Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1797
The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ᴿᴬ
خِلَافَةِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ ؓ لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ سَنَةَ إِحْدَى عَشْرَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ الْمُبَارَكَةِ وَقَعَ الْخِلَافُ بَيْنَ الصَّحَابَةِ رِضْوَانُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ فِيمَنْ يَتَوَلَّى أَمْرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْ بَعْدِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، حَتَّى اسْتَقَرَّ إِجْمَاعُهُمْ عَلَى خَيْرِهِمْ وَخَيْرِ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ بَعْدَ نَبِيِّهَا ﷺ، فَبُويِعَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ؓ بِالْخِلَافَةِ، وَهَذَا يَعُودُ لِمَعْرِفَةِ الصَّحَابَةِ لِفَضْلِهِ وَسَابِقَتِهِ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ وَلِوُرُودِ الْعَدِيدِ مِنَ الْآيَاتِ وَالْأَحَادِيثِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ الَّتِي تُشِيرُ بِدَلَالَةِ الْمَفْهُومِ إِلَى أَنَّهُ أَحَقُّ النَّاسِ بِهَذَا الْأَمْرِ، فَهُوَ الصِّدِّيقُ الَّذِي مَا ارْتَجَّ فِي إِسْلَامِهِ وَهُوَ الْمُتَصَدِّقُ بِكُلِّ مَالِهِ تَارِكًا لِأَهْلِهِ اللَّهَ سُبْحَانَهُ وَرَسُولَهُ ﷺ. وَهُوَ الَّذِي اسْتَخْلَفَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ فِي أَثْنَاءِ مَرَضِهِ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَمَرَ أَنْ تَسُدَّ كُلُّ أَبْوَابٍ مُشَرَّعَةٍ عَلَى الْمَسْجِدِ إِلَّا بَابَهُ إِلَى غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْفَضَائِلِ. وَلَمَّا تَوَلَّى الصَّدِّيقُ ؓ الْخِلَافَةَ ارْتَدَتْ أَحْيَاءٌ كَثِيرَةٌ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ، وَنَجَمَ النِّفَاقُ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، وَانْحَازَ إِلَى مُسَيْلَمَةَ الْكَذَّابِ بَنُو حَنِيفَةَ وَخَلْقٌ كَثِيرٌ بِالْيَمَامَةِ، وَالْتَفَّتْ عَلَى طُلَيْحَةَ الْأَسَدِيِّ بَنُو أَسَدٍ وَطَيِّئٌ، وَبَشَرٌ كَثِيرٌ، وَادَّعَى النُّبُوَّةَ كَمَا ادَّعَاهَا مُسَيْلَمَةُ الْكَذَّابُ، وَعَظُمَ الْخَطْبُ وَاشْتَدَّتِ الْحَالُ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْأَثْنَاءِ صَمَّمَ الصِّدِّيقُ عَلَى إِنْفَاذِ جَيْشِ أُسَامَةَ، فَقَلَّ الْجُنْدُ عِنْدَ الصِّدِّيقِ، فَطَمِعَتْ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ، وَرَامُوا أَنْ يَهْجُمُوا عَلَيْهَا، فَجَعَلَ الصِّدِّيقُ عَلَى أَنْقَابِ الْمَدِينَةِ حُرَّاسًا يَبِيتُونَ بِالْجُيُوشِ حَوْلَهَا. كَمَا امْتَنَعَتْ طَوَائِفُ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ عَنْ أَدَاءِ الزَّكَاةِ وَجَعَلَتْ وُفُودُ الْعَرَبِ تَقْدُمُ الْمَدِينَةَ، يُقِرُّونَ بِالصَّلَاةِ وَيَمْتَنِعُونَ مِنْ أَدَاءِ الزَّكَاةِ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنِ امْتَنَعَ مِنْ دَفْعِهَا إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ. وَهُنَا أَبَى الصِّدِّيقُ عَلَيْهِمْ ذَلِكَ وَصَمَّمَ عَلَى قِتَالِ مَنْ فَرَّقَ بَيْنَ الصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاةِ وَلَوْ مَنَعُوا فَوَاقَ نَاقَةٍ، وَلَمَّا رَأَى الصَّحَابَةُ انْشِرَاحَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لِهَذَا الْأَمْرِ عَلِمُوا أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ وَأَجْمَعُوا عَلَيْهِ فَكَانَ فِيهِ حِفْظُ الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَهْلِهِ. وَقَدْ خَرَجَ الصِّدِّيقُ بِنَفْسِهِ لِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الرِّدَّةِ حَتَّى أَلَحَّ عَلَيْهِ الصَّحَابَةُ بِأَلَّا يُبَاشِرَ ذَلِكَ بِنَفْسِهِ وَأَنْ يَمْكُثَ وَيَبْعَثَ الْبُعُوثَ، وَيَنْظُرَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَوَافَقَهُمْ ؓ وَعَقَدَ الْأَلْوِيَةَ بَعْدَ أَنْ خَرَجَ بِالْجُيُوشِ إِلَى ذِي الْقَصَّةِ، فَعَقَدَ أَحَدَ عَشَرَ لِوَاءً وَوَجَّهَهَا لِقِتَالِ الْمُرْتَدِّينَ وَمَانِعِي الزَّكَاةِ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ وَذَلِكَ بَعْدَ رُجُوعِ جَيْشِ أُسَامَةَ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْأَثْنَاءِ خَرَجَتْ سَجَاحُ مُدَّعِيَةً النُّبُوَّةَ وَالْتَفَّ عَلَيْهَا أُنَاسٌ مِنْ قَوْمِهَا وَتَبِعَهَا الْكَثِيرُ مِنْ بَنِي تَمِيمٍ وَعَلَى رَأْسِهِمْ مَالِكُ بْنُ نُوَيْرَةَ، وَعَدَدٌ مِنْ أَشْرَافِهِمْ، وَأَرَادَتْ أَنْ تُقَاتِلَ الصِّدِّيقَ ثُمَّ غَيَّرَتْ وُجْهَتَهَا إِلَى حَيْثُ مُسَيْلَمَةَ الْكَذَّابِ وَلَهَا مَعَهُ قِصَّةٌ وَوَقَعَ الصُّلْحُ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَهُ. وَقَدْ رَمَى الصِّدِّيقُ مُسَيْلَمَةَ بِخَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ وَأَرْسَلَ مَعَهُ الْجُيُوشَ فَفَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَكَسَرُوا الْمَلْعُونَ وَقَتَلَهُ وَحْشِيٌّ وَأَبُو دُجَانَةَ ؓ بَعْدَ صَوْلَاتٍ لِجَيْشِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَجَوْلَاتٍ وَحِصَارِ الْمُرْتَدِّينَ فِي حَدِيقَةِ الْمَوْتِ. وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ أَيْضًا ارْتَدَّ أَهْلُ عُمَانَ وَمَهَرَةَ وَالْيَمَنِ، فَتَبِعَ أَهْلَ عُمَانَ لَقِيطُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ الْأَزْدِيُّ، فَادَّعَى النُّبُوَّةَ أَيْضًا، وَتَابَعَهُ الْجَهَلَةُ مِنْ أَهْلِ عُمَانَ، فَتَغَلَّبَ عَلَيْهَا وَقَهَرَ جَيْفَرًا وَعَبَّادًا وَأَلْجَأَهُمَا إِلَى أَطْرَافِهَا. فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِمُ الصِّدِّيقُ حُذَيْفَةَ بْنَ مِحْصَنٍ الْحِمْيَرِيَّ وَعَرْفَجَةَ الْبَارِقِيَّ، بِالْجُيُوشِ ثُمَّ أَلْحَقُ بِهِمَا عِكْرِمَةَ ؓ، وَأَمَرَهُمُ الصِّدِّيقُ أَنْ يُنَكِّلُوا بِالْمُرْتَدِّينَ. وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ أَيْضًا كَانَ مَسِيرُ خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ لِقِتَالِ طُلَيْحَةَ الْأَسَدِيِّ مِنْ أَهْلِ الرِّدَّةِ، وَمَنِ انْضَافَ إِلَى طُلَيْحَةَ مِنْ بَنِي فَزَارَةَ مَعَ عُيَيْنَةَ بْنِ حِصْنٍ فَكَسَرَهُمْ خَالِدٌ وَهَرَبَ طُلَيْحَةُ إِلَى الشَّامِ وَتَفَرَّقَ جَمْعُهُ وَأُسِرَ عُيَيْنَةُ بْنُ حِصْنٍ وَأَرْسَلَهُ خَالِدًا وَهُوَ مَكْتُوفٌ إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ ؓ، ثُمَّ سَارَ خَالِدٌ إِلَى مَنِ اجْتَمَعَ عَلَى أُمِّ زِمْلٍ فِي يَوْمِ بُزَاخَةَ هَذَا مِنْ أَصْحَابِ طَلْحَةَ عَدَدٌ كَثِيفٌ فَهَزَمَهُمُ اللَّهُ عَلَى يَدِهِ. وَفِيهَا كَانَ قَتْلُ خَالِدٍ لِمَالِكِ بْنِ نُوَيْرَةَ بَعْدَمَا أَسَرَهُ وَأَصْحَابَهُ، وَكَانَ كَمَا مَرَّ قَدِ اتَّبَعَ سَجَاحَ وَمَنَعَ الزَّكَاةَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ قَتْلُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لِلْفُجَاءَةِ تَحْرِيقًا نَظَرًا لِخِيَانَتِهِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَقَتْلِهِمْ. وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ رِدَّةُ أَهْلِ الْبَحْرَيْنِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ الْمُنْذِرِ بْنِ سَاوَى ؓ وَلَمْ يَبْقَ بِهَا بَلْدَةٌ عَلَى الثَّبَاتِ سِوَى قَرْيَةٍ يُقَالُ لَهَا: جُوَاثَى. كَانَتْ أَوَّلَ قَرْيَةٍ أَقَامَتِ الْجُمُعَةَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الرِّدَّةِ، وَقَدْ حَصَرَهُمْ أَهْلُ الرِّدَّةِ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِمُ الصِّدِّيقُ الْعَلَاءَ بْنَ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ فَقَاتَلَ الْمُرْتَدِينَ وَنَكَّلَ بِهِمْ، وَاتَّفَقَ لَهُ فِيهَا الْعَدِيدُ مِنَ الْكَرَامَاتِ ؓ وَأَرْضَاهُ. وَفِيهَا كَانَ مَقْتَلُ الْأَسْوَدِ الْعَنْسِيِ الْمُتَنَبِّئِ عَلَى يَدِ فَيْرُوزَ الدَّيْلِمِيِّ وَقَيْسِ بْنِ مَكْشُوحٍ، وَآزَاذَ زَوْجَةِ الْأَسْوَدِ وَكَانَتْ مُؤْمِنَةً بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَلِلْأَسْوَدِ مُبْغِضَةٌ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتِ السَّنَةُ الثَّانِيَةَ عَشْرَةَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ وَفِيهَا أَمَرَ الصِّدِّيقُ زَيْدَ بْنَ ثَابِتٍ أَنْ يَجْمَعَ الْقُرْآنَ مِنَ اللِّخَافِ وَالْعُسُبِ وَصُدُورِ الرِّجَالِ، وَذَلِكَ بَعْدَ مَا اسْتَحَرَّ الْقَتْلُ فِي الْقُرَّاءِ يَوْمَ الْيَمَامَةِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ مَسِيرُ خَالِدٍ إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ أَوَّلُ جِزْيَةٍ حُمِلَتْ مِنَ الْعِرَاقِ إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ بَعْدَ صُلْحِ الْحِيرَةِ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ كِتَابُ خَالِدٍ إِلَى مَرَازِبَةِ فَارِسٍ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ أَوِ الْجِزْيَةِ أَوِ الْحَرْبِ. وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ كَاظِمَةَ (ذَاتِ السَّلَاسِلِ، وَقَدْ قَتَلَ خَالِدٌ فِيهَا هُرْمُزَ مُبَارَزَةً وَانْهَزَمَ جَيْشُ فَارِسٍ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ الْمَذَارِ (الثَّنْيِ)، وَقَدْ قُتِلَ فِيهَا قَائِدُ الْفُرْسِ قَارَنُ بْنُ قِرْيَانِسَ، وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ الْوَلَجَةِ وَالَّتِي هُزِمَ فِيهَا الْفُرْسُ وَمَاتَ فِيهَا قَائِدُهُمُ الْأَنْدَرْزَغَرُ عَطَشًا، وَكَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ أُلَّيْسٍ، وَالَّتِي أَقْسَمَ فِيهَا خَالِدٌ إِنْ مَنَحَهُ اللَّهُ أَكْتَافَ الْقَوْمِ أَنْ يُجْرِيَ النَّهْرَ بِدِمَائِهِمْ وَقَدِ اسْتَجَابَ اللَّهُ لَهُ وَبَرَّ خَالِدٌ بِقَسَمِهِ لِلَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ. وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ أَمْغِيشَيَا، وَوَقْعَةُ يَوْمِ فُرَاتٍ بَادَقْلَى وَفَتْحُ الْحِيرَةِ، وَالَّتِي فِيهَا قَدْ لَاكَ خَالِدٌ السُّمَّ الَّذِي كَانَ فِي خَاتَمِ عَمْرِو بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَسِيحِ بَعْدَمَا ذَكَرَ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى فَلَمْ يَضُرَّهُ. وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ غَزْوَةُ ذَاتِ الْعُيُونِ (الْأَنْبَارِ، وَالَّتِي فِيهَا أَمَرَ خَالِدٌ أَنْ يُرْمَى الْفُرْسُ بِالنَّبْلِ فَرَمَوْا عُيُونَهُمْ فَفَقَئُوا قُرَابَةَ أَلْفِ عَيْنٍ فَسُمِّيَتْ بِذَاتِ الْعُيُونِ. وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ عَيْنِ التَّمْرِ، وَالَّتِي فِيهَا أَسَرَ خَالِدٌ عَقَّةَ بْنِ أَبِي عَقَّةَ أَمِيرَ الْجَيْشِ وَهُوَ يُسَوِّي صُفُوفَ جَيْشِهِمْ فَانْهَزَمَ الْجَيْشُ مِنْ غَيْرِ قِتَالٍ. وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ دَوْمَةِ الْجَنْدَلِ وَكَانَ أَمْرُ جَيْشِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ إِلَى أُكَيْدِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ وَالْجُودِيِّ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ وَقَدْ أَسَرَهُمَا خَالِدٌ وَقَتَلَهُمَا، وَفِيهَا أَيْضًا كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ الْحَصِيدِ وَالْخَنَافِسِ وَالْمُصَيَّخِ، وَالثِّنْيِ وَالزُّمَيْلِ، وَوَقْعَةُ الْفِرَاضِ، وَفِي هَذِهِ الْوَقَعَاتِ جَمِيعًا أَذَلَّ اللَّهُ فِيهَا الشِّرْكَ وَأَهْلَهُ، وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ حَجَّ خَالِدٌ ؓ. ثُمَّ دَخَلَتِ السَّنَةُ الثَّالِثَةَ عَشَرَةَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَفِيهَا كَانَتْ مَعْرَكَةُ الْيَرْمُوكِ، وَذَلِكَ لَمَّا خَرَجَتْ جُيُوشُ الصِّدِّيقِ نَحْوَ الشَّامِ وَأُخْبِرَ هِرَقْلُ بِذَلِكَ دَعَا قَوْمَهُ إِلَى مُصَالَحَةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى نِصْفِ خَرَاجِ الشَّامِ فَأَبَوْا عَلَيْهِ، فَحِينَئِذٍ أَخْرَجَ الْجُيُوشَ فِي قُبَالَةِ كُلِّ أَمِيرٍ مِنْ أُمَرَاءِ حَرْبِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَمِيرًا مَعَ جَيْشٍ كَثِيفٍ، قَدْ بَلَغَ فِي مَجْمُوعِهِ مِائَتَانِ وَأَرْبَعُونَ أَلْفًا وَكَانَ جَيْشُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مُجْتَمِعًا قُرَابَةَ سِتَّةٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفًا إِلَى أَرْبَعِينَ أَلْفًا، وَقَدْ أَرْسَلَ الصِّدِّيقُ إِلَى خَالِدٍ وَكَانَ بِالْعِرَاقِ أَنْ يَقْدُمَ إِلَى الشَّامِ وَيَكُونَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى مَنْ بِهَا. وَدَارَتِ الْحَرْبُ عَلَى قَدَمٍ وَسَاقٍ وَتَصَاوَلَ الشُّجْعَانُ وَتَصَادَمَ الْجَمْعَانِ فَرِيقٌ هَدَى وَفَرِيقٌ حَقَّ عَلَيْهِ الضَّلَالُ، فَكَانَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَهَرَبَتِ الرُّومُ وَمَنَحَ اللَّهُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَكْتَافَهُمْ فَشَرَّدُوا بِهِمْ مَنْ خَلْفَهُمْ، فَقُتِلَ مِنَ الرُّومِ مَقْتَلَةٌ عَظِيمَةٌ. وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ اسْتَغَلَّ أَهْلُ فَارِسٍ خُرُوجَ خَالِدٍ بِعَدَدٍ مِنَ الْجَيْشِ إِلَى الشَّامِ وَأَرَادُوا أَنْ يُوقِعُوا بِالْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي الْعِرَاقِ فَصَاوَلَهُمْ وَقَاتَلَهُمُ الْمُثَنَّى وَنَصَرَهُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَكَانَ قَدْ رَاسَلَ الصِّدِّيقَ يُعْلِمُهُ أَمْرَ الْفُرْسِ فَلَمَّا اسْتَبْطَأَ رَدَّهُ أَتَاهُ فَوَجَدَهُ فِي مَرَضِ الْمَوْتِ وَأَخْبَرَهُ مَا كَانَ مِنْ نَصْرِ اللَّهِ لِلْمُوَحِّدِينَ وَأَنَّهُ فِي حَاجَةٍ إِلَى الْمَدَدِ فَأَمَرَ الصِّدِّيقُ عُمَرَ أَنْ يَنْدُبَ النَّاسَ لِلْخُرُوجِ إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ مَعَ الْمُثَنَّى، فَظَلَّ عُمَرُ يَنْدُبُ النَّاسَ حَتَّى اجْتَمَعَ عَدَدٌ مِنْهُمْ بِقِيَادَةِ أَبِي عُبَيْدِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ الثَّقَفِيِّ. وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ كَانَتْ وَفَاةُ الصِّدِّيقِ ؓ. وَهُوَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي قُحَافَةَ، وَاسْمُهُ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَامِرِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ سَعْدِ بْنِ تَيْمِ بْنِ مُرَّةَ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ لُؤَيٍّ، وَيُكَنَّى أَبَا بَكْرٍ، وَقَدْ سُمِّيَ بِعَتِيقٍ وَفِي سَبَبِ تَسْمِيَتِهِ وَرَدَتْ عِدَّةُ رِوَايَاتٍ. وَقَدْ وُلِدَ ؓ بَعْدَ مَوْلِدِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ بِسَنَتَيْنِ وَأَشْهُرٍ; وَقَدْ مَاتَ وَلَهُ ثَلَاثٌ وَسِتُّونَ سَنَةً، وَقَدْ كَانَ إِلَيْهِ أَمْرُ الدِّيَاتِ وَالْغُرْمِ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَإِلَيْهِ الْمَرْجِعُ فِيهَا. وَقَدْ كَانَ ؓ نَحِيفًا أَبْيَضَ، حَسَنَ الْقَامَةِ، خَفِيفَ الْعَارِضَيْنِ، مَعْرُوقَ الْوَجْهِ، غَائِرَ الْعَيْنَيْنِ، نَاتِئَ الْجَبْهَةِ، أَجْنَأَ لَا يَسْتَمْسِكُ إِزَارُهُ يَسْتَرْخِي عَنْ حَقْوَيْهِ، عَارِيَ الْأَشَاجِعِ، يَخْضِبُ بِالْحِنَّاءِ وَالْكَتَمِ، وَكَانَ كَرِيمًا عَالِمًا بِأَنْسَابِ الْعَرَبِ. وَهُوَ مِنْ أَوَّلِ النَّاسِ إِسْلَامًا وَأَصْدَقِهِمْ إِيمَانًا، وَعَلَى يَدَيْهِ كَانَ إِسْلَامُ أَكْثَرِ الْعَشْرِ الْمُبَشَّرِينَ بِالْجَنَّةِ، وَهُوَ مِنْ أَشْجَعِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَأَقْوَاهُمْ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ، وَبِهِ حَفِظَ اللَّهُ الْأُمَّةَ مِنَ الِارْتِدَادِ وَنَقْضِ دِينِهَا، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ جَمَعَ الْقُرْآنَ، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ سَمَّاهُ مُصْحَفًا، وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ سُمِّيَ خَلِيفَةً. وَأَحْوَالُهُ مَعْلُومَةٌ وَفِي الْوَرَى مَشْهُورَةٌ وَفِي الْكُتُبِ مَنْثُورَةٌ ؓ وَأَرْضَاهُ.
Translation
✧ The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ؓ When the Messenger of God ﷺ died in the blessed eleventh year of the Hijrah, disagreement occurred among the Companions, ؓ, from the Muhājirūn and the Anṣār, regarding who should assume authority over the Muslims after the Prophet ﷺ, until their consensus settled upon the best of them and the best of this community after its Prophet ﷺ. Abū Bakr ؓ was given the oath of allegiance for the caliphate. This returns to the Companions’ knowledge of his excellence and his precedence in Islam, and to the arrival of numerous verses and prophetic hadiths that indicate, by the meaning understood, that he was the most entitled of people to this matter. For he is al-Ṣiddīq, whose Islam never wavered, and he is the one who gave all his wealth in charity, leaving for his family God, glorified be He, and His Messenger ﷺ. He is the one whom the Prophet ﷺ appointed as his deputy over the prayer during his illness, and he is the one who was commanded that all doors opening onto the mosque be closed except his door, in addition to other excellences. When al-Ṣiddīq ؓ assumed the caliphate, many tribes of the Bedouin apostatized, hypocrisy emerged in Madinah, Banū Ḥanīfah and a great many people in al-Yamāmah went over to Musaylimah the Liar, and Banū Asad and Ṭayyiʾ and many people gathered around Ṭulayḥah al-Asadī, and he claimed prophethood as Musaylimah the Liar had claimed it. The affair became grave and the situation intensified. During this time al-Ṣiddīq resolved to dispatch the army of Usāmah, so the troops with al-Ṣiddīq became few, and many of the Bedouin coveted Madinah and sought to attack it. So al-Ṣiddīq placed guards at the mountain passes of Madinah who spent the night with the armies around it. Also, groups of the Arabs withheld the payment of zakah, and the Arab delegations began coming to Madinah affirming the prayer but withholding the payment of zakah. Among them were those who withheld its payment to al-Ṣiddīq. Here al-Ṣiddīq refused them that and resolved to fight whoever separated between the prayer and zakah even if they withheld a young she-camel’s hobble. When the Companions saw Abū Bakr’s openness to this matter, they knew it was the truth and agreed upon it, and in that was the preservation of Islam and its people. Al-Ṣiddīq went out himself to fight the people of apostasy until the Companions urged him not to undertake that himself, but to remain and send expeditions and oversee the Muslims. He agreed with them ؓ and tied the banners after he had gone out with the armies to Dhū al-Qaṣṣah. He tied eleven banners and directed them to fight the apostates and the withholders of zakah among the Arabs, and that was after the return of Usāmah’s army. During this time Sajāḥ came out claiming prophethood, and people of her tribe gathered around her, and many of Banū Tamīm followed her, at their head Mālik b. Nuwayrah and a number of their nobles. She intended to fight al-Ṣiddīq, then she changed her direction to where Musaylimah the Liar was, and she had a story with him, and peace was made between her and him. Al-Ṣiddīq dispatched Khālid b. al-Walīd against Musaylimah and sent armies with him, and God granted them victory. They broke the accursed one, and Waḥshī and Abū Dujānah ؓ killed him after attacks and charges by the Muslim army and the siege of the apostates in the Garden of Death. In this year also, the people of ʿUmān, Mahrah, and Yemen apostatized. Laqīṭ b. Mālik al-Azdī followed the people of ʿUmān and claimed prophethood too, and the ignorant ones among the people of ʿUmān followed him. He gained mastery over it and overcame Jayfar and ʿAbbād and forced them to its outskirts. Al-Ṣiddīq sent to them Ḥudhayfah b. Miḥṣan al-Ḥimyarī and ʿArfajah al-Bāriqī with armies, then he joined ʿIkrimah ؓ to them, and al-Ṣiddīq commanded them to make an example of the apostates. In this year also was the march of Khālid b. al-Walīd to fight Ṭulayḥah al-Asadī of the people of apostasy, and those who joined Ṭulayḥah from Banū Fazārah with ʿUyaynah b. Ḥiṣn. Khālid defeated them, Ṭulayḥah fled to Syria, and his gathering dispersed. ʿUyaynah b. Ḥiṣn was taken captive and Khālid sent him bound to al-Ṣiddīq ؓ. Then Khālid marched against those who had gathered around Umm Ziml on the day of Buzākhah. This was a dense number of Ṭulayḥah’s followers, and God defeated them at his hand. In it was Khālid’s killing of Mālik b. Nuwayrah after he captured him and his companions. As previously mentioned, he had followed Sajāḥ and withheld zakah. In it was Abū Bakr’s killing of al-Fujāʾah by burning, in view of his treachery against the Muslims and his killing of them. In it was the apostasy of the people of al-Baḥrayn after the death of al-Mundhir b. Sāwá ؓ. No town remained steadfast there except a village called Jawāthā. It was the first village that established the Friday prayer among the people of apostasy. The people of apostasy besieged them, so al-Ṣiddīq sent al-ʿAlāʾ b. al-Ḥaḍramī to them. He fought the apostates and made an example of them, and many miracles occurred for him there, ؓ and may He be pleased with him. In it was the killing of al-Aswad al-ʿAnsī, the false prophet, at the hands of Fayrūz al-Daylamī and Qays b. Makshūḥ, and Āzādh, the wife of al-Aswad. She was a believer in God and His Messenger and had hatred for al-Aswad. Then the twelfth year of the prophetic Hijrah entered. In it al-Ṣiddīq commanded Zayd b. Thābit to collect the Qurʾan from the palm stalks, the stones, and the breasts of men, and that was after the killing of the Qurʾan reciters became intense on the day of al-Yamāmah. In it was the march of Khālid to Iraq. In it was the first jizyah carried from Iraq to al-Ṣiddīq after the peace of al-Ḥīrah. In it was Khālid’s letter to the governors of Persia calling them to Islam, or jizyah, or war. In it was the battle of Kāẓimah (Dhāt al-Salāsil). Khālid killed Hurmuz in single combat in it, and the army of Persia was routed. In it was the battle of al-Madhār (al-Thanī), in which the Persian commander Qārin b. Qiryānis was killed. In it was the battle of al-Walajah, in which the Persians were defeated and their commander al-Andarzaghar died of thirst. There was the battle of Ullays, in which Khālid swore that if God granted him the shoulders of the people, he would make the river flow with their blood. God answered him, and Khālid fulfilled his oath to God, glorified be He. In it was the battle of Amghīshiyā, the battle of the day of Furāt Bādaqlá, and the conquest of al-Ḥīrah, in which Khālid chewed the poison that was in the ring of ʿAmr b. ʿAbd al-Masīḥ after he mentioned God, exalted be He, and it did not harm him. In it was the expedition of Dhāt al-ʿUyūn (al-Anbār), in which Khālid commanded that the Persians be shot with arrows, so they shot their eyes and put out about a thousand eyes, and it was named Dhāt al-ʿUyūn. In it was the battle of ʿAyn al-Tamr, in which Khālid captured ʿAqqah b. Abī ʿAqqah, the commander of the army, while he was arranging the ranks of their army, so the army fled without fighting. In it was the battle of Dūmat al-Jandal. The command of the polytheist army was with Ukaydir b. ʿAbd al-Malik and al-Jūdī b. Rabīʿah. Khālid captured them and killed them. In it also were the battles of al-Ḥaṣīd, al-Khanāfis, al-Muṣayyakh, al-Thanī, al-Zumayl, and the battle of al-Firāḍ. In all these battles God humiliated polytheism and its people. In this year Khālid ؓ performed the Hajj. Then the thirteenth year of the Hijrah entered. In it was the Battle of al-Yarmūk. That was when the armies of al-Ṣiddīq went forth toward Syria. When Heraclius was informed of that, he called his people to make peace with the Muslims for half the land tax of Syria, but they refused him. Then he sent out armies, opposing each commander of the Muslim war commanders with a commander and a dense army, which in total reached two hundred and forty thousand. The Muslim army gathered was about thirty-six thousand to forty thousand. Al-Ṣiddīq sent to Khālid, who was in Iraq, to come to Syria and be commander over those in it. The war raged fiercely, and the brave ones fought fiercely, and the two hosts clashed. One party was guided, and another party deserved misguidance. God’s victory was for the believers, the Byzantines fled, and God granted the Muslims their shoulders, so they dispersed those behind them. A great slaughter of the Byzantines took place. In this year the people of Persia exploited Khālid’s departure with a number of the army to Syria and sought to inflict a defeat on the Muslims in Iraq. Al-Muthannā fought them and fought them, and God granted him victory over them. He had corresponded with al-Ṣiddīq informing him of the Persians’ affair. When he considered the reply slow, he came to him and found him in his fatal illness and told him of God’s victory for the monotheists and that he was in need of reinforcement. Al-Ṣiddīq commanded ʿUmar to call upon the people to go out to Iraq with al-Muthannā. ʿUmar kept calling upon the people until a number of them gathered under the command of Abū ʿUbayd b. Masʿūd al-Thaqafī. In this year was the death of al-Ṣiddīq ؓ. He was ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Quḥāfah, whose name was ʿUthmān b. ʿĀmir b. ʿAmr b. Kaʿb b. Saʿd b. Taym b. Murrah b. Kaʿb b. Luʾayy. He was called Abū Bakr, and he was named ʿAtīq, and concerning the reason for naming him, several narrations have been reported. He was born ؓ two years and some months after the birth of the Prophet ﷺ. He died at the age of sixty-three years. In the time of ignorance, the matter of blood money and fines was referred to him, and he was the reference for them. He was ؓ slender, fair-skinned, of good stature, light in the cheeks, lean-faced, deep-set eyes, prominent forehead, and stooping, his loincloth would not stay up and would slip from his hips, with bare knuckles. He dyed with henna and katam. He was generous and knowledgeable in the genealogies of the Arabs. He was among the first of people to embrace Islam and the most truthful of them in faith. At his hands came the Islam of most of the ten who were given the glad tidings of Paradise. He was among the bravest of the Companions and the strongest of them in the religion of God. Through him God preserved the community from apostasy and the breach of its religion. He was the first to embrace Islam, the first to compile the Qurʾan, the first to name it muṣḥaf, and the first to be called khalīfah. His circumstances are well known and famous among the people and scattered in the books, ؓ and may He be pleased with him.
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