Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1835
The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ᴿᴬ
وقتها وَقْعَةُ الْيَرْمُوكِ . عَلَى مَا ذَكَرَهُ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ قَبْلَ فَتْحِ دِمَشْقَ، وَتَبِعَهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، أَبُو جَعْفَرِ بْنُ جَرِيرٍ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ. وَأَمَّا الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ، فَإِنَّهُ نَقَلَ بسنده عن وَالْوَلِيدِ وَابْنِ لَهِيعَةَ وَاللَّيْثِ وَأَبِي مَعْشَرٍ، أَنَّهَا كَانَتْ فِي سَنَةِ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ بَعْدَ فَتْحِ دِمَشْقَ. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: كَانَتْ فِي رَجَبٍ سَنَةَ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ. وَقَالَ خَلِيفَةُ بْنُ خَيَّاطٍ: قَالَ ابْنُ الْكَلْبِيِّ: كَانَتْ وَقْعَةُ الْيَرْمُوكِ يَوْمَ الِاثْنَيْنِ لِخَمْسٍ مَضَيْنَ مِنْ رَجَبٍ سَنَةَ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ. قَالَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ: وَهَذَا هُوَ الْمَحْفُوظُ، وَمَا قَالَهُ سَيْفٌ مِنْ أَنَّهَا قَبْلَ فَتْحِ دِمَشْقَ سَنَةَ ثَلَاثَ عَشْرَةَ، فَلَمْ يُتَابَعْ عَلَيْهِ. قُلْتُ: وَهَذَا ذِكْرُ سِيَاقِ سَيْفٍ وَغَيْرِهِ عَلَى مَا أَوْرَدَهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَغَيْرُهُ. أسباب غزوة اليرموك قَالُوا: وَلَمَّا تَوَجَّهَتْ هَذِهِ الْجُيُوشُ نَحْوَ الشَّامِ أَفْزَعَ ذَلِكَ الرُّومَ وَخَافُوا خَوْفًا شَدِيدًا، وَكَتَبُوا إِلَى هِرَقْلَ يُعْلِمُونَهُ بِمَا كَانَ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ، فَيُقَالُ: إِنَّهُ كَانَ يَوْمَئِذٍ بِحِمْصَ. وَيُقَالُ: بَلْ كَانَ حَجَّ عَامَهُ ذَلِكَ إِلَى بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ. فَلَمَّا انْتَهَى إِلَيْهِ الْخَبَرُ قَالَ لَهُمْ: وَيَحَكُمْ ! إِنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ أَهْلُ دِينٍ جَدِيدٍ، وَإِنَّهُمْ لَا قِبَلَ لِأَحَدٍ بِهِمْ، فَأَطِيعُونِي وَصَالِحُوهُمْ بِمَا تُصَالِحُونَهُمْ عَلَى نِصْفِ خَرَاجِ الشَّامِ، وَيَبْقَى لَكُمْ جِبَالُ الرُّومِ، وَإِنْ أَنْتُمْ أَبَيْتُمْ ذَلِكَ، أَخَذُوا مِنْكُمُ الشَّامَ وَضَيَّقُوا عَلَيْكُمْ جِبَالَ الرُّومِ. فَنَخَرُوا مِنْ ذَلِكَ نَخْرَةَ حُمُرِ الْوَحْشِ، كَمَا هِيَ عَادَاتُهُمْ فِي قِلَّةِ الْمَعْرِفَةِ، وَالرَّأْيِ بِالْحَرْبِ وَالنُّصْرَةِ فِي الدِّينِ وَالدُّنْيَا، فَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ سَارَ إِلَى حِمْصَ، وَأَمَرَ هِرَقْلُ بِخُرُوجِ الْجُيُوشِ الرُّومِيَّةِ صُحْبَةَ الْأُمَرَاءِ، فِي مُقَابَلَةِ كُلِّ أَمِيرٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ جَيْشٌ كَثِيفٌ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ أَخَاهُ لِأَبَوَيْهِ تَذَارِقَ فِي تِسْعِينَ أَلْفًا مِنَ الْمُقَاتِلَةِ، وَبَعَثَ جَرَجَةَ بْنَ تُوذْرَا إِلَى نَاحِيَةِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، فَعَسْكَرَ بِإِزَائِهِ، وَبَعَثَ الدُّرَاقِصَ إِلَى شُرَحْبِيلَ ابْنِ حَسَنَةَ، وَبَعَثَ الْقَيْقَارَ - وَيُقَالُ: الْقَيْقَلَانُ. قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: وَهُوَ حَصِيُّ هِرَقْلَ - ابْنَ نَسْطُورِسَ، فِي سِتِّينَ أَلْفًا إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ الْجَرَّاحِ. وَقَالَتِ الرُّومُ: وَاللَّهِ لَنَشْغَلَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ عَنْ أَنْ يُورِدَ الْخُيُولَ إِلَى أَرْضِنَا. وَجَمِيعُ عَسَاكِرِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَحَدٌ وَعِشْرُونَ أَلْفًا سِوَى الْجَيْشِ الَّذِي مَعَ عِكْرِمَةَ بْنِ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، وَكَانَ وَاقِفًا فِي طَرَفِ الشَّامِ رِدْءًا لِلنَّاسِ فِي سِتَّةِ آلَافٍ، فَكَتَبَ الْأُمَرَاءُ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ يُعْلِمُونَهُمَا بِمَا وَقَعَ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ الْعَظِيمِ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يَجْتَمِعُوا فَيَكُونُوا جُنْدًا وَاحِدًا، وَالْقَوْا جُنُودَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، فَأَنْتُمْ أَعْوَانُ اللَّهِ، وَاللَّهُ نَاصِرٌ مَنْ نَصَرَهُ، وَخَاذِلٌ مَنْ كَفَرَهُ، وَلَنْ يُؤْتَى مِثْلُكُمْ عَنْ قِلَّةٍ، وَلَكِنْ مِنْ تِلْقَاءِ الذُّنُوبِ، فَاحْتَرِسُوا مِنْهَا، وَلْيُصَلِّ كُلُّ رَجُلٍ مِنْكُمْ بِأَصْحَابِهِ. الصديق يوجه خالد إلى الشام ويدعو إلى توحيد القيادة وَقَالَ الصِّدِّيقُ: وَاللَّهِ لَأَشْغَلَنَّ النَّصَارَى عَنْ وَسَاوِسَ الشَّيْطَانِ بَخَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ. وَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ وَهُوَ بِالْعِرَاقِ لِيَقْدَمَ إِلَى الشَّامِ، فَيَكُونَ الْأَمِيرَ عَلَى مَنْ بِهِ، فَإِذَا فَرَغَ عَادَ إِلَى عَمَلِهِ بِالْعِرَاقِ. فَكَانَ مَا سَنَذْكُرُهُ. عدد جيش المسلمين وجيش الروم وَلَمَّا بَلَغَ هِرَقْلَ مَا أَمَرَ بِهِ الصِّدِّيقُ أُمَرَاءَهُ مِنَ الِاجْتِمَاعِ، بَعَثَ إِلَى أُمَرَائِهِ أَنْ يَجْتَمِعُوا أَيْضًا، وَأَنْ يَنْزِلُوا بِالْجَيْشِ مَنْزِلًا وَاسِعَ الْعَطَنِ، وَاسِعَ الْمَطْرَدِ، ضَيِّقَ الْمَهْرَبِ، وَعَلَى النَّاسِ أَخُوهُ تَذَارِقُ، وَعَلَى الْمُقَدِّمَةِ جَرَجَةُ، وَعَلَى الْمُجَنِّبَتَيْنِ بَاهَانُ وَالدُّرَاقِصُ، وَعَلَى الْحَرْبِ الْقَيْقَلَانُ.. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَائِذٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ الْأَعْلَى، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ: إِنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ كَانُوا أَرْبَعَةً وَعِشْرِينَ أَلْفًا، وَعَلَيْهِمْ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ، وَالرُّومُ كَانُوا عِشْرِينَ وَمِائَةَ أَلْفٍ، عَلَيْهِمْ بَاهَانُ وَسُقْلَابُ، يَوْمَ الْيَرْمُوكِ. وَكَذَا ذَكَرَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ أَنَّ سُقْلَابَ الْحَصِيَّ كَانَ عَلَى الرُّومِ يَوْمَئِذٍ فِي مِائَةِ أَلْفٍ، وَعَلَى الْمُقَدِّمَةِ جَرَجَةُ مِنْ أَرْمِينِيَّةَ فِي اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ أَلْفًا، وَمِنَ الْمُسْتَعْرِبَةِ اثْنَا عَشَرَ أَلْفًا عَلَيْهِمْ جَبَلَةُ بْنُ الْأَيْهَمِ، وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي أَرْبَعَةٍ وَعِشْرِينَ أَلْفًا، فَقَاتَلُوا قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، حَتَّى قَاتَلَتِ النِّسَاءُ مِنْ وَرَائِهِمْ أَشَدَّ الْقِتَالِ. وعَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ قَالَ: بَعَثَ هِرَقْلُ مِائَتَيْ أَلْفٍ، عَلَيْهِمْ بَاهَانُ الْأَرْمَنِيُّ. طلب المدد من الخليفة وبعث خالد قَالَ سَيْفٌ: فَسَارَتِ الرُّومُ فَنَزَلُوا الْوَاقُوصَةَ قَرِيبًا مِنَ الْيَرْمُوكِ، وَصَارَ الْوَادِي خَنْدَقًا عَلَيْهِمْ، وَبَعَثَ الصَّحَابَةُ إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ يَسْتَمِدُّونَهُ، وَيُعْلِمُونَهُ بِمَا اجْتَمَعَ مِنْ جَيْشِ الرُّومِ بِالْيَرْمُوكِ، فَكَتَبَ الصِّدِّيقُ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ إِلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ أَنْ يَسْتَنِيبَ عَلَى الْعِرَاقِ، وَأَنْ يَقْفِلَ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ إِلَى الشَّامِ فَإِذَا وَصَلَ إِلَيْهِمْ فَهُوَ الْأَمِيرُ عَلَيْهِمْ. فَاسْتَنَابَ الْمُثَنَّى بْنَ حَارِثَةَ عَلَى الْعِرَاقِ، فَسَارَ خَالِدٌ مُسْرِعًا فِي تِسْعَةِ آلَافٍ - وَيُقَالُ: ثَمَانِمِائَةٍ، أَوْ خَمْسُمِائَةٍ - وَدَلِيلُهُ رَافِعُ بْنُ عُمَيْرَةَ الطَّائِيُّ، فَأَخَذَ بِهِ عَلَى السَّمَاوَةِ، حَتَّى انْتَهَى إِلَى قُرَاقِرَ، وَسَلَكَ بِهِ أَرَاضِيَ لَمْ يَسْلُكْهَا قَبْلَهُ أَحَدٌ، فَاجْتَابَ الْبَرَارِيَّ وَالْقِفَارَ، وَقَطَعَ الْأَوْدِيَةِ، وَتَصَعَّدَ عَلَى الْجِبَالِ، وَسَارَ فِي غَيْرِ مَهْيَعٍ، وَجَعَلَ رَافِعٌ يَدُلُّهُمْ فِي مَسِيرِهِمْ عَلَى الطَّرِيقِ وَهُوَ أَرْمَدُ، وَعَطَّشَ النُّوقَ وَسَقَاهَا الْمَاءَ عَلَلًا بَعْدَ نَهَلٍ، وَقَطَعَ مَشَافِرَهَا وَكَعَمَهَا حَتَّى لَا تَجْتَرَّ، وَخَلَّ أَدْبَارَهَا، وَاسْتَاقَهَا مَعَهُ، فَلَمَّا فَقَدُوا الْمَاءَ نَحَرَهَا فَشَرِبُوا مَا فِي أَجْوَافِهَا مِنَ الْمَاءِ، وَيُقَالُ: بَلْ سَقَاهُ الْخَيْلَ وَشَرِبُوا مَا كَانَتْ تَحْمِلُهُ مِنَ الْمَاءِ وَأَكَلُوا لُحُومَهَا، وَوَصَلَ، وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ وَالْمِنَّةُ، فِي خَمْسَةِ أَيَّامٍ. صلح تدمر وأرك وفتح بصرى فَخَرَجَ عَلَى الرُّومِ مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ تَدْمُرَ، فَصَالَحَ أَهْلَ تَدْمُرَ وَأَرَكَ، وَلَمَّا مَرَّ بِعَذْرَاءَ أَبَاحَهَا وَغَنِمَ لِغَسَّانَ أَمْوَالًا عَظِيمَةً، وَخَرَجَ مِنْ شَرْقِيِّ دِمَشْقَ، ثُمَّ سَارَ حَتَّى وَصَلَ إِلَى قَنَاةِ بُصْرَى، فَوَجَدَ الصَّحَابَةَ مُحَاصِرِيهَا، فَصَالَحَهُ صَاحِبُهَا وَسَلَّمَهَا إِلَيْهِ، فَكَانَتْ أَوَّلَ مَدِينَةٍ فُتِحَتْ مَنِ الشَّامِ . وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ. وَبَعَثَ خَالِدٌ بِأَخْمَاسِ مَا غَنِمَ مِنْ غَسَّانَ مَعَ بِلَالِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ الْمُزَنِيِّ إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ. مسير خالد إلى الروم ومشورة أبو سفيان ووقعة أجنادين ثُمَّ سَارَ خَالِدٌ وَأَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ وَيَزِيدُ وَشُرَحْبِيلُ إِلَى عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ، وَقَدْ قَصَدَهُ الرُّومُ بِأَرْضِ الْعَرَبَاتِ مِنَ الْغَوْرِ فَكَانَتْ وَاقِعَةُ أَجْنَادِينَ، وَقَدْ قَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي مَسِيرِهِمْ هَذَا مَعَ خَالِدٍ: لِلَّهِ عَيْنَا رَافِعٍ أَنَّى اهْتَدَى فَوَّزَ مِنْ قُرَاقِرٍ إِلَى سُوَى خَمْسًا إِذَا مَا سَارَهَا الْجَيْشُ بَكَى مَا سَارَهَا قَبْلَكَ إِنْسِيٌّ أَرَى وَقَدْ كَانَ بَعْضُ الْعَرَبِ قَالَ لَهُ فِي هَذَا الْمَسِيرِ: إِنْ أَنْتَ أَصْبَحَتْ عِنْدَ الشَّجَرَةِ الْفُلَانِيَّةِ، نَجَوْتَ أَنْتَ وَمَنْ مَعَكَ، وَإِنْ لَمْ تُدْرِكْهَا هَلَكْتَ أَنْتَ وَمَنْ مَعَكَ. فَسَارَ خَالِدٌ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ وَسَرَوْا سَرْوَةً عَظِيمَةً، فَأَصْبَحُوا عِنْدَهَا، فَقَالَ خَالِدٌ: عِنْدَ الصَّبَاحِ يَحْمَدُ الْقَوْمُ السُّرَى. فَأَرْسَلَهَا مَثَلًا، وَهُوَ أَوَّلُ مَنْ قَالَهَا، ؓ. قَالَ غَيْرُ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ كَسَيْفِ بْنِ عُمَرَ وَأَبِي مِخْنَفٍ وَغَيْرِهِمَا فِي تَكْمِيلِ السِّيَاقِ الْأَوَّلِ: حِينَ اجْتَمَعَتِ الرُّومُ مَعَ أُمَرَائِهَا بِالْوَاقُوصَةِ، وَانْتَقَلَ الصَّحَابَةُ مِنْ مَنْزِلِهِمُ الَّذِي كَانُوا فِيهِ فَنَزَلُوا قَرِيبًا مِنَ الرُّومِ فِي طَرِيقِهِمُ الَّذِي لَيْسَ لَهُمْ طَرِيقٌ غَيْرُهُ، فَقَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ: أَبْشِرُوا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، فَقَدْ حُصِرَتْ وَاللَّهِ الرُّومُ، وَقَلَّمَا جَاءَ مَحْصُورٌ بِخَيْرٍ. وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ الصَّحَابَةَ لَمَّا اجْتَمَعُوا لِلْمَشُورَةِ فِي كَيْفِيَّةِ الْمَسِيرِ إِلَى الرُّومِ، جَلَسَ الْأُمَرَاءُ لِذَلِكَ، فَجَاءَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ فَقَالَ: مَا كُنْتُ أَظُنُّ أَنِّي أُعَمَّرُ حَتَّى أُدْرِكَ قَوْمًا يَجْتَمِعُونَ لِحَرْبٍ وَلَا أَحْضُرُهُمْ. ثُمَّ أَشَارَ أَنْ يَتَجَزَّأَ الْجَيْشُ ثَلَاثَةَ أَجْزَاءٍ، فَيَسِيرُ ثُلْثُهُ فَيَنْزِلُونَ تُجَاهَ الرُّومِ، ثُمَّ تَسِيرُ الْأَثْقَالُ وَالذَّرَارِيُّ فِي الثُّلْثِ الْآخَرِ، وَيَتَأَخَّرُ خَالِدٌ بِالثُّلْثِ الْآخِرِ، حَتَّى إِذَا وَصَلَتِ الْأَثْقَالُ إِلَى أُولَئِكَ سَارَ بَعَدَهُمْ، وَنَزَلُوا فِي مَكَانٍ تَكُونُ الْبَرِّيَّةُ مِنْ وَرَاءِ ظُهُورِهِمْ ; لِيَصِلَ إِلَيْهِمُ الْبُرُدُ وَالْمَدَدُ. فَامْتَثَلُوا مَا أَشَارَ بِهِ، وَنِعْمَ الرَّأْيُ هُوَ. وَذَكَرَ الْوَلِيدُ عَنْ صَفْوَانَ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، أَنَّ الرُّومَ نَزَلُوا فِيمَا بَيْنَ دَيْرِ أَيُّوبَ وَالْيَرْمُوكَ، وَنَزَلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنْ وَرَاءِ النَّهْرِ مِنَ الْجَانِبِ الْآخَرِ، وَأَذْرِعَاتُ خَلْفَهُمْ ; لِيَصِلَ إِلَيْهِمُ الْمَدَدُ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ. وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ خَالِدًا إِنَّمَا قَدِمَ عَلَيْهِمْ بَعْدَمَا نَزَلَ الصَّحَابَةُ تُجَاهَ الرُّومِ، بَعْدَمَا صَابَرُوهُمْ وَحَاصَرُوهُمْ شَهْرَ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ بِكَمَالِهِ، فَلَمَّا انْسَلَخَ وَأَمْكَنَ الْقِتَالُ لِقِلَّةِ الْمَاءِ، بَعَثُوا إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ يَسْتَمِدُّونَهُ، فَقَالَ: خَالِدٌ لَهَا. فَبَعَثَ إِلَى خَالِدٍ، فَقَدِمَ عَلَيْهِمْ فِي رَبِيعٍ الْآخِرِ، فَعِنْدَ وُصُولِ خَالِدٍ إِلَيْهِمْ أَقْبَلَ بَاهَانُ مَدَدًا لِلرُّومِ، وَمَعَهُ الْقَسَاقِسَةُ، وَالشَّمَامِسَةُ وَالرُّهْبَانُ، يَحُثُّونَهُمْ وَيُحَرِّضُونَهُمْ عَلَى الْقِتَالِ لِنَصْرِ دِينِ النَّصْرَانِيَّةِ، فَتَكَامَلَ جَيْشُ الرُّومِ أَرْبَعِينَ وَمِائَتَيْ أَلْفٍ ; ثَمَانُونَ أَلْفَ مُسَلْسَلٍ بِالْحَدِيدِ وَالْحِبَالِ، وَثَمَانُونَ أَلْفَ فَارِسٍ وَثَمَانُونَ أَلْفَ رَاجِلٍ. وَقِيلَ: بَلْ كَانَ الَّذِينَ تَسَلْسَلُوا - كُلُّ عَشَرَةٍ فِي سِلْسِلَةٍ ; لِئَلَّا يَفِرُّوا - ثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفًا. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ سَيْفٌ: وَقَدِمَ عِكْرِمَةُ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْجُيُوشِ، فَتَكَامَلَ جَيْشُ الصَّحَابَةِ سِتَّةً وَثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفًا إِلَى الْأَرْبَعِينَ أَلْفًا. وَعِنْدَ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ وَالْمَدَائِنِيِّ أَيْضًا أَنَّ وَقْعَةَ أَجْنَادِينَ قَبْلَ وَقْعَةِ الْيَرْمُوكِ وَكَانَتْ وَاقِعَةُ أَجْنَادِينَ لِلَيْلَتَيْنِ بَقِيَتَا مِنْ جُمَادَى الْأُولَى سَنَةَ ثَلَاثَ عَشْرَةَ، وَقُتِلَ بِهَا بَشَرٌ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ، وَهُزِمَ الرُّومُ وَقُتِلَ أَمِيرُهُمُ الْقَيْقَلَانُ. وَكَانَ قَدْ بَعَثَ رَجُلًا مِنْ نَصَارَى الْعَرَبِ يَجُسُّ لَهُ أَمْرَ الصَّحَابَةِ، فَلَمَّا رَجَعَ إِلَيْهِ قَالَ: وَجَدْتُ قَوْمًا رُهْبَانًا بِاللَّيْلِ فُرْسَانًا بِالنَّهَارِ، وَاللَّهِ لَوْ سَرَقَ فِيهِمُ ابْنُ مَلِكِهِمْ قَطَعُوهُ، أَوْ زَنَى لَرَجَمُوهُ. فَقَالَ لَهُ الْقَيْقَلَانُ: وَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ كُنْتَ صَادِقًا لَبَطْنُ الْأَرْضِ خَيْرٌ مِنْ ظَهْرِهَا. خطة خالد لمواجهة الروم وَقَالَ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ فِي سِيَاقِهِ: وَوَجَدَ خَالِدٌ الْجُيُوشَ مُتَفَرِّقَةً فَجَيْشُ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ وَعَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ نَاحِيَةً، وَجَيْشُ يَزِيدَ وَشُرَحْبِيلَ نَاحِيَةً، فَقَامَ خَالِدٌ فِي النَّاسِ خَطِيبًا، فَأَمَرَهُمْ بِالِاجْتِمَاعِ وَنَهَاهُمْ عَنِ التَّفَرُّقِ وَالِاخْتِلَافِ، فَاجْتَمَعَ النَّاسُ وَتَصَافُّوا مَعَ عَدُوِّهِمْ فِي أَوَّلِ جُمَادَى الْآخِرَةِ، وَقَامَ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ فِي النَّاسِ، فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ وَقَالَ: إِنَّ هَذَا يَوْمٌ مِنْ أَيَّامِ اللَّهِ، لَا يَنْبَغِي فِيهِ الْفَخْرُ وَلَا الْبَغْيُ، أَخْلِصُوا جِهَادَكُمْ وَأَرِيدُوا اللَّهَ بِعَمَلِكُمْ، وَإِنَّ هَذَا يَوْمٌ لَهُ مَا بَعْدَهُ، إِنْ رَدَدْنَاهُمُ الْيَوْمَ إِلَى خَنْدَقِهِمْ فَلَا نَزَالُ نَرُدُّهُمْ، وَإِنْ هَزَمُونَا لَا نُفْلِحُ بَعْدَهَا أَبَدًا، فَتَعَالَوْا فَلْنَتَعَاوَرِ الْإِمَارَةَ، فَلْيَكُنْ عَلَيْهَا بَعْضُنَا الْيَوْمَ، وَالْآخَرُ غَدًا، وَالْآخَرُ بَعْدَ غَدٍ، حَتَّى يَتَأَمَّرَ كُلُّكُمْ، وَدَعُونِي الْيَوْمَ أَلِيكُمْ. فَأَمَّرُوهُ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَهُمْ يَظُنُّونَ أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ يَطُولُ جِدًّا، فَخَرَجَتِ الرُّومُ فِي تَعْبِئَةٍ لَمْ يُرَ مِثْلُهَا قَطُّ. تعبئة خالد للجيش وَخَرَجَ خَالِدٌ فِي تَعْبِئَةٍ لَمْ تُعَبِّهَا الْعَرَبُ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ ; فَخَرَجَ فِي سِتَّةٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ كُرْدُوسًا إِلَى الْأَرْبَعِينَ، كُلُّ كُرْدُوسٍ أَلْفُ رَجُلٍ عَلَيْهِمْ أَمِيرٌ، وَجَعَلَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ فِي الْقَلْبِ، وَعَلَى الْمَيْمَنَةِ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ وَمَعَهُ شُرَحْبِيلَ ابْنَ حَسَنَةَ، وَعَلَى الْمَيْسَرَةِ يَزِيدَ بْنَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَأَمَّرَ عَلَى كُلِّ كُرْدُوسٍ أَمِيرًا، وَعَلَى الطَّلَائِعِ قُبَاثَ بْنَ أَشْيَمَ، وَعَلَى الْأَقْبَاضِ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ، وَالْقَاضِي يَوْمَئِذٍ أَبُو الدَّرْدَاءِ، وَقَاصُّهُمُ الَّذِي يَعِظُهُمْ وَيَحُثُّهُمْ عَلَى الْقِتَالِ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، وَقَارِئُهُمِ الَّذِي يَدُورُ عَلَى النَّاسِ فَيَقْرَأُ سُورَةَ " الْأَنْفَالِ " وَآيَاتِ الْجِهَادِ الْمِقْدَادُ بْنُ الْأَسْوَدِ. وَذَكَرَ إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ بِشْرٍ بِإِسْنَادِهِ، أَنَّ أُمَرَاءَ الْأَرْبَاعِ يَوْمَئِذٍ كَانُوا أَرْبَعَةً ; أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ، وَعَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ، وَشُرَحْبِيلُ ابْنُ حَسَنَةَ، وَيَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَخَرَجَ النَّاسُ عَلَى رَايَاتِهِمْ، وَعَلَى الْمَيْمَنَةِ مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ، وَعَلَى الْمَيْسَرَةِ قُبَاثُ بْنُ أَشْيَمَ الْكِنَانِيُّ، وَعَلَى الرَّجَّالَةِ هَاشِمُ بْنُ عُتْبَةَ بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاصِ، وَعَلَى الْخَيَّالَةِ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ وَهُوَ الْمُشِيرُ فِي الْحَرْبِ الَّذِي يَصْدُرُ النَّاسُ كُلُّهُمْ عَنْ رَأْيِهِ. وَلَمَّا أَقْبَلَتِ الرُّومُ فِي خُيَلَائِهَا وَفَخْرِهَا قَدْ سَدَّتْ أَقْطَارَ تِلْكَ الْبُقْعَةِ سَهْلِهَا وَوَعْرِهَا، كَأَنَّهُمْ غَمَامَةٌ سَوْدَاءُ يَصِيحُونَ بِأَصْوَاتٍ مُرْتَفِعَةٍ، وَرُهْبَانُهُمْ يَتْلُونَ الْإِنْجِيلَ وَيُحِثُّونَهُمْ عَلَى الْقِتَالِ، وَكَانَ خَالِدٌ فِي الْخَيْلِ بَيْنَ يَدَيِ الْجَيْشِ، فَسَاقَ بِفَرَسِهِ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنِّي مُشِيرٌ بِأَمْرٍ. فَقَالَ: قُلْ مَا أَرَاكَ اللَّهُ، أَسْمَعْ لَكَ وَأُطِعْ. فَقَالَ لَهُ خَالِدٌ: إِنَّ هَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمَ لَا بُدَّ لَهُمْ مِنْ حَمْلَةٍ عَظِيمَةٍ لَا مَحِيدَ لَهُمْ عَنْهَا، وَإِنِّي أَخْشَى عَلَى الْمَيْمَنَةِ وَالْمَيْسَرَةِ، وَقَدْ رَأَيْتُ أَنْ أُفَرِّقَ الْخَيْلَ فِرْقَتَيْنِ وَأَجْعَلَهَا مِنْ وَرَاءِ الْمَيْمَنَةِ وَالْمَيْسَرَةِ، حَتَّى إِذَا صَدَمُوهُمْ كَانُوا لَهُمْ رِدْءًا مِنْ وَرَائِهِمْ. فَقَالَ لَهُ: نِعْمَ مَا رَأَيْتَ. فَكَانَ خَالِدٌ فِي أَحَدِ الْخَيَلِينَ مِنْ وَرَاءِ الْمَيْمَنَةِ، وَجَعَلَ قَيْسَ بْنَ هُبَيْرَةَ فِي الْخَيْلِ الْأُخْرَى، وَأَمَرَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ أَنْ يَتَأَخَّرَ عَنِ الْقَلْبِ إِلَى وَرَاءِ الْجَيْشِ كُلِّهِ ; لِكَيْ إِذَا رَآهُ الْمُنْهَزِمُ اسْتَحْيَى مِنْهُ، وَرَجَعَ إِلَى الْقِتَالِ، فَجَعَلَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ مَكَانَهُ فِي الْقَلْبِ سَعِيدَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ الْعَدَوِيَّ أَحَدَ الْعَشْرَةِ، ؓ، وَسَاقَ خَالِدٌ إِلَى النِّسَاءِ مِنْ وَرَاءِ الْجَيْشِ، وَمَعَهُنَّ عَدَدٌ مِنَ السُّيُوفِ وَغَيْرِهَا، فَقَالَ لَهُنَّ: مَنْ رَأَيْتُمُوهُ مُولِّيًا فَاقْتُلْنَهُ. ثُمَّ رَجَعَ إِلَى مَوْقِفِهِ، ؓ. مواعظ لبعض الصحابة عند المعركة وَلَمَّا تَرَاءَى الْجَمْعَانِ وَتَبَارَزَ الْفَرِيقَانِ، وَعَظَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَقَالَ: عِبَادَ اللَّهِ، انْصُرُوا اللَّهَ يَنْصُرْكُمْ وَيُثَبِّتْ أَقْدَامَكُمْ، يَا مَعْشَرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، اصْبِرُوا ; فَإِنَّ الصَّبْرَ مَنْجَاةٌ مِنَ الْكُفْرِ، وَمَرْضَاةٌ لِلرَّبِّ، وَمَدْحَضَةٌ لِلْعَارِ، وَلَا تَبْرَحُوا مَصَافَّكُمْ، وَلَا تَخْطُوا إِلَيْهِمْ خُطْوَةً، وَلَا تَبْدَأُوهُمْ بِالْقِتَالِ، وَأَشْرِعُوا الرِّمَاحَ وَاسْتَتِرُوا بِالدَّرَقِ، وَالْزَمُوا الصَّمْتَ إِلَّا مِنْ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ فِي أَنْفُسِكُمْ، حَتَّى آمُرَكُمْ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى. قَالُوا: وَخَرَجَ مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ عَلَى النَّاسِ، فَجَعَلَ يُذَكِّرُهُمْ وَيَقُولُ: يَا أَهْلَ الْقُرْآنِ وَمُسْتَحْفِظِي الْكِتَابِ، وَأَنْصَارَ الْهُدَى وَالْحَقِّ، إِنَّ رَحْمَةَ اللَّهِ لَا تُنَالُ وَجَنَّتَهُ لَا تُدْخَلُ بِالْأَمَانِيِّ، وَلَا يُؤْتِي اللَّهُ الْمَغْفِرَةَ وَالرَّحْمَةَ الْوَاسِعَةَ إِلَّا الصَّادِقَ الْمُصَدِّقَ، أَلَمْ تَسْمَعُوا لِقَوْلِ اللَّهِ: وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ الْآيَةَ [ النُّورِ: 55 ]. فَاسْتَحْيُوا، رَحِمَكُمُ اللَّهُ، مِنْ رَبِّكُمْ أَنْ يَرَاكُمْ فُرَّارًا مِنْ عَدُّوِّكُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ فِي قَبْضَتِهِ، وَلَيْسَ لَكُمْ مُلْتَحَدٌ مِنْ دُونِهِ، وَلَا عِزٌّ بِغَيْرِهِ. وَقَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ: يَا أَيُّهَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ، غُضُّوا الْأَبْصَارَ، وَاجْثُوَا عَلَى الرُّكَبِ، وَأَشْرِعُوا الرِّمَاحَ، فَإِذَا حَمَلُوا عَلَيْكُمْ فَأَمْهِلُوهُمْ، حَتَّى إِذَا رَكِبُوا أَطْرَافَ الْأَسِنَّةِ فَثِبُوا إِلَيْهِمْ وَثْبَةَ الْأَسَدِ، فَوَالَّذِي يَرْضَى الصِّدْقَ وَيُثِيبُ عَلَيْهِ، وَيَمْقُتُ الْكَذِبَ، وَيَجْزِي بِالْإِحْسَانِ إِحْسَانًا، لَقَدْ سَمِعْتُ أَنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ سَيَفْتَحُونَهَا كَفْرًا كَفْرًا، وَقَصْرًا قَصْرًا، فَلَا يَهُولَنَّكُمْ جُمُوعُهُمْ وَلَا عَدَدُهُمْ، فَإِنَّكُمْ لَوْ صَدَقْتُمُوهُمُ الشَّدَّ تَطَايَرُوا تَطَايُرَ أَوْلَادِ الْحَجَلِ. وَقَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ: يَا مَعْشَرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، أَنْتُمُ الْعَرَبُ، وَقَدْ أَصْبَحْتُمْ فِي دَارِ الْعَجَمِ مُنْقَطِعِينَ عَنِ الْأَهْلِ، نَائِينَ عَنْ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَأَمْدَادِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَقَدْ وَاللَّهِ أَصْبَحْتُمْ بِإِزَاءِ عَدُوٍّ كَثِيرٍ عَدَدُهُ، شَدِيدٌ عَلَيْكُمْ حَنَقُهُ، وَقَدْ وَتِرْتُمُوهُمْ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَبِلَادِهِمْ وَنِسَائِهِمْ، وَاللَّهِ لَا يُنَجِّيكُمْ مِنْ هَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمِ، وَلَا يُبْلَغُ بِكُمْ رِضْوَانَ اللَّهِ غَدًا، إِلَّا بِصِدْقِ اللِّقَاءِ وَالصَّبْرِ فِي الْمَوَاطِنِ الْمَكْرُوهَةِ، أَلَا وَإِنَّهَا سُنَّةٌ لَازِمَةٌ، وَإِنَّ الْأَرْضَ وَرَاءَكُمْ، بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَ أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَجَمَاعَةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ صَحَارَى وَبَرَارِيُّ، لَيْسَ لِأَحَدٍ فِيهَا مَعْقِلٌ وَلَا مَعْدِلٌ إِلَّا الصَّبْرُ وَرَجَاءُ مَا وَعَدَ اللَّهُ، فَهُوَ خَيْرُ مُعَوَّلٍ، فَامْتَنِعُوا بِسُيُوفِكُمْ وَتَعَاوَنُوا، وَلْتَكُنْ هِيَ الْحُصُونُ. ثُمَّ ذَهَبَ إِلَى النِّسَاءِ فَوَصَّاهُنَّ، ثُمَّ عَادَ فَنَادَى: يَا مَعَاشِرَ أَهْلِ الْإِسْلَامِ، حَضَرَ مَا تَرَوْنَ فَهَذَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَالْجَنَّةُ أَمَامَكُمْ، وَالشَّيْطَانُ وَالنَّارُ خَلْفَكُمْ. ثُمَّ سَارَ إِلَى مَوْقِفِهِ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ. وَقَدْ وَعَظَ النَّاسَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ أَيْضًا فَجَعَلَ يَقُولُ: سَارِعُوا إِلَى الْحُورِ الْعِينِ، وَجِوَارِ رَبِّكُمْ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فِي جَنَّاتِ النَّعِيمِ، مَا أَنْتُمْ إِلَى رَبِّكُمْ فِي مَوْطِنٍ أَحَبَّ إِلَيْهِ مِنْكُمْ فِي مِثْلِ هَذَا الْمَوْطِنِ، أَلَا وَإِنَّ لِلصَّابِرِينَ فَضْلَهُمْ. قَالَ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ شُيُوخِهِ: إِنَّهُمْ قَالُوا: كَانَ فِي ذَلِكَ الْجَمْعِ أَلْفُ رَجُلٍ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ ; مِنْهُمْ مِائَةٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ. وَجَعَلَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ يَقِفُ عَلَى كُلِّ كُرْدُوسٍ وَيَقُولُ: اللَّهَ اللَّهَ، إِنَّكُمْ دَارَةُ الْعَرَبِ وَأَنْصَارُ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَإِنَّهُمْ دَارَةُ الرُّومِ وَأَنْصَارُ الشِّرْكِ، اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّ هَذَا يَوْمٌ مِنْ أَيَّامِكَ، اللَّهُمَّ أَنْزِلْ نَصْرَكَ عَلَى عِبَادِكَ. قَالُوا: وَلَمَّا أَقْبَلَ خَالِدٌ مِنَ الْعِرَاقِ قَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ نَصَارَى الْعَرَبِ لِخَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ: مَا أَكْثَرَ الرُّومَ وَأَقَلَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ! فَقَالَ خَالِدٌ: وَيْلَكَ، أَتُخَوِّفُنِي بِالرُّومِ ؟ إِنَّمَا تَكْثُرُ الْجُنُودُ بِالنَّصْرِ، وَتَقِلُّ بِالْخِذْلَانِ لَا بِعَدَدِ الرِّجَالِ، وَاللَّهِ لَوَدِدْتُ أَنَّ الْأَشْقَرَ بَرَاءٌ مِنْ تَوَجِّيهِ وَأَنَّهُمْ أَضْعَفُوا فِي الْعَدَدِ. وَكَانَ فَرَسُهُ قَدْ حَفِيَ وَاشْتَكَى فِي مَجِيئِهِ مِنَ الْعِرَاقِ. محاولة الصلح وَلَمَّا تَقَارَبَ النَّاسُ تَقَدَّمَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ وَيَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَمَعَهُمَا ضِرَارُ بْنُ الْأَزْوَرِ، وَالْحَارِثُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، وَأَبُو جَنْدَلِ بْنُ سُهَيْلٍ، وَنَادَوْا: إِنَّمَا نُرِيدُ أَمِيرَكُمْ لِنَجْتَمِعَ بِهِ. فَأُذِنَ لَهُمْ فِي الدُّخُولِ عَلَى تَذَارِقَ، وَإِذَا هُوَ جَالَسٌ فِي خَيْمَةٍ مِنْ حَرِيرٍ، فَقَالَ الصَّحَابَةُ: لَا نَسْتَحِلُّ دُخُولَهَا. فَأَمَرَ لَهُمْ بِفُرُشٍ ; بُسُطٍ مِنْ حَرِيرٍ، فَقَالُوا: وَلَا نَجْلِسُ عَلَى هَذِهِ. فَجَلَسَ مَعَهُمْ حَيْثُ أَحَبُّوا، وَتَرَاضَوْا عَلَى الصُّلْحِ، وَرَجَعَ عَنْهُمُ الصَّحَابَةُ بَعْدَمَا دَعَوْهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَلَمْ يَتِمَّ ذَلِكَ. وَذَكَرَ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ أَنَّ بَاهَانَ طَلَبَ خَالِدًا ; لِيَبْرُزَ إِلَيْهِ فِيمَا بَيْنَ الصَّفَّيْنِ، فَيَجْتَمِعَا فِي مَصْلَحَةٍ لَهُمْ، فَقَالَ بَاهَانُ: إِنَّا قَدْ عَلِمْنَا أَنَّ مَا أَخْرَجَكُمْ مِنْ بِلَادِكُمُ الْجَهْدَ وَالْجُوعَ، فَهَلُمُّوا إِلَى أَنْ أُعْطِيَ كُلَّ رَجُلٍ مِنْكُمْ عَشَرَةَ دَنَانِيرَ وَكِسْوَةً وَطَعَامًا، وَتَرْجِعُونَ إِلَى بِلَادِكُمْ، فَإِذَا كَانَ مِنَ الْعَامِ الْمُقْبِلِ بَعَثْنَا لَكُمْ بِمِثْلِهَا. فَقَالَ خَالِدٌ: إِنَّهُ لَمْ يُخْرِجْنَا مِنْ بِلَادِنَا مَا ذَكَرْتَ، غَيْرَ أَنَّا قَوْمٌ نَشْرَبُ الدِّمَاءَ، وَأَنَّهُ بَلَغَنَا أَنَّهُ لَا دَمَ أَطْيَبُ مِنْ دَمِ الرُّومِ، فَجِئْنَا لِذَلِكَ. فَقَالَ أَصْحَابُ بَاهَانَ: هَذَا وَاللَّهِ مَا كُنَّا نُحَدَّثُ بِهِ عَنِ الْعَرَبِ. خالد يأمر يالهجوم قَالُوا: ثُمَّ تَقَدَّمَ خَالِدٌ إِلَى عِكْرِمَةَ بْنِ أَبِي جَهْلٍ وَالْقَعْقَاعِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو - وَهُمَا عَلَى مُجَنِّبَتَيِ الْقَلْبِ - أَنْ يُنْشِئَا الْقِتَالَ، فَبَدَرَا يَرْتَجِزَانِ وَدَعَوْا إِلَى الْبِرَازِ، وَتَنَازَلَ الْأَبْطَالُ، وَتَجَاوَلُوا وَحَمِيَ الْحَرْبُ، وَقَامَتْ عَلَى سَاقٍ، هَذَا وَخَالِدٌ مَعَهُ كُرْدُوسٌ مِنَ الْحُمَاةِ الشُّجْعَانِ الْأَبْطَالِ بَيْنَ يَدَيِ الصُّفُوفِ، وَالْأَبْطَالُ يَتَصَاوَلُونَ مِنَ الْفَرِيقَيْنِ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، وَهُوَ يَنْظُرُ وَيَبْعَثُ إِلَى كُلِّ قَوْمٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ بِمَا يَعْتَمِدُونَهُ مِنَ الْأَفَاعِيلِ، وَيُدَبِّرُ أَمْرَ الْحَرْبِ أَتَمَّ تَدْبِيرٍ. شجاعة الزبير بن العوام وَقَدْ كَانَ فِيمَنْ شَهِدَ الْيَرْمُوكَ الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ الْعَوَّامِ، وَهُوَ أَفْضَلُ مَنْ هُنَاكَ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ، وَكَانَ مِنْ فُرْسَانِ النَّاسِ وَشُجْعَانِهِمْ، فَاجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ الْأَبْطَالِ يَوْمَئِذٍ فَقَالُوا: أَلَا تَحْمِلُ فَنَحْمِلَ مَعَكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: إِنَّكُمْ لَا تَثْبُتُونَ. فَقَالُوا: بَلَى. فَحَمَلَ وَحَمَلُوا، فَلَمَّا وَاجَهُوا صُفُوفَ الرُّومِ أَحْجَمُوا وَأَقْدَمَ هُوَ ; فَاخْتَرَقَ صُفُوفَ الرُّومِ حَتَّى خَرَجَ مِنَ الْجَانِبِ الْآخَرِ وَعَادَ إِلَى أَصْحَابِهِ، ثُمَّ جَاءُوا إِلَيْهِ مَرَّةً ثَانِيَةً، فَفَعَلَ كَمَا فَعَلَ فِي الْأُولَى، وَجُرِحَ يَوْمَئِذٍ جُرْحَيْنِ بَيْنَ كَتِفَيْهِ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: جُرْحٌ. وَقَدْ رَوَى الْبُخَارِيُّ مَعْنَى مَا ذَكَرْنَاهُ فِي " صَحِيحِهِ ". موقف معاذ بن جبل وَجَعَلَ مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ كَلَّمَا سَمِعَ أَصْوَاتَ الْقِسِّيسِينَ وَالرُّهْبَانِ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ زَلْزِلْ أَقْدَامَهُمْ، وَأَرْعِبْ قُلُوبَهُمْ، وَأَنْزِلْ عَلَيْنَا السَّكِينَةَ، وَأَلْزِمْنَا كَلِمَةَ التَّقْوَى، وَحَبِّبْ إِلَيْنَا اللِّقَاءَ، وَرَضِّنَا بِالْقَضَاءِ. وَخَرَجَ بَاهَانُ فَأَمَرَ صَاحِبَ الْمَيْسَرَةِ، وَهُوَ الذَّرْبِيجَانُ، وَكَانَ عَدُوُّ اللَّهِ مُتَنَسِّكًا فِيهِمْ، فَحَمَلَ عَلَى الْمَيْمَنَةِ، وَفِيهَا الْأَزْدُ وَمَذْحِجٌ وَحَضْرَمَوْتُ وَخَوْلَانُ، فَثَبَتُوا حَتَّى صَدَقُوا أَعْدَاءَ اللَّهِ، ثُمَّ رَكِبَهُمْ مِنَ الرُّومِ أَمْثَالُ الْجِبَالِ، فَزَالَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ مِنَ الْمَيْمَنَةِ إِلَى نَاحِيَةِ الْقَلْبِ، وَانْكَشَفَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ إِلَى الْعَسْكَرِ، وَثَبَتَ صَدْرٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَظِيمٌ يُقَاتِلُونَ تَحْتَ رَايَاتِهِمْ، وَانْكَشَفَتْ زُبَيْدٌ، ثُمَّ تَنَادَوْا فَتَرَاجَعُوا وَحَمَلُوا حَتَّى نَهْنَهُوا مَنْ أَمَامَهُمْ مِنَ الرُّومِ، وَأَشْغَلُوهُمْ عَنِ اتِّبَاعِ مَنِ انْكَشَفَ مِنَ النَّاسِ، وَاسْتَقْبَلَ النِّسَاءُ مَنِ انْهَزَمَ مِنْ سَرَعَانِ النَّاسِ يَضْرِبْنَهُمْ بِالْخَشَبِ وَالْحِجَارَةِ، وَجَعَلَتْ خَوْلَةُ بِنْتُ ثَعْلَبَةَ تَقُولُ: يَا هَارِبًا عَنْ نِسْوَةٍ تَقِيَّاتْ فَعَنْ قَلِيلٍ مَا تَرَى سَبِيَّاتْ وَلَا حَظِيَّاتٍ وَلَا رَضِيَّاتْ قَالَ: فَتَرَاجَعَ النَّاسُ إِلَى مَوَاقِفِهِمْ. موقف عكرمة بن أبي جهل وَقَالَ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ، عَنْ أَبِي عُثْمَانَ الْغَسَّانِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: قَالَ عِكْرِمَةُ بْنُ أَبِي جَهْلٍ: يَوْمَ الْيَرْمُوكِ قَاتَلْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي مَوَاطِنَ وَأَفِرُّ مِنْكُمُ الْيَوْمَ ؟ ! ثُمَّ نَادَى: مَنْ يُبَايِعُ عَلَى الْمَوْتِ ؟ فَبَايَعَهُ عَمُّهُ الْحَارِثُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، وَضِرَارُ بْنُ الْأَزْوَرِ فِي أَرْبَعِمِائَةٍ مِنْ وُجُوهِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَفُرْسَانِهِمْ، فَقَاتَلُوا قُدَّامَ فُسْطَاطِ خَالِدٍ حَتَّى أُثْبِتُوا جَمِيعًا جِرَاحًا، وَقُتِلَ مِنْهُمْ خَلْقٌ، مِنْهُمْ ضِرَارُ بْنُ الْأَزْوَرِ، ؓ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ وَغَيْرُهُ، أَنَّهُمْ لَمَّا صُرِعُوا مِنَ الْجِرَاحِ اسْتَسْقَوْا مَاءً، فَجِيءَ إِلَيْهِمْ بِشَرْبَةِ مَاءٍ، فَلَمَّا قُرِّبَتْ إِلَى أَحَدِهِمْ نَظَرَ إِلَيْهِ الْآخَرُ، فَقَالَ: ادْفَعْهَا إِلَيْهِ. فَلَمَّا دُفِعَتْ إِلَيْهِ نَظَرَ إِلَيْهِ الْآخَرُ، فَقَالَ: ادْفَعْهَا إِلَيْهِ. فَتَدَافَعُوهَا بَيْنَهُمْ، مِنْ وَاحِدٍ إِلَى وَاحِدٍ حَتَّى مَاتُوا جَمِيعًا، وَلَمْ يَشْرَبْهَا أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ، ؓ أَجْمَعِينَ. أول من قتل من المسلمين واحتدام القتال وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ أَوَّلَ مَنْ قُتِلَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَوْمَئِذٍ شَهِيدًا رَجُلٌ جَاءَ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ فَقَالَ: إِنِّي قَدْ تَهَيَّأْتُ لِأَمْرِي، فَهَلْ لَكَ مِنْ حَاجَةٍ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، تُقْرِأُهُ عَنِّي السَّلَامَ وَتَقُولُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، إِنَّا قَدْ وَجَدْنَا مَا وَعَدَنَا رَبُّنَا حَقًّا. قَالَ: فَتَقَدَّمَ هَذَا الرَّجُلُ فَقَاتَلَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ. قَالُوا: وَثَبَتَ كُلُّ قَوْمٍ عَلَى رَايَتِهِمْ حَتَّى صَارَتِ الرُّومُ تَدُورُ كَأَنَّهَا الرَّحَى، فَلَمْ يُرَ يَوْمَ الْيَرْمُوكِ أَكْثَرَ قِحْفًا سَاقِطًا وَمِعْصَمًا نَادِرًا، وَكَفًّا طَائِرَةً، مِنْ ذَلِكَ الْمَوْطِنِ، ثُمَّ حَمَلَ خَالِدٌ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْخَيَّالَةِ عَلَى الْمَيْسَرَةِ الَّتِي حَمَلَتْ عَلَى مَيْمَنَةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَأَزَالُوهُمْ إِلَى الْقَلْبِ، فَقَتَلَ فِي حَمْلَتِهِ هَذِهِ سِتَّةَ آلَافٍ مِنْهُمْ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَمْ يَبْقَ عِنْدَهُمْ مِنَ الصَّبْرِ وَالْجَلَدِ غَيْرَ مَا رَأَيْتُمْ، وَإِنِّي لَأَرْجُوَ أَنْ يَمْنَحَكُمُ اللَّهُ أَكْتَافَهُمْ. ثُمَّ اعْتَرَضَهُمْ فَحَمَلَ بِمِائَةِ فَارِسٍ مَعَهُ عَلَى نَحْوٍ مِنْ مِائَةِ أَلْفٍ. فَمَا وَصَلَ إِلَيْهِمْ حَتَّى انْفَضَّ جَمْعُهُمْ، وَحَمَلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَمْلَةَ رَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ فَانْكَشَفُوا وَتَبِعَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ لَا يَمْتَنِعُونَ مِنْهُمْ. قدوم البريد من الخليفة قَالُوا: وَبَيْنَمَا هُمْ فِي جَوْلَةِ الْحَرْبِ وَحَوْمَةِ الْوَغَى، وَالْأَبْطَالُ يَتَصَاوَلُونَ مِنْ كُلِّ جَانِبٍ، إِذْ قَدِمَ الْبَرِيدُ مِنْ نَحْوِ الْحِجَازِ، فَدُفِعَ إِلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ فَقَالَ لَهُ: مَا الْخَبَرُ ؟ فَقَالَ لَهُ، فِيمَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَهُ: إِنَّ الصِّدِّيقَ، ؓ، قَدْ تُوُفِّيَ، وَاسْتُخْلِفَ عُمَرَ، فَاسْتَنَابَ عَلَى الْجُيُوشِ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ عَامِرَ بْنَ الْجَرَّاحِ. فَأَسَرَّهَا خَالِدٌ، وَلَمْ يُبْدِ ذَلِكَ لِلنَّاسِ ; لِئَلَّا يَحْصُلَ ضَعْفٌ وَوَهَنٌ فِي تِلْكَ الْحَالِ، وَقَالَ لَهُ وَالنَّاسُ يَسْمَعُونَ: أَحْسَنْتَ. وَأَخَذَ مِنْهُ الْكِتَابَ فَوَضَعَهُ فِي كِنَانَتِهِ، وَاشْتَغَلَ بِمَا كَانَ فِيهِ مِنْ تَدْبِيرِ الْحَرْبِ وَالْمُقَاتِلَةِ، وَأَوْقَفَ الرَّسُولَ الَّذِي جَاءَ بِالْكِتَابِ - وَهُوَ مَحْمِيَةُ بْنُ زُنَيْمٍ - إِلَى جَانِبِهِ. كَذَا ذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ بِأَسَانِيدِهِ. إسلام جرجة القائد الرومي قَالُوا: وَخَرَجَ جَرَجَةُ أَحَدُ الْأُمَرَاءِ الْكِبَارِ مِنَ الصَّفِّ، وَاسْتَدْعَى خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ فَجَاءَ إِلَيْهِ حَتَّى اخْتَلَفَتْ أَعْنَاقُ فَرَسَيْهِمَا، فَقَالَ جَرَجَةُ: يَا خَالِدُ، أَخْبِرْنِي فَاصْدُقْنِي وَلَا تَكْذِبْنِي، فَإِنَّ الْحُرَّ لَا يَكْذِبُ، وَلَا تُخَادِعْنِي، فَإِنَّ الْكَرِيمَ لَا يُخَادِعُ الْمُسْتَرْسِلَ بِاللَّهِ، هَلْ أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَى نَبِيِّكُمْ سَيْفًا مِنَ السَّمَاءِ فَأَعْطَاكَهُ فَلَا تَسُلُّهُ عَلَى أَحَدٍ إِلَّا هَزَمْتَهُمْ ؟ قَالَ: لَا. قَالَ: فَبِمَ سُمِّيتَ سَيْفَ اللَّهِ ؟ قَالَ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ بَعَثَ فِينَا نَبِيَّهُ ﷺ، فَدَعَانَا فَنَفَرْنَا مِنْهُ وَنَأَيْنَا عَنْهُ جَمِيعًا، ثُمَّ إِنَّ بَعْضَنَا صَدَّقَهُ وَتَابَعَهُ، وَبَعْضَنَا كَذَّبَهُ وَبَاعَدَهُ، فَكُنْتُ فِيمَنْ كَذَّبَهُ وَبَاعَدَهُ، ثُمَّ إِنَّ اللَّهَ أَخَذَ بِقُلُوبِنَا وَنَوَاصِينَا فَهَدَانَا بِهِ وَبَايَعْنَاهُ، فَقَالَ لِي: أَنْتَ سَيْفٌ مِنْ سُيُوفِ اللَّهِ سَلَّهُ اللَّهُ عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ. وَدَعَا لِي بِالنَّصْرِ، فَسُمِّيتُ سَيْفَ اللَّهِ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَنَا مِنْ أَشَدِّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ. فَقَالَ جَرْجَةُ: يَا خَالِدُ، إِلَامَ تَدْعُونَ ؟ قَالَ: إِلَى شَهَادَةِ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ، وَالْإِقْرَارِ بِمَا جَاءَ بِهِ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ. قَالَ: فَمَنْ لَمْ يُجِبْكُمْ ؟ قَالَ: فَالْجِزْيَةُ وَنَمْنَعُهُمْ. قَالَ: فَإِنْ لَمْ يُعْطِهَا ؟ قَالَ: نُؤْذِنُهُ بِالْحَرْبِ ثُمَّ نُقَاتِلُهُ. قَالَ: فَمَا مَنْزِلَةُ مَنْ يُجِيبُكُمْ وَيَدْخُلُ فِي هَذَا الْأَمْرِ الْيَوْمَ ؟ قَالَ: مَنْزِلَتُنَا وَاحِدَةٌ فِيمَا افْتَرَضَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْنَا، شَرِيفُنَا وَوَضِيعُنَا وَأَوَّلُنَا وَآخِرُنَا. قَالَ جَرَجَةُ: فَلِمَنْ دَخَلَ فِيكُمُ الْيَوْمَ مِنَ الْأَجْرِ مِثْلُ مَا لَكَمَ مِنَ الْأَجْرِ وَالذُّخْرِ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، وَأَفْضَلُ. قَالَ: وَكَيْفَ يُسَاوِيكُمْ وَقَدْ سَبَقْتُمُوهُ ؟ فَقَالَ خَالِدٌ: إِنَّا دَخَلْنَا فِي هَذَا الْأَمْرِ وَبَايَعْنَا نَبِيَّنَا ﷺ وَهُوَ حَيٌّ بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِنَا تَأْتِيهِ أَخْبَارُ السَّمَاءِ، وَيُخْبِرُنَا بِالْكُتُبِ وَيُرِينَا الْآيَاتِ، وَحُقَّ لِمَنْ رَأَى مَا رَأَيْنَا وَسَمِعَ مَا سَمِعْنَا أَنْ يُسْلِمَ وَيُبَايِعَ، وَإِنَّكُمْ أَنْتُمْ لَمْ تَرَوْا مَا رَأَيْنَا، وَلَمْ تَسْمَعُوا مَا سَمِعْنَا مِنَ الْعَجَائِبِ وَالْحُجَجِ، فَمَنْ دَخَلَ فِي هَذَا الْأَمْرِ مِنْكُمْ بِحَقِيقَةٍ وَنِيَّةٍ كَانَ أَفْضَلَ مِنَّا. فَقَالَ جَرَجَةُ: بِاللَّهِ لَقَدْ صَدَقْتَنِي وَلَمْ تُخَادِعْنِي ؟ قَالَ: بِاللَّهِ لَقَدْ صَدَقْتُكَ، وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ وَلِيُّ مَا سَأَلَتْ عَنْهُ. فَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ قَلَبَ جَرَجَةُ التُّرْسَ وَمَالَ مَعَ خَالِدٍ، وَقَالَ: عَلِّمْنِي الْإِسْلَامَ. فَمَالَ بِهِ خَالِدٌ إِلَى فُسْطَاطِهِ، فَشَنَّ عَلَيْهِ قِرْبَةً مِنْ مَاءٍ، ثُمَّ صَلَّى بِهِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ. استشهاد جرجة الرومي وَحَمَلَتِ الرُّومُ مَعَ انْقِلَابِهِ إِلَى خَالِدٍ وَهُمْ يَرَوْنَ أَنَّهَا مِنْهُ حَمْلَةٌ، فَأَزَالُوا الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَنْ مَوَاقِفِهِمْ إِلَّا الْمُحَامِيَةَ، عَلَيْهِمْ عِكْرِمَةُ بْنُ أَبِي جَهْلٍ وَالْحَارِثُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، فَرَكِبَ خَالِدٌ وَجَرَجَةُ مَعَهُ، وَالرُّومُ خِلَالَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَتَنَادَى النَّاسُ وَثَابُوا وَتَرَاجَعَتِ الرُّومُ إِلَى مَوَاقِفِهِمْ، وَزَحَفَ خَالِدٌ بِالْمُسْلِمِينَ حَتَّى تَصَافَحُوا بِالسُّيُوفِ، فَضَرَبَ فِيهِمْ خَالِدٌ وَجَرَجَةُ مِنْ لَدُنِ ارْتِفَاعِ النَّهَارِ إِلَى جُنُوحِ الشَّمْسِ لِلْغُرُوبِ، وَصَلَّى الْمُسْلِمُونَ صَلَاةَ الظُّهْرِ وَصَلَاةَ الْعَصْرِ إِيمَاءً، وَأُصِيبَ جَرَجَةُ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ وَلَمْ يُصَلِّ لِلَّهِ إِلَّا تِلْكَ الرَّكْعَتَيْنِ مَعَ خَالِدٍ، ؓ، وَتَضَعْضَعَتِ الرُّومُ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ، ثُمَّ نَهَدَ خَالِدٌ بِالْقَلْبِ حَتَّى صَارَ فِي وَسَطِ خُيُولِ الرُّومِ، فَعِنْدَ ذَلِكَ هَرَبَتْ خَيَّالَتُهُمْ، وَاشْتَدَّتْ بِهِمْ فِي تِلْكَ الصَّحْرَاءِ، وَأَفْرَجَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بِخُيُولِهِمْ حَتَّى ذَهَبُوا، وَأَخَّرَ النَّاسُ صَلَاتَيِ الْعِشَاءِ حَتَّى اسْتَقَرَّ الْفَتْحُ. قتل خالد مِائَةُ أَلْفٍ وَعِشْرُونَ أَلْفًا من الروم وَعَمَدَ خَالِدٌ إِلَى رَجْلِ الرُّومِ - وَهُمُ الرَّجَّالَةُ - فَفَصَلُوهُمْ عَنْ آخِرِهِمْ، حَتَّى صَارُوا كَأَنَّهُمْ حَائِطٌ قَدْ هُدِمَ، ثُمَّ تَبِعُوا مَنْ فَرَّ مِنَ الْخَيَّالَةِ، وَاقْتَحَمَ خَالِدٌ عَلَيْهِمْ خَنْدَقَهُمْ، وَجَاءَ الرُّومُ فِي ظَلَامِ اللَّيْلِ إِلَى الْوَاقُوصَةِ، فَجَعَلَ الَّذِينَ تَسَلْسَلُوا وَقَيَّدُوا بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ إِذَا سَقَطَ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمْ سَقَطَ الَّذِينَ مَعَهُ. قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَغَيْرُهُ: فَسَقَطَ فِيهَا وَقُتِلَ عِنْدَهَا مِائَةُ أَلْفٍ وَعِشْرُونَ أَلْفًا سِوَى مَنْ قُتِلَ فِي الْمَعْرَكَةِ. قتال نساء المسلمين في المعركة وَقَدْ قَاتَلَ نِسَاءُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي هَذَا الْيَوْمِ، وَقَتَلُوا خَلْقًا كَثِيرًا مِنَ الرُّومِ. وَكُنَّ يَضْرِبْنَ مَنِ انْهَزَمَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَيَقُلْنَ: أَيْنَ تَذْهَبُونَ وَتَدَعُونَنَا لِلْعُلُوجِ ؟ ! فَإِذَا زَجَرْنَهُمْ لَا يَمْلِكُ أَحَدٌ نَفْسَهُ حَتَّى يَرْجِعَ إِلَى الْقِتَالِ. قَالَ: وَتَجَلَّلَ الْقَيْقَلَانُ وَأَشْرَافٌ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ مِنَ الرُّومِ بِبَرَانِسِهِمْ، وَقَالُوا: إِذَا لَمْ نَقْدِرْ عَلَى نَصْرِ دِينِ النَّصْرَانِيَّةِ، فَلْنَمُتْ عَلَى دِينِهِمْ. فَجَاءَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فَقَتَلُوهُمْ عَنْ آخِرِهِمْ. عدد من قتل من المسلمين قَالُوا: وَقُتِلَ فِي هَذَا الْيَوْمِ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ثَلَاثَةُ آلَافٍ؛ مِنْهُمْ عِكْرِمَةُ وَابْنُهُ عَمْرٌو، وَسَلَمَةُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، وَعَمْرُو بْنُ سَعِيدٍ، وَأَبَانُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ - وَأُثْبِتَ خَالِدُ بْنُ سَعِيدٍ فَلَا يُدْرَى أَيْنَ ذَهَبَ، وَضِرَارُ بْنُ الْأَزْوَرِ - وَهِشَامُ بْنُ الْعَاصِ وَعَمْرُو بْنُ الطُّفَيْلِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو الدَّوْسِيُّ، وَحَقَّقَ اللَّهُ رُؤْيَا أَبِيهِ يَوْمَ الْيَمَامَةِ. وَقَدِ انْكَشَفَ فِي هَذَا الْيَوْمِ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنَ النَّاسِ ; انْهَزَمَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ فِي أَرْبَعَةٍ، حَتَّى وَصَلُوا إِلَى النِّسَاءِ، ثُمَّ رَجَعُوا حِينَ زَجَرَهُمُ النِّسَاءُ، وَانْكَشَفَ شُرَحْبِيلُ ابْنُ حَسَنَةَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ، ثُمَّ تَرَاجَعُوا حِينَ وَعَظَهُمُ الْأَمِيرُ بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: إِنَّ اللَّهَ اشْتَرَى مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَنْفُسَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ الْآيَةَ [ التَّوْبَةِ: 111 ]. ثبات يزيد بن أبي سفيان في المعركة وَثَبَتَ يَوْمَئِذٍ يَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَقَاتَلَ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ أَبَاهُ مَرَّ بِهِ فَقَالَ لَهُ: يَا بُنَيَّ، عَلَيْكَ بِتَقْوَى اللَّهِ وَالصَّبْرِ ; فَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ رَجُلٌ بِهَذَا الْوَادِي مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَّا مَحْفُوفًا بِالْقِتَالِ، فَكَيْفَ بِكَ وَبِأَشْبَاهِكَ الَّذِينَ وُلُّوا أُمُورَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ؟ أُولَئِكَ أَحَقُّ النَّاسِ بِالصَّبْرِ وَالنَّصِيحَةِ، فَاتَّقِ اللَّهَ يَا بُنَيَّ، وَلَا يَكُونَنَّ أَحَدٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِكَ بَأَرْغَبَ فِي الْأَجْرِ وَالصَّبْرِ فِي الْحَرْبِ، وَلَا أَجْرَأَ عَلَى عَدُوِّ الْإِسْلَامِ مِنْكَ، فَقَالَ: أَفْعَلُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ. فَقَاتَلَ يَوْمَئِذٍ قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، وَكَانَ مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ الْقَلْبِ، ؓ. وَقَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيِّبِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ قَالَ: هَدَأَتِ الْأَصْوَاتُ يَوْمَ الْيَرْمُوكِ فَسَمِعْنَا صَوْتًا يَكَادُ يَمْلَأُ الْعَسْكَرَ يَقُولُ: يَا نَصْرَ اللَّهِ اقْتَرِبْ، الثَّبَاتَ الثَّبَاتَ يَا مَعْشَرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. قَالَ: فَنَظَرْنَا فَإِذَا هُوَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ تَحْتَ رَايَةِ ابْنِهِ يَزِيدَ.. هروب هرقل ملك الروم وَأَكْمَلَ خَالِدٌ لَيْلَتَهُ فِي خَيْمَةِ تَذَارِقَ أَخِي هِرَقْلَ، وَهُوَ أَمِيرُ الرُّومِ كُلِّهِمْ يَوْمَئِذٍ، هَرَبَ فِيمَنْ هَرَبَ، وَبَاتَتِ الْخُيُولُ تَجُولُ نَحْوَ خَيْمَةِ خَالِدٍ يَقْتُلُونَ مَنْ مَرَّ بِهِمْ مِنَ الرُّومِ حَتَّى أَصْبَحُوا، وَقُتِلَ تَذَارِقُ، وَكَانَ لَهُ ثَلَاثُونَ سُرَادِقًا وَثَلَاثُونَ رُوَاقًا مِنْ دِيبَاجٍ بِمَا فِيهَا مِنَ الْفُرُشِ وَالْحَرِيرِ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ الصَّبَاحُ حَازُوا مَا كَانَ هُنَالِكَ مِنَ الْغَنَائِمِ، وَمَا فَرِحُوا بِمَا وَجَدُوا بِقَدْرِ حُزْنِهِمْ عَلَى الصِّدِّيقِ حِينَ أَعْلَمَهُمْ خَالِدٌ بِذَلِكَ، وَلَكِنْ عَوَّضَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِالْفَارُوقِ ؓ. وَقَالَ خَالِدٌ حِينَ عَزَّى الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي الصِّدِّيقِ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي قَضَى عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ بِالْمَوْتِ وَكَانَ أَحَبَّ إِلَيَّ مِنْ عُمَرَ، وَالْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي وَلَّى عُمَرَ وَكَانَ أَبْغَضَ إِلَيَّ مِنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَأَلْزَمَنِي حُبَّهُ. تتبع خالد من انهزم من الروم وَقَدِ اتَّبَعَ خَالِدٌ مَنِ انْهَزَمَ مِنَ الرُّومِ حَتَّى وَصَلَ إِلَى دِمَشْقَ، فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِ أَهْلُهَا فَقَالُوا: نَحْنُ عَلَى عَهْدِنَا وَصُلْحِنَا ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. ثُمَّ اتَّبَعَهُمْ إِلَى ثَنِيَّةِ الْعُقَابِ، فَقَتَلَ مِنْهُمْ خَلْقًا كَثِيرًا، ثُمَّ سَاقَ وَرَاءَهُمْ إِلَى حِمْصَ، فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِ أَهْلُهَا فَصَالَحَهُمْ كَمَا صَالَحَ أَهْلُ دِمَشْقَ، وَبَعَثَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ عِيَاضَ بْنَ غَنْمٍ وَرَاءَهُمْ أَيْضًا، فَسَاقَ حَتَّى وَصَلَ مَلَطْيَةَ فَصَالَحَهُ أَهْلُهَا وَرَجَعَ، فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ هِرَقْلَ ذَلِكَ بَعَثَ إِلَى مُقَاتِلِيهَا فَحَضَرُوا بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، وَأَمَرَ بِمَلَطْيَةَ فَحُرِقَتْ، وَانْتَهَتِ الرُّومُ مُنْهَزِمَةً إِلَى هِرَقْلَ وَهُوَ بِحِمْصَ، وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي آثَارِهِمْ يَقْتُلُونَ وَيَأْسِرُونَ وَيَغْنَمُونَ، فَلَمَّا وَصَلَ الْخَبَرُ إِلَى هِرَقْلَ ارْتَحَلَ مِنْ حِمْصَ، وَجَعَلَهَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَتَرَّسَ بِهَا، وَقَالَ هِرَقْلُ: أَمَّا الشَّامُ فَلَا شَامَ، وَوَيْلٌ لِلرُّومِ مِنَ الْمَوْلُودِ الْمَشْئُومِ. مما قيل من الأشعار في يوم اليرموك وَمِمَّا قِيلَ مِنَ الْأَشْعَارِ فِي يَوْمِ الْيَرْمُوكِ قَوْلُ الْقَعْقَاعِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو: أَلَمْ تَرَنَا عَلَى الْيَرْمُوكِ فُزْنَا كَمَا فُزْنَا بِأَيَّامِ الْعِرَاقِ فَتَحْنَا قَبْلَهَا بُصْرَى وَكَانَتْ مُحَرَّمَةَ الْجَنَابِ لَدَى الْبُعَاقِ وَعَذْرَاءَ الْمَدَائِنِ قَدْ فَتَحْنَا وَمَرَجَ الصُّفَّرَيْنِ عَلَى الْعِتَاقِ قَتَلْنَا مَنْ أَقَامَ لَنَا وَفِينَا نِهَابُهُمُ بِأَسْيَافٍ رِقَاقِ قَتَلْنَا الرُّومَ حَتَّى مَا تُسَاوِي عَلَى الْيَرْمُوكِ ثُفْرُوقَ الْوِرَاقِ فَضَضْنَا جَمْعَهُمْ لَمَّا اسْتَحَالُوا عَلَى الْوَاقُوصِ بِالْبُتْرِ الرِّقَاقِ غَدَاةَ تَهَافَتُوا فِيهَا فَصَارُوا إِلَى أَمْرٍ يُعَضِّلُ بِالذَّوَاقِ وَقَالَ الْأَسْوَدُ أَبُو مُفَزِّرٍ التَّمِيمِيُّ: وَكَمْ قَدْ أَغَرْنَا غَارَةً بَعْدَ غَارَةٍ وَيَوْمًا وَيَوْمًا قَدْ كَشَفْنَا أَهَاوِلَهْ وَلَوْلَا رِجَالٌ كَانَ حَشْوُ غَنِيمَةٍ لَدَى مَأْقَطٍ رَجَّتْ عَلَيْنَا أَوَائِلُهْ لَقِينَاهُمُ الْيَرْمُوكَ لَمَّا تَضَايَقَتْ بِمَنْ حَلَّ بِالْيَرْمُوكِ مِنْهُ حَمَائِلُهْ فَلَا يَعْدَمَنْ مِنَّا هِرَقْلُ كَتَائِبًا إِذَا رَامَهَا رَامَ الَّذِي لَا يُحَاوِلُهْ وَقَالَ عَمْرُو بْنُ الْعَاصِ: الْقَوْمُ لَخْمٌ وَجُذَامٌ فِي الْحَرِبْ وَنَحْنُ وَالرُّومُ بِمَرْجٍ نَضْطَرِبْ فَإِنْ يَعُودُوا بَعْدَهَا لَا نَصْطَحِبْ بَلْ نَعْصِبُ الْفُرَّارَ بِالضَّرْبِ الْكَلِبْ بين هرقل ورجاله وقوة المسلمين وَرَوَى أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ الْمَالِكِيُّ فِي " الْمُجَالَسَةِ " بسنده، عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ: كَانَ أَصْحَابُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَا يَثْبُتُ لَهُمُ الْعَدُوُّ فُوَاقَ نَاقَةٍ عِنْدَ اللِّقَاءِ. فَقَالَ هِرَقْلُ وَهُوَ عَلَى أَنْطَاكِيَةَ لَمَّا قَدِمَتْ مُنْهَزِمَةُ الرُّومِ: وَيَلَكُمُ ! أَخْبِرُونِي عَنْ هَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمِ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَكُمْ، أَلَيْسُوا هُمْ بَشَرًا مِثْلَكُمْ ؟ ! قَالُوا: بَلَى. قَالَ: فَأَنْتُمْ أَكْثَرُ أَمْ هُمْ ؟ قَالُوا: بَلْ نَحْنُ أَكْثَرُ مِنْهُمْ أَضْعَافًا فِي كُلِّ مَوْطِنٍ. قَالَ: فَمَا بَالُكُمْ تَنْهَزِمُونَ كُلَّمَا لَقِيتُمُوهُمْ ؟ ! فَقَالَ شَيْخٌ مِنْ عُظَمَائِهِمْ: مِنْ أَجْلِ أَنَّهُمْ يَقُومُونَ اللَّيْلَ، وَيَصُومُونَ النَّهَارَ، وَيُوفُونَ بِالْعَهْدِ، وَيَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ، وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ، وَيَتَنَاصَفُونَ بَيْنَهُمْ، وَمِنْ أَجْلِ أَنَّا نَشْرَبُ الْخَمْرَ، وَنَزْنِي، وَنَرْكَبُ الْحَرَامَ، وَنَنْقُضُ الْعَهْدَ، وَنَغْصَبُ، وَنَظْلِمُ، وَنَأْمُرُ بِمَا يُسْخِطُ اللَّهَ، وَنَنْهَى عَمَّا يُرْضِي اللَّهَ، وَنُفْسِدُ فِي الْأَرْضِ. فَقَالَ: أَنْتَ صَدَقْتَنِي. وَقَالَ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ: أَخْبَرَنِي مَنْ سَمِعَ يَحْيَى بْنَ يَحْيَى الْغَسَّانِيَّ يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ رَجُلَيْنِ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ، قَالَا: لَمَّا نَزَلَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بِنَاحِيَةِ الْأُرْدُنِّ تَحَدَّثْنَا بَيْنَنَا أَنَّ دِمَشْقَ سَتُحَاصَرُ، فَذَهَبْنَا نَتَسَوَّقُ مِنْهَا قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ، فَبَيْنَا نَحْنُ فِيهَا إِذْ أَرْسَلَ إِلَيْنَا بِطْرِيقُهَا فَجِئْنَاهُ فَقَالَ: أَنْتُمَا مِنَ الْعَرَبِ ؟ قُلْنَا: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: وَعَلَى النَّصْرَانِيَّةِ ؟ قُلْنَا: نَعَمْ. فَقَالَ: لِيَذْهَبْ أَحَدُكُمَا فَلْيَتَجَسَّسْ لَنَا عَنْ هَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمِ وَرَأْيِهِمْ، وَلِيَثْبُتِ الْآخَرُ عَلَى مَتَاعِ صَاحِبِهِ. فَفَعَلَ ذَلِكَ أَحَدُنَا، فَلَبِثَ مَلِيًّا ثُمَّ جَاءَهُ فَقَالَ: جِئْتُكَ مِنْ عِنْدِ رِجَالٍ دِقَاقْ، يَرْكَبُونَ خُيُولًا عِتَاقْ، أَمَّا اللَّيْلُ فَرُهْبَانْ، وَأَمَّا النَّهَارُ فَفُرْسَانْ، يَرِيشُونَ النَّبْلَ وَيَبْرُونَهَا، وَيُثَقِّفُونَ الْقَنَا، لَوْ حَدَّثْتَ جَلِيسَكَ حَدِيثًا مَا فَهِمَهُ عَنْكَ ; لِمَا عَلَا مِنْ أَصْوَاتِهِمْ بِالْقُرْآنِ وَالذِّكْرِ. قَالَ: فَالْتَفَتَ إِلَى أَصْحَابِهِ وَقَالَ: أَتَاكُمْ مِنْهُمْ مَا لَا طَاقَةَ لَكُمْ بِهِ.
Translation
✧ Its timing The Battle of al-Yarmūk — according to what Sayf b. ʿUmar mentioned, in this year, before the conquest of Damascus, and Abū Jaʿfar b. Jarīr, may God have mercy on him, followed him in that. As for al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir, may God have mercy on him, he transmitted with his isnād from al-Walīd, Ibn Lahīʿa, al-Layth, and Abū Maʿshar that it took place in the year 15 AH, after the conquest of Damascus. Muḥammad b. Isḥāq said: It was in Rajab of the year 15 AH. Khalīfa b. Khayyāṭ said: Ibn al-Kalbī said: The Battle of al-Yarmūk was on Monday, five nights having passed of Rajab, in the year 15 AH. Ibn ʿAsākir said: This is the well-attested [view], and what Sayf said that it was before the conquest of Damascus in the year 13 AH is not followed. I say: This is the account of Sayf and others as reported by Ibn Jarīr and others. Causes of the campaign of al-Yarmūk They said: When these armies set out toward Syria, that alarmed the Byzantines, and they feared greatly. They wrote to Heraclius informing him of what had happened. It is said that he was then at Ḥimṣ, and it is also said that he had made a pilgrimage that year to Jerusalem. When the news reached him, he said to them: Woe to you! These are people of a new religion, and no one can withstand them. Obey me and make peace with them on [terms of giving them] half the kharāj of Syria, while the mountains of Byzantium remain yours. If you refuse that, they will take Syria from you and press you in the mountains of Byzantium. They snorted at that like the snorting of wild asses, as is their custom in lack of knowledge and [poor] judgment in war and in supporting religion and worldly matters. Thereupon he marched to Ḥimṣ, and Heraclius ordered the Byzantine armies to go forth with their commanders, opposing each Muslim commander with a large army. He sent against ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ his full brother Tudhāriq with ninety thousand fighting men, and he sent Jaraja b. Tūdharā toward the area of Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān, who encamped facing him. He sent al-Durāqiṣ against Shuraḥbīl b. Ḥasana, and he sent al-Qayqār — also said al-Qayqalān; Ibn Isḥāq said: he was Heraclius’ eunuch — son of Nasṭūrus, with sixty thousand against Abū ʿUbayda b. al-Jarrāḥ. The Byzantines said: By God, we shall keep Abū Bakr occupied [so that he is unable] to bring cavalry into our land. The total of the Muslim armies was twenty-one thousand, besides the army with ʿIkrima b. Abī Jahl, which stood at the edge of Syria as a support for the people, in six thousand. The commanders wrote to Abū Bakr and ʿUmar informing them of the great affair that had occurred. He wrote to them to gather together and be one army, and to meet the armies of the polytheists, “for you are the helpers of God, and God helps those who help Him and forsakes those who disbelieve in Him. The like of you will not be defeated because of small numbers, but rather because of sins, so beware of them, and let each man of you pray with his companions.” Al-Ṣiddīq sends Khālid to Syria and calls for unified command Al-Ṣiddīq said: By God, I shall keep the Christians occupied from the whisperings of Satan with Khālid b. al-Walīd. He sent to him while he was in Iraq, ordering him to come to Syria and be commander over those there, and when he was done, to return to his post in Iraq. What we shall mention then happened. The number of the Muslim army and the Byzantine army When Heraclius learned what al-Ṣiddīq had commanded his commanders regarding gathering together, he sent to his commanders to also gather together and to camp the army in a place with wide watering grounds, wide open space, but narrow escape routes. His brother Tudhāriq was over the people, over the vanguard was Jaraja, over the two flanks Bāhān and al-Durāqiṣ, and over the war al-Qayqalān. Muḥammad b. ʿĀʾidh said, from ʿAbd al-Aʿlā, from Saʿīd b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz: The Muslims were twenty-four thousand, under Abū ʿUbayda, and the Byzantines were one hundred twenty thousand, under Bāhān and Suqlāb, on the day of al-Yarmūk. Likewise Ibn Isḥāq mentioned that Suqlāb the eunuch was over the Byzantines that day with one hundred thousand, and over the vanguard Jaraja from Armenia with twelve thousand, and of the Arabized [tribes] twelve thousand under Jabala b. al-Ayham. The Muslims were twenty-four thousand, and they fought a fierce battle, so that even the women fought from behind them with the utmost fierceness. From ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Jubayr who said: Heraclius sent two hundred thousand, over them Bāhān al-Armanī. Requesting reinforcements from the Caliph and sending Khālid Sayf said: The Byzantines marched and camped at al-Wāqūṣa, near al-Yarmūk, and the valley became a trench around them. The Companions sent to al-Ṣiddīq seeking reinforcements and informing him of the Byzantine army that had gathered at al-Yarmūk. Thereupon al-Ṣiddīq wrote to Khālid b. al-Walīd to appoint a deputy over Iraq and to return with those with him to Syria, and when he reached them he would be commander over them. He appointed al-Muthannā b. Ḥāritha as his deputy over Iraq. Khālid traveled quickly with nine thousand — or it is said eight hundred, or five hundred — his guide being Rāfiʿ b. ʿUmayra al-Ṭāʾī, who led him through al-Samāwa until he reached Qurāqir, and he traversed lands that no one had traversed before him. He crossed deserts and barren wastes, cut through valleys, climbed mountains, and traveled on no beaten path. Rāfiʿ guided them on their way while he was bleary-eyed. He made the camels thirsty and then gave them water to drink little by little after full watering; he cut their lips and muzzled them so they would not chew cud; and he pierced their rear parts and drove them along. When they ran out of water, he slaughtered them and they drank the water in their bellies. It is also said: rather he gave the water to the horses and they drank what water [the camels] were carrying, and ate their flesh. He arrived, praise and favor be to God, in five days. Treaty of Tadmur and Arak, and the conquest of Buṣrā He came upon the Byzantines from the direction of Tadmur. He made peace with the people of Tadmur and Arak. When he passed by ʿAdhrāʾ, he made it permissible [for plunder] and gained immense wealth from Ghassān. He emerged to the east of Damascus, then marched until he reached Qanāt Buṣrā, where he found the Companions besieging it. Its ruler made peace with him and surrendered it to him, so it was the first city conquered in Syria. And praise be to God. Khālid sent the fifth of what was taken from Ghassān with Bilāl b. al-Ḥārith al-Muzanī to al-Ṣiddīq. Khālid’s march to the Byzantines, Abū Sufyān’s counsel, and the Battle of Ajnādayn Then Khālid, Abū ʿUbayda, Yazīd, and Shuraḥbīl marched to ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, toward whom the Byzantines had headed in the land of al-ʿArabāt in the Ghawr. That was the Battle of Ajnādayn. A man from the Muslims said concerning their march with Khālid: For God, the two eyes of Rāfiʿ, how did he find the way? He went from Qurāqir to Suwā, five [nights], when the army traversed them it wept. No human before you, I see, ever traversed them. Some of the Arabs had said to him regarding this march: If you reach such-and-such tree by morning, you and those with you will be saved, and if you do not reach it, you and those with you will perish. Khālid marched with those with him and they traveled a great night journey, and by morning they were at it. Khālid said: “At morning the people praise the night journey.” He made it a proverb, and he was the first to say it, ؓ. Others besides Ibn Isḥāq, such as Sayf b. ʿUmar and Abū Mikhnaf and others, in completing the first account, said: When the Byzantines gathered with their commanders at al-Wāqūṣa, the Companions moved from their former camp and encamped near the Byzantines on their road, such that they had no road other than it. ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ said: Rejoice, O people! By God, the Byzantines are now besieged, and seldom does a besieged [army] come to good. It is said that when the Companions gathered for consultation about how to march against the Byzantines, the commanders sat for that, and Abū Sufyān came and said: I never thought I would live to see a people gather for war and not be present among them. Then he advised that the army be divided into three parts: one third should march and camp facing the Byzantines, then the baggage and families should march in the second third, and Khālid should remain behind with the last third. When the baggage reached the first group, he would march after them and they would camp in a place with the desert behind their backs, so that couriers and reinforcements could reach them. They followed his advice, and excellent advice it was. Al-Walīd mentioned from Ṣafwān, from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Jubayr, that the Byzantines camped between Dayr Ayyūb and al-Yarmūk, and the Muslims camped beyond the river on the other side, with Adhriʿāt behind them, so that reinforcements could reach them from al-Madīna. It is also said that Khālid came to them only after the Companions had camped facing the Byzantines and had endured and besieged them for the entire month of Rabīʿ al-Awwal. When it ended and fighting became possible due to the scarcity of water, they sent to al-Ṣiddīq seeking reinforcements. He said: Khālid is the man for it. He sent to Khālid, who came to them in Rabīʿ al-Ākhir. Upon Khālid’s arrival, Bāhān came as reinforcement for the Byzantines, with him priests, deacons, and monks, urging and inciting them to fight in support of the Christian religion. The Byzantine army was completed at two hundred forty thousand: eighty thousand chained with iron and ropes, eighty thousand cavalry, and eighty thousand infantry. It was also said: those who were chained together — every ten in one chain, so that they would not flee — were thirty thousand. God knows best. Sayf said: ʿIkrima arrived with the armies he had, and the army of the Companions was completed at thirty-six thousand to forty thousand. According to Ibn Isḥāq and al-Madāʾinī as well, the Battle of Ajnādayn was before the Battle of al-Yarmūk. The Battle of Ajnādayn was on the two nights remaining of Jumādā al-Ūlā in the year 13 AH. Many of the Companions were killed in it, the Byzantines were defeated, and their commander al-Qayqalān was killed. He had sent a man from the Arab Christians to spy for him on the Companions. When he returned to him, he said: I found a people who are monks at night and horsemen by day. By God, if the son of their king stole among them, they would cut off his hand, and if he committed adultery, they would stone him. Al-Qayqalān said to him: By God, if you are truthful, the belly of the earth is better than its back. Khālid’s plan to confront the Byzantines Sayf b. ʿUmar said in his account: Khālid found the armies dispersed: the army of Abū ʿUbayda and ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ on one side, and the army of Yazīd and Shuraḥbīl on another. Khālid stood among the people as an orator, commanding them to gather together and forbidding them from dispersal and disagreement. The people gathered and formed ranks against their enemy at the beginning of Jumādā al-Ākhira. Khālid b. al-Walīd stood among the people, praised God and extolled Him, and said: This is a day of the days of God, in which there should be no boasting or transgression. Make your jihād sincere and seek God with your deeds. This is a day after which there is no [other]; if we repel them today to their trench, we shall continue to repel them, but if they defeat us, we shall never succeed after it. Come, let us take turns in command: let one of us be in charge today, another tomorrow, and another the day after, until all of you have commanded. Leave me today to lead you. So they made him commander over them, thinking that the affair would last very long. The Byzantines came out in a battle array the like of which had never been seen. Khālid’s battle formation Khālid came out in a formation the Arabs had never used before: he came out in thirty-six to forty squadrons (kurdūs), each squadron of a thousand men under a commander. He placed Abū ʿUbayda in the center, on the right wing ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, with him Shuraḥbīl b. Ḥasana, and on the left wing Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān. He appointed a commander over each squadron, over the scouts Qubāth b. Ashyam, over the reserves ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd, and the judge that day was Abū al-Dardāʾ. Their preacher who exhorted them and urged them to fight was Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb, and their reciter who went around among the people reciting Sūrat al-Anfāl and the verses of jihād was al-Miqdād b. al-Aswad. Isḥāq b. Bishr mentioned with his isnād that the commanders of the quarters that day were four: Abū ʿUbayda, ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ, Shuraḥbīl b. Ḥasana, and Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān. The people came out under their banners. On the right wing was Muʿādh b. Jabal, on the left wing Qubāth b. Ashyam al-Kinānī, over the infantry Hāshim b. ʿUtba b. Abī Waqqāṣ, and over the cavalry Khālid b. al-Walīd, who was the adviser in war whose opinion all the people followed. When the Byzantines advanced in their pride and arrogance, they filled every part of that area, its plain and its rugged terrain, as if they were a black cloud, shouting with raised voices. Their monks recited the Gospel and urged them to fight. Khālid was among the cavalry in front of the army, and he rode his horse to Abū ʿUbayda and said to him: I am advising a matter. He said: Speak what God has shown you; I hear and obey. Khālid said to him: These people will inevitably make a great charge from which they cannot turn away, and I fear for the right and left wings. I have seen fit to divide the cavalry into two groups and place them behind the right and left wings, so that when [the enemy] crashes into them, they will be a support from behind. He said: Excellent is what you have seen. So Khālid was in one of the two cavalry groups behind the right wing, and he placed Qays b. Hubayra in the other cavalry group. He ordered Abū ʿUbayda to withdraw from the center to behind the entire army, so that if a fleeing man saw him, he would feel ashamed and return to fighting. Abū ʿUbayda placed in his place in the center Saʿīd b. Zayd al-ʿAdawī, one of the ten, ؓ. Khālid rode to the women behind the army, with whom were a number of swords and other things, and said to them: Whoever you see turning his back, kill him. Then he returned to his position, ؓ. Exhortations of some Companions at the time of battle When the two armies came within sight of each other and the two parties advanced for single combat, Abū ʿUbayda exhorted the Muslims, saying: Servants of God, help God and He will help you and make your feet firm. O assembly of Muslims, be patient, for patience is a deliverance from disbelief, a means of earning the Lord’s pleasure, and a repelling of disgrace. Do not leave your ranks, do not take a step toward them, and do not initiate fighting with them. Lower your spears, shield yourselves with your shields, and keep silence except for the remembrance of God in your hearts, until I give you the command, God Almighty willing. They said: Muʿādh b. Jabal went out to the people and began reminding them, saying: O people of the Qurʾān and keepers of the Book, supporters of guidance and truth, the mercy of God is not attained and His Paradise is not entered by wishes, and God does not grant forgiveness and His vast mercy except to the truthful one who affirms. Have you not heard the words of God: “God has promised those of you who believe and do righteous deeds” [al-Nūr: 55]? So be ashamed, may God have mercy on you, before your Lord that He should see you fleeing from your enemy while you are in His grasp, and you have no refuge besides Him, and no might except through Him. And ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ said: O Muslims, lower your gazes, kneel upon your knees, and level your spears. When they charge at you, give them respite until they ride upon the points of the spearheads, then leap at them with the leap of the lion. By Him who is pleased with truthfulness and rewards it, and abhors lying, and recompenses good with good, I have heard that the Muslims will conquer it village by village and palace by palace. Let not their multitudes or their numbers terrify you, for if you meet them with a true charge, they will scatter like the young of the sandgrouse. And Abū Sufyān said: O assembly of Muslims, you are the Arabs, and you have become cut off from your families in the abode of the non-Arabs, far from the Commander of the Believers and the reinforcements of the Muslims. By God, you have come to face an enemy whose number is great, whose rancor against you is intense, and you have bereaved them in their lives, their lands, and their women. By God, nothing will save you from these people, and nothing will bring you to the good pleasure of God tomorrow, except truthfulness in the meeting and patience in the hated stations. Indeed it is a binding practice, and the land behind you, between you and the Commander of the Believers and the community of the Muslims, is deserts and open wastes, in which no one has any stronghold or refuge except patience and hope for what God has promised, for He is the best reliance. So protect yourselves with your swords and help one another, and let them be the fortresses. Then he went to the women and exhorted them, then returned and called out: O assemblies of the people of Islam, what you see has come to pass; here is the Messenger of God ﷺ and Paradise before you, and Satan and the Fire behind you. Then he moved to his station, may God have mercy on him. Abū Hurayrah also exhorted the people, saying: Hasten to the wide-eyed maidens and the neighborhood of your Lord, mighty and majestic, in the gardens of bliss. You are not in any station more beloved to your Lord than in the like of this station. Indeed for the patient ones is their merit. Sayf b. ʿUmar said with his chain from his shaykhs: They said: In that gathering there were a thousand men of the Companions, among them one hundred from the people of Badr. Abū Sufyān would stop at every squadron and say: God, God! You are the circle of the Arabs and the supporters of Islam, and they are the circle of the Romans and the supporters of polytheism. O God, this is one of Your days; O God, send down Your help upon Your servants. They said: When Khālid came from Iraq, a man from the Arab Christians said to Khālid b. al-Walīd: How numerous are the Romans and how few the Muslims! Khālid said: Woe to you! Do you frighten me with the Romans? Armies become many only through victory and become few through abandonment, not by the number of men. By God, I wish that al-Ashqar were free of lameness and that they were double in number. His horse had become footsore and ailed during his coming from Iraq. Attempt at reconciliation When the people drew near, Abū ʿUbaydah and Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān advanced, and with them Ḍirār b. al-Azwar, al-Ḥārith b. Hishām, and Abū Jandal b. Suhayl, and they called out: We only want your commander to meet with him. Permission was given them to enter upon Tadhāriq, and behold he was seated in a tent of silk. The Companions said: We do not deem it lawful to enter it. He ordered for them furnishings: carpets of silk. They said: We will not sit on these. He sat with them where they wished, and they agreed upon reconciliation. The Companions returned from them after they had called them to God, mighty and majestic, but that did not come to pass. Al-Walīd b. Muslim mentioned that Bāhān sought Khālid to come out to him between the two lines and meet with him for some affair of mutual benefit. Bāhān said: We know that what brought you out of your lands is hardship and hunger. Come, and I will give every man of you ten dinars, clothing, and food, and you return to your lands, and next year we will send you the like of it. Khālid said: It was not what you mentioned that brought us out of our lands, except that we are a people who drink blood, and it has reached us that no blood is tastier than the blood of the Romans, so we came for that. The companions of Bāhān said: This, by God, is not what we used to be told about the Arabs. Khālid commands the attack They said: Then Khālid advanced to ʿIkrimah b. Abī Jahl and al-Qaʿqāʿ b. ʿAmr—they were on the two flanks of the center—to begin the fighting. They rushed forward reciting battle verses and called for single combat. The champions descended and engaged in duels, and the war blazed and stood on its legs. Khālid, with a squadron of defenders, brave champions before the ranks, while the champions of both parties lunged at one another before him, and he looked on, sending to each group of his companions what they should undertake of stratagems, directing the affair of the war with the fullest direction. The courage of al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām Among those who witnessed al-Yarmūk was al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām, and he was the most excellent of the Companions there, and one of the horsemen of the people and their bravest. A group of champions gathered around him that day and said: Will you not charge and we charge with you? He said: You will not hold firm. They said: Yes. He charged and they charged. When they faced the ranks of the Romans, they held back and he went forward, piercing the ranks of the Romans until he came out from the other side and returned to his companions. Then they came to him a second time, and he did as he had done the first time. He was wounded that day with two wounds between his shoulder blades; in one narration, one wound. Al-Bukhārī narrated the meaning of what we have mentioned in his Ṣaḥīḥ. The stance of Muʿādh b. Jabal Whenever Muʿādh b. Jabal heard the voices of the priests and monks, he would say: O God, shake their feet, terrify their hearts, send down tranquility upon us, bind us to the word of piety, make the meeting beloved to us, and make us content with the decree. Bāhān came out and ordered the commander of the left wing, al-Dharbījān—the enemy of God, who was an ascetic among them—and he charged the right wing, in which were al-Azd, Madhḥij, Ḥaḍramawt, and Khawlān. They held firm until they struck the enemies of God truly. Then the Romans mounted upon them like mountains, and the Muslims of the right wing shifted toward the center. A party of the people fell back to the camp, while a great vanguard of the Muslims held firm fighting under their banners. Zubayd fell back, then they called to one another and returned and charged until they repelled those before them of the Romans, and kept them occupied from pursuing those who had fallen back from the people. The women met those who fled from the swift ones of the people, striking them with wood and stones. Khawlah bt. Thaʿlabah began to say: O you who flee from godly women, In a short while you will see them as captives, Neither fortunate nor contented. He said: The people returned to their stations. The stance of ʿIkrimah b. Abī Jahl Sayf b. ʿUmar said, from Abū ʿUthmān al-Ghassānī, from his father: ʿIkrimah b. Abī Jahl said on the day of al-Yarmūk: I fought the Messenger of God ﷺ in many stations, and shall I flee from you today? Then he called out: Who will pledge allegiance upon death? His uncle al-Ḥārith b. Hishām and Ḍirār b. al-Azwar pledged allegiance to him, along with four hundred of the notables of the Muslims and their horsemen. They fought in front of the tent of Khālid until they were all laid low with wounds, and many of them were killed, among them Ḍirār b. al-Azwar, ؓ. Al-Wāqidī and others mentioned that when they were laid low from wounds, they asked for water. A drink of water was brought to them, and when it was brought near to one of them, another looked at him and said: Pass it to him. When it was passed to him, the other looked at him and said: Pass it to him. They passed it among themselves, from one to another, until they all died, and none of them drank it, ؓ. The first Muslim killed and the intensification of battle It is said that the first of the Muslims to be killed as a martyr that day was a man who came to Abū ʿUbaydah and said: I have prepared myself for my affair; do you have any need to convey to the Messenger of God ﷺ? He said: Yes, convey to him my greetings and say: O Messenger of God, we have found what our Lord promised us to be true. He said: The man advanced and fought until he was killed, may God have mercy on him. They said: Every people held firm under their banner until the Romans began to turn like a millstone. On the day of al-Yarmūk there was not seen more skull caps fallen, forearms severed, and hands flying than in that station. Then Khālid charged with the cavalry that was with him against the left wing that had charged the right wing of the Muslims and had displaced them to the center. In that charge he killed six thousand of them. Then he said: By Him in whose hand is my soul, no patience or endurance remains with them except what you have seen, and I hope that God will grant you their shoulders. Then he intercepted them and charged with one hundred horsemen with him against about one hundred thousand. He had not reached them before their host dispersed, and the Muslims charged them with the charge of a single man, and they were routed, and the Muslims pursued them without any resistance from them. The arrival of the courier from the caliph They said: While they were in the thick of battle and the heat of war, and the champions were lunging at one another from every side, a courier arrived from the direction of the Hijaz. He was brought to Khālid b. al-Walīd, who said to him: What is the news? He said to him, privately between them: Al-Ṣiddīq, ؓ, has died, and ʿUmar has been made successor, and he has appointed Abū ʿUbaydah ʿĀmir b. al-Jarrāḥ over the armies. Khālid kept it secret and did not disclose it to the people, lest weakness and feebleness occur in that situation. And he said to him, while the people could hear: You have done well. He took the letter from him and placed it in his quiver, and occupied himself with the direction of the war and the fighting. He stationed the messenger who brought the letter—he was Maḥmiyah b. Zunaym—beside him. Thus Ibn Jarīr mentioned it with his chains. The conversion of Jurjah, the Roman commander They said: Jurjah, one of the great commanders, came out of the line and summoned Khālid b. al-Walīd. He came to him until the necks of their two horses crossed. Jurjah said: O Khālid, tell me and be truthful and do not lie, for a free man does not lie, and do not deceive me, for a noble man does not deceive one who entrusts himself by God. Has God sent down upon your Prophet a sword from heaven and given it to you, so that you do not draw it against anyone but you defeat them? He said: No. He said: Then why are you called the Sword of God? He said: God sent among us His Prophet ﷺ and called us, but we fled from him and kept far away from him altogether. Then some of us believed him and followed him, and some of us disbelieved him and kept their distance from him. I was among those who disbelieved him and kept their distance. Then God took hold of our hearts and our forelocks and guided us through him, and we pledged allegiance to him. He said to me: You are a sword among the swords of God, which God has drawn against the polytheists. And he prayed for victory for me. So I was called the Sword of God for that. I am among the harshest of the Muslims against the polytheists. Jurjah said: O Khālid, to what do you call? He said: To the testimony that there is no god but God and that Muḥammad is His servant and Messenger, and to the acknowledgment of what he brought from God, mighty and majestic. He said: What about those who do not answer you? He said: The jizyah, and we protect them. He said: If he does not give it? He said: We declare war upon him, then we fight him. He said: What is the station of one who answers you and enters into this affair today? He said: Our station is one in what God has obligated upon us, our noble and our lowly, our first and our last. Jurjah said: Is the reward for one who enters among you today like the reward and the treasure that you have? He said: Yes, and better. He said: How can he equal you when you have preceded him? Khālid said: We entered into this affair and pledged allegiance to our Prophet ﷺ while he was alive among us, with news of heaven coming to him and informing us of the scriptures and showing us signs. It was fitting for one who saw what we saw and heard what we heard to submit and pledge allegiance. As for you, you have not seen what we saw nor heard what we heard of wonders and proofs. So whoever enters into this affair among you with truth and intention is better than us. Jurjah said: By God, have you spoken the truth to me and not deceived me? He said: By God, I have spoken the truth to you, and God is the guardian of what you have asked about. At that Jurjah turned his shield and inclined with Khālid, and said: Teach me Islam. Khālid took him aside to his tent, poured a skin of water over him, and prayed two rakʿahs with him. The martyrdom of Jurjah the Roman The Romans charged, with his turning to Khālid, thinking that it was a charge from him, and they displaced the Muslims from their stations except the defenders, over whom were ʿIkrimah b. Abī Jahl and al-Ḥārith b. Hishām. Khālid mounted with Jurjah accompanying him, while the Romans were amid the Muslims. The people called to one another and returned, and the Romans fell back to their stations. Khālid advanced with the Muslims until they shook hands with swords. Khālid and Jurjah struck among them from the rising of the day until the sun's inclination to setting. The Muslims prayed the noon prayer and the afternoon prayer by gestures. Jurjah was struck, may God have mercy on him, and he had not prayed to God except those two rakʿahs with Khālid, ؓ. The Romans wavered at that. Then Khālid pressed with the center until he was in the midst of the Roman cavalry. At that their cavalry fled, and they dispersed into that desert. The Muslims opened the way with their cavalry until they went off. The people delayed the two evening prayers until the victory was established. Khālid killed one hundred and twenty thousand Romans Khālid turned to the Roman infantry, and they separated them from their rear, until they became like a wall that had been demolished. Then they pursued those of the cavalry who fled. Khālid plunged upon them into their trench. The Romans came in the darkness of night to al-Wāqūṣah, and those who had chained themselves and bound one another, when one of them fell, those with him fell. Ibn Jarīr and others said: One hundred and twenty thousand fell into it and were killed there, apart from those killed in the battle. The fighting of the Muslim women in the battle The women of the Muslims fought on that day, and they killed many of the Romans. They would strike those of the Muslims who fled and say: Where do you go and leave us to the uncircumcised brutes? If they rebuked them, no one could control himself until he returned to the fighting. He said: And al-Qayqalān and nobles of his people from the Romans covered themselves with their hooded cloaks and said: 'If we cannot secure victory for the Christian religion, let us die upon their faith.' The Muslims came and killed them to the last one. Number of Muslims killed They said: On that day three thousand Muslims were killed; among them ʿIkrimah and his son ʿAmr, Salamah b. Hishām, ʿAmr b. Saʿīd, Abān b. Saʿīd—and Khālid b. Saʿīd was reported among the slain, but it is not known where he went—Ḍirār b. al-Azwar, Hishām b. al-ʿĀṣ, and ʿAmr b. al-Ṭufayl b. ʿAmr al-Dawsī; and Allah fulfilled his father's vision on the day of al-Yamāmah. On that day a group of people fell back: ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ fled with four others until they reached the women, then returned when the women rebuked them. Shuraḥbīl b. Ḥasanah and his companions also fell back, then returned when the commander exhorted them with His words, exalted be He: 'Indeed, Allah has purchased from the believers their lives and their wealth' [al-Tawbah: 111], to the end of the verse. The steadfastness of Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān in the battle On that day Yazīd b. Abī Sufyān stood firm and fought fiercely. That was because his father passed by him and said to him: 'O my son, you must fear Allah and be patient; for there is no man in this valley among the Muslims who is not surrounded by fighting. How then with you and your peers who have been placed in charge of the Muslims' affairs? Those are most entitled among the people to patience and sincere counsel. Fear Allah, O my son, and let no one of your companions be more desirous of reward and patience in war, nor bolder against the enemy of Islam than you.' He replied: 'I shall do so, if Allah wills.' He fought that day fiercely, and was on the center's side, ؓ. Saʿīd b. al-Musayyab said, on the authority of his father: The sounds subsided on the day of al-Yarmūk, and we heard a voice that almost filled the army saying: 'O victory of Allah, draw near! Steadfastness, steadfastness, O company of Muslims!' He said: We looked, and it was Abū Sufyān under the banner of his son Yazīd. The flight of Heraclius, king of the Romans Khālid completed his night in the tent of Tadhāriq, the brother of Heraclius, who was commander of all the Romans that day; he fled among those who fled. The horses spent the night circling towards Khālid's tent, killing any Romans who passed by them until morning. Tadhāriq was killed. He had thirty pavilions and thirty canopies of brocade with their furnishings and silk. When morning came, they seized the spoils that were there, and they did not rejoice at what they found as much as they grieved over al-Ṣiddīq when Khālid informed them of that; but Allah compensated them with al-Fārūq, ؓ. Khālid said, when consoling the Muslims over al-Ṣiddīq: 'Praise be to Allah who decreed death upon Abū Bakr, though he was dearer to me than ʿUmar; and praise be to Allah who appointed ʿUmar, though he was more hateful to me than Abū Bakr, and compelled me to love him.' Khālid's pursuit of those Romans who had fled Khālid pursued those Romans who had fled until he reached Damascus. Its inhabitants came out to him and said: 'Are we still party to our covenant and our agreement?' He said: 'Yes.' Then he pursued them to Thaniyyat al-ʿUqāb and killed a great number of them. Then he drove on after them to Ḥimṣ. Its inhabitants came out to him, and he made peace with them as he had made peace with the people of Damascus. Abū ʿUbaydah also sent ʿIyāḍ b. Ghanm after them, and he drove on until he reached Malaṭyah. Its inhabitants made peace with him, and he returned. When that reached Heraclius, he sent for its fighting men, and they presented themselves before him. He ordered Malaṭyah to be burned. The Romans in defeat ended up with Heraclius while he was at Ḥimṣ, with the Muslims on their tracks killing, capturing, and taking spoils. When the news reached Heraclius, he departed from Ḥimṣ and placed it between himself and the Muslims as a shield. Heraclius said: 'As for Syria, there is no more Syria, and woe to the Romans from the ill-omened newborn.' Some of the poetry composed on the day of al-Yarmūk Among the poetry composed on the day of al-Yarmūk is the saying of al-Qaʿqāʿ b. ʿAmr: Do you not see us on al-Yarmūk—we triumphed as we triumphed in the days of Iraq? Before it we conquered Busrā, and it was forbidden of access to the roaring host. And ʿAdhrāʾ of the cities we also conquered, and Marj al-Ṣuffarayn upon noble steeds. We killed those who stood before us, and among us their plunder was taken with thin swords. We killed the Romans until, on al-Yarmūk, not even a leaf-stalk of a withered leaf was worth anything. We shattered their host when they turned upon al-Wāqūṣ with sharp, gleaming swords, on the morning when they toppled into it and came to a matter that confounds the taste. And al-Aswad, Abū Mufazzir al-Tamīmī, said: How often we have launched raid after raid, and day after day we have exposed its terrors. Were it not for men—the spoils were but stuffing— at a battlefield whose vanguards pressed upon us, we met them at al-Yarmūk when the sword-belts of those encamped at al-Yarmūk were straitened. Let Heraclius never lack from us battalions— if he seeks them, he seeks what none can attain. And ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ said: The people are Lakhm and Judhām in war, and we and the Romans in a meadow we clash. If they return after it, we will not keep company; rather we will strike the fleeing with fierce blows. Between Heraclius and his men, and the strength of the Muslims Aḥmad b. Marwān al-Mālikī narrated in al-Mujālasah with his chain, on the authority of Abū Isḥāq: The companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ—the enemy could not stand firm against them even for the time between two milkings of a camel at the encounter. Heraclius said, while he was at Antioch when the defeated Romans arrived: 'Woe to you! Tell me about these people who fight you—are they not human beings like you?' They replied: 'Yes, indeed.' He said: 'Are you more numerous or are they?' They said: 'We are far more numerous than them in every place.' He said: 'Then what is the matter with you that you flee every time you meet them?' An old man of their great ones said: 'Because they stand in prayer at night, fast during the day, fulfill their covenants, enjoin what is right, forbid what is wrong, and deal equitably among themselves; and because we drink wine, commit fornication, engage in what is forbidden, break covenants, seize by force, oppress, enjoin what displeases Allah, forbid what pleases Allah, and spread corruption in the land.' He said: 'You have spoken the truth to me.' Al-Walīd b. Muslim said: Someone who heard Yaḥyā b. Yaḥyā al-Ghassānī report from two men of his people informed me. They said: When the Muslims encamped in the Jordan region, we discussed among ourselves that Damascus would be besieged, so we went to buy provisions from it before that. While we were there, its patrician sent for us, and we came to him. He said: 'Are you two from the Arabs?' We said: 'Yes.' He said: 'And upon Christianity?' We said: 'Yes.' He said: 'Let one of you go and spy for us on these people and their intentions, and let the other remain with his companion's goods.' One of us did so. He stayed a long while, then came back and said: 'I have come to you from thin men who ride noble horses. At night they are monks, and by day they are horsemen. They fletch arrows and trim them, and they straighten spears. If you were to tell something to the person sitting beside you, he would not understand what you said because of the loudness of their voices with the Qurʾān and remembrance.' He said: Then he turned to his companions and said: 'There has come to you from them what you cannot withstand.'
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