Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1871
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
دِمَشْقُ ; هَلْ فُتِحَتْ صُلْحًا أَوْ عَنْوَةً . وَاخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاءُ فِي دِمَشْقَ ; هَلْ فُتِحَتْ صُلْحًا أَوْ عَنْوَةً ؟ فَأَكْثَرُ الْعُلَمَاءِ عَلَى أَنَّهُ اسْتَقَرَّ أَمْرُهَا عَلَى الصُّلْحِ ; لِأَنَّهُمْ شَكُّوا فِي الْمُتَقَدِّمِ عَلَى الْآخَرِ ; أَفُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً ثُمَّ عَدَلَ الرُّومُ إِلَى الْمُصَالَحَةِ، أَوْ فُتِحَتْ صُلْحًا وَاتَّفَقَ الِاسْتِيلَاءُ مِنَ الْجَانِبِ الْآخَرِ قَسْرًا ؟ فَلَمَّا شَكُّوا فِي ذَلِكَ جَعَلُوهَا صُلْحًا احْتِيَاطًا. وَقِيلَ: بَلْ جُعِلَ نِصْفُهَا صُلْحًا وَنِصْفُهَا عَنْوَةً. وَهَذَا الْقَوْلُ قَدْ يَظْهَرُ مِنْ صُنْعِ الصَّحَابَةِ فِي الْكَنِيسَةِ الْعُظْمَى الَّتِي كَانَتْ أَكْبَرَ مَعَابِدِهِمْ، حِينَ أَخَذُوا نِصْفَهَا وَتَرَكُوا لَهُمْ نَصْفَهَا. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. الخلاف فيمن كتب كتاب الصلح ثُمَّ قِيلَ: إِنَّ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ هُوَ الَّذِي كَتَبَ لَهُمْ كِتَابَ الصُّلْحِ، وَهَذَا هُوَ الْأَنْسَبُ وَالْأَشْهَرُ، فَإِنَّ خَالِدًا كَانَ قَدْ عُزِلَ عَنِ الْإِمْرَةِ. وَقِيلَ: بَلِ الَّذِي كَتَبَ لَهُمُ الصُّلْحَ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ، وَلَكِنْ أَقَرَّهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَذَكَرَ أَبُو حُذَيْفَةَ إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ بِشْرٍ أَنَّ الصِّدِّيقَ تُوُفِّيَ قَبْلَ فَتْحِ دِمَشْقَ، وَأَنَّ عُمَرَ كَتَبَ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ يُعَزِّيهِ وَالْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي الصِّدِّيقِ، وَأَنَّهُ قَدِ اسْتَنَابَهُ عَلَى مَنْ بِالشَّامِ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَسْتَشِيرَ خَالِدًا فِي الْحَرْبِ، فَلَمَّا وَصَلَ الْكِتَابُ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ كَتَمَهُ مِنْ خَالِدٍ حَتَّى فُتِحَتْ دِمَشْقُ بِنَحْوٍ مِنْ عِشْرِينَ لَيْلَةً، فَقَالَ لَهُ خَالِدٌ: يَرْحَمُكَ اللَّهُ، مَا مَنَعَكَ أَنْ تُعْلِمَنِي حِينَ جَاءَكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: إِنِّي كَرِهْتُ أَنْ أَكْسِرَ عَلَيْكَ حَرْبَكَ، وَمَا سُلْطَانُ الدُّنْيَا أُرِيدُ، وَلَا لِلدُّنْيَا أَعْمَلُ، وَمَا تَرَى سَيَصِيرُ إِلَى زَوَالٍ وَانْقِطَاعٍ، وَإِنَّمَا نَحْنُ إِخْوَانٌ، وَمَا يَضُرُّ الرَّجُلَ أَنْ يَلِيَهُ أَخُوهُ فِي دِينِهِ وَلَا دُنْيَاهُ. وَمِنْ أَعْجَبِ مَا يُذْكَرُ هَا هُنَا مَا رَوَاهُ يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ الْفَسَوِيُّ، بسنده عن أَبي عُثْمَانَ الصَّنْعَانِيُّ شَرَاحِيلُ بْنُ مَرْثَدٍ، قَالَ: بَعَثَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ إِلَى أَهْلِ الْيَمَامَةِ، وَبَعَثَ يَزِيدَ بْنَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ إِلَى الشَّامِ. فَذَكَرَ الرَّاوِي قِتَالَ خَالِدٍ لِأَهْلِ الْيَمَامَةِ إِلَى أَنْ قَالَ: وَمَاتَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عُمَرَ، فَبَعَثَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ إِلَى الشَّامِ فَقَدِمَ دِمَشْقَ فَاسْتَمَدَّ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ عُمَرَ، فَكَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ أَنْ يَسِيرَ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بِالشَّامِ فَذَكَرَ مَسِيرَ خَالِدٍ مِنَ الْعِرَاقِ إِلَى الشَّامِ كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ. وَهَذَا غَرِيبٌ جِدًّا، فَإِنَّ الَّذِي لَا يُشَكُّ فِيهِ أَنَّ الصِّدِّيقَ هُوَ الَّذِي بَعَثَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ وَغَيْرَهُ مِنَ الْأُمَرَاءِ إِلَى الشَّامِ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي كَتَبَ إِلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ أَنْ يَقَدَمَ مِنَ الْعِرَاقِ إِلَى الشَّامِ لِيَكُونَ مَدَدًا لِمَنْ بِهِ وَأَمِيرًا عَلَيْهِمْ، فَفَتَحَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَلَيْهِ وَعَلَى يَدَيْهِ جَمِيعَ الشَّامِ. وعَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ جُبَيْرِ بْنِ نُفَيْرٍ، أَنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ لَمَّا افْتَتَحُوا مَدِينَةَ دِمَشْقَ بَعَثُوا أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ بْنَ الْجَرَّاحِ وَافِدًا إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ بَشِيرًا بِالْفَتْحِ، فَقَدِمَ الْمَدِينَةَ فَوَجَدَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ قَدْ تُوُفِّيَ، وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخِطَابِ، فَأَعْظَمَ أَنْ يَتَأَمَّرَ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ عَلَيْهِ، فَوَلَّاهُ جَمَاعَةَ النَّاسِ فَقَدِمَ عَلَيْهِمْ فَقَالُوا: مَرْحَبًا بِمَنْ بَعَثْنَاهُ بَرِيدًا فَقَدِمَ عَلَيْنَا أَمِيرًا. فائدة فقهية عَنْ عُقْبَةَ بْنِ عَامِرٍ، أَنَّهُ بَعَثَهُ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ بَرِيدًا بِفَتْحِ دِمَشْقَ. قَالَ: فَقَدِمْتُ عَلَى عُمَرَ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ فَقَالَ لِي: مُنْذُ كَمْ لَمْ تَنْزِعْ خُفَّيْكَ ؟ فَقُلْتُ: مِنْ يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ وَهَذَا يَوْمُ الْجُمُعَةِ. فَقَالَ: أَصَبْتَ السُّنَّةَ. قَالَ اللَّيْثُ: وَبِهِ نَأْخُذُ. يَعْنِي أَنَّ الْمَسْحَ عَلَى الْخُفَّيْنِ لِلْمُسَافِرِ لَا يَتَأَقَّتْ، بَلْ لَهُ أَنْ يَمْسَحَ عَلَيْهِمَا مَا شَاءَ، وَإِلَيْهِ ذَهَبَ الشَّافِعِيُّ فِي الْقَدِيمِ. وَقَدْ رَوَى أَحْمَدُ وَأَبُو دَاوُدَ عَنْ أُبَيِّ بْنِ عُمَارَةَ مَرْفُوعًا مِثْلَ هَذَا، وَالْجُمْهُورُ عَلَى مَا رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ فِي تَأْقِيتِ الْمَسْحِ ; لِلْمُسَافِرِ ثَلَاثَةُ أَيَّامٍ وَلَيَالِيهِنَّ، وَلِلْمُقِيمِ يَوْمٌ وَلَيْلَةٌ. وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ فَصَلَ بَيْنَ الْبَرِيدِ وَمَنْ فِي مَعْنَاهُ وَغَيْرِهِ، فَقَالَ فِي الْأَوَّلِ: لَا يَتَأَقَّتُ. وَفِيمَا عَدَاهُ: يَتَأَقَّتُ ; لِحَدِيثِ عُقْبَةَ وَحَدِيثِ عَلِيٍّ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ Damascus; was it conquered by treaty or by force. The scholars differed concerning Damascus: was it conquered by treaty or by force? Most scholars hold that its affair was settled on treaty, because they were uncertain which occurred first: was it taken by force and then the Byzantines turned to making terms, or was it taken by treaty while the seizure from the other side happened by compulsion? Since they were uncertain about that, they made it a treaty out of caution. It was also said: rather, half of it was made treaty and half by force. This view may appear from what the Companions did in the great church, which was their largest place of worship, when they took half of it and left them half. And Allah knows best. The difference over who wrote the treaty document. Then it was said: Abū ʿUbaydah was the one who wrote the treaty document for them, and this is the most fitting and most famous, for Khālid had been dismissed from command. It was also said: rather, the one who wrote the treaty for them was Khālid b. al-Walīd, but Abū ʿUbaydah ratified it for him. And Allah knows best. Abū Ḥudhayfah Isḥāq b. Bishr mentioned that al-Ṣiddīq died before the conquest of Damascus, and that ʿUmar wrote to Abū ʿUbaydah, consoling him and the Muslims over al-Ṣiddīq, and that he had appointed him deputy over those in Syria, and commanded him to consult Khālid in war. When the letter reached Abū ʿUbaydah, he concealed it from Khālid until Damascus was conquered about twenty nights later. Khālid said to him: May Allah have mercy on you, what prevented you from informing me when it came to you? He said: I disliked breaking your war upon you; I do not desire the authority of this world, nor do I work for this world. What you see will pass to cessation and ending. We are but brothers, and it does not harm a man that his brother should take charge over him in his religion or his world. Among the strangest things mentioned here is what Yaʿqūb b. Sufyān al-Fasawī narrated with his chain from Abū ʿUthmān al-Ṣanʿānī Sharaḥīl b. Marthad, who said: Abū Bakr sent Khālid b. al-Walīd to the people of al-Yamāmah, and sent Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān to Syria. The narrator mentioned Khālid's fighting against the people of al-Yamāmah until he said: Abū Bakr died and ʿUmar succeeded him, so he sent Abū ʿUbaydah to Syria. He came to Damascus, and Abū ʿUbaydah sought reinforcement from ʿUmar. ʿUmar wrote to Khālid b. al-Walīd to march to Abū ʿUbaydah in Syria. He mentioned Khālid's march from Iraq to Syria as previously stated. This is very strange, for what is beyond doubt is that al-Ṣiddīq was the one who sent Abū ʿUbaydah and other commanders to Syria, and he was the one who wrote to Khālid b. al-Walīd to come from Iraq to Syria to be a reinforcement for those there and a commander over them. Allah Almighty granted conquest through him and at his hands over all of Syria. From ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Jubayr b. Nufayr: When the Muslims conquered the city of Damascus, they sent Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ as a delegate to Abū Bakr bearing glad tidings of the conquest. He arrived in al-Madīnah and found that Abū Bakr had died and ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb had succeeded him. It distressed him that any one of the Companions should be given command over him, so he appointed him over the whole people. He came to them and they said: Welcome to one whom we sent as a messenger, and he has come to us as a commander. A legal benefit. From ʿUqbah b. ʿĀmir: Abū ʿUbaydah sent him as a messenger with the news of the conquest of Damascus. He said: I came to ʿUmar on Friday, and he said to me: Since when have you not removed your leather socks? I said: Since Friday, and this is Friday. He said: You have hit upon the Sunnah. Al-Layth said: This is what we follow, meaning that wiping over the leather socks for the traveler is not limited in time; rather, he may wipe over them as long as he wishes. Al-Shāfiʿī inclined to this in the old opinion. Aḥmad and Abū Dāwūd narrated from Ubayy b. ʿUmārah something similar with a raised chain. The majority hold what Muslim narrated from ʿAlī regarding the time limit for wiping: for the traveler three days and their nights, and for the resident a day and a night. Some people distinguished between the messenger and those in his meaning and others, saying in the first case: it is not time-limited, and in other cases: it is time-limited, because of the ḥadīth of ʿUqbah and the ḥadīth of ʿAlī. And Allah knows best.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.