Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1707
The messengers of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and his correspondence to the kings and the like
الْبَابُ السَّادِسُ وَالثَّلَاثُونَ فِي إِرْسَالِهِ ﷺ مُعَاذَ بْنَ جَبَلٍ وَأَبَا مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيَّ ؓ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ قَالَ فِي زَادِ الْمَعَادِ: وَبَعَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَبَا مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيَّ وَمُعَاذَ بْنَ جَبَلٍ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ، عِنْدَ انْصِرَافِهِ مِنْ تَبُوكَ، وَقِيلَ: بَلْ سَنَةَ عَشْرٍ مِنْ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ دَاعِيَيْنِ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، فَأَسْلَمَ عَامَّةُ أَهْلِهَا طَوْعًا مِنْ غَيْرِ قِتَالٍ، ثُمَّ بَعَثَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ إِلَيْهِمْ وَوَافَاهُ بِمَكَّةَ مِنْ حَجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ. حَدَّثَنَا مُوسَى، ثَنَا أَبُو عَوَانَةَ، ثَنَا عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ، عَنْ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ قَالَ: بَعَثَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَبَا مُوسَى وَمُعَاذَ بْنَ جَبَلٍ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ. قَالَ: وَبَعَثَ كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَلَى مِخْلَافٍ. قَالَ: وَالْيَمَنُ مِخْلَافَانِ. ثُمَّ قَالَ: " يَسِّرَا وَلَا تُعَسِّرَا، وَبَشِّرَا وَلَا تُنَفِّرَا ". - وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: " وَتَطَاوَعَا وَلَا تَخْتَلِفَا " - فَانْطَلَقَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا إِلَى عَمَلِهِ قَالَ: وَكَانَ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا إِذَا سَارَ فِي أَرْضِهِ، وَكَانَ قَرِيبًا مِنْ صَاحِبِهِ أَحْدَثَ بِهِ عَهْدًا، فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ، فَسَارَ مُعَاذٌ فِي أَرْضِهِ قَرِيبًا مِنْ صَاحِبِهِ أَبِي مُوسَى فَجَاءَ يَسِيرُ عَلَى بَغْلَتِهِ حَتَّى انْتَهَى إِلَيْهِ، فَإِذَا هُوَ جَالِسٌ وَقَدِ اجْتَمَعَ إِلَيْهِ النَّاسُ، وَإِذَا رَجُلٌ عِنْدَهُ قَدْ جُمِعَتْ يَدَاهُ إِلَى عُنُقِهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ مُعَاذٌ: يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ قَيْسٍ، أَيُّمَ هَذَا ؟ قَالَ: هَذَا رَجُلٌ كَفَرَ بَعْدَ إِسْلَامِهِ. قَالَ: لَا أَنْزِلُ حَتَّى يُقْتَلَ. قَالَ: إِنَّمَا جِيءَ بِهِ لِذَلِكَ، فَانْزِلْ. قَالَ: مَا أَنْزِلُ حَتَّى يُقْتَلَ. فَأَمَرَ بِهِ فَقُتِلَ، ثُمَّ نَزَلَ فَقَالَ: يَا عَبْدَ اللَّهِ كَيْفَ تَقْرَأُ الْقُرْآنَ ؟ قَالَ: أَتَفَوَّقُهُ تَفَوُّقًا. قَالَ: فَكَيْفَ تَقْرَأُ أَنْتَ يَا مُعَاذُ ؟ قَالَ: أَنَامُ أَوَّلَ اللَّيْلِ، فَأَقُومُ وَقَدْ قَضَيْتُ جُزْئِي مِنَ النَّوْمِ، فَأَقْرَأُ مَا كَتَبَ اللَّهُ لِي، فَأَحْتَسِبُ نَوْمَتِي كَمَا أَحْتَسِبُ قَوْمَتِي. انْفَرَدَ بِهِ الْبُخَارِيُّ دُونَ مُسْلِمٍ مِنْ هَذَا الْوَجْهِ. ثُمَّ قَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ: ثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ، ثَنَا خَالِدٌ، عَنِ الشَّيْبَانِيِّ، عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ أَبِي مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيِّ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَعَثَهُ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ فَسَأَلَهُ عَنْ أَشْرِبَةٍ تُصْنَعُ بِهَا فَقَالَ: " مَا هِيَ ؟ " قَالَ الْبِتْعُ وَالْمِزْرُ - فَقُلْتُ لِأَبِي بُرْدَةَ: مَا الْبِتْعُ ؟ قَالَ: نَبِيذُ الْعَسَلِ، وَالْمِزْرُ نَبِيذُ الشَّعِيرِ - فَقَالَ: " كُلُّ مُسْكِرٍ حَرَامٌ ". رَوَاهُ جَرِيرٌ وَعَبْدُ الْوَاحِدِ، عَنِ الشَّيْبَانِيِّ، عَنْ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ. وَرَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ مِنْ حَدِيثِ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ. وَقَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ: حَدَّثَنَا حِبَّانُ، أَنْبَأَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ، عَنْ زَكَرِيَّا بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ صَيْفِيٍّ، عَنْ أَبِي مَعْبَدٍ مَوْلَى ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِمُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ حِينَ بَعَثَهُ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ: " إِنَّكَ سَتَأْتِي قَوْمًا أَهْلَ كِتَابٍ فَإِذَا جِئْتَهُمْ فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى أَنْ يَشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَأَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ خَمْسَ صَلَوَاتٍ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ وَلَيْلَةٍ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ فَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُؤْخَذُ مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ فَتُرَدُّ عَلَى فُقَرَائِهِمْ، فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَإِيَّاكَ وَكَرَائِمَ أَمْوَالِهِمْ، وَاتَّقِ دَعْوَةَ الْمَظْلُومِ، فَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ اللَّهِ حِجَابٌ ". وَقَدْ أَخْرَجَهُ بَقِيَّةُ الْجَمَاعَةِ مِنْ طُرُقٍ مُتَعَدِّدَةٍ. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: ثَنَا أَبُو الْمُغِيرَةِ، ثَنَا صَفْوَانُ، حَدَّثَنِي رَاشِدُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ عَاصِمِ بْنِ حُمَيْدٍ السَّكُونِيِّ، عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا بَعَثَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ خَرَجَ مَعَهُ يُوصِيهِ، وَمُعَاذٌ رَاكِبٌ وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَمْشِي تَحْتَ رَاحِلَتِهِ، فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ قَالَ: " يَا مُعَاذُ، إِنَّكَ عَسَى أَلَّا تَلْقَانِي بَعْدَ عَامِي هَذَا، وَلَعَلَّكَ أَنْ تَمُرَّ بِمَسْجِدِي هَذَا وَقَبْرِي ". فَبَكَى مُعَاذٌ جَشَعًا لِفِرَاقِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، ثُمَّ الْتَفَتَ بِوَجْهِهِ نَحْوَ الْمَدِينَةِ فَقَالَ: " إِنَّ أَوْلَى النَّاسِ بِي الْمُتَّقُونَ مَنْ كَانُوا وَحَيْثُ كَانُوا ". 3 ثُمَّ رَوَاهُ عَنْ أَبِي الْيَمَانِ، عَنْ صَفْوَانَ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، عَنْ رَاشِدِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ، عَنْ عَاصِمِ بْنِ حُمَيْدٍ السَّكُونِيِّ، أَنَّ مُعَاذًا لَمَّا بَعَثَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ خَرَجَ مَعَهُ يُوصِيهِ، وَمُعَاذٌ رَاكِبٌ وَرَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَمْشِي تَحْتَ رَاحِلَتِهِ، فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ قَالَ: " يَا مُعَاذُ، إِنَّكَ عَسَى أَلَّا تَلْقَانِي بَعْدَ عَامِي هَذَا، وَلَعَلَّكَ أَنْ تَمُرَّ بِمَسْجِدِي هَذَا وَقَبْرِي ". فَبَكَى مُعَاذٌ جَشَعًا لِفِرَاقِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَالَ: " لَا تَبْكِ يَا مُعَاذُ، لِلْبُكَاءِ أَوَانٌ، الْبُكَاءُ مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ ". وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو الْمُغِيرَةِ، ثَنَا صَفْوَانُ، حَدَّثَنِي أَبُو زِيَادٍ يَحْيَى بْنُ عُبَيْدٍ الْغَسَّانِيُّ، عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ قُطَيْبٍ، عَنْ مُعَاذٍ أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ: بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ فَقَالَ: " لَعَلَّكَ أَنْ تَمُرَّ بِقَبْرِي وَمَسْجِدِي، فَقَدْ بَعَثْتُكَ إِلَى قَوْمٍ رَقِيقَةٍ قُلُوبُهُمْ، يُقَاتِلُونَ عَلَى الْحَقِّ مَرَّتَيْنِ، فَقَاتِلْ بِمَنْ أَطَاعَكَ مِنْهُمْ مَنْ عَصَاكَ، ثُمَّ يَفِيئُونَ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، حَتَّى تُبَادِرَ الْمَرْأَةُ زَوْجَهَا، وَالْوَلَدُ وَالِدَهُ، وَالْأَخُ أَخَاهُ، فَانْزِلْ بَيْنَ الْحَيَّيْنِ ; السَّكُونِ وَالسَّكَاسِكِ ". وَهَذَا الْحَدِيثُ فِيهِ إِشَارَةٌ وَظُهُورٌ وَإِيمَاءٌ إِلَى أَنَّ مُعَاذًا، ؓ، لَا يَجْتَمِعُ بِالنَّبِيِّ ﷺ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، وَكَذَلِكَ وَقَعَ ; فَإِنَّهُ أَقَامَ بِالْيَمَنِ حَتَّى كَانَتْ حَجَّةُ الْوَدَاعِ، ثُمَّ كَانَتْ وَفَاتُهُ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ بَعْدَ أَحَدٍ وَثَمَانِينَ يَوْمًا مِنْ يَوْمِ الْحَجِّ الْأَكْبَرِ. فَأَمَّا الْحَدِيثُ الَّذِي قَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: حَدَّثَنَا وَكِيعٌ عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ أَبِي ظَبْيَانَ، عَنْ مُعَاذٍ، أَنَّهُ لَمَّا رَجَعَ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ رَأَيْتُ رِجَالًا بِالْيَمَنِ يَسْجُدُ بَعْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ، أَفَلَا نَسْجُدُ لَكَ ؟ قَالَ: " لَوْ كُنْتُ آمِرًا بَشَرًا أَنْ يَسْجُدَ لِبَشَرٍ، لَأَمَرْتُ الْمَرْأَةَ أَنْ تَسْجُدَ لِزَوْجِهَا ". وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ، عَنِ ابْنِ نُمَيْرٍ، عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ سَمِعْتُ أَبَا ظَبْيَانَ يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ رَجُلٍ، مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ عَنْ مُعَاذِ بْنِ جَبَلٍ، قَالَ: أَقْبَلَ مُعَاذٌ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، إِنِّي رَأَيْتُ رِجَالًا. فَذَكَرَ مَعْنَاهُ. فَقَدْ دَارَ عَلَى رَجُلٍ مُبْهَمٍ، وَمِثْلُهُ لَا يُحْتَجُّ بِهِ، لَا سِيَّمَا وَقَدْ خَالَفَهُ غَيْرُهُ مِمَّنْ يُعْتَدُّ بِهِ فَقَالُوا: لَمَّا قَدِمَ مُعَاذٌ مِنَ الشَّامِ. كَذَلِكَ رَوَاهُ أَحْمَدُ. قَالَ أَحْمَدُ: ثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ دَاوُدَ الْهَاشِمِيُّ، ثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ - يَعْنِي ابْنَ عَيَّاشٍ - ثَنَا عَاصِمٌ، عَنْ أَبِي وَائِلٍ، عَنْ مُعَاذٍ قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ، وَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ آخُذَ مِنْ كُلِّ حَالِمٍ دِينَارًا، أَوْ عَدْلَهُ مِنَ الْمَعَافِرِ، وَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ آخُذَ مِنْ كُلِّ أَرْبَعِينَ بَقَرَةً، مُسِنَّةً، وَمِنْ كُلِّ ثَلَاثِينَ بَقَرَةً تَبِيعًا حَوْلِيًّا، وَأَمَرَنِي فِيمَا سَقَتِ السَّمَاءُ الْعُشْرُ، وَمَا سُقِيَ بِالدَّوَالِي نِصْفُ الْعُشْرِ.. وَقَالَ أَحْمَدُ: ثَنَا مُعَاوِيَةُ، عَنْ عَمْرٍو وَهَارُونَ بْنِ مَعْرُوفٍ قَالَا: ثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ وَهْبٍ، عَنْ حَيْوَةَ، عَنْ يَزِيدَ بْنِ أَبِي حَبِيبٍ، عَنْ سَلَمَةَ بْنِ أُسَامَةَ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ الْحَكَمِ، أَنَّ مُعَاذًا قَالَ: بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أُصَدِّقُ أَهْلَ الْيَمَنِ، فَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ آخُذَ مِنَ الْبَقَرِ مِنْ كُلِّ ثَلَاثِينَ تَبِيعًا - قَالَ هَارُونُ: وَالتَّبِيعُ الْجَذَعُ أَوِ الْجَذَعَةُ - وَمِنْ كُلِّ أَرْبَعِينَ مُسِنَّةً، فَعَرَضُوا عَلَيَّ أَنْ آخُذَ مَا بَيْنَ الْأَرْبَعِينَ وَالْخَمْسِينَ، وَمَا بَيْنَ السِّتِّينَ وَالسَّبْعِينَ، وَمَا بَيْنَ الثَّمَانِينَ وَالتِّسْعِينَ، فَأَبَيْتُ ذَلِكَ، وَقُلْتُ لَهُمْ: حَتَّى أَسْأَلَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَنْ ذَلِكَ. فَقَدِمْتُ فَأَخْبَرْتُ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ، فَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ آخُذَ مِنْ كُلِّ ثَلَاثِينَ تَبِيعًا، وَمِنْ كُلِّ أَرْبَعِينَ مُسِنَّةً، وَمِنَ السِّتِّينَ تَبِيعَيْنِ، وَمِنَ السَّبْعِينَ مُسِنَّةً وَتَبِيعًا، وَمِنَ الثَّمَانِينَ مُسِنَّتَيْنِ، وَمِنَ التِّسْعِينَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَتْبَاعٍ، وَمِنَ الْمِائَةِ مُسِنَّةٍ وَتَبِيعَيْنِ، وَمِنَ الْعَشَرَةِ وَمِائَةٍ مُسِنَّتَيْنِ وَتَبِيعًا، وَمِنَ الْعِشْرِينَ وَمِائَةٍ ثَلَاثَ مُسِنَّاتٍ أَوْ أَرْبَعَةَ أَتْبَاعٍ. قَالَ: وَأَمَرَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَلَّا آخُذَ فِيمَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ شَيْئًا، إِلَّا أَنْ يَبْلُغَ مُسِنَّةً أَوْ جَذَعًا. وَزَعَمَ أَنَّ الْأَوْقَاصَ لَا فَرِيضَةَ فِيهَا. وَهَذَا مِنْ أَفْرَادِ أَحْمَدَ، وَفِيهِ دَلَالَةٌ عَلَى أَنَّهُ قَدِمَ بَعْدَ مَصِيرِهِ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَالصَّحِيحُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَرَ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ. وَقَدْ قَالَ عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ: أَنْبَأَنَا مَعْمَرٌ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ أُبَيِّ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ قَالَ: كَانَ مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ شَابًّا جَمِيلًا سَمْحًا، مِنْ خَيْرِ شَبَابِ قَوْمِهِ، لَا يُسْأَلُ شَيْئًا إِلَّا أَعْطَاهُ، حَتَّى كَانَ عَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ أَغْلَقَ مَالَهُ، فَكَلَّمَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي أَنْ يُكَلِّمَ غُرَمَاءَهُ، فَفَعَلَ، فَلَمْ يَضَعُوا لَهُ شَيْئًا، فَلَوْ تُرِكَ لِأَحَدٍ بِكَلَامِ أَحَدٍ، لَتُرِكَ لِمُعَاذٍ بِكَلَامِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. قَالَ: فَدَعَاهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَلَمْ يَبْرَحْ أَنْ بَاعَ مَالَهُ، وَقَسَمَهُ بَيْنَ غُرَمَائِهِ. قَالَ: فَقَامَ مُعَاذٌ وَلَا مَالَ لَهُ. قَالَ: فَلَمَّا حَجَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَعَثَ مُعَاذًا إِلَى الْيَمَنِ لِيَجْبُرَهُ. قَالَ: فَكَانَ أَوَّلَ مَنْ تَجَرَ فِي هَذَا الْمَالِ مُعَاذٌ. قَالَ: فَقَدِمَ عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ وَقَدْ تُوُفِّيَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَجَاءَ عُمَرُ إِلَى مُعَاذٍ فَقَالَ: هَلْ لَكَ أَنْ تُطِيعَنِي فَتَدْفَعَ هَذَا الْمَالَ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَإِنْ أَعْطَاكَهُ فَاقْبَلْهُ ؟ قَالَ: فَقَالَ مُعَاذٌ: لِمَ أَدْفَعُهُ إِلَيْهِ، وَإِنَّمَا بَعَثَنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِيَجْبُرَنِي ؟! فَلَمَّا أَبَى عَلَيْهِ انْطَلَقَ عُمَرُ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَقَالَ: أَرْسِلْ إِلَى هَذَا الرَّجُلِ فَخُذْ مِنْهُ وَدَعْ لَهُ. فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: مَا كُنْتُ لِأَفْعَلَ، إِنَّمَا بَعَثَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِيَجْبُرَهُ، فَلَسْتُ آخِذًا مِنْهُ شَيْئًا. قَالَ: فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ مُعَاذٌ انْطَلَقَ إِلَى عُمَرَ فَقَالَ: مَا أَرَانِي إِلَّا فَاعِلَ الَّذِي قُلْتَ، إِنِّي رَأَيْتُنِي الْبَارِحَةَ فِي النَّوْمِ - فِيمَا يَحْسَبُ عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ قَالَ - أُجَرُّ إِلَى النَّارِ وَأَنْتَ آخِذٌ بِحُجْزَتِي. قَالَ: فَانْطَلَقَ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ جَاءَ بِهِ، حَتَّى جَاءَهُ بِسَوْطِهِ، وَحَلَفَ لَهُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكْتُمْهُ شَيْئًا. قَالَ: فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ، ؓ: هُوَ لَكَ لَا آخُذُ مِنْهُ شَيْئًا. وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ ابْنُ ثَوْرٍ، عَنْ مَعْمَرٍ، عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ فَذَكَرَهُ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ قَالَ: حَتَّى إِذَا كَانَ عَامُ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ بَعَثَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى طَائِفَةٍ مِنَ الْيَمَنِ أَمِيرًا، فَمَكَثَ حَتَّى قُبِضَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ، ثُمَّ قَدِمَ فِي خِلَافَةِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَخَرَجَ إِلَى الشَّامِ. قَالَ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ: وَقَدْ قَدَّمْنَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ اسْتَخْلَفَهُ بِمَكَّةَ مَعَ عَتَّابِ بْنِ أُسَيْدٍ لِيُعَلِّمَ أَهْلَهَا، وَأَنَّهُ شَهِدَ غَزْوَةَ تَبُوكَ فَالْأَشْبَهُ أَنَّ بَعْثَهُ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ كَانَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ لِقِصَّةِ مَنَامِ مُعَاذٍ شَاهِدًا مِنْ طَرِيقِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ أَبِي وَائِلٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ وَأَنَّهُ كَانَ مِنْ جُمْلَةِ مَا جَاءَ بِهِ عَبِيدٌ فَأَتَى بِهِمْ أَبَا بَكْرٍ، فَلَمَّا رَدَّ الْجَمِيعَ عَلَيْهِ رَجَعَ بِهِمْ، ثُمَّ قَامَ يُصَلِّي، فَقَامُوا كُلُّهُمْ يُصَلُّونَ مَعَهُ، فَلَمَّا انْصَرَفَ. قَالَ: لِمَنْ صَلَّيْتُمْ ؟ قَالُوا: لِلَّهِ. قَالَ: فَأَنْتُمْ لَهُ عُتَقَاءُ، فَأَعْتَقَهُمْ. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: ثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، ثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ أَبِي عَوْنٍ، عَنِ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ أَخِي الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ شُعْبَةَ، عَنْ نَاسٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ مُعَاذٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ حِمْصَ، عَنْ مُعَاذٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِينَ بَعَثَهُ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ قَالَ: " كَيْفَ تَصْنَعُ إِنْ عَرَضَ لَكَ قَضَاءٌ ؟ " قَالَ: أَقْضِي بِمَا فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ. قَالَ: " فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ ؟ " قَالَ: فَبِسُنَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. قَالَ: " فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ فِي سُنَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ ". قَالَ: أَجْتَهِدُ بِرَأْيِي، لَا آلُو. قَالَ: فَضَرَبَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ صَدْرِي ثُمَّ قَالَ: " الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي وَفَّقَ رَسُولَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِمَا يُرْضِي رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ". وَقَدْ رَوَى الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ وَيَحْيَى بْنِ سَعِيدٍ، عَنْ شُعْبَةَ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ أَبِي حَكِيمٍ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ يَعْمَرَ، عَنْ أَبِي الْأَسْوَدِ الدُّئِلِيِّ قَالَ: كَانَ مُعَاذٌ بِالْيَمَنِ، فَارْتَفَعُوا إِلَيْهِ فِي يَهُودِيٍّ مَاتَ وَتَرَكَ أَخًا مُسْلِمًا، فَقَالَ مُعَاذٌ: إِنِّي سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ: " إِنَّ الْإِسْلَامَ يَزِيدُ وَلَا يَنْقُصُ ". فَوَرَّثَهُ. وَرَوَاهُ أَبُو دَاوُدَ، مِنْ حَدِيثِ ابْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ بِهِ. وَقَدْ حُكِيَ هَذَا الْمَذْهَبُ عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ وَرَوَاهُ يَحْيَى بْنُ يَعْمَرَ الْقَاضِي، وَطَائِفَةٌ مِنَ السَّلَفِ، وَإِلَيْهِ ذَهَبَ إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ رَاهَوَيْهِ، وَخَالَفَهُمُ الْجُمْهُورُ، وَمِنْهُمُ الْأَئِمَّةُ الْأَرْبَعَةُ وَأَصْحَابُهُمْ، مُحْتَجِّينَ بِمَا ثَبَتَ فِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " عَنْ أُسَامَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " لَا يَرِثُ الْكَافِرُ الْمُسْلِمَ وَلَا الْمُسْلِمُ الْكَافِرَ ". وَالْمَقْصُودُ أَنَّ مُعَاذًا، ؓ، كَانَ قَاضِيًا لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ بِالْيَمَنِ، وَحَاكِمًا فِي الْحُرُوبِ، وَمُصَدِّقًا ; إِلَيْهِ تُدْفَعُ الصَّدَقَاتُ، كَمَا دَلَّ عَلَيْهِ حَدِيثُ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ الْمُتَقَدِّمُ. وَقَدْ كَانَ بَارِزًا لِلنَّاسِ يُصَلِّي بِهِمُ الصَّلَوَاتِ الْخَمْسَ، كَمَا قَالَ الْبُخَارِيُّ: حَدَّثَنَا سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، ثَنَا شُعْبَةُ، عَنْ حَبِيبِ بْنِ أَبِي ثَابِتٍ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ مَيْمُونٍ، أَنَّ مُعَاذًا لَمَّا قَدِمَ الْيَمَنَ صَلَّى بِهِمُ الصُّبْحَ فَقَرَأَ: وَاتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ خَلِيلًا ( النِّسَاءِ: 125 ). فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ: لَقَدْ قَرَّتْ عَيْنُ أُمِّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ. انْفَرَدَ بِهِ الْبُخَارِيُّ.
Translation
✧ The Thirty-Sixth Chapter: On the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sending Muʿādh b. Jabal and Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī ؓ to Yemen He said in Zād al-Maʿād: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī and Muʿādh b. Jabal to Yemen upon his return from Tabūk. It has also been said: rather in the year ten, in Rabīʿ al-Awwal, as callers to Islam. The generality of its people embraced Islam willingly, without fighting. Then after that he sent ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib to them, and he met him in Makkah from the Farewell Pilgrimage. Mūsā narrated to us: Abū ʿAwānah narrated to us: ʿAbd al-Malik narrated to us, from Abū Burdah, who said: The Prophet ﷺ sent Abū Mūsā and Muʿādh b. Jabal to Yemen. He said: And he sent each one of them over a mikhāf (administrative district). He said: And Yemen has two mikhāfs. Then he said: "Make things easy and do not make them difficult; give good tidings and do not repel." – In another narration: "And cooperate and do not differ." So each one of them departed to his work. He said: Each one of them, when he traveled in his land and was near his companion, renewed his covenant with him and greeted him. Muʿādh traveled in his land near his companion Abū Mūsā, and he came riding on his mule until he reached him, and there he was sitting with people gathered around him, and a man was with him whose hands had been tied to his neck. Muʿādh said to him: O ʿAbd Allāh b. Qays, what is this? He said: This is a man who disbelieved after his Islam. He said: I will not dismount until he is killed. He said: He was brought only for that, so dismount. He said: I will not dismount until he is killed. So he ordered him and he was killed. Then he dismounted and said: O ʿAbd Allāh, how do you recite the Qurʾān? He said: I take it in portions, portion by portion. He said: And how do you recite, O Muʿādh? He said: I sleep the first part of the night, then I get up having completed my portion of sleep, and I recite what Allah has written for me, and I count my sleep as I count my standing. Al-Bukhārī alone transmitted it, not Muslim, from this route. Then al-Bukhārī said: Isḥāq narrated to us: Khālid narrated to us, from al-Shaybānī, from Saʿīd b. Abī Burdah, from his father, from Abū Mūsā al-Ashʿarī, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him to Yemen and he asked him about drinks made there. He said: "What are they?" He said: Al-bitʿ and al-mizr – I said to Abū Burdah: What is al-bitʿ? He said: Honey wine, and al-mizr is barley wine – so he said: "Every intoxicant is forbidden." Jarīr and ʿAbd al-Wāḥid narrated it, from al-Shaybānī, from Abū Burdah. Muslim narrated it from the ḥadīth of Saʿīd b. Abī Burdah. Al-Bukhārī said: Ḥibbān narrated to us: ʿAbd Allāh informed us, from Zakariyyā b. Isḥāq, from Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Ṣayfī, from Abū Maʿbad, the mawlā of Ibn ʿAbbās, from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to Muʿādh b. Jabal when he sent him to Yemen: "You will come to a people of the Book, so when you come to them, call them to bear witness that there is no god but Allah and that Muḥammad is the Messenger of Allah. If they obey you in that, then inform them that Allah has made obligatory upon them five prayers in every day and night. If they obey you in that, then inform them that Allah has made obligatory upon them a charity that is taken from their rich and returned to their poor. If they obey you in that, then beware of the most precious of their wealth, and fear the supplication of the wronged, for there is no veil between it and Allah." The rest of the group transmitted it through multiple routes. Imām Aḥmad said: Abū al-Mughīrah narrated to us: Ṣafwān narrated to us: Rāshid b. Saʿd narrated to me, from ʿĀṣim b. Ḥumayd al-Sakūnī, from Muʿādh b. Jabal, who said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him to Yemen, he went out with him advising him, while Muʿādh was riding and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was walking beneath his mount. When he finished, he said: "O Muʿādh, perhaps you will not meet me after this year of mine, and perhaps you will pass by this mosque of mine and my grave." Muʿādh wept out of grief at parting from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Then he turned his face toward al-Madīnah and said: "The people most entitled to me are the God-fearing, whoever they are and wherever they are." Then he narrated it from Abū al-Yamān, from Ṣafwān b. ʿAmr, from Rāshid b. Saʿd, from ʿĀṣim b. Ḥumayd al-Sakūnī, that when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent Muʿādh to Yemen, he went out with him advising him, while Muʿādh was riding and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was walking beneath his mount. When he finished, he said: "O Muʿādh, perhaps you will not meet me after this year of mine, and perhaps you will pass by this mosque of mine and my grave." Muʿādh wept out of grief at parting from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He said: "Do not weep, O Muʿādh; there is a time for weeping. Weeping is from Satan." Imām Aḥmad said: Abū al-Mughīrah narrated to us: Ṣafwān narrated to us: Abū Ziyād Yaḥyā b. ʿUbayd al-Ghassānī narrated to me, from Yazīd b. Quṭayb, from Muʿādh, that he used to say: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me to Yemen and said: "Perhaps you will pass by my grave and my mosque. I have sent you to a people whose hearts are tender; they fight for the truth twice. So fight with those of them who obey you against those who disobey you, then they will return to Islam, until the woman hastens to her husband, the child to his father, and the brother to his brother. So camp between the two tribes: al-Sakūn and al-Sakāsik." This ḥadīth contains an indication, an apparent meaning, and a hint that Muʿādh ؓ would not meet the Prophet ﷺ after that, and so it happened: he remained in Yemen until the Farewell Pilgrimage, and then the death of the Prophet ﷺ occurred eighty-one days after the day of the Greater Pilgrimage. As for the ḥadīth that Imām Aḥmad said: Wakīʿ narrated to us, from al-Aʿmash, from Abū Ẓabyān, from Muʿādh, that when he returned from Yemen he said: O Messenger of Allah, I saw men in Yemen prostrating to one another; should we not prostrate to you? He said: "If I were to command any human to prostrate to another human, I would command the woman to prostrate to her husband." Aḥmad narrated it from Ibn Numayr, from al-Aʿmash, who said: I heard Abū Ẓabyān narrating from a man of the Anṣār, from Muʿādh b. Jabal, who said: Muʿādh came from Yemen and said: O Messenger of Allah, I saw men... and he mentioned its meaning. So it revolves around an unnamed man, and such a thing cannot be used as evidence, especially since others whose opinion matters contradicted it, saying: when Muʿādh came from al-Shām. Thus Aḥmad narrated it. Aḥmad said: Sulaymān b. Dāwūd al-Hāshimī narrated to us: Abū Bakr, meaning Ibn ʿAyyāsh, narrated to us: ʿĀṣim narrated to us, from Abū Wāʾil, from Muʿādh, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me to Yemen, and commanded me to take from every adult one dīnār or its equivalent in maʿāfir (Yemeni garments), and commanded me to take from every forty cows a musinnah (a cow in its third year), and from every thirty cows a tabīʿ (a yearling bullock), and commanded me that on what the sky watered there is a tenth, and on what is watered by means of dāl (water wheels) a half of a tenth. Aḥmad said: Muʿāwiyah narrated to us, from ʿAmr and Hārūn b. Maʿrūf, who said: ʿAbd Allāh b. Wahb narrated to us, from Ḥaywah, from Yazīd b. Abī Ḥabīb, from Salamah b. Usāmah, from Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥakam, that Muʿādh said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me to collect the zakāh of the people of Yemen, and commanded me to take from cows from every thirty a tabīʿ – Hārūn said: and the tabīʿ is the jadhaʿ (a young bull) or the jadhaʿah (a young cow) – and from every forty a musinnah. They offered me that I should take what is between forty and fifty, between sixty and seventy, and between eighty and ninety, but I refused that and said to them: until I ask the Messenger of Allah ﷺ about that. So I came and informed the Prophet ﷺ, and he commanded me to take from every thirty a tabīʿ, from every forty a musinnah, from sixty two tabīʿs, from seventy a musinnah and a tabīʿ, from eighty two musinnahs, from ninety three tabīʿs, from one hundred a musinnah and two tabīʿs, from one hundred and ten two musinnahs and a tabīʿ, and from one hundred and twenty three musinnahs or four tabīʿs. He said: And the Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded me not to take anything in between that except when it reaches a musinnah or a jadhaʿ. And he asserted that the awqāṣ (the intervening numbers) have no obligatory zakāh. This is among Aḥmad's unique transmissions, and it indicates that he came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ after going to Yemen; but the correct view is that he did not see the Prophet ﷺ after that, as stated earlier in the ḥadīth. ʿAbd al-Razzāq said: Maʿmar informed us, from al-Zuhrī, from Ubayy b. Kaʿb b. Mālik, who said: Muʿādh b. Jabal was a handsome, generous young man, from the best youth of his people. He was not asked for anything but he gave it, until he had a debt that swallowed up his wealth. He spoke to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ asking him to speak with his creditors, and he did, but they did not remit anything for him. If anyone were to be excused by the intercession of anyone, Muʿādh would have been excused by the intercession of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He said: So the Messenger of Allah ﷺ summoned him, and he did not linger until he sold his property and divided it among his creditors. He said: Muʿādh stood up with no wealth left. He said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ performed the pilgrimage, he sent Muʿādh to Yemen to restore him. He said: Muʿādh was the first to trade in this wealth. He said: He came to Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq from Yemen after the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had died. ʿUmar came to Muʿādh and said: Would you obey me and hand over this wealth to Abū Bakr, and if he gives it to you, accept it? He said: Muʿādh said: Why should I hand it over to him, when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent me only to restore me?! When he refused, ʿUmar went to Abū Bakr and said: Send for this man, take from him and leave him something. Abū Bakr said: I would not do that. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him to restore him, so I will not take anything from him. He said: When morning came, Muʿādh went to ʿUmar and said: I think I will do as you said, for I saw myself last night in a dream – as ʿAbd al-Razzāq thought he said: being dragged to the Fire while you were holding me by the waist. He said: So he went to Abū Bakr with everything he had brought, even bringing him his whip, and he swore to him that he had concealed nothing from him. He said: Abū Bakr ؓ said: It is yours; I will not take anything from it. Ibn Thawr narrated it from Maʿmar, from al-Zuhrī, from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Kaʿb b. Mālik, and he mentioned it, except that he said: until in the year of the conquest of Makkah, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent him as commander over a group of Yemen. He remained until the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was taken, then he came during the caliphate of Abū Bakr and went out to al-Shām. Al-Bayhaqī said: We have previously mentioned that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ left him as his deputy in Makkah with ʿAttāb b. Usayd to teach its people, and that he witnessed the expedition of Tabūk; so it is more likely that his sending to Yemen was after that. And Allah knows best. Then al-Bayhaqī mentioned for the story of Muʿādh's dream a corroborating report from the route of al-Aʿmash, from Abū Wāʾil, from ʿAbd Allāh, that among what he brought were slaves, and he brought them to Abū Bakr. When he returned all of them to him, he went back with them, then stood up to pray, and all of them stood up to pray with him. When he finished, he said: For whom did you pray? They said: For Allah. He said: Then you are free for His sake, and he freed them. Imām Aḥmad said: Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar narrated to us: Shuʿbah narrated to us, from Abū ʿAwn, from al-Ḥārith b. ʿAmr, the brother of al-Mughīrah b. Shuʿbah, from people among the companions of Muʿādh from the people of Ḥimṣ, from Muʿādh, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, when he sent him to Yemen, said: "How will you judge if a case is brought to you?" He said: I will judge according to the Book of Allah. He said: "And if it is not in the Book of Allah?" He said: Then according to the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He said: "And if it is not in the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ?" He said: I will exercise my own judgment and not fall short. He said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ struck my chest and then said: "Praise be to Allah who has guided the messenger of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ to what pleases the Messenger of Allah." Imām Aḥmad narrated from Muḥammad b. Jaʿfar and Yaḥyā b. Saʿīd, from Shuʿbah, from ʿAmr b. Abī Ḥakīm, from ʿAbd Allāh b. Buraydah, from Yaḥyā b. Yaʿmar, from Abū al-Aswad al-Duʾilī, who said: Muʿādh was in Yemen, and they brought to him a case about a Jew who died and left a Muslim brother. Muʿādh said: I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: "Islam increases and does not decrease." So he made him inherit. Abū Dāwūd narrated it from the ḥadīth of Ibn Buraydah. This view has been reported from Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān, and Yaḥyā b. Yaʿmar the judge and a group of the Salaf narrated it; Isḥāq b. Rāhawayh adopted it, while the majority, including the four imams and their companions, opposed it, citing what is established in the two Ṣaḥīḥs from Usāmah b. Zayd, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "The disbeliever does not inherit from the Muslim, nor does the Muslim inherit from the disbeliever." The point is that Muʿādh ؓ was the judge of the Prophet ﷺ in Yemen, a ruler in war, and a collector of zakāh, to whom the alms were paid, as indicated by the previous ḥadīth of Ibn ʿAbbās. He was prominent among the people, leading them in the five prayers, as al-Bukhārī said: Sulaymān b. Ḥarb narrated to us: Shuʿbah narrated to us, from Ḥabīb b. Abī Thābit, from Saʿīd b. Jubayr, from ʿAmr b. Maymūn, that when Muʿādh came to Yemen he led them in the morning prayer and recited: "And Allah took Abraham as an intimate friend" (al-Nisāʾ: 125). So a man from the people said: The eye of the mother of Abraham has been cooled. Al-Bukhārī alone transmitted it.
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