Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1740
The illness of the Prophet ﷺ and his death
نَعْيِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى إِلَى رَسُولِهِ ﷺ نَفْسَهُ الشَّرِيفَةَ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: إِنَّكَ مَيِّتٌ وَإِنَّهُمْ مَيِّتُونَ [الزُّمَرِ 30]. وَقَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: وَمَا جَعَلْنَا لِبَشَرٍ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ الْخُلْدَ أَفَإِنْ مِتَّ فَهُمُ الْخَالِدُونَ ؟ [الْأَنْبِيَاءِ 34] وَقَالَ تَعَالَى تَقَدَّسَ اسْمُهُ كُلُّ نَفْسٍ ذَائِقَةُ الْمَوْتِ وَنَبْلُوكُمْ بِالشَّرِّ وَالْخَيْرِ فِتْنَةً وَإِلَيْنَا تُرْجَعُونَ [الْأَنْبِيَاءِ 35]. وَقَالَ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى: وَمَا مُحَمَّدٌ إِلا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ أَفَإِنْ مَاتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ انْقَلَبْتُمْ عَلَى أَعْقَابِكُمْ، وَمَنْ يَنْقَلِبْ عَلَى عَقِبَيْهِ فَلَنْ يَضُرَّ اللَّهَ شَيْئًا وَسَيَجْزِي اللَّهَ الشَّاكِرِينَ [آلِ عِمْرَانَ 144]. وَهَذِهِ الْآيَةُ هِيَ الَّتِي تَلَاهَا الصِّدِّيقُ يَوْمَ وَفَاةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَلَمَّا سَمِعَهَا النَّاسُ كَأَنَّهُمْ لَمْ يَسْمَعُوهَا قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ. وَقَالَ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ وَقَالَ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ وَرَأَيْتَ النَّاسَ يَدْخُلُونَ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْوَاجًا فَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ وَاسْتَغْفِرْهُ إِنَّهُ كَانَ تَوَّابًا [النَّصْرِ 1- 3]. وَرَوَى ابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ وَعَبْدِ بْنِ حُمَيْدٍ وَابْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ وَالْبَزَّارُ وَأَبُو يَعْلَى وَابْنُ مَرْدَوَيْهِ وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ فِي الدَّلَائِلِ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ ؓ قَالَ: نَزَلَتْ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَوْسَطَ أَيَّامِ التَّشْرِيقِ بِمِنًى وَهُوَ فِي حَجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ وَرَأَيْتَ النَّاسَ يَدْخُلُونَ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْوَاجًا [النَّصْرِ 1- 3] حَتَّى خَتَمَهَا فَعَرَفَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنَّهُ الْوَدَاعُ فَخَطَبَ النَّاسَ خِطْبَةً أَمَرَهُمْ فِيهَا وَنَهَاهُمْ. وَرَوَى الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ وَالْبَلَاذُرِيُّ وَابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَابْنُ مَرْدَوَيْهِ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا نَزَلَتْ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ [النَّصْرِ 1] قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «نُعِيَتْ إِلَيَّ نَفْسِي وَقَرُبَ أَجَلِي». وَرَوَى النَّسَائِيُّ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ ابْنُ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ فِي زَوَائِدِ الزُّهْدِ وَابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ وَالطَّبَرَانِيُّ وَابْنُ مَرْدَوَيْهِ عَنْهُ قَالَ: لَمَّا نَزَلَتْ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ نُعِيَتْ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَفْسُهُ حَتَّى أُنْزِلَتْ فَأَخَذَنِي أَشَدُّ مَا يَكُونُ اجْتِهَادًا فِي أَمْرِ الْآخِرَةِ. وَرَوَى الطَّبَرَانِيُّ وَابْنُ مَرْدَوَيْهِ وَأَبُو نُعَيْمٍ عَنِ الْفُضَيْلِ بْنِ عِيَاضٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا نَزَلَتْ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ [النَّصْرِ 1] إِلَى آخِرِ السُّورَةِ قَالَ مُحَمَّدٌ ﷺ: «يَا جِبْرِيلُ نُعِيَتْ إِلَيَّ نَفْسِي» قَالَ جِبْرِيلُ: «الْآخِرَةُ خَيْرٌ لَكَ مِنَ الْأُولَى». وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنِ الْحَسَنِ الْبَصْرِيِّ- رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى- قَالَ: لَمَّا نَزَلَتْ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ إِلَى آخِرِهَا قَالَ قَرُبَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَجْلُهُ وَأُمِرَ بِكَثْرَةِ التَّسْبِيحِ وَالِاسْتِغْفَارِ. وَرَوَى عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ وَالشَّيْخَانِ وَابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ وَابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَابْنُ مَرْدَوَيْهِ عَنْ أُمِّ سَلَمَةَ وَعَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ وَابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَابْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ وَالْحَاكِمُ عَنِ ابْنِ مَسْعُودٍ ؓ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ مُنْذُ نَزَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ السُّورَةُ كَانَ لَا يَقُومُ وَلَا يَقْعُدُ وَلَا يَذْهَبُ وَلَا يَجِيءُ إِلَّا قَالَ: وَفِي لَفْظٍ لِعَائِشَةَ: كَانَ يُكْثِرُ فِي آخِرِ عُمْرِهِ مِنْ قَوْلِ: «سُبْحَانَكَ اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّنَا وَبِحَمْدِكَ أَسْتَغْفِرُكَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْكَ اللَّهُمَّ اغْفِرْ لِي إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ» وَيَقُولُ ذَلِكَ فِي رُكُوعِهِ وَسُجُودِهِ يَتَأَوَّلُ الْقُرْآنَ يَعْنِي إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ [النَّصْرِ 1] قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ: فَقُلْتُ لَهُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّكَ تُكْثِرُ مِنْ قَوْلِ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِ أَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْكَ مَا لَمْ تَكُنْ تَفْعَلُهُ قَبْلَ الْيَوْمِ، فَقَالَ: «إِنَّ رَبِّي كَانَ أَخْبَرَنِي بِعَلَامَةٍ فِي أُمَّتِي فَقَالَ إِذَا رَأَيْتَهَا فَسَبِّحْ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّكَ وَاسْتَغْفِرْهُ فَقَدْ رَأَيْتُهَا إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ [النَّصْرِ 1] إِلَى آخِرِ السُّورَةِ. لَمْ يَبْعَثْ نَبِيًّا إِلَّا عَمَّرَ فِي أُمَّتِهِ شَطْرَ مَا عَمَّرَ النَّبِيُّ الْمَاضِي قَبْلَهُ وَرَوَى ابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ وَابْنُ مَرْدَوَيْهِ عَنْ أُمِّ حَبِيبَةَ ؓ قَالَتْ: لَمَّا نَزَلَتْ إِذَا جَاءَ نَصْرُ اللَّهِ وَالْفَتْحُ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَمْ يَبْعَثْ نَبِيًّا إِلَّا عَمَّرَ فِي أُمَّتِهِ شَطْرَ مَا عَمَّرَ النَّبِيُّ الْمَاضِي قَبْلَهُ، وَإِنَّ عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ كَانَ عُمْرُهُ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً فِي بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، وَهَذِهِ لِي عِشْرُونَ سَنَةً وَأَنَا مَيِّتٌ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ فَبَكَتْ فَاطِمَةُ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: «وَأَنْتِ أَوَّلُ أَهْلِ بَيْتِي لُحُوقًا بِي» فَتَبَسَّمَتْ. وَرَوَى الطَّبَرَانِيُّ وَالْحَاكِمُ وَالطَّحَاوِيُّ وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ بِسَنَدٍ صَحِيحٍ عَنْ فَاطِمَةَ الزَّهْرَاءِ ؓ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: «إِنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ نَبِيٌّ إِلَّا عَاشَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ نِصْفَ عُمْرِ الَّذِي كَانَ قَبْلَهُ وَإِنَّ عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ عَاشَ عِشْرِينَ وَمِائَةَ سَنَةٍ، وَلَا أُرَانِي إِلَّا ذَاهِبًا عَلَى رَأْسِ السِّتِّينَ. يَا بُنَيَّةُ إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ مِنَّا مِنْ نِسَاءِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ امْرَأَةٌ أَعْظَمُ ذُرِّيَّةً مِنْكِ فَلَا تَكُونِي مِنْ أَدْنَى امْرَأَةٍ صَبْرًا، إِنَّكِ أَوَّلُ أَهْلِ بَيْتِي لُحُوقًا بِي وَإِنَّكِ سَيِّدَةُ نِسَاءِ أَهْلِ الْجَنَّةِ إِلَّا مَا كَانَ مِنَ الْبَتُولِ مَرْيَمَ بِنْتِ عِمْرَانَ». وَرَوَى إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ رَاهَوَيْهِ وَابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ جَعْدَةَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: «يَا فَاطِمَةُ إِنَّهُ لَمْ يُبْعَثْ نَبِيٌّ إِلَّا عَمَّرَ نِصْفَ الَّذِي كَانَ قَبْلَهُ [وَإِنَّ عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ بُعِثَ رَسُولًا لِأَرْبَعِينَ وَإِنِّي بُعِثْتُ لِعِشْرِينَ]. وَرَوَى الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي «تَارِيخِهِ» عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ أَرْقَمَ ؓ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «مَا بَعَثَ اللَّهُ نَبِيًّا إِلَّا عَاشَ نِصْفَ مَا عَاشَ الَّذِي كَانَ قَبْلَهُ». وَرَوَى ابْنُ سَعْدٍ عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ زِيَادٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ فِي السَّنَةِ الَّتِي قُبِضَ فِيهَا لِعَائِشَةَ ؓ: «أَنَّ جِبْرِيلَ كَانَ يَعْرِضُ عَلَيَّ الْقُرْآنَ فِي كُلِّ سَنَةٍ مَرَّةً فَقَدْ عَرَضَ عَلَيَّ الْعَامَ مَرَّتَيْنِ وَأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ نَبِيٌّ إِلَّا عَاشَ نِصْفَ عُمْرِ أَخِيهِ الَّذِي كَانَ قَبْلَهُ عَاشَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ مِائَةً وَخَمْسًا وَعِشْرِينَ سَنَةً وَهَذِهِ اثْنَتَانِ وَسِتُّونَ سَنَةً، وَمَاتَ فِي نِصْفِ السَّنَةِ». وَرَوَى أَبُو يَعْلَى مِنْ طَرِيقِ الْحُسَيْنِ بْنِ عَلِيِّ بْنِ الْأَسْوَدِ وَبَاقِي رِجَالِهِ ثِقَاتٌ عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ جَعْدَةَ قَالَ: قَالَتْ فَاطِمَةُ- رِضْوَانُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى عَلَيْهَا-: قَالَ لِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «إِنَّ عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ مَكَثَ فِي بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً».
Translation
✧ God's informing His Messenger ﷺ of his noble self's death God Almighty said: 'You will surely die, and they too will die' [Al-Zumar 30]. And He, Mighty and Majestic, said: 'We have not granted immortality to any human before you; if you die, will they live forever?' [Al-Anbiya' 34]. And He, exalted and hallowed be His name, said: 'Every soul shall taste death, and We test you with evil and good as a trial, and to Us you shall be returned' [Al-Anbiya' 35]. And He, glorified and exalted, said: 'Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers have passed away before him. If he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heels? Whoever turns back on his heels will not harm God in the least, and God will reward the grateful' [Āl ʿImrān 144]. This is the verse that al-Ṣiddīq recited on the day of the death of the Messenger of God ﷺ, and when the people heard it, it was as if they had never heard it before. And He, blessed and exalted, said: 'In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful: When the help of God and the victory comes' And He, blessed and exalted, said: 'In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful: When the help of God and the victory comes, and you see people entering God's religion in multitudes, then glorify and praise your Lord, and seek His forgiveness; indeed, He is ever accepting of repentance' [Al-Naṣr 1-3]. Ibn Abī Shaybah, ʿAbd b. Ḥumayd, Ibn al-Mundhir, al-Bazzār, Abū Yaʿlā, Ibn Mardawayh, and al-Bayhaqī in al-Dalāʾil narrated from Ibn ʿUmar ؓ who said: It was revealed to the Messenger of God ﷺ in the middle of the days of tashrīq at Minā, while he was on the Farewell Pilgrimage, 'When the help of God and the victory comes, and you see people entering God's religion in multitudes' [Al-Naṣr 1-3] until he finished it, and the Messenger of God ﷺ knew that it was the farewell, so he addressed the people with a sermon in which he commanded them and forbade them. Imām Aḥmad, al-Balādhurī, Ibn Jarīr, and Ibn Mardawayh narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās who said: When 'When the help of God and the victory comes' [Al-Naṣr 1] was revealed, the Messenger of God ﷺ said: 'My own self has been announced dead to me, and my term has drawn near.' Al-Nasāʾī, ʿAbd Allāh the son of Imām Aḥmad in Zawāʾid al-Zuhd, Ibn Abī Ḥātim, al-Ṭabarānī, and Ibn Mardawayh narrated from him that he said: When 'When the help of God and the victory comes' was revealed, the Messenger of God's ﷺ own self was announced dead to him, until it was revealed, and he engaged in the most intense striving in the matter of the Hereafter. Al-Ṭabarānī, Ibn Mardawayh, and Abū Nuʿaym narrated from al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ who said: When 'When the help of God and the victory comes' [Al-Naṣr 1] to the end of the surah was revealed, Muhammad ﷺ said: 'O Gabriel, my own self has been announced dead to me.' Gabriel said: 'The Hereafter is better for you than the first.' Ibn Saʿd narrated from al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī—may God Almighty have mercy on him—who said: When 'When the help of God and the victory comes' to its end was revealed to the Messenger of God ﷺ, he said: The term of the Messenger of God ﷺ drew near and he was commanded to increase glorification and seeking forgiveness. ʿAbd al-Razzāq, the two Shaykhs, and Ibn Saʿd narrated from ʿĀʾishah, and Ibn Jarīr and Ibn Mardawayh from Umm Salamah, and ʿAbd al-Razzāq, Ibn Jarīr, Ibn al-Mundhir, and al-Ḥākim from Ibn Masʿūd ؓ that from the time the surah was revealed to the Messenger of God ﷺ, he did not stand, sit, go, or come except that he said—and in the wording of ʿĀʾishah: He used to say frequently at the end of his life: 'Glory be to You, O God, our Lord, and with Your praise; I seek Your forgiveness and turn to You. O God, forgive me; You are the Ever-Relenting, the Merciful.' He would say that in his bowing and prostration, interpreting the Qur'an, meaning 'When the help of God and the victory comes' [Al-Naṣr 1]. ʿĀʾishah said: I said to him: 'O Messenger of God, you have been saying frequently: Glory be to God and with His praise; I seek God's forgiveness and turn to Him, which you did not do before today.' He said: 'My Lord had informed me of a sign in my community, and He said: When you see it, then glorify and praise your Lord and seek His forgiveness. I have seen it: When the help of God and the victory comes' [Al-Naṣr 1] to the end of the surah. No prophet was sent except that he lived in his community half of what the previous prophet before him lived. Ibn Abī Ḥātim and Ibn Mardawayh narrated from Umm Ḥabībah ؓ who said: When 'When the help of God and the victory comes' was revealed, the Messenger of God ﷺ said: 'God has not sent a prophet except that he lived in his community half of what the previous prophet before him lived. Jesus son of Mary lived forty years among the Children of Israel, and this for me is twenty years, and I will die in this year.' Fāṭimah wept, and the Prophet ﷺ said: 'You are the first of my household to join me,' so she smiled. Al-Ṭabarānī, al-Ḥākim, al-Ṭaḥāwī, and al-Bayhaqī narrated with a sound chain from Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʾ ؓ that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: 'There was no prophet except that he lived after him half the age of the one who was before him, and Jesus son of Mary lived one hundred and twenty years, and I do not think I will be gone except at the beginning of sixty. O my dear daughter, there is among Muslim women no woman with greater offspring than you, so do not be among the least of women in patience. You are the first of my household to join me, and you are the mistress of the women of Paradise, except for the Virgin Mary daughter of ʿImrān.' Isḥāq b. Rāhawayh and Ibn Saʿd narrated from Yaḥyā b. Jaʿdah that the Messenger of God ﷺ said: 'O Fāṭimah, no prophet was sent except that he lived half of what the one before him lived [and Jesus son of Mary was sent as a messenger at forty, and I was sent at twenty].' Al-Bukhārī narrated in his Tārīkh from Zayd b. Arqam ؓ who said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: 'God has not sent a prophet except that he lived half of what the one before him lived.' Ibn Saʿd narrated from Yazīd b. Ziyād that the Messenger of God ﷺ said in the year in which he was taken to ʿĀʾishah ؓ: 'Gabriel used to review the Qur'an with me once every year, and this year he reviewed it with me twice. And there was no prophet except that he lived half the age of his brother who was before him. Jesus son of Mary lived one hundred and twenty-five years, and this is sixty-two years, and he died in the middle of the year.' Abū Yaʿlā narrated from the route of al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. al-Aswad, and the rest of his men are trustworthy, from Yaḥyā b. Jaʿdah who said: Fāṭimah—may God Almighty be pleased with her—said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said to me: 'Jesus son of Mary stayed among the Children of Israel for forty years.'
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