Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1718
A summary of the expeditions
مُجْمَلُ الْغَزَوَاتِ اخْتَلَفَ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ فِي عَدَدِ مُجْمَلِ غَزَوَاتِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَالَّتِي غَزَى فِيهَا بِنَفْسِهِ، فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ سَبْعًا وَعِشْرِينَ غَزْوَةً، وَقِيلَ: خَمْسٌ وَعِشْرُونَ، وَقِيلَ: تِسْعٌ وَعِشْرُونَ، وَقِيلَ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ، قَاتَلَ مِنْهَا فِي تِسْعٍ: بَدْرٍ، وَأُحُدٍ، وَالْخَنْدَقِ، وَقُرَيْظَةَ، وَالْمُصْطَلِقِ، وَخَيْبَرَ، وَالْفَتْحِ، وَحَنِينٍ، وَالطَّائِفِ. وَقِيلَ: قَاتَلَ فِي بَنِي النَّضِيرِ، وَالْغَابَةِ، وَوَادِي الْقُرَى مِنْ أَعْمَالِ خَيْبَرَ. وَأَمَّا سَرَايَاهُ وَبُعُوثُهُ، فَقَرِيبٌ مِنْ سِتِّينَ، وَالْغَزَوَاتُ الْكِبَارُ الْأُمَّهَاتُ سَبْعٌ: بَدْرٌ، وَأُحُدٌ، وَالْخَنْدَقُ، وَخَيْبَرُ، وَالْفَتْحُ، وَحَنِينٌ، وَتَبُوكُ. وَجُرِحَ مِنْهَا صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْه? وَسَلَّمَ فِي غَزْوَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَهِيَ أُحُدٌ، وَقَاتَلَتْ مَعَهُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ مِنْهَا فِي بَدْرٍ وَحُنَيْنٍ، وَنَزَلَتِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ يَوْمَ الْخَنْدَقِ، فَزَلْزَلَتِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَهَزَمَتْهُمْ، وَرَمَى فِيهَا الْحَصْبَاءَ فِي وُجُوهِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ فَهَرَبُوا، وَكَانَ الْفَتْحُ فِي غَزْوَتَيْنِ: بَدْرٍ، وَحَنِينٍ. وَقَاتَلَ بِالْمَنْجَنِيقِ مِنْهَا فِي غَزْوَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، وَهِيَ الطَّائِفُ، وَتَحَصَّنَ فِي الْخَنْدَقِ فِي وَاحِدَةٍ، وَهِيَ الْأَحْزَابُ. غَزْوَةُ غَالِبِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ اللَّيْثِيِّ بَنِي الْمُلَوِّحِ بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي سَنَةِ ثَمَانٍ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ غَالِبَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ اللَّيْثِيَّ إِلَى بَنِي الْمُلَوِّحِ بِالْكَدِيدِ يُغِيرُ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَخَرَجَ فِي ثَلَاثِينَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ وَمَعَهُ جُنْدُبُ بْنُ مَكِيثٍ الْجُهَنِيُّ وَكَانَ رَبِيئَةَ الْجَيْشِ فَاطَّلَعَ عَلَى الْقَوْمِ وَظَلَّ يُرَاقِبُهُمْ حَتَّى دَخَلَ السَّحَرُ، فَأَغَارُوا عَلَيْهِمْ وَاسْتَاقُوا النِّعَمَ وَالْأَمْوَالَ وَخَرَجَ الصَّرِيخُ حَتَّى إِذَا كَانُوا بِوَادِي قَدِيدٍ وَقَدْ أَدْرَكَهُمُ الْقَوْمُ بِجَيْشٍ كَبِيرٍ أَرْسَلَ اللَّهُ السَّيْلَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ عَدُوِّهِمْ فَنَجَوْا بِالْغَنِيمَةِ وَكَانَ شِعَارُهُمْ فِيهَا "أَمِتْ أَمِتْ". غَزْوَةُ زَيْدِ بْنِ حَارِثَةَ إِلَى جُذَامٍ بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ زَيْدَ بْنَ حَارِثَةَ إِلَى جُذَامٍ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْهُنَيْدَ بْنَ عُوصٍ وَابْنَهُ عُوصَ بْنَ الْهِنْدِيِّ خَرَجَ عَلَى دِحْيَةَ الْكَلْبِيِّ ؓ وَهُوَ رَاجِعٌ مِنْ عِنْدِ قَيْصَرَ صَاحِبِ الرُّومِ فَأَخَذَا كُلَّ شَيْءٍ كَانَ مَعَهُ، إِلَّا أَنَّ بَنِي الضُّبَيْبِ رَهْطُ رَفَاعَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ الْجُذَامِيِّ وَكَانُوا قَدْ أَسْلَمُوا نَفَرُوا إِلَى الْهُنَيْدِ وَابْنِهِ فَقَاتَلُوهُمْ وَاسْتَنْقَذُوا لِدِحْيَةَ مَتَاعَهُ. فَسَارَ زَيْدٌ إِلَيْهِ فِي خَمْسِمِائَةٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَأَغَارُوا عَلَى الْهُنَيْدِ فَقَتَلُوهُ وَابْنَهُ وَأَغَارُوا عَلَى قَوْمِ رَفَاعَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ وَهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ إِسْلَامَهُمْ فَاسْتَاقُوا النِّعَمَ وَالنِّسَاءَ وَالصِّبْيَانَ فَذَهَبَ رَفَاعَةُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِكِتَابِهِ الَّذِي كَانَ قَدْ كَتَبَهُ لَهُ فَأَرْسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَلِيًّا إِلَى زَيْدٍ وَأَعْطَاهُ سَيْفَهُ ﷺ أَمَارَةً فَرَدَّ زَيْدٌ مَا مَعَهُ إِلَى الْقَوْمِ. غَزْوَةُ زَيْدِ بْنِ حَارِثَةَ بَنِي فَزَارَةَ وَمُصَابُ أُمِّ قِرْفَةَ وَقَعَتْ فِي سَنَةِ سِتٍّ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ زَيْدًا خَرَجَ فِي تِجَارَةٍ إِلَى الشَّامِ وَبَيْنَمَا هُوَ عَائِدٌ خَرَجَتْ عَلَيْهِ بَنُو فَزَارَةَ فِي جَمْعٍ كَبِيرٍ فَقَتَلُوا أَصْحَابَهُ وَأَصَابُوهُ فَارْتَثَّ فِي الْقَتْلَى ثُمَّ قَامَ فَرَجَعَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَأَقْسَمَ أَلَّا يَمَسَّ غُسْلَ جَنَابَةٍ حَتَّى يَغْزُوَهُمْ، فَلَمَّا شُفِيَ مِنْ جِرَاحَاتِهِ أَرْسَلَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَيْهِمْ فَقَاتَلَهُمْ، وَأَخَذَ جَارِيَةَ بِنْتَ مَالِكِ بْنِ حُذَيْفَةَ، وَأُمَّهَا أُمَّ قِرْفَةَ، ثُمَّ قَتَلَ أُمَّ قِرْفَةَ لِسَبِّهَا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ. غَزْوَةُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ رَوَاحَةَ لِقَتْلِ يُسَيْرِ بْنِ رِزَامٍ كَانَتْ فِي سَنَةِ سِتٍّ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ بَعْدَ مَقْتَلِ سَلَّامِ بْنِ أَبِي الْحَقِيقِ، حَيْثُ إِنَّ يَهُودَ قَدْ أَمَّرَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ يُسَيْرَ بْنَ رِزَامٍ، فَجَاءَ الْخَبَرُ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّهُ يَجْمَعُ غَطَفَانَ وَمَنْ قَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ لِغَزْوِ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ ابْنَ رَوَاحَةَ فِي ثَلَاثِينَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ، فَقَدِمُوا عَلَى يُسَيْرٍ وَاسْتَأْمَنُوهُ وَكَلَّمُوهُ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ إِلَيْهِ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَيُحْسِنَ إِلَيْهِ وَيَسْتَعْمِلَهُ عَلَى خَيْبَرَ فَوَافَقَ ثُمَّ أَرَادَ الْغَدْرَ بِهِمْ فِي الطَّرِيقِ فَقَتَلَهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أُنَيْسٍ بَعْدَمَا تَأَكَّدَ مِنْ غَدْرِهِ. غَزْوَةُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنُ أُنَيْسٍ لِقَتْلِ خَالِدِ بْنِ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ نُبَيْحٍ الْهُذَلِيِّ وَقَعَتْ عَلَى رَأْسِ خَمْسَةٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ شَهْرًا مِنْ هِجْرَةِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ حَيْثُ إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ عَلِمَ بِأَنَّ خَالِدَ بْنَ سُفْيَانَ يَجْمَعُ لَهُ النَّاسَ فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ أُنَيْسٍ فَقَتَلَهُ. غَزْوَةُ غَالِبِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ أَرْضُ بَنِي مُرَّةَ وَفِيهَا قَتَلَ أُسَامَةُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ مِرْدَاسَ بْنَ نَهْيِكَ بَعْدَمَا قَالَ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ فَعَاتَبَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عِتَابًا شَدِيدًا. غَزْوَةُ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ ذَاتِ السَّلَاسِلِ وَقَعَتْ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّامِنَةِ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ، حَيْثُ أَرَادَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنْ يَسْتَنْفِرَ الْعَرَبَ وَيَسْتَأْلِفَهُمْ فَبَعَثَ عُمْرًا إِلَى بَلِيٍّ قُرْبَ الشَّامِ وَهُمْ أَخْوَالُهُ، فَلَمَّا قَرُبَ مِنْ بِلَادِهِمُ اسْتَمَدَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ فَأَمَدَّهُ بِأَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ وَمَعَهُ كِبَارُ الصَّحَابَةِ، وَسَارَ إِلَى بَلِيٍّ فَفَرَّقَ جُمُوعَهُمْ وَظَلَّ أَيَّامًا هُنَاكَ ثُمَّ عَادَ وَلَمْ يَلْقَ كَيْدًا، فِي هَذِهِ السَّرِيَّةِ كَانَتْ قِصَّةُ صَلَاةِ عَمْرٍو مُحْتَلِمًا خَشْيَةَ الِاغْتِسَالِ مِنَ الْبَرْدِ. غَزْوَةُ أَبِي قَتَادَةَ الْأَنْصَارِيِّ بَطْنِ إِضَمَ، وَقَتْلِ عَامِرِ بْنِ الْأَضْبَطِ الْأَشْجَعِيِّ وَقَعَتْ قَبْلَ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ حَيْثُ أَرْسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَبَا قَتَادَةَ فِي ثَمَانِيَةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ إِلَى بَطْنِ إِضَمَ لِيَظُنَّ الظَّانُّ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ يَتَوَجَّهُ إِلَيْهَا فَتَذْهَبُ بِذَلِكَ الْأَخْبَارُ، وَفِيهَا كَانَ قَتْلُ عَامِرِ بْنِ الْأَضْبَطِ الْأَشْجَعِيِّ حَيْثُ إِنَّهُ مَرَّ بِالْقَوْمِ فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِتَحِيَّةِ الْإِسْلَامِ فَأَمْسَكَ عَنْهُ الْقَوْمُ مَاعَدَا مُحَلِّمَ بْنَ جَثَّامَةَ فَقَدْ حَمَلَ عَلَيْهِ فَقَتَلَهُ لِشَيْءٍ كَانَ بَيْنَهُمَا فَنَزَلَ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِذَا ضَرَبْتُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَتَبَيَّنُوا وَلَا تَقُولُوا لِمَنْ أَلْقَى إِلَيْكُمُ السَّلَامَ لَسْتَ مُؤْمِنًا تَبْتَغُونَ عَرَضَ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا فَعِنْدَ اللَّهِ مَغَانِمُ كَثِيرَةٌ كَذَلِكَ كُنْتُمْ مِنْ قَبْلُ فَمَنَّ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكُمْ فَتَبَيَّنُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرًا غَزْوَةُ ابْنِ أَبِي حَدْرَدٍ لَقَتْلِ رَفَاعَةَ بْنِ قَيْسٍ الْجُشَمِيِّ بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ ابْنَ أَبِي حَدْرَدٍ إِلَى رَفَاعَةَ بْنِ قَيْسٍ الْجُشَمِيِّ بِالْغَابَةِ حَيْثُ جَاءَهُ الْخَبَرُ بِجَمْعِهِ لَهُ لِحَرْبِهِ فَجَاءَهُ ابْنُ أَبِي حَدْرَدٍ وَاثْنَانِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ فَقَتَلَ رِفَاعَةَ وَحَمَلَ عَلَى الْقَوْمِ لَيْلًا وَصَاحِبَاهُ فَهَرَبُوا فَاسْتَاقُوا إِبِلًا وَشَاةً كَثِيرَةً. غَزْوَةُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عَوْفٍ إِلَى دَوْمَةِ الْجَنْدَلِ بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ عَوْفٍ إِلَى دَوْمَةِ الْجَنْدَلِ فِي سَبْعِمِائَةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ وَقَدْ عَمَّمَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ بِنَفْسِهِ، وَأَوْصَاهُ، فَقَدِمَ عَلَى الْقَوْمِ فَدَعَاهُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ فَأَسْلَمَ الْأَصْبَغُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو الْكَلْبِيُّ وَكَانَ رَئِيسَهُمْ وَأَسْلَمَ عَدَدٌ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ وَمَنْ لَمْ يُسْلِمْ أُخِذَتْ مِنْهُ الْجِزْيَةُ وَأَرَادَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ مِنْهُمْ فَأَمَرَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ تُمَاضِرَ بِنْتَ الْأَصْبَغِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو فَتَزَوَّجَهَا. غَزْوَةُ أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ بْنِ الْجَرَّاحِ إِلَى سَيْفِ الْبَحْرِ (سَرِيَّةُ الْخَبَطِ) وَقَعَتْ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّامِنَةِ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ حَيْثُ بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ فِي ثَلَاثِمِائَةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ إِلَى جِهَةِ حَيٍّ مِنْ جُهَيْنَةَ بِسَيْفِ الْبَحْرِ يَرْصُدُ عِيرًا لِقُرَيْشٍ، وَقَدْ أَصَابَ الْجَيْشَ جُوعٌ شَدِيدٌ وَكَانُوا قَلِيلِي الزَّادِ يَأْكُلُ أَحَدُهُمُ التَّمْرَةَ وَالتَّمْرَتَيْنِ يَتَبَلَّغُ بِهَا يَوْمَهُ، وَفِيهَا رَزَقَهُمُ اللَّهُ بِدَابَّةٍ مِنَ الْبَحْرِ ظَلُّوا يَأْكُلُوا مِنْهَا ثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا، وَفِيهَا كَانَ بَذْلُ قَيْسِ بْنِ سَعْدِ بْنِ عُبَادَةَ وَنَحْرُهُ الْعَدِيدَ مِنَ الْإِبِلِ لِأَصْحَابِهِ حَتَّى نَهَاهُ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ. بَعْثُ عَمْرِو بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ الضَّمْرِيِّ لِقِتَالِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ بْنِ حَرْبٍ وَمَا صَنَعَ فِي طَرِيقِهِ بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَمْرَو بْنَ أُمَيَّةَ الضَّمْرِيَّ لِقَتْلِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ بْنِ حَرْبٍ عَلَى إِثْرِ مَقْتَلِ خُبَيْبِ بْنِ عَدِيٍّ إِلَّا أَنَّ الْقَوْمَ نَذَرُوا بِهِ وَصَاحَبَهُ وَطَارَدُوهُمَا. سَرِيَّةُ زَيْدِ بْنِ حَارِثَةَ إِلَى مَدْيَنَ وَفِيهَا غَنِمَ وَسَبَى فَفَرَّقَ زَيْدٌ فِي الْبَيْعِ بَيْنَ الْأُمَّهَاتِ وَالْأَوْلَادِ فَبَكَوْا فَنَهَاهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنْ يَبِيعُوهُمْ إِلَّا جَمِيعًا. سَرِيَّةُ سَالِمِ بْنِ عُمَيْرٍ لِقَتْلِ أَبِي عَفَكٍ وَقَعَتْ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ أَبَا عَفَكٍ الْيَهُودِيَّ كَانَ يُحَرِّضُ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَنَذَرَ سَالِمٌ أَنْ يَقْتُلَهُ فَأَوْفَى بِنَذْرِهِ. غَزْوَةُ عُمَيْرِ بْنِ عَدِيٍّ الْخَطْمِيِّ لِقَتْلِ عَصْمَاءَ بِنْتِ مَرْوَانَ وَقَعَتْ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ عَصْمَاءَ كَانَتْ تُحَرِّضُ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَتَهْجُوهُ وَتُؤْذِيهِ فَنَذَرَ عُمَيْرٌ أَنْ يَقْتُلَهَا فَجَاءَهَا فَقَتَلَهَا وَكَانَ عُمَيْرٌ أَعْمَى فَلَقَبَّهُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ بِالْبَصِيرِ. سَرِيَّةُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مَسْلَمَةَ إِلَى الْقُرْطَاءِ وَأَسْرُ ثُمَامَةَ بْنِ أُثَالٍ الْحَنَفِيِّ وَإِسْلَامُهُ كَانَتْ عَلَى رَأْسِ تِسْعَةٍ وَخَمْسِينَ شَهْرًا مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَقَدْ بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ مَسْلَمَةَ مَعَ ثَلَاثِينَ رَاكِبًا إِلَى الْقُرْطَاءِ فَأَغَارَ عَلَيْهِمْ فَقَتَلَ مَنْ قَتَلَ وَهَرَبَ الْبَاقِي وَاسْتَاقَ النِّعَمَ وَالشَّاةَ، وَفِي أَثْنَاءِ هَذِهِ السِّيرَةِ وَجَدَ رَهْطًا مِنْ مُحَارِبٍ فَحَمَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَاصْطَحَبَ أَيْضًا النِّعَمَ وَالشَّاةَ حَتَّى قَدِمَ الْمَدِينَةَ وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّرِيَّةِ أُسِرَ ثُمَامَةُ بْنُ أُثَالٍ الْحَنَفِيُّ وَقَدْ أَطْلَقَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بَعْدَ أَيَّامٍ مِنْ حَبْسِهِ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ وَالْإِحْسَانِ إِلَيْهِ فَأَسْلَمَ. سَرِيَّةُ عَلْقَمَةَ بْنِ مُجَزِّزٍ الْمُدْلِجِيِّ إِلَى الْحَبَشَةِ وَقَعَتْ فِي سَنَةِ تِسْعٍ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ حَيْثُ عَلِمَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنَّ نَاسًا مِنَ الْحَبَشَةِ جَاءُوا فِي مَرَاكِبَ لَهُمْ إِلَى جُدَّةَ بِنَاحِيَةِ مَكَّةَ فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِمْ عَلْقَمَةَ بْنَ مُجَزِّزٍ الْمُدْلِجِيَّ فِي ثَلَاثِمِائَةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ وَخَاضَ إِلَيْهِمْ فِي الْبَحْرِ فَهَرَبُوا، فَعَادَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَلَمْ يَلْقَ كَيْدًا. سَرِيَّةُ كُرْزِ بْنِ جَابِرٍ لِقَتْلِ الْبَجَلِيِّينَ (الْعُرَنِيِّينَ الَّذِينَ قَتَلُوا يَسَارًا) وَقَعَتْ هَذِهِ السَّرِيَّةُ لِلْعُرَنِيِّينَ الَّذِينَ جَاءُوا وَذَكَرُوا إِسْلَامًا وَبَايَعُوا إِلَّا أَنَّهُمُ اسْتَوْخَمُوا الْمَدِينَةَ فَأَمَرَهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنْ يَأْتُوا إِبِلَ الصَّدَقَةِ فَيَشْرَبُونَ مِنْ أَلْبَانِهَا وَأَبْوَالِهَا، فَلَمَّا صَحُّوا ارْتَدُّوا وَقَتَلُوا الرَّاعِيَ وَأَخَذُوا الْإِبِلَ، فَبَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ كُرْزَ بْنَ جَابِرٍ أَوْ سَعِيدَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ فِي عِشْرِينَ فَارِسًا فِي أَثَرِهِمْ، فَأَدْرَكُوهُمْ وَأَسَرُوهُمْ وَجَاءُوا بِهِمْ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَقَطَعَ أَيْدِيَهُمْ وَأَرْجُلَهُمْ مِنْ خِلَافٍ وَسَمَلَ أَعْيُنَهُمْ وَأُلْقُوا فِي الْحَرَّةِ يَسْتَسْقُونَ فَلَا يُسْقَوْنَ. غَزْوَةُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَلِيًّا ؓ إِلَى خَالِدٍ ؓ فِي الْيَمَنِ وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يُقْفِلَ خَالِدًا ؓ وَيَكُونُ مَكَانَهُ وَيُقْفِلَ مَنْ أَحَبَّ مِنَ الْجَيْشِ مَعَ خَالِدٍ ؓ، وَكَانَ قَدْ دَعَا هَمْدَانَ سِتَّةَ أَشْهُرٍ فَلَمْ يُجِيبُوهُ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ عَلِيٌّ ؓ وَصَفَ لَهُمْ وَقَرَأَ عَلَيْهِمْ كِتَابَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَسْلَمُوا فَأَرْسَلَ عَلِيٌّ ؓ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ بِإِسْلَامِهِمْ فَدَعَا لَهُمْ، وَكَانَ بَعْضُ مَنْ فِي الْجَيْشِ قَدْ وَجَدَ عَلَى عَلِيٍّ ؓ، فَلَمَّا اشْتَكَى إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ عَلِيًّا ؓ، قَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: " مَنْ آذَى عَلِيًّا فَقَدْ آذَانِي "
Translation
✧ A SUMMARY OF THE EXPEDITIONS The people of knowledge differed about the number of the expeditions (ghazawāt) of the Prophet ﷺ in which he personally took part. Some said twenty-seven expeditions; it was said twenty-five; it was said twenty-nine; and other than that was said. He fought in nine of them: Badr, Uḥud, al-Khandaq, Qurayẓa, al-Muṣṭaliq, Khaybar, al-Fatḥ, Ḥunayn, and al-Ṭāʾif. It was said he fought in Banū al-Naḍīr, al-Ghāba, and Wādī al-Qurā from the districts of Khaybar. As for his raiding parties (sarāyā) and missions (buʿūth), they were close to sixty. The major, fundamental expeditions were seven: Badr, Uḥud, al-Khandaq, Khaybar, al-Fatḥ, Ḥunayn, and Tabūk. He ﷺ was wounded in one of them, namely Uḥud. The angels fought alongside him in Badr and Ḥunayn, and the angels descended on the day of al-Khandaq and shook the polytheists and defeated them. He threw pebbles into the faces of the polytheists and they fled. The decisive victory occurred in two expeditions: Badr and Ḥunayn. He fought with a mangonel in one of them, namely al-Ṭāʾif. He entrenched himself in a trench in one, namely al-Aḥzāb. The expedition of Ghālib b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Laythī against Banū al-Mulawwiḥ The Prophet ﷺ sent Ghālib b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Laythī in the year eight of the Hijrah to Banū al-Mulawwiḥ at al-Kadīd to raid them. He set out with thirty of his companions, and with him was Jundub b. Makīth al-Juhanī, who was the army's lookout. He watched the people and continued observing them until dawn approached, then they raided them and drove away the cattle and property. The war cry went out, and when they were in the valley of Qudayd, the people caught up with them with a large army, but Allah sent a flood between them and their enemy, so they escaped with the booty. Their battle cry in it was "Amit! Amit!" The expedition of Zayd b. Ḥārithah to Judhām The Prophet ﷺ sent Zayd b. Ḥārithah to Judhām. That was because al-Hunayd b. ʿŪṣ and his son ʿŪṣ b. al-Hindī attacked Diḥyah al-Kalbī ؓ while he was returning from Caesar, the ruler of the Romans, and took everything he had with him. However, Banū al-Ḍubayb, the kinsfolk of Rifāʿah b. Zayd al-Judhāmī, who had embraced Islam, went out against al-Hunayd and his son, fought them, and recovered Diḥyah's belongings. Zayd marched against him with five hundred Muslims, raided al-Hunayd, and killed him and his son. They also raided the people of Rifāʿah b. Zayd without knowing of their Islam, and drove away cattle, women, and children. Rifāʿah b. Zayd went to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ with his letter that he had written for him, so the Prophet ﷺ sent ʿAlī to Zayd, giving him his sword ﷺ as a sign, and Zayd returned what he had to the people. The expedition of Zayd b. Ḥārithah against Banū Fazārah and the killing of Umm Qirfah It took place in the year six of the Hijrah. Zayd had gone out in trade to Syria, and while returning, Banū Fazārah attacked him in a large gathering, killed his companions, and wounded him, so he was left among the slain, then he rose and returned to Madinah. He swore not to touch the ritual washing from major impurity until he raided them. When he recovered from his wounds, the Prophet ﷺ sent him against them; he fought them and captured a slave girl, daughter of Mālik b. Ḥudhayfah, and her mother Umm Qirfah, then killed Umm Qirfah for reviling the Prophet ﷺ. The expedition of ʿAbd Allāh b. Rawāḥah to kill Usayr b. Rizām It took place in the year six of the Hijrah after the killing of Sallām b. Abī al-Ḥuqayq, when the Jews had appointed Usayr b. Rizām over themselves. News came to the Prophet ﷺ that he was gathering Ghaṭafān and whoever he could to raid Madinah, so he sent Ibn Rawāḥah with thirty of his companions. They came to Usayr, sought safe conduct from him, and spoke with him about going out to the Prophet ﷺ so that he would treat him well and appoint him over Khaybar. He agreed, but then he intended treachery against them on the way, so ʿAbd Allāh b. Unays killed him after confirming his treachery. The expedition of ʿAbd Allāh b. Unays to kill Khālid b. Sufyān b. Nubayḥ al-Hudhalī It took place at the beginning of the thirty-fifth month of the Prophet's Hijrah, when the Prophet ﷺ learned that Khālid b. Sufyān was gathering people against him, so he sent ʿAbd Allāh b. Unays to him, and he killed him. The expedition of Ghālib b. ʿAbd Allāh to the land of Banū Murrah In it, Usāmah b. Zayd killed Mirdās b. Nahīk after he had said "there is no god but Allah," so the Prophet ﷺ reproached him severely. The expedition of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ to Dhāt al-Salāsil It took place in the year eight of the Hijrah, when the Prophet ﷺ wanted to rally the Arabs and win their hearts, so he sent ʿAmr to Balī near Syria, who were his maternal uncles. When he approached their lands, he sought reinforcements from the Prophet ﷺ, who sent him Abū ʿUbaydah with leading Companions. He marched to Balī, dispersed their gatherings, stayed there for days, then returned without encountering any deception. In this raiding party occurred the story of ʿAmr praying while in a state of major impurity out of fear of washing from the cold. The expedition of Abū Qatādah al-Anṣārī to Baṭn Iḍam and the killing of ʿĀmir b. al-Aḍbaṭ al-Ashjaʿī It took place before the conquest of Makkah, when the Prophet ﷺ sent Abū Qatādah with eight of his companions to Baṭn Iḍam so that people would think the Prophet ﷺ was heading there, and thus the news would spread. In it occurred the killing of ʿĀmir b. al-Aḍbaṭ al-Ashjaʿī, for he passed by the group and greeted them with the greeting of Islam, but the people held back except Muḥallim b. Jaththāmah, who attacked and killed him because of something between them. Then the Almighty's words were revealed: "O you who believe, when you go forth in the way of Allah, be discerning, and do not say to one who offers you peace, 'You are not a believer,' seeking the goods of worldly life; for with Allah are abundant gains. You were like that before, and Allah has been gracious to you, so be discerning. Indeed Allah is ever aware of what you do." The expedition of Ibn Abī Ḥadrad to kill Rifāʿah b. Qays al-Jushamī The Prophet ﷺ sent Ibn Abī Ḥadrad against Rifāʿah b. Qays al-Jushamī at al-Ghāba, as news had come that he was gathering forces against him for war. Ibn Abī Ḥadrad and two of his companions came to him, and he killed Rifāʿah. Then he and his two companions attacked the people at night, and they fled, driving away many camels and sheep. The expedition of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf to Dūmat al-Jandal The Prophet ﷺ sent ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf to Dūmat al-Jandal with seven hundred of his companions. The Prophet ﷺ personally wrapped a turban on him in this expedition and gave him instructions. He came to the people and invited them to Islam for three days. Al-Aṣbagh b. ʿAmr al-Kalbī, who was their chief, embraced Islam, and many of the people did so. Those who did not embrace Islam had the jizyah taken from them. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān wanted to marry among them, and the Prophet ﷺ commanded him to marry Tumāḍir bt. al-Aṣbagh b. ʿAmr, so he married her. The expedition of Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ to the seacoast (the raiding party of al-Khabaṭ) It took place in the year eight of the Hijrah, when the Prophet ﷺ sent Abū ʿUbaydah with three hundred of his companions toward a clan of Juhaynah on the seacoast to watch for a caravan of Quraysh. The army suffered severe hunger, and they had little provision; one of them would eat a date or two dates to sustain himself for the day. In it, Allah provided them with a sea creature from which they continued eating for eighteen days. In it occurred the generosity of Qays b. Saʿd b. ʿUbādah and his slaughter of many camels for his companions until Abū ʿUbaydah forbade him. The mission of ʿAmr b. Umayyah al-Ḍamrī to fight Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb and what he did on his way The Prophet ﷺ sent ʿAmr b. Umayyah al-Ḍamrī to kill Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb in the aftermath of the killing of Khubayb b. ʿAdī, but the people warned of him and his companion and pursued them. The raiding party of Zayd b. Ḥārithah to Madyan In it, he took booty and captives. Zayd separated mothers and children in the sale, and they wept, so the Prophet ﷺ forbade selling them except together. The raiding party of Sālim b. ʿUmayr to kill Abū ʿAfak It took place in the year two of the Hijrah. Abū ʿAfak the Jew used to incite against the Prophet ﷺ, so Sālim vowed to kill him, and he fulfilled his vow. The expedition of ʿUmayr b. ʿAdī al-Khaṭmī to kill ʿAṣmāʾ bt. Marwān It took place in the year two. ʿAṣmāʾ used to incite against the Prophet ﷺ, satirize him, and harm him, so ʿUmayr vowed to kill her. He came to her and killed her. ʿUmayr was blind, and the Prophet ﷺ nicknamed him "the seeing one" (al-Baṣīr). The raiding party of Muḥammad b. Maslamah to al-Qurṭāʾ and the capture and conversion of Thumāmah b. Uthāl al-Ḥanafī It took place at the beginning of the fifty-ninth month of the Hijrah. The Prophet ﷺ sent Muḥammad b. Maslamah with thirty riders to al-Qurṭāʾ. He raided them, killed whom he killed, the rest fled, and he drove away cattle and sheep. During this expedition he found a group from Muḥārib, attacked them, and also took cattle and sheep until he arrived in Madinah. In this raiding party, Thumāmah b. Uthāl al-Ḥanafī was captured, and the Prophet ﷺ released him after days of imprisonment in the mosque and kindness to him, so he embraced Islam. The raiding party of ʿAlqamah b. Mujazziz al-Mudlijī to Abyssinia It took place in the year nine of the Hijrah, when the Prophet ﷺ learned that people from Abyssinia had come in ships to Jeddah near Makkah. He sent ʿAlqamah b. Mujazziz al-Mudlijī with three hundred of his companions, and he waded into the sea toward them, but they fled. He returned to Madinah without encountering any deception. The raiding party of Kurz b. Jābir to kill the Bajalīs (the ʿUraynīs who killed Yasār) This raiding party was against the ʿUraynīs who came and professed Islam and gave allegiance, but they found Madinah unhealthy. The Prophet ﷺ commanded them to go to the camels of the zakāt and drink their milk and urine. When they recovered, they apostatized, killed the shepherd, and took the camels. The Prophet ﷺ sent Kurz b. Jābir or Saʿīd b. Zayd with twenty horsemen in pursuit. They caught up with them and captured them, and brought them to the Prophet ﷺ. He cut off their hands and feet on opposite sides, gouged out their eyes, and they were thrown into the ḥarrah, asking for water but not given any. The expedition of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to Yemen The Prophet ﷺ sent ʿAlī ؓ to Khālid ؓ in Yemen and ordered him to recall Khālid ؓ and take his place, and to recall with Khālid ؓ whoever he wished of the army. Khālid had called Hamdān for six months but they had not responded to Islam. When ʿAlī ؓ arrived, he described it to them and read to them the letter of the Prophet ﷺ, and they embraced Islam. ʿAlī ؓ sent word of their Islam to the Prophet ﷺ, and he prayed for them. Some in the army had been resentful toward ʿAlī ؓ, so when one complained to the Prophet ﷺ about ʿAlī ؓ, the Prophet ﷺ said to him: "Whoever harms ʿAlī has harmed me."
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