Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1870
The caliphate of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb
وَدَخَلَ خَالِدٌ الْبَلْدَةَ عَنْوَةً، فَالْتَقَى خَالِدٌ وَالْقُوَّادُ فِي وَسَطِهَا، هَذَا قَتْلًا وَنَهْبًا، وَهَذَا صَفْحًا وَتَسْكِينًا، فَأَجْرَوْا نَاحِيَةَ خَالِدٍ مَجْرَى الصُّلْحِ وَقَدْ كَانَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ دَعَوْهُمْ إِلَى الْمُشَاطَرَةِ فَيَأْبَوْنَ عَلَيْهِمْ - فَلَمَّا دَعَوْهُمْ إِلَى ذَلِكَ أَجَابُوهُمْ، وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بَقِيَّةُ الصَّحَابَةِ مَا صَنَعَ خَالِدٌ، وَدَخَلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ وَبَابٍ، فَوَجَدُوا خَالِدًا وَهُوَ يَقْتُلُ مَنْ وَجَدَهُ، فَقَالُوا لَهُ: إِنَّا قَدْ أَمَّنَّاهُمْ. فَقَالَ: إِنِّي فَتَحْتُهَا عَنْوَةً. وَالْتَقَتَ الْأُمَرَاءُ فِي وَسَطِ الْبَلَدِ عِنْدَ كَنِيسَةِ الْمِقْسِلَّاطِ بِالْقُرْبِ مِنْ دَرْبِ الرَّيْحَانِ الْيَوْمَ. هَكَذَا ذَكَرَهُ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ وَغَيْرُهُ، وَهُوَ الْمَشْهُورُ أَنَّ خَالِدًا فَتَحَ الْبَابَ قَسْرًا. وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ: بَلِ الَّذِي فَتَحَهَا عَنْوَةً أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ، وَقِيلَ: يَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَخَالِدٌ صَالَحَ أَهْلَ الْبَلَدِ. فَعَكَسُوا الْمَشْهُورَ الْمَعْرُوفَ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَدِ اخْتَلَفَ الصَّحَابَةُ، فَقَالَ قَائِلُونَ: هِيَ صُلْحٌ. يَعْنِي عَلَى مَا صَالَحَهُمُ الْأَمِيرُ فِي نَفْسِ الْأَمْرِ، وَهُوَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ. وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ: بَلْ هِيَ عَنْوَةٌ. لِأَنَّ خَالِدًا افْتَتَحَهَا بِالسَّيْفِ أَوَّلًا كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا، فَلَمَّا أَحَسُّوا بِذَلِكَ ذَهَبُوا إِلَى بَقِيَّةِ الْأُمَرَاءِ، وَمِنْهُمْ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ فَصَالَحُوهُمْ، فَاتَّفَقُوا فِيمَا بَيْنَهُمْ عَلَى أَنْ جَعَلُوا نِصْفَهَا صُلْحًا وَنِصْفَهَا عَنْوَةً، فَمَلَكَ أَهْلُهَا نِصْفَ مَا كَانَ بِأَيْدِيهِمْ وَأُقِرُّوا عَلَيْهِ، وَاسْتَقَرَّتْ يَدُ الصَّحَابَةِ عَلَى النِّصْفِ. وَيُقَوِّي هَذَا مَا ذَكَرَهُ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ مِنْ أَنَّ الصَّحَابَةَ كَانُوا يَطْلُبُونَ إِلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يُصَالِحُوهُمْ عَلَى الْمُشَاطَرَةِ فَيَأْبَوْنَ، فَلَمَّا أَحَسُّوا بِالْيَأْسِ أَنَابُوا إِلَى مَا كَانَتِ الصَّحَابَةُ دَعَوْهُمْ إِلَيْهِ فَبَادَرُوا إِلَى إِجَابَتِهِمْ. وَلَمْ يَعْلَمِ الصَّحَابَةُ بِمَا كَانَ مِنْ خَالِدٍ إِلَيْهِمْ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَلِهَذَا أَخَذَ الصَّحَابَةُ نِصْفَ الْكَنِيسَةِ الْعُظْمَى الَّتِي كَانَتْ بِدِمَشْقَ، وَتُعْرَفُ بِكَنِيسَةِ يُوحَنَّا، فَاتَّخَذُوا الْجَانِبَ الشَّرْقِيَّ مِنْهَا مَسْجِدًا، وَأَبْقَوْا لَهُمُ النِّصْفَ الْغَرْبِيَّ كَنِيسَةً، وَقَدْ أَبْقَوْا لَهُمْ مَعَ ذَلِكَ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ كَنِيسَةً أُخْرَى مَعَ نِصْفِ الْكَنِيسَةِ الْمَعْرُوفَةِ بِيُوحَنَّا، وَالَّتِي هِيَ جَامِعُ دِمَشْقَ الْيَوْمَ، وَقَدْ كَتَبَ لَهُمْ بِذَلِكَ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ كِتَابًا، وَكَتَبَ فِيهِ شَهَادَتَهُ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ وَعَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ وَيَزِيدُ وَشُرَحْبِيلُ ; إِحْدَاهَا كَنِيسَةُ الْمِقْسِلَّاطِ الَّتِي اجْتَمَعَ عِنْدَهَا أُمَرَاءُ الصَّحَابَةِ، وَكَانَتْ مَبْنِيَّةً عَلَى ظَهْرِ السُّوقِ الْكَبِيرِ، وَهَذِهِ الْقَنَاطِرُ الْمُشَاهَدَةُ فِي سُوقِ الصَّابُونِيِّينَ مِنْ بَقِيَّةِ الْقَنَاطِرِ الَّتِي كَانَتْ تَحْتَهَا، ثُمَّ بَادَتْ فِيمَا بَعْدُ، وَأُخِذَتْ حِجَارَتُهَا فِي الْعِمَارَاتِ. الثَّانِيَةُ: كَنِيسَةٌ كَانَتْ فِي رَأْسِ دَرْبِ الْقُرَشِيِّينَ، وَكَانَتْ صَغِيرَةً. قَالَ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَبَعْضُهَا بَاقٍ إِلَى الْيَوْمِ، وَقَدْ تَشَعَّثَتْ. الثَّالِثَةُ: كَانَتْ بِدَارِ الْبِطِّيخِ الْعَتِيقَةِ. قُلْتُ: وَهِيَ دَاخِلُ الْبَلَدِ بِقُرْبِ الْكُوشَكِ، وَأَظُنُّهَا هِيَ الْمَسْجِدُ الَّذِي قِبَلَ هَذَا الْمَكَانِ الْمَذْكُورِ، فَإِنَّهَا خَرِبَتْ مِنْ دَهْرٍ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. الرَّابِعَةُ: كَانَتْ بِدَرْبِ بَنِي نَصْرٍ بَيْنَ دَرْبِ الْحَبَّالِينَ وَدَرْبِ التَّمِيمِيِّ. قَالَ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَقَدْ أَدْرَكْتُ بَعْضَ بُنْيَانِهَا، وَقَدْ خَرِبَ أَكْثَرُهَا. الْخَامِسَةُ: كَنِيسَةُ بُولِصَ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَكَانَتْ غَرْبِيَّ الْقَيْسَارِيَّةِ الْفَخْرِيَّةِ، وَقَدْ أَدْرَكْتُ مِنْ بُنْيَانِهَا بَعْضَ أَسَاسِ الْحَنْيَةِ. السَّادِسَةُ: كَانَتْ فِي مَوْضِعِ دَارِ الْوَكَالَةِ، وَتُعَرَفُ الْيَوْمَ بِكَنِيسَةِ الْقَلَانِسِيِّينَ. قُلْتُ: وَالْقَلَانِسِيِّينَ هِيَ الْخَوَّاصِينَ الْيَوْمَ. السَّابِعَةُ: الَّتِي بِدَرْبِ السَّقِيلِ الْيَوْمَ، وَتُعْرَفُ بِكَنِيسَةِ حُمَيْدِ بْنِ دُرَّةَ سَابِقًا ; لِأَنَّ هَذَا الدَّرْبَ كَانَ إِقْطَاعًا لَهُ، وَهُوَ حُمَيْدُ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ مُسَاحِقٍ الْقُرَشِيُّ الْعَامِرِيُّ، وَدُرَّةُ أُمُّهُ، وَهِيَ دُرَّةُ بِنْتُ أَبِي هَاشِمِ بْنِ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ، فَأَبُوهَا خَالُ مُعَاوِيَةَ. وَكَانَ قَدْ أُقْطِعُ هَذَا الدَّرْبَ فَنُسِبَتْ هَذِهِ الْكَنِيسَةُ إِلَيْهِ، وَكَانَ مُسَلِمًا، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ لَهُمُ الْيَوْمَ سِوَاهَا، وَقَدْ خَرِبَ أَكْثَرُهَا. وَلِلْيَعْقُوبِيَّةِ مِنْهُمْ كَنِيسَةٌ دَاخِلَ بَابِ تُومَا بَيْنَ رَحْبَةِ خَالِدٍ - وَهُوَ خَالِدُ بْنُ أَسِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي الْعِيصِ - وَبَيْنَ دَرْبِ طَلْحَةَ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ مُرَّةَ الْجُهَنِيِّ، وَهِيَ الْكَنِيسَةُ الثَّامِنَةُ، وَكَانَتْ لِلْيَعْقُوبِيِّينِ كَنِيسَةٌ أُخْرَى فِيمَا بَيْنَ السُّوسِيِّ وَسُوقِ عَلِيٍّ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: قَدْ بَقِيَ مِنْ بِنَائِهَا بَعْضُهُ، وَقَدْ خَرِبَتْ مُنْذُ دَهْرٍ. وَهَى الْكَنِيسَةُ التَّاسِعَةُ. وَأَمَّا الْعَاشِرَةُ فَهِيَ الْكَنِيسَةُ الْمُصَلَّبَةُ، قَالَ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَهِيَ بَاقِيَةٌ إِلَى الْيَوْمِ بَيْنَ الْبَابِ الشَّرْقِيِّ وَبَابِ تُومَا بِقُرْبِ النَّيْبَطُنِ عِنْدَ السُّورِ. وَالنَّاسُ الْيَوْمَ يَقُولُونَ: النَّيْبَطُونُ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَقَدْ خَرِبَ أَكْثَرُهَا. هَكَذَا قَالَ، وَقَدْ خَرِبَتْ هَذِهِ الْكَنِيسَةُ وَهُدِمَتْ فِي أَيَّامِ صَلَاحِ الدِّينِ فَاتِحِ الْقُدْسِ بَعْدَ الثَّمَانِينَ وَخَمْسِمِائَةٍ بَعْدِ مَوْتِ الْحَافِظِ ابْنِ عَسَاكِرَ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ. الْحَادِيَةَ عَشْرَةَ: كَنِيسَةُ مَرْيَمَ دَاخِلَ الْبَابِ الشَّرْقِيِّ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَهَى مِنْ أَكْبَرِ مَا بَقِيَ بِأَيْدِيهِمْ. قُلْتُ: ثُمَّ خَرِبَتْ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِ بِدَهْرٍ فِي أَيَّامِ الْمَلِكِ الظَّاهِرِ رُكْنِ الدِّينِ بِيبَرْسَ الْبُنْدِقْدَارِيِّ، عَلَى مَا سَيَأْتِي بَيَانُهُ. الثَّانِيَةَ عَشْرَةَ: كَنِيسَةُ الْيَهُودِ الَّتِي بِأَيْدِيهِمِ الْيَوْمَ فِي حَارَتِهِمْ، وَمَحَلُّهَا مَعْرُوفٌ بِالْقُرْبِ مِنَ الْحَيْرِ وَتُسَمِّيهِ النَّاسُ الْيَوْمَ بُسْتَانَ الْقِطِّ، وَكَانَتْ لَهُمْ كَنِيسَةٌ فِي دَرْبِ الْبَلَاغَةِ، لَمْ تَكُنْ دَاخِلَةً فِي الْعَهْدِ، فَهُدِمَتْ فِيمَا بَعْدُ، وَجُعِلَ مَكَانَهَا الْمَسْجِدُ الْمَعْرُوفُ بِمَسْجِدِ ابْنَ الشَّهْرُزُورِيِّ، وَالنَّاسُ الْيَوْمَ يَقُولُونَ: دَرْبُ الشَّاذُورِيِّ. قُلْتُ: وَقَدْ أُخْرِبَتْ لَهُمْ كَنِيسَةٌ كَانُوا قَدْ أَحْدَثُوهَا لَمْ يَذْكُرْهَا أَحَدٌ مِنْ عُلَمَاءِ التَّارِيخِ، لَا ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ وَلَا غَيْرُهُ، وَكَانَ إِخْرَابُهَا فِي حُدُودِ سَنَةِ سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ وَسَبْعِمِائَةٍ، وَلَمْ يَتَعَرَّضِ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ لِذِكْرِ كَنِيسَةِ السَّامِرَةِ بِمَرَّةٍ. ثُمَّ قَالَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَمِمَّا أَحْدَثَ - يَعْنِي النَّصَارَى - كَنِيسَةً بَنَاهَا أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ الْمَنْصُورُ لِبَنِي قُطَيْطَا فِي الْفَوْرَنْقِ عِنْدَ قَنَاةِ صَالِحٍ قَرِيبًا مِنْ دَارِ بَهَادُرْآصَ الْيَوْمَ، وَقَدْ أُخْرِبَتْ فِيمَا بَعْدُ، وَجُعِلَتْ مَسْجِدًا يُعَرَفُ بِمَسْجِدِ الْجَيْنِيقِ، وَهُوَ مَسْجِدُ أَبِي الْيَمَنِ. قَالَ: وَمِمَّا أُحْدِثَ كَنِيسَتَا الْعُبَّادِ ; إِحْدَاهُمَا عِنْدَ دَارِ ابْنِ الْمَاشَكِيِّ، وَقَدْ جُعِلَتْ مَسْجِدًا، وَالْأُخْرَى الَّتِي فِي رَأْسِ دَرْبِ النَّقَّاشِينَ، وَقَدْ جُعِلَتْ مَسْجِدًا. انْتَهَى مَا ذَكَرَهُ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ الدِّمَشْقِيُّ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ.
Translation
✧ Khālid entered the town by force, and Khālid and the commanders met in its center; this one killing and plundering, and this one pardoning and pacifying. They made Khālid's side run according to the peace agreement, although the Muslims had invited them to a division of property, and they had refused them. When they invited them to that, they answered them, and the rest of the Companions did not know what Khālid had done. The Muslims entered from every side and gate, and they found Khālid killing whoever he found. They said to him: We have granted them security. He said: I conquered it by force. The commanders met in the center of the town at the Church of al-Miqsallāṭ, near Darb al-Rayḥān today. Thus it is mentioned by Sayf b. ʿUmar and others, and it is the well-known account that Khālid opened the gate by force. Others said: Rather, the one who conquered it by force was Abū ʿUbaydah, and it is said: Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān, and Khālid made peace with the people of the town. Thus they reversed the well-known and recognized account. And Allah knows best. The Companions differed. Some said: It is a peace agreement, meaning according to what the commander made peace with them in reality, and that is Abū ʿUbaydah. Others said: Rather, it is by force, because Khālid conquered it with the sword first, as we mentioned. When they sensed that, they went to the rest of the commanders, among them Abū ʿUbaydah, and made peace with them. They agreed among themselves to make half of it a peace agreement and half of it by force. Its people owned half of what was in their hands and were confirmed in it, and the hand of the Companions was established over the half. This is supported by what Sayf b. ʿUmar mentioned, that the Companions were requesting them to make peace on the basis of dividing property, and they refused. When they sensed despair, they returned to what the Companions had invited them to and hastened to answer them. The Companions did not know what Khālid had done to them. And Allah knows best. For this reason the Companions took half of the great church that was in Damascus, known as the Church of John, and they made the eastern side of it a mosque, and they left for them the western half as a church. They left for them, along with that, fourteen other churches besides half of the church known as John, which is the mosque of Damascus today. Khālid b. al-Walīd wrote for them a document to that effect, and Abū ʿUbaydah, ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, Yazīd, and Shuraḥbīl wrote their testimony in it. One of them is the Church of al-Miqsallāṭ, at which the commanders of the Companions gathered, and it was built over the great market. These arches visible in the soap-makers' market are from the remains of the arches that were beneath it, then they disappeared later, and their stones were taken for buildings. The second: a church at the head of Darb al-Qurashiyyīn, and it was small. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir said: Part of it remains to this day, and it has become dilapidated. The third: it was in the old Dār al-Biṭṭīkh. I say: It is inside the town near al-Kūshak, and I think it is the mosque that is before this mentioned place, for it has been ruined for a long time. And Allah knows best. The fourth: it was in Darb Banī Naṣr between Darb al-Ḥabbālīn and Darb al-Tamīmī. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir said: I have seen some of its building, and most of it has been ruined. The fifth: the Church of Paul. Ibn ʿAsākir said: It was west of al-Qaysāriyyah al-Fakhriyyah, and I have seen from its building some of the foundation of the arch. The sixth: it was in the place of Dār al-Wikālah, and it is known today as the Church of al-Qalānisiyyīn. I say: Al-Qalānisiyyīn are the basket-weavers today. The seventh: the one in Darb al-Saqīl today, known previously as the Church of Ḥumayd b. Durrah, because this lane was a fief for him, and he is Ḥumayd b. ʿAmr b. Musāḥiq al-Qurashī al-ʿĀmirī, and Durrah is his mother, and she is Durrah bt. Abī Hāshim b. ʿUtbah b. Rabīʿah; her father was the maternal uncle of Muʿāwiyah. This lane had been assigned as a fief, so this church was attributed to him, and he was a Muslim. Nothing remains for them today except it, and most of it has been ruined. The Jacobites among them have a church inside Bāb Tūmā between Raḥbat Khālid—who is Khālid b. Asīd b. Abī al-ʿĪṣ—and Darb Ṭalḥah b. ʿAmr b. Murrah al-Juhanī, and it is the eighth church. The Jacobites had another church between al-Sūsī and Sūq ʿAlī. Ibn ʿAsākir said: Some of its building remains, and it has been ruined for a long time. It is the ninth church. As for the tenth, it is the Church of the Cross. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir said: It remains to this day between the East Gate and Bāb Tūmā, near al-Naybaṭun by the wall. People today say al-Naybaṭūn. Ibn ʿAsākir said: Most of it has been ruined. Thus he said, and this church was ruined and demolished in the days of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn, the conqueror of Jerusalem, after the eighties and five hundred, after the death of al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir, may Allah have mercy on him. The eleventh: the Church of Mary inside the East Gate. Ibn ʿAsākir said: It is among the largest of what remains in their hands. I say: Then it was ruined after his death by a long time, in the days of al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī, as will be explained. The twelfth: the Church of the Jews, which is in their hands today in their quarter, and its location is known near al-Ḥayr, and people today call it Bustān al-Qiṭṭ. They had a church in Darb al-Balāghah that was not included in the covenant, so it was demolished later, and its place was made the mosque known as the Mosque of Ibn al-Shahrazūrī, and people today say Darb al-Shādhūrī. I say: A church was ruined for them that they had newly built, which none of the scholars of history mentioned, neither Ibn ʿAsākir nor others, and its ruination was around the year seven hundred seventeen. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir did not mention the Church of the Samaritans at all. Then Ibn ʿAsākir said: Among what was newly built—meaning by the Christians—is a church built by Abū Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr for Banū Quṭayṭā in al-Fawranq at Qanāt Ṣāliḥ, near Dār Bahādur Āṣ today, and it was ruined later and made into a mosque known as the Mosque of al-Jaynīq, which is the Mosque of Abū al-Yaman. He said: Among what was newly built are the two churches of the monks; one of them is at Dār Ibn al-Māshakī, and it has been made a mosque, and the other is at the head of Darb al-Naqqāshīn, and it has been made a mosque. End of what al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir al-Dimashqī, may Allah have mercy on him, mentioned.
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