Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1803
The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ᴿᴬ
خُرُوجِهِ إِلَى ذِي الْقَصَّةِ ذِكْرُ خُرُوجِهِ إِلَى ذِي الْقَصَّةِ حِينَ عَقَدَ أَلْوِيَةَ الْأُمَرَاءِ الْأَحَدَ عَشَرَ وَذَلِكَ بَعْدَ مَا جَمَّ جَيْشُ أُسَامَةَ وَاسْتَرَاحُوا، رَكِبَ الصِّدِّيقُ أَيْضًا فِي الْجُيُوشِ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ شَاهِرًا سَيْفَهُ مَسْلُولًا، مَنَ الْمَدِينَةِ إِلَى ذِي الْقَصَّةِ، وَهِيَ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ عَلَى مَرْحَلَةٍ، وَعَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ يَقُودُ بِرَاحِلَةِ الصِّدِّيقِ، ؓ، فَسَأَلَهُ الصَّحَابَةُ، مِنْهُمْ عَلِيٌّ وَغَيْرُهُ، وَأَلَحُّوا عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَرْجِعَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، وَأَنْ يَبْعَثَ لِقِتَالِ الْأَعْرَابِ غَيْرَهُ مِمَّنْ يُؤَمِّرُهُ مِنَ الشُّجْعَانِ الْأَبْطَالِ، فَأَجَابَهُمْ إِلَى ذَلِكَ، وَعَقَدَ لَهُمُ الْأَلْوِيَةَ الْأَحَدَ عَشَرَ لِأَحَدَ عَشَرَ أَمِيرًا. وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: لَمَّا بَرَزَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِلَى ذِي الْقَصَّةِ وَاسْتَوَى عَلَى رَاحِلَتِهِ، أَخَذَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ بِزِمَامِهَا وَقَالَ: إِلَى أَيْنَ يَا خَلِيفَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ أَقُولُ لَكَ مَا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ " شِمْ سَيَفَكَ، وَلَا تَفْجَعْنَا بِنَفْسِكَ ". وَارْجِعْ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ فُجِعْنَا بِكَ لَا يَكُونُ لِلْإِسْلَامِ نِظَامٌ أَبَدًا. فَرَجَعَ. وَقَالَ سَيْفُ بْنُ عُمَرَ عَنْ سَهْلِ بْنِ يُوسُفَ، عَنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ: لَمَّا اسْتَرَاحَ أُسَامَةُ وَجُنْدُهُ، وَقَدْ جَاءَتْ صَدَقَاتٌ كَثِيرَةٌ تَفْضُلُ عَنْهُمْ، قَطَعَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْبُعُوثَ، وَعَقَدَ الْأَلْوِيَةَ، فَعَقَدَ أَحَدَ عَشَرَ لِوَاءً ; عَقَدَ لِخَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ وَأَمَرَهُ بِطُلَيْحَةَ بْنِ خُوَيْلِدٍ، فَإِذَا فَرَغَ سَارَ إِلَى مَالِكِ بْنِ نُوَيْرَةٍ بِالْبِطَاحِ إِنْ أَقَامَ لَهُ، وَلِعِكْرِمَةَ بْنِ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِمُسَيْلِمَةَ، وَبَعَثَ شُرَحْبِيلَ ابْنَ حَسَنَةَ فِي أَثَرِهِ إِلَى مُسَيْلِمَةَ الْكَذَّابِ، ثُمَّ إِلَى بَنِي قُضَاعَةَ. وَلِلْمُهَاجِرِ بْنِ أَبِي أُمَيَّةَ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِجُنُودِ الْعَنْسِيِّ، وَمَعُونَةِ الْأَبْنَاءِ عَلَى قَيْسِ بْنِ مَكْشُوحٍ - قُلْتُ: وَذَلِكَ لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ قَدْ نَزَعَ يَدَهُ مِنَ الطَّاعَةِ، عَلَى مَا سَيَأْتِي - قَالَ: وَلِخَالِدِ بْنِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ إِلَى مَشَارِفِ الشَّامِ. وَلِعَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ إِلَى جِمَاعِ قُضَاعَةَ وَوَدِيعَةَ وَالْحَارِثِ. وَلِحُذَيْفَةَ بْنِ مِحْصَنٍ الْغَطَفَانِيِّ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِأَهْلِ دَبَا. وَلِعَرْفَجَةَ بْنِ هَرْثَمَةَ وَأَمَرَهُ بِمَهْرَةَ. وَلِطَرِيفَةَ بْنِ حَاجِزٍ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِبَنِي سُلَيْمٍ وَمَنْ مَعَهُمْ مِنْ هَوَازِنَ. وَلِسُوَيْدِ بْنِ مُقَرِّنٍ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِتِهَامَةِ الْيَمَنِ. وَلِلْعَلَاءِ بْنِ الْحَضْرَمِيِّ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِالْبَحْرَيْنِ. ؓ. وَقَدْ كَتَبَ لِكُلِّ أَمِيرٍ كِتَابَ عَهْدِهِ عَلَى حِدَتِهِ، فَفَصَلَ كُلُّ أَمِيرٍ بِجُنْدِهِ مِنْ ذِي الْقَصَّةِ، وَرَجَعَ الصِّدِّيقُ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، وَقَدْ كَتَبَ مَعَهُمُ الصِّدِّيقُ كِتَابًا إِلَى الْمُرْتَدَّةِ، وَهَذِهِ نُسْخَتُهُ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، مِنْ أَبِي بَكْرٍ خَلِيفَةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى مَنْ بَلَغَهُ كِتَابِي هَذَا مِنْ عَامَّةٍ وَخَاصَّةٍ، أَقَامَ عَلَى إِسْلَامِهِ أَوْ رَجَعَ عَنْهُ، سَلَامٌ عَلَى مَنِ اتَّبَعَ الْهُدَى، وَلَمْ يَرْجِعْ بَعْدَ الْهُدَى إِلَى الضَّلَالَةِ وَالْهَوَى، فَإِنِّي أَحْمَدُ اللَّهَ إِلَيْكُمُ الَّذِي لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ، وَأَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ، نُقِرُّ بِمَا جَاءَ بِهِ، وَنُكَفِّرُ مَنْ أَبَى ذَلِكَ وَنُجَاهِدُهُ، أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ أَرْسَلَ مُحَمَّدًا بِالْحَقِّ مِنْ عِنْدِهِ إِلَى خَلْقِهِ بَشِيرًا وَنَذِيرًا، وَدَاعِيًا إِلَى اللَّهِ بِإِذْنِهِ وَسِرَاجًا مُنِيرًا، لِيُنْذِرَ مَنْ كَانَ حَيًّا وَيَحِقَّ الْقَوْلُ عَلَى الْكَافِرِينَ، فَهَدَى اللَّهُ بِالْحَقِّ مَنْ أَجَابَ إِلَيْهِ، وَضَرَبَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَنْ أَدْبَرَ عَنْهُ، حَتَّى صَارَ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ طَوْعًا وَكَرْهًا، ثُمَّ تَوَفَّى اللَّهُ رَسُولَهُ ﷺ، وَقَدْ نَفَذَ لِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ، وَنَصَحَ لِأُمَّتِهِ، وَقَضَى الَّذِي عَلَيْهِ، وَكَانَ اللَّهُ قَدْ بَيَّنَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ، وَلِأَهْلِ الْإِسْلَامِ فِي الْكِتَابِ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ فَقَالَ: إِنَّكَ مَيِّتٌ وَإِنَّهُمْ مَيِّتُونَ [ الزُّمَرِ: 30 ]. وَقَالَ: وَمَا جَعَلْنَا لِبَشَرٍ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ الْخُلْدَ أَفَإِنْ مِتَّ فَهُمُ الْخَالِدُونَ [ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ: 34 ]. وَقَالَ لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ: وَمَا مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ أَفَإِنْ مَاتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ انْقَلَبْتُمْ عَلَى أَعْقَابِكُمْ وَمَنْ يَنْقَلِبْ عَلَى عَقِبَيْهِ فَلَنْ يَضُرَّ اللَّهَ شَيْئًا وَسَيَجْزِي اللَّهُ الشَّاكِرِينَ [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 144 ]. فَمَنْ كَانَ إِنَّمَا يَعْبُدُ مُحَمَّدًا فَإِنَّ مُحَمَّدًا قَدْ مَاتَ، وَمَنْ كَانَ يَعْبُدُ اللَّهَ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ حَيٌّ لَا يَمُوتُ، وَلَا تَأْخُذُهُ سِنَةٌ وَلَا نَوْمٌ، حَافِظٌ لِأَمْرِهِ، مُنْتَقِمٌ مِنْ عَدُّوِهِ، وَإِنِّي أُوصِيكُمْ بِتَقْوَى اللَّهِ، وَحَظِّكُمْ وَنَصِيبِكُمْ مِنَ اللَّهِ، وَمَا جَاءَكُمْ بِهِ نَبِيُّكُمْ ﷺ، وَأَنْ تَهْتَدُوا بِهُدَاهُ، وَأَنْ تَعْتَصِمُوا بِدِينِ اللَّهِ، فَإِنَّ كُلَّ مَنْ لَمْ يَهْدِهِ اللَّهُ ضَالٌّ، وَكُلَّ مَنْ لَمْ يُعَافِهِ مُبْتَلًى، وَكُلَّ مَنْ لَمْ يُعِنْهُ اللَّهُ مَخْذُولٌ، وَمَنْ هَدَاهُ اللَّهُ كَانَ مُهْتَدِيًا، وَمَنْ أَضَلَّهُ كَانَ ضَالًّا، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى مَنْ يَهْدِ اللَّهُ فَهُوَ الْمُهْتَدِ وَمَنْ يُضْلِلْ فَلَنْ تَجِدَ لَهُ وَلِيًّا مُرْشِدًا [ الْكَهْفِ: 17 ]. وَلَمْ يُقْبَلْ مِنْهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا عَمَلٌ حَتَّى يُقِرَّ بِهِ، وَلَمْ يُقْبَلْ لَهُ فِي الْآخِرَةِ صَرْفٌ وَلَا عَدْلٌ، وَقَدْ بَلَغَنِي رُجُوعُ مَنْ رَجَعَ مِنْكُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِ بَعْدَ أَنْ أَقَرَّ بِالْإِسْلَامِ، وَعَمِلَ بِهِ ; اغْتِرَارًا بِاللَّهِ وَجَهْلًا بِأَمْرِهِ، وَإِجَابَةً لِلشَّيْطَانِ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَإِذْ قُلْنَا لِلْمَلَائِكَةِ اسْجُدُوا لِآدَمَ فَسَجَدُوا إِلَّا إِبْلِيسَ كَانَ مِنَ الْجِنِّ فَفَسَقَ عَنْ أَمْرِ رَبِّهِ أَفَتَتَّخِذُونَهُ وَذُرِّيَّتَهُ أَوْلِيَاءَ مِنْ دُونِي وَهُمْ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ بِئْسَ لِلظَّالِمِينَ بَدَلًا [ الْكَهْفِ: 50 ]. وَقَالَ: إِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ فَاتَّخِذُوهُ عَدُوًّا إِنَّمَا يَدْعُو حِزْبَهُ لِيَكُونُوا مِنْ أَصْحَابِ السَّعِيرِ [ فَاطِرٍ: 6 ]. وَإِنِّي بَعَثْتُ إِلَيْكُمْ فُلَانًا فِي جَيْشٍ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ، وَالتَّابِعَيْنِ بِإِحْسَانٍ، وَأَمَرْتُهُ أَنْ لَا يَقْبَلَ مِنْ أَحَدٍ إِلَّا الْإِيمَانَ بِاللَّهِ، وَلَا يَقْتُلُهُ حَتَّى يَدْعُوَهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَإِنْ أَجَابَ وَأَقَرَّ وَعَمِلَ صَالَحَا، قَبِلَ مِنْهُ وَأَعَانَهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَإِنْ أَبَى، حَارَبَهُ عَلَيْهِ حَتَّى يَفِيءَ إِلَى أَمْرِ اللَّهِ، ثُمَّ لَا يُبْقِي عَلَى أَحَدٍ مِنْهُمْ قَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ، وَأَنْ يَحْرِقَهُمْ بِالنَّارِ وَأَنْ يَقْتُلَهُمْ كُلَّ قِتْلَةٍ، وَأَنْ يَسْبِيَ النِّسَاءَ وَالذَّرَارِيَّ، وَلَا يَقْبَلَ مَنْ أَحَدٍ غَيْرَ الْإِسْلَامِ، فَمَنِ اتَّبَعَهُ فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهُ، وَمَنْ تَرَكَهُ فَلَنْ يُعْجِزَ اللَّهَ، وَقَدْ أَمَرْتُ رَسُولِي أَنْ يَقْرَأَ كِتَابَهُ فِي كُلِّ مَجْمَعٍ لَكُمْ، وَالدَّاعِيَةُ الْأَذَانُ، فَإِذَا أَذَّنَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فَكُفُّوا عَنْهُمْ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يُؤَذِّنُوا عَاجِلُوهُمْ، وَإِنْ أَذَّنُوا فَسَلُوهُمْ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ، فَإِنْ أَبَوْا عَاجِلُوهُمْ، وَإِنْ أَقَرُّوا قَبِلَ مِنْهُمْ وَحَمَلَهُمْ عَلَى مَا يَنْبَغِي لَهُمْ.
Translation
✧ His Going Out to Dhū al-Qaṣṣah Mention of his going out to Dhū al-Qaṣṣah when he tied the banners of the eleven commanders That was after Usāmah's army had gathered and rested. Al-Ṣiddīq also rode out with the Islamic armies, drawing his sword unsheathed, from Madinah to Dhū al-Qaṣṣah, which is one stage from Madinah, while ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib led the riding camel of al-Ṣiddīq, ؓ. The Companions, including ʿAlī and others, asked him and pressed him to return to Madinah and to send someone else to fight the Bedouins, one of the brave heroes whom he would appoint. He granted them that, and he tied for them eleven banners for eleven commanders. From Ibn ʿUmar, who said: When Abū Bakr went out to Dhū al-Qaṣṣah and mounted his riding camel, ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib took hold of its reins and said: “Where to, O successor of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ? I say to you what the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said on the day of Uḥud: ‘Sheathe your sword, and do not afflict us with yourself.’ Return to Madinah, for by Allah, if we are afflicted with you, Islam will never have order again.” So he returned. Sayf b. ʿUmar said, from Sahl b. Yūsuf, from al-Qāsim b. Muḥammad: When Usāmah and his army had rested, and many alms had come that were surplus to them, Abū Bakr dispatched the expeditions and tied the banners. He tied eleven banners: he tied one for Khālid b. al-Walīd and ordered him against Ṭulayḥah b. Khuwaylid, and when he was done, to march against Mālik b. Nuwayrah at al-Biṭāḥ if he stood against him; and for ʿIkrimah b. Abī Jahl, ordering him against Musaylimah; and he sent Shuraḥbīl b. Ḥasanah after him against Musaylimah the liar, then against Banū Quḍāʿah. And for al-Muhājir b. Abī Umayyah, ordering him against the armies of al-ʿAnsī and the support of the Abnāʾ against Qays b. Makshūḥ — I say: that is because he had withdrawn his hand from obedience, as will come — he said: and for Khālid b. Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ to the approaches of Syria. And for ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ against the assembled Quḍāʿah, Wadīʿah, and al-Ḥārith. And for Ḥudhayfah b. Miḥṣan al-Ghaṭafānī, ordering him against the people of Dabā. And for ʿArfajah b. Harthamah, ordering him against Mahrah. And for Ṭarīfah b. Ḥājiz, ordering him against Banū Sulaym and those with them from Hawāzin. And for Suwayd b. Muqarrin, ordering him against Tihāmah of Yemen. And for al-ʿAlāʾ b. al-Ḥaḍramī, ordering him against al-Baḥrayn. ؓ. He wrote for each commander his letter of appointment separately. Each commander departed with his army from Dhū al-Qaṣṣah, and al-Ṣiddīq returned to Madinah. Al-Ṣiddīq had written with them a letter to the apostates, and this is its text: In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. From Abū Bakr, successor of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, to whoever this letter of mine reaches, common or elite, whether he remains upon his Islam or has turned away from it. Peace be upon those who follow guidance and do not turn back after guidance to error and caprice. I praise Allah to you, besides whom there is no god, and I bear witness that there is no god but Allah alone, with no partner, and that Muḥammad is His servant and Messenger. We affirm what he brought, and we disbelieve whoever refuses that and strive against him. To proceed: Allah sent Muḥammad with the truth from Himself to His creation as a bearer of good tidings and a warner, and as one who calls to Allah by His permission and as an illuminating lamp, to warn whoever is alive and to make the word incumbent upon the disbelievers. Allah guided by the truth whoever responded to it, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ struck whoever turned away from it, until he came to Islam willingly or unwillingly. Then Allah took His Messenger ﷺ, and he had carried out Allah's command, counseled his community, and fulfilled what was upon him. Allah had made that clear to him and to the people of Islam in the Book He sent down, for He said: “You will die, and they will die” [al-Zumar: 30]. And He said: “We did not grant immortality to any human before you; if you die, will they be immortal?” [al-Anbiyāʾ: 34]. And He said to the believers: “Muḥammad is but a messenger; messengers have passed away before him. If he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heels? Whoever turns back on his heels will not harm Allah at all, and Allah will reward the grateful” [Āl ʿImrān: 144]. So whoever worships Muḥammad, Muḥammad has died; and whoever worships Allah, Allah is living and does not die. Neither slumber nor sleep overtakes Him. He preserves His affair and takes vengeance upon His enemy. I enjoin you to fear Allah, and to your share and portion from Allah, and to what your Prophet ﷺ brought you, and to be guided by his guidance, and to hold fast to the religion of Allah. For everyone whom Allah does not guide is astray, everyone whom He does not spare is afflicted, and everyone whom He does not help is forsaken. Whoever Allah guides is rightly guided, and whoever He leads astray is astray. Allah, exalted be He, said: “Whomever Allah guides is the rightly guided, and whomever He leads astray, you will never find for him a guiding ally” [al-Kahf: 17]. No deed is accepted from him in this world until he affirms it, and no compensation or equivalent will be accepted from him in the Hereafter. I have learned of the turning back of those among you who turned away from their religion after having affirmed Islam and acted upon it, deluded by Allah and ignorant of His command, answering Satan. Allah, exalted be He, said: “And when We said to the angels, ‘Prostrate to Adam,’ they prostrated except Iblīs; he was of the jinn and disobeyed his Lord's command. Will you take him and his offspring as allies instead of Me, while they are enemies to you? Wretched is the exchange for the wrongdoers” [al-Kahf: 50]. And He said: “Satan is an enemy to you, so take him as an enemy; he only calls his party to be among the companions of the Blaze” [Fāṭir: 6]. I have sent to you so-and-so in an army of the Emigrants, the Helpers, and those who follow them in excellence. I ordered him not to accept from anyone anything but faith in Allah, and not to kill him until he calls him to Allah, mighty and glorious. If he responds, affirms, and does good, he accepts from him and helps him upon it. If he refuses, he fights him over it until he returns to Allah's command. Then he is not to spare anyone of them he overcomes, and he is to burn them with fire, kill them with every kind of killing, and take the women and children captive. He is not to accept from anyone other than Islam. Whoever follows it, it is good for him; whoever leaves it will never escape Allah. I have ordered my messenger to read his letter in every gathering of yours, and the call is the prayer call. When the Muslims call the prayer, refrain from them. If they do not call the prayer, hasten against them. If they call the prayer, ask them what is due from them. If they refuse, hasten against them. If they affirm, accept from them and carry them upon what is proper for them.
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