Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1810
The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ᴿᴬ
فَصْلٌ فِي خَبَرِ مَالِكِ بْنِ نُوَيْرَةَ الْيَرْبُوعِيِّ التَّمِيمِيِّ كَانَ قَدْ صَانَعَ سَجَاحِ حِينَ قَدِمَتْ مِنْ أَرْضِ الْجَزِيرَةِ، فَلَمَّا اتَّصَلَتْ بِمُسَيْلِمَةَ لَعَنَهُمَا اللَّهُ، ثُمَّ تَرَحَّلَتْ إِلَى بِلَادِهَا، فَلَمَّا كَانَ ذَلِكَ نَدِمَ مَالِكُ بْنُ نُوَيْرَةَ عَلَى مَا كَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِهِ، وَتَلَوَّمَ فِي شَأْنِهِ، وَهُوَ نَازِلٌ بِمَكَانٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ: الْبُطَاحُ. فَقَصَدَهَا خَالِدٌ بِجُنُودِهِ وَتَأَخَّرَتْ عَنْهُ الْأَنْصَارُ، وَقَالُوا: إِنَّا قَدْ قَضَيْنَا مَا أَمَرَنَا بِهِ الصِّدِّيقُ. فَقَالَ لَهُمْ خَالِدٌ: إِنَّ هَذَا أَمْرٌ لَا بُدَّ مِنْ فِعْلِهِ، وَفُرْصَةٌ لَا بُدَّ مِنَ انْتِهَازِهَا وَإِنْ لَمْ يَأْتِنِي فِيهَا كِتَابٌ، وَأَنَا الْأَمِيرُ وَإِلَيَّ تَرِدُ الْأَخْبَارُ، وَلَسْتُ بِالَّذِي أُجْبِرُكُمْ عَلَى الْمَسِيرِ، وَأَنَا قَاصِدٌ الْبُطَاحَ. فَسَارَ يَوْمَيْنِ، ثُمَّ لَحِقَهُ رَسُولُ الْأَنْصَارِ يَطْلُبُونَ مِنْهُ الِانْتِظَارَ، فَلَحِقُوا بِهِ، فَلَمَّا وَصَلَ الْبُطَاحَ وَعَلَيْهَا مَالِكُ بْنُ نُوَيْرَةَ،، فَبَثَّ خَالِدٌ السَّرَايَا فِي الْبُطَاحِ يَدْعُونَ النَّاسَ، فَاسْتَقْبَلَهُ أُمَرَاءُ بَنِي تَمِيمٍ بِالسَّمْعِ وَالطَّاعَةِ، وَبَذَلُوا الزِّكْوَاتِ، إِلَّا مَا كَانَ مِنْ مَالِكِ بْنِ نُوَيْرَةَ، فَإِنَّهُ مُتَحَيِّرٌ فِي أَمْرِهِ، مُتَنَحٍّ عَنِ النَّاسِ، فَجَاءَتْهُ السَّرَايَا فَأَسَرُوهُ وَأَسَرُوا مَعَهُ أَصْحَابَهُ، وَاخْتَلَفَتِ السَّرِيَّةُ فِيهِمْ، فَشَهِدَ أَبُو قَتَادَةَ الْحَارِثُ بْنُ رِبْعِيِّ الْأَنْصَارِيِّ أَنَّهُمْ أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ: إِنَّهُمْ لَمْ يُؤَذِّنُوا وَلَا صَلَّوْا. فَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ الْأُسَارَى بَاتُوا فِي كُبُولِهِمْ فِي لَيْلَةٍ بَارِدَةٍ شَدِيدَةِ الْبَرْدِ، فَنَادَى مُنَادِي خَالِدٍ أَنْ دَافِئُوا أَسْرَاكُمْ. فَظَنَّ الْقَوْمُ أَنَّهُ أَرَادَ الْقَتْلَ، فَقَتَلُوهُمْ، وَقَتَلَ ضِرَارُ بْنُ الْأَزْوَرِ مَالِكَ بْنَ نُوَيْرَةَ، فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ خَالِدٌ الْوَاعِيَةَ خَرَجَ وَقَدْ فَرَغُوا مِنْهُمْ، فَقَالَ: إِذَا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا أَصَابَهُ. وَاصْطَفَى خَالِدٌ امْرَأَةَ مَالِكِ بْنِ نُوَيْرَةَ، وَهِيَ أُمُّ تَمِيمٍ ابْنَةُ الْمِنْهَالِ، وَكَانَتْ جَمِيلَةً، فَلَمَّا حَلَّتْ بَنَى بِهَا. وَيُقَالُ: بَلِ اسْتَدْعَى خَالِدٌ مَالِكَ بْنَ نُوَيْرَةَ فَأَنَّبَهُ عَلَى مَا صَدَرَ مِنْهُ مِنْ مُتَابَعَةِ سَجَاحِ، وَعَلَى مَنْعِهِ الزَّكَاةَ، وَقَالَ: أَلَمْ تَعْلَمْ أَنَّهَا قَرِينَةُ الصَّلَاةِ ؟ فَقَالَ مَالِكٌ: إِنَّ صَاحِبَكُمْ كَانَ يَزْعُمُ ذَلِكَ. فَقَالَ: أَهْوَ صَاحِبُنَا وَلَيْسَ بِصَاحِبِكَ ؟ ! يَا ضِرَارُ، اضْرِبْ عُنُقَهُ. فَضَرَبَ عُنُقَهُ، وَأَمَرَ بِرَأْسِهِ فَجُعِلَ مَعَ حَجَرَيْنِ، وَطُبِخَ عَلَى الثَّلَاثَةِ قِدْرًا، فَأَكَلَ مِنْهَا خَالِدٌ تِلْكَ اللَّيْلَةَ لِيُرْهِبَ بِذَلِكَ الْأَعْرَابَ مِنَ الْمُرْتَدَّةِ وَغَيْرِهِمْ. وَيُقَالُ: إِنَّ شَعْرَ مَالِكٍ جَعَلَتِ النَّارُ تَعْمَلُ فِيهِ إِلَى أَنْ نَضِجَ لَحْمِ الْقِدْرِ، وَلَمْ يَفَرُغَ الشَّعْرُ لِكَثْرَتِهِ. التحريض على عزل خالد وَقَدْ تَكَلَّمَ أَبُو قَتَادَةَ مَعَ خَالِدٍ فِيمَا صَنَعَ، وَتَقَاوَلَا فِي ذَلِكَ، حَتَّى ذَهَبَ أَبُو قَتَادَةَ فَشَكَاهُ إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ، وَتَكَلَّمَ عُمَرُ مَعَ أَبِي قَتَادَةَ فِي خَالِدٍ، وَقَالَ لِلصَّدِيقِ: اعْزِلْهُ، فَإِنَّ فِي سَيْفِهِ رَهَقًا. فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: لَا أَشْيَمُ سَيْفًا سَلَّهُ اللَّهُ عَلَى الْكُفَّارِ . وَجَاءَ مُتَمِّمُ بْنُ نُوَيْرَةَ فَجَعَلَ يَشْكُو إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ خَالِدًا، وَعُمَرُ يُسَاعِدُهُ وَيُنْشِدُ الصِّدِّيقَ مَا قَالَ فِي أَخِيهِ مِنَ الْمَرَاثِي، فَوَدَاهُ الصِّدِّيقُ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ. وَمِنْ قَوْلِ مُتَمِّمٍ فِي ذَلِكَ: وَكُنَّا كَنَدْمَانَيْ جَذِيمَةَ بُرْهَةً مِنَ الدَّهْرِ حَتَّى قِيلَ لَنْ يَتَصَدَّعَا وَعِشْنَا بِخَيْرٍ مَا حَيِينَا وَقَبْلَنَا أَبَادَ الْمَنَايَا قَوْمَ كِسْرَى وَتُبَّعَا فَلَمَّا تَفَرَّقْنَا كَأَنِّي وَمَالِكًا لِطُولِ اجْتِمَاعٍ لَمْ نَبِتْ لَيْلَةً مَعَا تَرَاهُ كَنَصْلِ السَّيْفِ يَهْتَزُّ لِلنَّدَى إِذَا لَمْ يَجِدْ عِنْدَ امْرِئِ السَّوْءَ مَطْمَعَا وَمَا كَانَ وَقَّافًا إِذَا الْخَيْلُ أَحْجَمَتْ وَلَا طَالِبًا مِنْ خَشْيَةِ الْمَوْتِ مَفْزِعَا وَلَا بِكَهَامٍ سَيْفُهُ عَنْ عَدُوِّهِ إِذَا هُوَ لَاقَى حَاسِرًا أَوْ مُقَنَّعَا وَإِنِّي مَتَى مَا أَدْعُ بِاسْمِكَ لَمْ تُجِبْ وَكُنْتَ حَرِيًّا أَنْ تُجِيبَ وَتَسْمَعَا وَمَا شَارِفٌ حَنَّتْ حَنِينًا وَرَجَّعَتْ أَنِينًا فَأَبْكَى شَجْوُهَا الْبَرْكَ أَجْمَعَا بِأَوْجَدَ مِنِّي يَوْمَ قَامَ بِمَالِكٍ مُنَادٍ فَصِيحٌ بِالْفِرَاقِ فَأَسْمَعَا تَحِيَّتُهُ مِنِّي وَإِنْ كَانَ نَائِيًا وَأَمْسَى تُرَابًا فَوْقَهُ الْأَرْضُ بَلْقَعَا سَقَى اللَّهُ أَرْضًا حَلَّهَا قَبْرُ مَالِكٍ ذِهَابَ الْغَوَادِي الْمُدْجِنَاتِ فَأَمْرَعَا فِي أَبْيَاتٍ أُخَرَ اخْتَصَرْنَاهَا. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ مُتَمِّمًا حَزِنَ عَلَى أَخِيهِ مَالِكٍ حُزْنًا شَدِيدًا ; مَكَثَ سَنَةً كَامِلَةً لَمْ يَنِمِ اللَّيْلَ، وَلَمْ يَزَلْ حَزِينًا عَلَيْهِ يُنْشِدُ فِيهِ الْأَشْعَارَ حَتَّى مَاتَ، وَكَانَ أَعْوَرَ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ يَبْكِيهِ حَتَّى سَالَتْ عَيْنُهُ الْعَوْرَاءُ بِالدُّمُوعِ، وَهَذَا أَبْلَغُ مَا يَكُونُ مِنَ الْحُزْنِ. وَقَالَ أَيْضًا: لَقَدْ لَامَنِي عِنْدَ الْقُبُورِ عَلَى الْبُكَا رَفِيقِي لِتَذْرَافِ الدُّمُوعِ السَّوَافِكِ وَقَالَ أَتَبْكِي كُلَّ قَبْرٍ رَأَيْتَهُ لِقَبْرٍ ثَوَى بَيْنَ اللِّوَى فَالدَّكَادِكِ فَقُلْتُ لَهُ إِنَّ الْأَسَى يَبْعَثُ الْأَسَى فَدَعْنِي فَهَذَا كُلُّهُ قَبْرُ مَالِكِ وَالْمَقْصُودُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَزَلْ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ، ؓ، يُحَرِّضُ الصِّدِّيقَ وَيَذْمُرُهُ عَلَى عَزْلِ خَالِدٍ عَنِ الْإِمْرَةِ وَيَقُولُ: إِنَّ فِي سَيْفِهِ لَرَهَقًا، قَتَلَ مَالِكًا وَنَزَى عَلَى امْرَأَتِهِ. استمرار إمارة خالد واعتذاره عن قتل مالك بن نويرة حَتَّى بَعَثَ الصِّدِّيقُ إِلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ، فَقَدِمَ عَلَيْهِ الْمَدِينَةَ وَقَدْ لَبِسَ عَلَيْهِ دِرْعَهُ الَّتِي مِنْ حَدِيدٍ، قَدْ صَدِئَ مِنْ كَثْرَةِ الدِّمَاءِ، وَغَرَزَ فِي عِمَامَتِهِ النُّشَّابَ الْمُضَمَّخَ بِالدِّمَاءِ، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ الْمَسْجِدَ قَامَ إِلَيْهِ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ، فَانْتَزَعَ الْأَسْهُمَ مِنْ عِمَامَةَ خَالِدٍ فَحَطَّمَهَا، وَقَالَ: أَرِيَاءً قَتَلْتَ امْرَأً مُسْلِمًا ثُمَّ نَزَوْتَ عَلَى امْرَأَتِهِ ؟ ! وَاللَّهِ لَأَرْجُمَنَّكَ بِأَحْجَارِكَ. وَخَالِدٌ لَا يُكَلِّمُهُ، وَلَا يَظُنُّ إِلَّا أَنَّ رَأْيَ الصِّدِّيقِ فِيهِ كَرَأْيِ عُمَرَ، حَتَّى دَخَلَ عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَاعْتَذَرَ إِلَيْهِ، فَعَذَرَهُ وَتَجَاوَزَ عَنْهُ مَا كَانَ مِنْهُ فِي ذَلِكَ، وَوَدَى مَالِكَ بْنَ نُوَيْرَةَ فَخَرَجَ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ وَعُمَرُ جَالِسٌ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ، فَقَالَ خَالِدٌ: هَلُمَّ إِلَيَّ يَا ابْنَ أُمِّ شَمْلَةَ. فَلَمْ يَرُدَّ عَلَيْهِ، وَعَرَفَ أَنَّ الصِّدِّيقَ قَدْ رَضِيَ عَنْهُ. وَاسْتَمَرَّ أَبُو بَكْرٍ بِخَالِدٍ عَلَى الْإِمْرَةِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ قَدِ اجْتَهَدَ فِي قَتْلِ مَالِكِ بْنِ نُوَيْرَةَ وَأَخْطَأَ فِي قَتْلِهِ، كَمَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَمَّا بَعَثَهُ إِلَى بَنِي جَذِيمَةَ فَقَتَلَ أُولَئِكَ الْأُسَارَى الَّذِينَ قَالُوا: صَبَأْنَا صَبَأْنَا. وَلَمْ يُحْسِنُوا أَنْ يَقُولُوا: أَسْلَمْنَا. فَوَدَّاهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَتَّى رَدَّ إِلَيْهِمْ مِيلَغَةَ الْكَلْبِ، وَرَفْعَ يَدَيْهِ وَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَبْرَأُ إِلَيْكَ مِمَّا صَنَعَ خَالِدٌ . وَمَعَ هَذَا لَمْ يَعْزِلْ خَالِدًا عَنِ الْإِمْرَةِ.
Translation
✧ A section on the report of Mālik b. Nuwayrah al-Yarbūʿī al-Tamīmī He had made peace with Sajāḥ when she came from the land of al-Jazīrah. When she joined Musaylimah—may Allah curse them both—and then departed to her own lands, Mālik b. Nuwayrah regretted what he had done and hesitated in his affair while he was encamped at a place called al-Buṭāḥ. Khālid made for it with his troops, but the Anṣār lagged behind him and said: “We have already accomplished what al-Ṣiddīq commanded us.” Khālid said to them: “This is a matter that must be done and an opportunity that must be seized, even if no letter has come to me concerning it. I am the commander, and reports come to me. I will not compel you to march, but I am heading for al-Buṭāḥ.” He marched for two days, then a messenger of the Anṣār caught up with him asking him to wait, and they rejoined him. When he reached al-Buṭāḥ, where Mālik b. Nuwayrah was, Khālid dispatched raiding parties throughout al-Buṭāḥ calling the people. The chiefs of Banū Tamīm met him with obedience and offered the zakāh, except for Mālik b. Nuwayrah, who was bewildered in his affair and had withdrawn from the people. The raiding parties came to him and took him and his companions captive. The members of the raiding party differed about them: Abū Qatādah al-Ḥārith b. Ribʿī al-Anṣārī testified that they had performed the prayer, while others said they had neither called the adhān nor prayed. It is said that the captives spent the night in their shackles on a bitterly cold night, and Khālid's crier called out: “Warm your captives.” The people thought he meant killing, so they killed them, and Ḍirār b. al-Azwar killed Mālik b. Nuwayrah. When Khālid heard the clamor, he came out after they had finished with them and said: “When Allah wills a matter, it comes to pass.” Khālid took Mālik b. Nuwayrah's wife for himself—she was Umm Tamīm bt. al-Minhāl, and she was beautiful—and when her waiting period ended, he consummated marriage with her. It is also said that Khālid summoned Mālik b. Nuwayrah and rebuked him for his part in following Sajāḥ and for withholding the zakāh, saying: “Do you not know that it is the companion of prayer?” Mālik said: “Your companion used to claim that.” Khālid said: “Is he our companion and not yours?! O Ḍirār, strike his neck.” So he struck his neck. Khālid ordered his head to be placed with two stones and cooked over the three as a pot, and Khālid ate from it that night to frighten the Bedouin apostates and others with that. It is said that the fire kept working on Mālik's hair until the meat of the pot was cooked, and the hair was not consumed because of its abundance. Incitement to dismiss Khālid Abū Qatādah spoke with Khālid about what he had done, and they argued about it until Abū Qatādah went and complained to al-Ṣiddīq. ʿUmar spoke with Abū Qatādah about Khālid and said to al-Ṣiddīq: “Dismiss him, for there is violence in his sword.” Abū Bakr said: “I will not sheathe a sword that Allah has drawn against the disbelievers.” Mutammim b. Nuwayrah came and began complaining about Khālid to al-Ṣiddīq, with ʿUmar supporting him and reciting to al-Ṣiddīq the elegies he had composed for his brother. Al-Ṣiddīq paid the bloodwit for him from his own resources. Among Mutammim's words on that: We were like the two drinking companions of Jadhīmah for a time, until it was said they would never part. And we lived in good as long as we lived, and before us the fates destroyed the people of Kisrā and Tubbaʿ. When we parted, it was as if I and Mālik, despite long togetherness, had not spent a single night together. You would see him like a sword blade quivering at generous deeds, when he found no object of desire in a base man. He was not one to hold back when horses balked, nor one to seek a refuge out of fear of death. His sword was not blunt against his enemy, whether he met him unarmored or helmeted. And whenever I call your name, you do not answer, though you were worthy to answer and hear. No she-camel past prime that yearned with longing and repeated its moaning, so that its grief made the whole herd weep, is more grief-stricken than I on the day a clear-voiced caller stood over Mālik announcing the parting and made it heard. My greeting to him, though he is far away, and has become dust over which the earth lies barren. May Allah water a land where Mālik's grave lies, with the passing of rain-laden clouds, and make it fertile. Among other verses which we have abridged. It is said that Mutammim grieved intensely for his brother Mālik: he remained a full year without sleeping at night and continued grieving for him, reciting poems about him until he died. He was one-eyed, and he kept weeping for him until his blind eye flowed with tears—and this is the utmost that grief can be. He also said: My companion reproached me at the graves for weeping, for shedding copious tears. He said: Do you weep at every grave you see, for a grave that lies between al-Liwā and al-Dakādik? I said to him: Sorrow begets sorrow, so leave me, for all of this is the grave of Mālik. The point is that ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ kept inciting al-Ṣiddīq and urging him to dismiss Khālid from command, saying: “There is indeed violence in his sword. He killed Mālik and leaped upon his wife.” Continuation of Khālid's command and his excuse for killing Mālik b. Nuwayrah Until al-Ṣiddīq sent for Khālid b. al-Walīd, and he came to him in Madinah wearing his iron coat of mail, which had rusted from the abundance of blood, and he had stuck arrows smeared with blood into his turban. When he entered the mosque, ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb rose to him, snatched the arrows from Khālid's turban and broke them, and said: “For show? You killed a Muslim man and then leaped upon his wife?! By Allah, I will stone you with your own stones.” Khālid did not speak to him, thinking only that al-Ṣiddīq's view of him was like ʿUmar's, until he entered upon Abū Bakr and offered him his excuse. Abū Bakr accepted his excuse and overlooked what he had done in that matter, and paid the bloodwit for Mālik b. Nuwayrah. Then Khālid came out while ʿUmar was sitting in the mosque, and Khālid said: “Come to me, O son of Umm Shamlah.” He did not answer him, and he knew that al-Ṣiddīq was pleased with him. Abū Bakr kept Khālid in command, even though Khālid had exercised judgment in killing Mālik b. Nuwayrah and erred in killing him, just as when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him to Banū Jadhīmah and he killed those captives who said: “Ṣabaʾnā, ṣabaʾnā,” not knowing how to say “aslamnā.” The Messenger of Allah ﷺ paid their bloodwits, even returning to them a dog's drinking bowl, and raised his hands and said: “O Allah, I declare myself innocent before You of what Khālid has done.” Yet despite this, he did not dismiss Khālid from command.
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