Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1802
The caliphate of Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ᴿᴬ
فَصْلٌ فِي تَصَدِّي الصِّدِّيقِ لِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الرِّدَّةِ وَمَانِعِي الزَّكَاةِ الدفاع عن المدينة قَدْ تَقَدَّمَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ ارْتَدَتْ أَحْيَاءٌ كَثِيرَةٌ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ، وَنَجَمَ النِّفَاقُ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، وَانْحَازَ إِلَى مُسَيْلِمَةَ الْكَذَّابِ بَنُو حَنِيفَةَ وَخَلْقٌ كَثِيرٌ بِالْيَمَامَةِ، وَالْتَفَتَ عَلَى طُلَيْحَةَ الْأَسَدِيِّ بَنُو أَسَدٍ وَطَيِّئٌ، وَبَشَرٌ كَثِيرٌ أَيْضًا، وَادَّعَى النُّبُوَّةَ أَيْضًا كَمَا ادَّعَاهَا مُسَيْلِمَةُ الْكَذَّابُ، وَعَظُمَ الْخَطْبُ وَاشْتَدَّتِ الْحَالُ، وَنَفَّذَ الصِّدِّيقُ جَيْشَ أُسَامَةَ، فَقَلَّ الْجُنْدُ عِنْدَ الصِّدِّيقِ، فَطَمِعَتْ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ، وَرَامُوا أَنْ يَهْجُمُوا عَلَيْهَا، فَجَعَلَ الصِّدِّيقُ عَلَى أَنْقَابِ الْمَدِينَةِ حُرَّاسًا يَبِيتُونَ بِالْجُيُوشِ حَوْلَهَا ; فَمِنْ أُمَرَاءِ الْحَرَسِ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَالزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ الْعَوَّامِ، وَطَلْحَةُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ، وَسَعْدُ بْنُ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ التأويل لعدم دفع الزكاة ورأي الصديق ؓ وَجَعَلَتْ وُفُودُ الْعَرَبِ تَقْدَمُ الْمَدِينَةَ، يُقِرُّونَ بِالصَّلَاةِ وَيَمْتَنِعُونَ مِنْ أَدَاءِ الزَّكَاةِ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنِ امْتَنَعَ مِنْ دَفْعِهَا إِلَى الصِّدِّيقِ، وَذَكَرَ أَنَّ مِنْهُمْ مَنِ احْتَجَّ بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: خُذْ مِنْ أَمْوَالِهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُطَهِّرُهُمْ وَتُزَكِّيهِمْ بِهَا وَصَلِّ عَلَيْهِمْ إِنَّ صَلَاتَكَ سَكَنٌ لَهُمْ [ التَّوْبَةِ: 103 ]. قَالُوا: فَلَسْنَا نَدْفَعُ زَكَاتَنَا إِلَّا إِلَى مَنْ صَلَاتُهُ سَكَنٌ لَنَا. وَأَنْشَدَ بَعْضُهُمْ: أَطَعْنَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِذْ كَانَ بَيْنَنَا فَوَاعَجَبًا مَا بَالُ مُلْكِ أَبِي بَكْرِ وَقَدْ تَكَلَّمَ الصَّحَابَةُ مَعَ الصِّدِّيقِ فِي أَنْ يَتْرُكَهُمْ وَمَا هُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ مَنْعِ الزَّكَاةِ وَيَتَأَلَّفَهُمْ حَتَّى يَتَمَكَّنَ الْإِيمَانُ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ، ثُمَّ هُمْ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ يُزَكُّونَ، فَامْتَنَعَ الصِّدِّيقُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَأَبَاهُ. وَقَدْ رَوَى الْجَمَاعَةُ فِي كُتُبِهِمْ سِوَى ابْنُ مَاجَهْ، عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ، أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ قَالَ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ: عَلَامَ تُقَاتِلُ النَّاسَ وَقَدْ قَالَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ: أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، فَإِذَا قَالُوهَا عَصَمُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهَا " ؟ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: وَاللَّهِ لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عِنَاقًا - وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: عِقَالًا - كَانُوا يُؤَدُّونَهُ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، لَأُقَاتِلَنَّهُمْ عَلَى مَنْعِهَا، إِنَّ الزَّكَاةَ حَقُّ الْمَالِ، وَاللَّهِ لَأُقَاتِلَنَّ مَنْ فَرَّقَ بَيْنَ الصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاةِ. قَالَ عُمَرُ: فَمَا هُوَ إِلَّا أَنْ رَأَيْتُ اللَّهَ قَدْ شَرَحَ صَدْرَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ لِلْقِتَالِ، فَعَرَفْتُ أَنَّهُ الْحَقُّ. قُلْتُ: وَقَدْ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: فَإِنْ تَابُوا وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ فَخَلُّوا سَبِيلَهُمْ [ التَّوْبَةِ: 5 ]. وَثَبَتَ فِي " الصَّحِيحِ ": أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، وَيُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَيُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ. وَفِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ ": بُنِي الْإِسْلَامُ عَلَى خَمْسٍ ; شَهَادَةِ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، وَإِقَامِ الصَّلَاةِ، وَإِيتَاءِ الزَّكَاةِ، وَحَجِّ الْبَيْتِ، وَصَوْمِ رَمَضَانَ. وَعَنْ صَالِحُ بْنُ كَيْسَانَ قَالَ: لَمَّا كَانَتِ الرِّدَّةُ قَامَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ فِي النَّاسِ، فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي هَدَى فَكَفَى، وَأَعْطَى فَأَغْنَى، إِنَّ اللَّهَ بَعَثَ مُحَمَّدًا ﷺ وَالْعِلْمُ شَرِيدٌ، وَالْإِسْلَامُ غَرِيبٌ طَرِيدٌ، قَدْ رَثَّ حَبْلُهُ، وَخَلُقَ عَهْدُهُ، وَضَلَّ أَهْلُهُ مِنْهُ، وَمَقَتَ اللَّهُ أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ فَلَا يُعْطِيهِمْ خَيْرًا لِخَيْرٍ عِنْدَهُمْ، وَلَا يَصْرِفُ عَنْهُمْ شَرًّا لِشَرٍّ عِنْدَهُمْ، قَدْ غَيَّرُوا كِتَابَهُمْ، وَأَلْحَقُوا فِيهِ مَا لَيْسَ مِنْهُ، وَالْعَرَبُ الْأُمِّيُّونَ صِفْرٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ لَا يَعْبُدُونَهُ وَلَا يَدْعُونَهُ، فَأَجْهَدَهُمْ عَيْشًا، وَأَضَلَّهُمْ دِينًا، فِي ظَلَفٍ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ مَعَ مَا فِيهِ مِنَ السَّحَابِ، فَجَمَعَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِمُحَمَّدٍ وَجَعَلَهُمُ الْأُمَّةَ الْوُسْطَى، نَصَرَهُمْ بِمَنِ اتَّبَعَهُمْ، وَنَصَرَهُمْ عَلَى غَيْرِهِمْ، حَتَّى قَبَضَ اللَّهُ نَبِيَّهُ ﷺ، فَرَكِبَ مِنْهُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ مَرْكَبَهُ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَأَخَذَ بِأَيْدِيهِمْ، وَبَغَى هَلَكَتَهُمْ وَمَا مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ أَفَإِنْ مَاتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ انْقَلَبْتُمْ عَلَى أَعْقَابِكُمْ وَمَنْ يَنْقَلِبْ عَلَى عَقِبَيْهِ فَلَنْ يَضُرَّ اللَّهَ شَيْئًا وَسَيَجْزِي اللَّهُ الشَّاكِرِينَ [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 144 ]. إِنَّ مَنْ حَوْلَكُمْ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ مَنَعُوا شَاتَهُمْ وَبَعِيرَهُمْ، وَلَمْ يَكُونُوا فِي دِينِهِمْ - وَإِنْ رَجَعُوا إِلَيْهِ - أَزْهَدَ مِنْهُمْ يَوْمَهُمْ هَذَا، وَلَمْ تَكُونُوا فِي دِينِكُمْ أَقْوَى مِنْكُمْ يَوْمَكُمْ هَذَا، عَلَى مَا قَدْ تَقَدَّمَ مِنْ بَرَكَةِ نَبِيِّكُمْ ﷺ، وَقَدْ وَكَلَكُمْ إِلَى الْمَوْلَى الْكَافِي، الَّذِي وَجَدَهُ ضَالًّا فَهَدَاهُ، وَعَائِلًا فَأَغْنَاهُ وَكُنْتُمْ عَلَى شَفَا حُفْرَةٍ مِنَ النَّارِ فَأَنْقَذَكُمْ مِنْهَا [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 103 ]. وَاللَّهِ لَا أَدْعُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ عَلَى أَمْرِ اللَّهِ حَتَّى يُنْجِزَ اللَّهُ وَعْدَهُ، وَيُوفِيَ لَنَا عَهْدَهُ، وَيُقْتَلَ مَنْ قُتِلَ مِنَّا شَهِيدًا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْجَنَّةِ، وَيُبْقِيَ مَنْ بَقِيَ مِنَّا خَلِيفَتَهُ وَوَرَثَتَهُ فِي أَرْضِهِ، قَضَاءُ اللَّهِ الْحَقُّ، وَقَوْلُهُ الَّذِي لَا خُلْفَ لَهُ وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ الْآيَةَ [ النُّورِ: 55 ]. ثُمَّ نَزَلَ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ. ارتداد قبائل العرب وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: وَارْتَدَّتِ الْعَرَبُ عِنْدَ وَفَاةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَا خَلَا أَهْلُ الْمَسْجِدَيْنِ ; مَكَّةَ وَالْمَدِينَةِ وَارْتَدَّتْ أَسَدٌ وَغَطَفَانُ، وَعَلَيْهِمْ طُلَيْحَةُ بْنُ خُوَيْلِدٍ الْأَسَدِيُّ الْكَاهِنُ، وَارْتَدَّتْ كِنْدَةُ وَمَنْ يَلِيهَا، وَعَلَيْهِمُ الْأَشْعَثُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ الْكِنْدِيُّ، وَارْتَدَّتْ مَذْحِجٌ وَمَنْ يَلِيهَا، وَعَلَيْهِمُ الْأَسْوَدُ بْنُ كَعْبٍ الْعَنْسِيُّ الْكَاهِنُ وَارْتَدَّتْ رَبِيعَةُ مَعَ الْمَعْرُورِ بْنِ النُّعْمَانِ بْنِ الْمُنْذِرِ، وَكَانَتْ بَنُو حَنِيفَةَ مُقِيمَةً عَلَى أَمْرِهَا مَعَ مُسَيْلِمَةَ بْنِ حَبِيبٍ الْكَذَّابِ، وَارْتَدَّتْ سُلَيْمٌ مَعَ الْفُجَاءَةِ، وَاسْمُهُ أَنَسُ بْنُ عَبْدِ يَالِيلَ، وَارْتَدَّتْ بَنُو تَمِيمٍ مَعَ سَجَاحِ الْكَاهِنَةِ. وَقَالَ الْقَاسِمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ: اجْتَمَعَتْ أَسَدٌ وَغَطَفَانُ وَطَيِّئٌ عَلَى طُلَيْحَةَ الْأَسَدِيِّ، وَبَعَثُوا وُفُودًا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَنَزَلُوا عَلَى وُجُوهِ النَّاسِ، فَأَنْزَلُوهُمْ إِلَّا الْعَبَّاسَ، فَحَمَلُوا بِهِمْ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ عَلَى أَنْ يُقِيمُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَلَا يُؤْتُوا الزَّكَاةَ، فَعَزَمَ اللَّهُ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ عَلَى الْحَقِّ، وَقَالَ: لَوْ مَنَعُونِي عِقَالًا لَجَاهَدْتُهُمْ. فَرَدَّهُمْ فَرَجَعُوا إِلَى عَشَائِرِهِمْ، فَأَخْبَرُوهُمْ بِقِلَّةِ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ، وَطَمَّعُوهُمْ فِيهَا، فَجَعَلَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الْحَرَسَ عَلَى أَنْقَابِ الْمَدِينَةِ، وَأَلْزَمَ أَهْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ بِحُضُورِ الْمَسْجِدِ، وَقَالَ: إِنَّ الْأَرْضَ كَافِرَةٌ، وَقَدْ رَأَى وَفْدُهُمْ مِنْكُمْ قِلَّةً، وَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ لَيْلًا تُؤْتَوْنَ أَمْ نَهَارًا، وَأَدْنَاهُمْ مِنْكُمْ عَلَى بَرِيدٍ، وَقَدْ كَانَ الْقَوْمُ يُؤَمِّلُونَ أَنْ نَقْبَلَ مِنْهُمْ وَنُوَادِعَهُمْ، وَقَدْ أَبَيْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ فَاسْتَعِدُّوا وَأَعِدُّوا. فَمَا لَبِثُوا إِلَّا ثَلَاثًا حَتَّى طَرَقُوا الْمَدِينَةَ غَارَةً، وَخَلَّفُوا نِصْفَهُمْ بِذِي حُسًى لِيَكُونُوا رِدْءًا لَهُمْ، وَأَرْسَلَ الْحَرَسُ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ يُخْبِرُونَهُ بِالْغَارَةِ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِمْ أَنِ الْزَمُوا مَكَانَكُمْ، وَخَرَجَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ فِي أَهْلِ الْمَسْجِدِ عَلَى النَّوَاضِحِ إِلَيْهِمْ، فَانْقَشَعَ الْعَدُوُّ، وَاتَّبَعَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَلَى إِبِلِهِمْ، حَتَّى بَلَغُوا ذَا حُسًى، فَخَرَجَ عَلَيْهِمُ الرِّدْءُ، فَالْتَقَوْا مَعَ الْجَمِيعِ فَكَانَ الْفَتْحُ، وَقَدْ قَالَ الْخُطَيْلُ بْنُ أَوْسٍ - وَيُقَالُ: الْحُطَيْئَةُ - فِي ذَلِكَ: أَطَعْنَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَا كَانَ وَسَطَنَا فَيَالَعِبَادِ اللَّهِ مَا لِأَبِي بَكْرِ يُوَرِّثُنَا بَكْرًا إِذَا كَانَ بَعْدَهُ وَتِلْكَ لَعَمْرُ اللَّهِ قَاصِمَةُ الظَّهْرِ فَهَلَّا رَدَدْتُمْ وَفْدَنَا بِزَمَانِهِ وَهَلَّا خَشِيتُمْ حِسَّ رَاغِيَةِ الْبَكْرِ وَإِنَّ الَّذِي سَالُوكُمُ فَمَنَعْتُمُ لَكَالتَّمْرِ أَوْ أَحْلَى إِلَيَّ مِنَ التَّمْرِ خروج أبي بكر إلى بني عبس وبني مرة وذبيان وَفِي جُمَادَى الْآخِرَةِ رَكِبَ الصِّدِّيقُ فِي أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ وَأُمَرَاءَ الْأَنْقَابِ إِلَى مَنْ حَوْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ الَّذِينَ أَغَارُوا عَلَيْهَا، فَلَمَّا تَوَاجَهَ هُوَ وَأَعْدَاؤُهُ مِنْ بَنِي عَبْسٍ، وَبَنِي مُرَّةَ، وَذُبْيَانَ، وَمَنْ نَاصَبَ مَعَهُمْ مِنْ بَنِي كِنَانَةَ، وَأَمَدَّهُمْ طُلَيْحَةَ بِابْنِهِ حِبَالٍ، فَلَمَّا تَوَاجَهَ الْقَوْمُ كَانُوا قَدْ صَنَعُوا مَكِيدَةً، وَهِيَ أَنَّهُمْ عَمَدُوا إِلَى أَنْحَاءٍ فَنَفَخُوهَا ثُمَّ أَرْسَلُوهَا مِنْ رُءُوسِ الْجِبَالِ، فَلَمَّا رَأَتْهَا إِبِلُ أَصْحَابِ الصِّدِّيقِ نَفَرَتْ وَذَهَبَتْ كُلَّ مَذْهَبٍ، فَلَمْ يَمْلِكُوا مِنْ أَمْرِهَا شَيْئًا إِلَى اللَّيْلِ، حَتَّى رَجَعَتْ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَقَالَ فِي ذَلِكَ الْخُطَيْلُ بْنُ أَوْسٍ: فِدًى لِبَنِي ذُبْيَانَ رَحْلِي وَنَاقَتِي عَشِيَّةَ يُحْذَى بِالرِّمَاحِ أَبُو بَكْرِ وَلَكِنْ يُدَهْدَى بِالرِّجَالِ فَهِبْنَهُ إِلَى قَدَرٍ مَا إِنْ تُقِيمُ وَلَا تَسْرِي وَلِلَّهِ أَجْنَادٌ تُذَاقُ مَذَاقَهُ لِتُحْسَبَ فِيمَا عُدَّ مِنْ عَجَبِ الدَّهْرِ أَطَعْنَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَا كَانَ بَيْنَنَا فَيَالَعِبَادِ اللَّهِ مَا لِأَبِي بَكْرِ فَلَمَّا وَقَعَ مَا وَقَعَ ظَنَّ الْقَوْمُ بِالْمُسْلِمِينَ الْوَهَنَ، وَبَعَثُوا إِلَى عَشَائِرِهِمْ مِنْ نَوَاحِي أَخَرَ، فَاجْتَمَعُوا، وَبَاتَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ، ؓ، قَائِمًا لَيْلَهُ يَتَهَيَّأُ يُعَبِّئُ النَّاسَ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ عَلَى تَعْبِئَةٍ مِنْ آخَرِ اللَّيْلِ، وَعَلَى مَيْمَنَتِهِ النُّعْمَانُ بْنُ مُقَرِّنٍ، وَعَلَى الْمَيْسَرَةِ أَخُوهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مُقَرِّنٍ، وَعَلَى السَّاقَةِ أَخُوهُمَا سُوَيْدُ بْنُ مُقَرِّنٍ، فَمَا طَلَعَ الْفَجْرُ إِلَّا وَهُمْ وَالْعَدُوُّ فِي صَعِيدٍ وَاحِدٍ، فَمَا سَمِعُوا لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ حِسًّا وَلَا هَمْسًا، حَتَّى وَضَعُوا فِيهِمُ السُّيُوفَ، فَمَا طَلَعَتِ الشَّمْسُ حَتَّى وَلَّوْهُمُ الْأَدْبَارَ، وَغَلَبُوهُمْ عَلَى عَامَّةِ ظَهْرِهِمْ، وَقُتِلَ حِبَالٌ، وَاتَّبَعَهُمْ أَبُو بَكْرٍ حَتَّى نَزَلَ بِذِي الْقَصَّةِ، وَكَانَ أَوَّلَ الْفَتْحِ، وَذَلَّ بِهَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ، وَعَزَّ بِهَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ، وَوَثَبَ بَنُو ذُبْيَانَ وَعَبْسٌ عَلَى مَنْ فِيهِمْ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَقَتَلُوهُمْ، وَفَعَلَ مَنْ وَرَاءَهُمْ كَفِعْلِهِمْ، فَحَلَفَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ لَيَقْتُلَنَّ فِي كُلِّ قَبِيلَةٍ بِمَنْ قَتَلُوا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَزِيَادَةً، فَفِي ذَلِكَ يَقُولُ زِيَادُ بْنُ حَنْظَلَةَ التَّمِيمِيُّ: غَدَاةَ سَعَى أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِلَيْهِمْ كَمَا يَسْعَى لِمَوْتَتِهِ جُلَالُ أَرَاحَ عَلَى نَوَاهِقِهَا عَلِيًّا وَمَجَّ لَهُنَّ مُهْجَتَهُ حِبَالُ وَقَالَ أَيْضًا: أَقَمْنَا لَهُمْ عُرْضَ الشِّمَالِ فَكُبْكِبُوا كَكَبْكَبَةِ الْغُزَّى أَنَاخُوا عَلَى الْوَفْرِ فَمَا صَبَرُوا لِلْحَرْبِ عِنْدَ قِيَامِهَا صَبِيحَةَ يَسْمُو بِالرِّجَالِ أَبُو بَكْرِ طَرَقْنَا بَنِي عَبْسٍ بِأَدْنَى نِبَاجِهَا وَذُبْيَانَ نَهْنَهْنَا بِقَاصِمَةِ الظَّهْرِ فَكَانَتْ هَذِهِ الْوَقْعَةُ مِنْ أَكْبَرِ الْعَوْنِ عَلَى نَصْرِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَهْلِهِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ عَزَّ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فِي كُلِّ قَبِيلَةٍ، وَذَلَّ الْكُفَّارُ فِي كُلِّ قَبِيلَةٍ، وَرَجَعَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ مُؤَيَّدًا مَنْصُورًا، سَالِمًا غَانِمًا، وَطَرَقَتِ الْمَدِينَةُ فِي اللَّيْلِ صَدَقَاتُ عَدِيِّ بْنِ حَاتِمٍ، وَصَفْوَانَ، وَالزِّبْرِقَانِ، إِحْدَاهَا فِي أَوَّلِ اللَّيْلِ، وَالثَّانِيَةُ فِي أَوْسَطِهِ، وَالثَّالِثَةُ فِي آخِرِهِ، وَقَدِمَ بِكُلِّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُنَّ بَشِيرٌ مِنْ أُمَرَاءِ الْأَنْقَابِ، فَكَانَ الَّذِي بَشَّرَ بِصَفْوَانَ سَعْدُ بْنُ أَبِي وَقَّاصٍ، وَالَّذِي بَشَّرَ بِالزِّبْرِقَانِ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ، وَالَّذِي بَشَّرَ بِعَدِيِّ بْنِ حَاتِمٍ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ، وَيُقَالُ: أَبُو قَتَادَةَ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ، ؓ، وَذَلِكَ عَلَى رَأْسِ سِتِّينَ لَيْلَةً مِنْ مُتَوَفَّى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ.
Translation
✧ A section on al-Ṣiddīq's undertaking to fight the people of apostasy and those who withheld zakāt Defense of Madinah It has been mentioned previously that when the Messenger of God ﷺ died, many tribes of the Bedouin apostatized, hypocrisy arose in Madinah, and the Banū Ḥanīfah and a great many people in al-Yamāmah went over to Musaylimah the Liar. The Banū Asad and Ṭayyiʾ, along with many other people as well, rallied around Ṭulayḥah al-Asadī, who likewise claimed prophethood as Musaylimah the Liar had claimed it. The matter became grave and the situation severe. Al-Ṣiddīq dispatched the army of Usāmah, so the troops with al-Ṣiddīq became few, and many Bedouin coveted Madinah and sought to raid it. Al-Ṣiddīq therefore placed guards at the mountain passes of Madinah who spent the night with the forces around it. Among the commanders of the guard were ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām, Ṭalḥah b. ʿUbayd Allāh, Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf, and ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd. The interpretation regarding refusal to pay zakāt and al-Ṣiddīq's view ؓ The delegations of the Arabs began arriving in Madinah, affirming the prayer but refusing to pay zakāt. Among them were those who refused to hand it over to al-Ṣiddīq, and it is mentioned that some of them used as an argument the words of God, Exalted is He: "Take from their wealth a charity to purify them and cleanse them thereby, and pray for them; your prayer is a comfort for them" [al-Tawbah: 103]. They said: "We will not hand over our zakāt except to one whose prayer is a comfort for us." One of them recited: We obeyed the Messenger of God while he was among us, so how strange is the matter of Abū Bakr's rule! The Companions spoke with al-Ṣiddīq about leaving them to their withholding of zakāt and winning them over until faith became firm in their hearts, after which they would pay zakāt. Al-Ṣiddīq refused that and rejected it. The community of scholars, except Ibn Mājah, narrated in their books from Abū Hurayrah that ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb said to Abū Bakr: "Why do you fight the people when the Messenger of God ﷺ said: 'I have been commanded to fight the people until they bear witness that there is no god but God and that Muḥammad is the Messenger of God. If they say it, they protect from me their blood and their wealth except for its due'?" Abū Bakr said: "By God, if they withheld from me a young she-goat—or in another narration, a camel's rope—that they used to pay to the Messenger of God ﷺ, I would fight them for withholding it. Zakāt is the due of wealth. By God, I will fight whoever separates the prayer from zakāt." ʿUmar said: "It was only when I saw that God had opened Abū Bakr's chest to fighting that I knew it was the truth." I say: God, Exalted is He, has said: "If they repent, establish the prayer, and give zakāt, then let them go their way" [al-Tawbah: 5]. It is established in the Ṣaḥīḥ: "I have been commanded to fight the people until they say: there is no god but God and Muḥammad is the Messenger of God, establish the prayer, and give zakāt." And in the two Ṣaḥīḥs: "Islam is built on five: the testimony that there is no god but God and that Muḥammad is the Messenger of God, establishing the prayer, giving zakāt, pilgrimage to the House, and fasting Ramaḍān." From Ṣāliḥ b. Kaysān, who said: When the apostasy occurred, Abū Bakr stood before the people, praised God and extolled Him, then said: "Praise be to God who guided and sufficed, and gave and enriched. God sent Muḥammad ﷺ while knowledge was straying, Islam was a lonely outcast, its rope worn thin, its covenant decayed, its people astray from it. God detested the People of the Book, so He gave them no good for the good they had, nor averted evil from them for the evil they had. They altered their scripture and attached to it what was not part of it. The unlettered Arabs were empty of God, not worshipping Him or calling upon Him. He made their livelihood harsh and their religion astray, in a rugged land with whatever clouds it had. God gathered them through Muḥammad and made them the middle community. He aided them through those who followed them and aided them over others, until God took His Prophet ﷺ. Then Satan mounted upon them the mount he had set down for them, seized their hands, and sought their destruction. 'Muḥammad is but a messenger; messengers have passed away before him. If he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heels? Whoever turns back on his heels will not harm God at all, and God will reward the grateful' [Āl ʿImrān: 144]. The Arabs around you have withheld their sheep and their camels, and they were not, in their religion—even if they returned to it—more abstemious than they are on this day of theirs, and you were not stronger in your religion than you are on this day of yours, because of the blessing of your Prophet ﷺ that has gone before. He has entrusted you to the Sufficient Protector, whom He found astray and guided, poor and enriched: 'And you were on the brink of a pit of fire, and He saved you from it' [Āl ʿImrān: 103]. By God, I will not cease fighting for God's command until God fulfills His promise and completes His covenant to us, and whoever of us is killed is killed as a martyr of the people of Paradise, and whoever of us remains remains as His vicegerent and heirs in His land. God's decree is true, and His word has no breaking of it: 'God has promised those of you who believe and do righteous deeds that He will surely make them successors in the land'—the verse [al-Nūr: 55]." Then he descended, may God have mercy on him. The apostasy of Arab tribes Muḥammad b. Isḥāq said: The Arabs apostatized at the death of the Messenger of God ﷺ except for the people of the two mosques: Makkah and Madinah. Asad and Ghaṭafān apostatized, led by Ṭulayḥah b. Khuwaylid al-Asadī, the soothsayer. Kindah and its neighboring regions apostatized, led by al-Ashʿath b. Qays al-Kindī. Madhḥij and its neighboring regions apostatized, led by al-Aswad b. Kaʿb al-ʿAnsī, the soothsayer. Rabīʿah apostatized with al-Maʿrūr b. al-Nuʿmān b. al-Mundhir. Banū Ḥanīfah remained upon their affair with Musaylimah b. Ḥabīb the Liar. Sulaym apostatized with al-Fujāʾah, whose name was Anas b. ʿAbd Yālīl. Banū Tamīm apostatized with Sajāḥ the soothsayeress. Al-Qāsim b. Muḥammad said: Asad, Ghaṭafān, and Ṭayyiʾ gathered around Ṭulayḥah al-Asadī and sent delegations to Madinah. They lodged with various people, who hosted them except al-ʿAbbās. They were brought to Abū Bakr upon the condition that they would establish the prayer but not pay zakāt. God resolved Abū Bakr upon the truth, and he said: "If they withheld from me a camel's rope, I would strive against them." He sent them back, and they returned to their clans, telling them of the small number of people in Madinah and encouraging their greed for it. Abū Bakr set guards at the mountain passes of Madinah, compelled the people of Madinah to attend the mosque, and said: "The land is disbelieving. Their delegation has seen your small number. You do not know whether you will be attacked at night or by day, and the nearest of them to you is one barīd away. The people had hoped that we would accept from them and make peace with them, but we have refused them. So prepare and make ready." Only three [nights] passed before they launched a night raid on Madinah, leaving half their number at Dhū Ḥusā to be their rearguard. The guard sent word to Abū Bakr informing him of the raid, and he sent back: "Stay in your places." Abū Bakr went out with the people of the mosque on their water-carrying camels to meet them. The enemy dispersed, and the Muslims pursued them on their camels until they reached Dhū Ḥusā. The rearguard came out against them, and they met with the whole force, and victory was achieved. Al-Khuṭayl b. Aws—or it is said al-Ḥuṭayʾah—said about that: We obeyed the Messenger of God while he was in our midst, so woe to God's servants! What is the matter with Abū Bakr? He would leave us Bākir when he passes away, and that, by my life, is a breaker of the back. Would that you had returned our delegation in his time, and would that you had feared the sound of the bellowing young camel. And what they asked of you and you denied is like dates, or sweeter to me than dates. Abū Bakr's expedition against Banū ʿAbs, Banū Murrah, and Dhubyān In Jumādā al-Ākhirah, al-Ṣiddīq rode out with the people of Madinah and the commanders of the mountain passes against the Bedouin around Madinah who had raided it. When he and his enemies of Banū ʿAbs, Banū Murrah, and Dhubyān, along with those of Banū Kinānah who joined them, and Ṭulayḥah reinforced them with his son Ḥibāl, faced each other, the enemy had devised a trick. They took leather water-skins, inflated them, and sent them rolling down from the mountain tops. When the camels of al-Ṣiddīq's companions saw them, they bolted and scattered in every direction, so that they could not control them until nightfall, when they returned to Madinah. About that al-Khuṭayl b. Aws said: May my saddle and my she-camel be ransom for Banū Dhubyān on the evening when Abū Bakr was urged on with spears. But he is rolled along with men, and they feared him, unto a decree that neither stays nor travels. God has armies whose taste is tasted, to be counted among the wonders of time. We obeyed the Messenger of God while he was among us, so woe to God's servants! What is the matter with Abū Bakr? When what happened had happened, the enemy thought the Muslims weakened, and they sent to their clansmen in other areas, so they gathered. Abū Bakr, ؓ, spent the night standing, preparing and marshaling the people. Then he went out in battle array in the last part of the night, with al-Nuʿmān b. Muqarrin on his right wing, on the left his brother ʿAbd Allāh b. Muqarrin, and on the rear their brother Suwayd b. Muqarrin. Dawn had hardly broken before they and the enemy were on the same field. They heard neither sound nor whisper from the Muslims until they put the swords into them. The sun had not risen before they turned their backs, and the Muslims captured most of their mounts. Ḥibāl was killed. Abū Bakr pursued them until he camped at Dhū al-Qaṣṣah. This was the first victory, by which the polytheists were humbled and the Muslims honored. Banū Dhubyān and ʿAbs fell upon the Muslims among them and killed them, and those behind them did as they did. Abū Bakr swore that he would kill in every tribe for those Muslims they had killed, and more. About that Ziyād b. Ḥanẓalah al-Tamīmī said: On the morning Abū Bakr hastened to them, as a great camel hastens to its death. He brought ʿAlī upon their snorting horses, and Ḥibāl poured out his lifeblood for them. He also said: We set before them the broad flank of the north wind, and they were tumbled tike the tumbling of al-Ghuzzā when they kneel upon plenty. They did not endure war when it arose, on the morning when Abū Bakr climbed with the men. We raided Banū ʿAbs at the nearest part of their territory, and Dhubyān we restrained with a breaker of the back. This battle was among the greatest aids to the victory of Islam and its people, for the Muslims were strengthened in every tribe and the disbelievers humbled in every tribe. Abū Bakr returned to Madinah supported, victorious, safe, and laden with spoils. During the night the zakāt payments of ʿAdī b. Ḥātim, Ṣafwān, and al-Zibriqān arrived in Madinah: one at the beginning of the night, the second in its middle, and the third at its end. A bearer of good news from among the commanders of the mountain passes came with each one. The one who brought good news of Ṣafwān was Saʿd b. Abī Waqqāṣ; the one who brought good news of al-Zibriqān was ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf; and the one who brought good news of ʿAdī b. Ḥātim was ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd—or it is said Abū Qatādah al-Anṣārī—ؓ. That was on the completion of sixty nights from the death of the Messenger of God ﷺ.
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