was called the Pass of al-Ḥadath. It is said: Because the Muslims suffered a misfortune (ḥadath) there, so it was called the Pass of al-Ḥadath. The Umayyads used to call it the Pass of Safety for this reason.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.