Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1613
Mention of Year Nine and Its Designation as the Year of Delegations
قُدُومُ رَسُولِ مُلُوكِ حِمْيَرَ بِكِتَابِهِمْ [ قُدُومُ رَسُولِ مُلُوكِ حِمْيَرَ ] وَقَدِمَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ كِتَابُ مُلُوكِ حِمْيَرَ، مَقْدَمَهُ مِنْ تَبُوكَ، وَرَسُولُهُمْ إلَيْهِ بِإِسْلَامِهِمْ، الْحَارِثُ بْنُ عَبْدِ كُلَالٍ، وَنُعَيْمُ بْنُ عَبْدِ كُلَالٍ، وَالنُّعْمَانُ قَيْلُ ذِي رُعَيْنٍ وَمَعَافِرَ وَهَمْدَانَ؛ وَبَعَثَ إلَيْهِ زُرْعَةَ ذُو يَزَنٍ مَا لَكَ ابْنَ مُرَّةَ الرَّهَاوِيَّ بِإِسْلَامِهِمْ، وَمُفَارَقَتِهِمْ الشِّرْكَ وَأَهْلَهُ. [ كِتَابُ الرَّسُولِ إِلَيْهِمْ ] فَكَتَبَ إلَيْهِمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ: مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ النَّبِيِّ، إلَى الْحَارِثِ بْنِ عَبْدِ كُلَالٍ، وَإِلَى نُعَيْمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ كُلَالٍ، وَإِلَى النُّعْمَانِ، قَيْلِ ذِي رُعَيْنٍ وَمَعَافِرَ وَهَمْدَانَ. أَمَّا بَعْدُ ذَلِكُمْ، فَإِنِّي أَحْمَدُ إلَيْكُمْ اللَّهَ الَّذِي لَا إلَهَ إلَّا هُوَ، أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنَّهُ قَدْ وَقَعَ بِهِ رَسُولُكُمْ مُنْقَلَبَنَا مِنْ أَرْضِ الرُّومِ فَلَقِيَنَا بِالْمَدِينَةِ، فَبَلَّغَ مَا أَرْسَلْتُمْ بِهِ، وَخَبَّرَ مَا قَبْلَكُمْ، وَأَنْبَأْنَا بِإِسْلَامِكُمْ وَقَتْلِكُمْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ هَدَاكُمْ بِهُدَاهُ، إنْ أَصْلَحْتُمْ وَأَطَعْتُمْ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ، وَأَقَمْتُمْ الصَّلَاةَ، وَآتَيْتُمْ الزَّكَاةَ، وَأَعْطَيْتُمْ مِنْ الْمَغَانِمِ خُمُسَ اللَّهِ، وَسَهْمَ الرَّسُولِ وَصَفِيَّهُ، وَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنْ الصَّدَقَةِ مِنْ الْعَقَارِ، عُشْرَ مَا سَقَتْ الْعَيْنُ وَسَقَتْ السَّمَاءُ، وَعَلَى مَا سَقَى الْغَرْبُ نِصْفُ الْعُشْرِ؛ وَأَنَّ فِي الْإِبِلِ الْأَرْبَعِينَ ابْنَةَ لَبُونٍ، وَفِي ثَلَاثِينَ مِنْ الْإِبِلِ ابْنُ لَبُونٍ ذَكَرٍ، وَفِي كُلِّ خُمُسٍ مِنْ الْإِبِلِ شَاةٌ، وَفِي كُلِّ عَشْرٍ مِنْ الْإِبِلِ شَاتَانِ، وَفِي كُلِّ أَرْبَعِينَ مِنْ الْبَقَرِ بَقَرَةٌ؛ وَفِي كُلِّ ثَلَاثِينَ مِنْ الْبَقَرِ تَبِيعٌ، جَذَعٌ أَوْ جَذَعَةٌ؛ وَفِي كُلِّ أَرْبَعِينَ مِنْ الْغَنَمِ سَائِمَةٌ وَحْدَهَا، شَاةٌ، وَأَنَّهَا فَرِيضَةُ اللَّهِ الَّتِي فَرَضَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فِي الصَّدَقَةِ؛ فَمَنْ زَادَ خَيْرًا فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهُ، وَمَنْ أَدَّى ذَلِكَ وَأَشْهَدَ عَلَى إسْلَامِهِ، وَظَاهَرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ، فَإِنَّهُ مِنْ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، لَهُ مَا لَهُمْ، وَعَلَيْهِ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ، وَلَهُ ذِمَّةُ اللَّهِ وَذِمَّةُ رَسُولِهِ، وَإِنَّهُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنْ يَهُودِيٍّ أَوْ نَصْرَانِيٍّ، فَإِنَّهُ مِنْ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، لَهُ مَا لَهُمْ، وَعَلَيْهِ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ؛ وَمَنْ كَانَ عَلَى يَهُودِيَّتِهِ أَوْ نَصْرَانِيَّتِهِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُرَدُّ عَنْهَا، وَعَلَيْهِ الْجِزْيَةُ، عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنْثَى، حُرٍّ أَوْ عَبْدٍ، دِينَارٌ وَافٍ، مِنْ قِيمَةِ الْمَعَافِرِ أَوْ عِوَضُهُ ثِيَابًا، فَمَنْ أَدَّى ذَلِكَ إلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَإِنَّ لَهُ ذِمَّةُ اللَّهِ وَذِمَّةُ رَسُولِهِ، وَمَنْ مَنَعَهُ فَإِنَّهُ عَدُوٌّ لِلَّهِ وَلِرَسُولِهِ. أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مُحَمَّدًا النَّبِيَّ أَرْسَلَ إلَى زُرْعَةَ ذِي يَزَنٍ أَنْ إذَا أَتَاكُمْ رُسُلِي فَأُوصِيكُمْ بِهِمْ خَيْرًا: مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ زَيْدٍ، وَمَالِكُ بْنُ عُبَادَةَ، وَعُقْبَةُ بْنُ نَمِرٍ، وَمَالِكُ بْنُ مُرَّةَ، وَأَصْحَابُكُمْ وَأَنْ اجْمَعُوا مَا عِنْدَكُمْ مِنْ الصَّدَقَةِ وَالْجِزْيَةِ مِنْ مُخَالِيفِكُمْ، وَأَبْلِغُوهَا رُسُلِي، وَأَنَّ أَمِيرَهُمْ مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ، فَلَا يَنْقَلِبَنَّ إلَّا رَاضِيًا، أَمَّا بَعْدُ. فَإِنَّ مُحَمَّدًا يَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إلَهَ إلَّا اللَّهُ وَأَنَّهُ عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ، ثُمَّ إنَّ مَالِكَ بْنَ مُرَّةَ الرَّهَاوِيَّ قَدْ حَدَّثَنِي أَنَّكَ أَسْلَمْتَ مِنْ أَوَّلِ حِمْيَرَ، وَقَتَلْتَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، فَأَبْشِرْ بِخَيْرِ وَآمُرُكَ بِحِمْيَرَ خَيْرًا، وَلَا تَخُونُوا وَلَا تَخَاذَلُوا، فَإِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ هُوَ وَلِيُّ غَنِيِّكُمْ وَفَقِيرِكُمْ، وَأَنَّ الصَّدَقَةَ لَا تَحِلُّ لِمُحَمَّدِ وَلَا لِأَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ، إنَّمَا هِيَ زَكَاةٌ يُزَكَّى بِهَا عَلَى فُقَرَاءِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ، وَأَنَّ مَالِكًا قَدْ بَلَّغَ الْخَبَرَ، وَحَفِظَ الْغَيْبَ، وَآمُرُكُمْ بِهِ خَيْرًا، وَإِنِّي قَدْ أَرْسَلْتُ إلَيْكُمْ مِنْ صَالِحِي أَهْلِي وَأُولِي دِينِهِمْ وَأُولِي عِلْمِهِمْ، وَآمُرُكَ بِهِمْ خَيْرًا، فَإِنَّهُمْ مَنْظُورٌ إلَيْهِمْ، وَالسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ. وَعَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ أَنْ مَالِكَ ذِي يَزَنَ أَهْدَى إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ حُلَّةً قَدْ أَخَذَهَا بِثَلَاثَةٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ بَعِيرًا وَثَلَاثَةٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ نَاقَةً. وَعَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ قَالَ: هَذَا كِتَابُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ عِنْدَنَا، الَّذِي كَتَبَهُ لِعَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ حِينَ بَعَثَهُ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ يُفَقِّهُ أَهْلَهَا، وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ السُّنَّةَ، وَيَأْخُذُ صَدَقَاتِهِمْ، فَكَتَبَ لَهُ كِتَابًا وَعَهْدًا، وَأَمَرَهُ فِيهِ أَمْرَهُ فَكَتَبَ: " بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، هَذَا كِتَابٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَوْفُوا بِالْعُقُودِ ( الْمَائِدَةِ: 1 ) عَهْدًا مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ لِعَمْرِو بْنِ حَزْمٍ حِينَ بَعْثِهِ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ ; آمُرُهُ بِتَقْوَى اللَّهِ فِي أَمْرِهِ كُلِّهِ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ مَعَ الَّذِينَ اتَّقَوْا وَالَّذِينَ هُمْ مُحْسِنُونَ ". وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ بِالْحَقِّ كَمَا أَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ، وَأَنْ يُبَشِّرَ النَّاسَ بِالْخَيْرِ وَيَأْمُرَهُمْ بِهِ، وَيُعَلِّمَ النَّاسَ الْقُرْآنَ وَيُفَقِّهَهُمْ فِي الدِّينِ، وَأَنْ يَنْهَى النَّاسَ فَلَا يَمَسَّ أَحَدٌ الْقُرْآنَ إِلَّا وَهُوَ طَاهِرٌ ، وَأَنْ يُخْبِرَ النَّاسَ بِالَّذِي لَهُمْ وَالَّذِي عَلَيْهِمْ، وَيَلِينُ لَهُمْ فِي الْحَقِّ، وَيَشْتَدُّ عَلَيْهِمْ فِي الظُّلْمِ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ الظُّلْمَ وَنَهَى عَنْهُ ، فَقَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ أَلَا لَعْنَةُ اللَّهِ عَلَى الظَّالِمِينَ الَّذِينَ يَصُدُّونَ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ ( هُودٍ: 18، 19 ) وَأَنْ يُبَشِّرَ النَّاسَ بِالْجَنَّةِ وَبِعَمَلِهَا ، وَيُنْذِرَ النَّاسَ النَّارَ وَعَمَلَهَا ، وَيَسْتَأْلِفَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَتَفَقَّهُوا فِي الدِّينِ ، وَيُعَلِّمَ النَّاسَ مَعَالِمَ الْحَجِّ وَسُنَنِهِ وَفَرَائِضِهِ ، وَمَا أَمَرَ اللَّهُ بِهِ، وَالْحَجُّ الْأَكْبَرُ الْحَجُّ، وَالْحَجُّ الْأَصْغَرُ الْعُمْرَةُ، وَأَنْ يَنْهَى النَّاسَ أَنْ يُصَلِّيَ الرَّجُلُ فِي ثَوْبٍ وَاحِدٍ صَغِيرٍ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ وَاسِعًا فَيُخَالِفُ بَيْنَ طَرَفَيْهِ عَلَى عَاتِقَيْهِ ، وَيَنْهَى أَنْ يَحْتَبِيَ الرَّجُلُ فِي ثَوْبٍ وَاحِدٍ، وَيُفْضِي بِفَرْجِهِ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ ، وَلَا يَنْقُضَ شَعْرَ رَأْسِهِ إِذَا عَفَا فِي قَفَاهُ وَيَنْهَى النَّاسَ إِنْ كَانَ بَيْنَهُمْ هَيْجٌ أَنْ يَدْعُوا إِلَى الْقَبَائِلِ وَالْعَشَائِرِ، وَلْيَكُنْ دُعَاؤُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ ، فَمَنْ لَمْ يَدْعُ إِلَى اللَّهِ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَدَعَا إِلَى الْعَشَائِرِ وَالْقَبَائِلِ فَلْيَعْطِفُوا بِالسَّيْفِ حَتَّى يَكُونَ دُعَاؤُهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَيَأْمُرَ النَّاسَ بِإِسْبَاغِ الْوُضُوءِ وُجُوهَهُمْ وَأَيْدِيَهُمْ إِلَى الْمَرَافِقِ، وَأَرْجُلَهُمْ إِلَى الْكَعْبَيْنِ، وَأَنْ يَمْسَحُوا رُءُوسَهُمْ كَمَا أَمَرَهُمُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَأُمِرُوا بِالصَّلَاةِ لِوَقْتِهَا، وَإِتْمَامِ الرُّكُوعِ وَالسُّجُودِ ، وَأَنْ يُغَلَّسَ بِالصُّبْحِ ، وَأَنْ يُهَجَّرَ بِالْهَاجِرَةِ، حَتَّى تَمِيلَ الشَّمْسُ ، وَصَلَاةُ الْعَصْرِ وَالشَّمْسِ فِي الْأَرْضِ مُبَدَّدَةٌ ، وَالْمَغْرِبُ حِينَ يُقْبِلُ اللَّيْلُ وَلَا تُؤَخَّرُ حَتَّى تَبْدُوَ النُّجُومُ فِي السَّمَاءِ ، وَالْعِشَاءُ أَوَّلُ اللَّيْلِ ، وَأَمَرَهُ بِالسَّعْيِ إِلَى الْجُمُعَةِ إِذَا نُودِيَ بِهَا، وَالْغُسْلِ عِنْدَ الرَّوَاحِ إِلَيْهَا ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ مِنَ الْمَغَانِمِ خُمُسَ اللَّهِ ، وَمَا كُتِبَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنَ الصَّدَقَةِ مِنَ الْعَقَارِ فِيمَا سَقَتِ الْعَيْنُ وَفِيمَا سَقَتِ السَّمَاءُ الْعُشْرُ ، وَمَا سَقَى الْقَرَبُ فَنِصْفُ الْعُشْرِ ، وَفِي كُلِّ عَشْرٍ مِنَ الْإِبِلِ شَاتَانِ، وَفِي عِشْرِينَ أَرْبَعُ شِيَاهٍ ، وَفِي أَرْبَعِينَ مِنَ الْبَقَرِ بَقَرَةٌ ، وَفِي كُلِّ ثَلَاثِينَ مِنَ الْبَقَرِ تَبِيعٌ أَوْ تَبِيعَةٌ جَذَعٌ أَوْ جَذَعَةٌ ، وَفِي كُلِّ أَرْبَعِينَ مِنَ الْغَنَمِ سَائِمَةٍ وَحْدَهَا شَاةٌ ، فَإِنَّهَا فَرِيضَةُ اللَّهِ الَّتِي افْتَرَضَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مِنَ الصَّدَقَةِ فَمَنْ زَادَ فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَهُ، وَإِنَّهُ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنْ يَهُودِيٍّ أَوْ نَصْرَانِيٍّ إِسْلَامًا خَالِصًا مِنْ نَفْسِهِ فَدَانَ دِينَ الْإِسْلَامِ فَإِنَّهُ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، لَهُ مَا لَهُمْ وَعَلَيْهِ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ، وَمَنْ كَانَ عَلَى يَهُودِيَّتِهِ أَوْ نَصْرَانِيَّتِهِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُغَيَّرُ عَنْهَا، وَعَلَى كُلِّ حَالِمٍ ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنْثَى حُرٍّ أَوْ عَبْدٍ دِينَارٌ وَافٍ أَوْ عِوَضُهُ مِنَ الثِّيَابِ، فَمَنْ أَدَّى ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّ لَهُ ذِمَّةَ اللَّهِ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَذِمَّةَ رَسُولِهِ ﷺ ، وَمَنْ مَنَعَ ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّهُ عَدُوُّ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَالْمُؤْمِنِينَ جَمِيعًا، صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ، وَالسَّلَامُ عَلَيْهِ وَرَحْمَةُ اللَّهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ ".
Translation
✧ The arrival of the messenger of the kings of Ḥimyar with their letter [The arrival of the messenger of the kings of Ḥimyar] The letter of the kings of Ḥimyar came to the Messenger of God ﷺ upon his return from Tabūk, their messenger to him being al-Ḥārith b. ʿAbd Kulāl, Nuʿaym b. ʿAbd Kulāl, and al-Nuʿmān, the qayl of Dhū Ruʿayn, Maʿāfir, and Hamdān, informing him of their Islam. And he sent to him Zurʿah Dhū Yazan, Mālik b. Murrah al-Rahāwī, with news of their Islam and their abandonment of polytheism and its people. [The Messenger’s letter to them] The Messenger of God ﷺ wrote to them: In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. From Muḥammad the Messenger of God, the Prophet, to al-Ḥārith b. ʿAbd Kulāl, to Nuʿaym b. ʿAbd Kulāl, and to al-Nuʿmān, the qayl of Dhū Ruʿayn, Maʿāfir, and Hamdān. To proceed. I praise God to you, besides whom there is no god. Now then, your messenger met us on our return from the land of the Romans, and he met us in al-Madīnah. He conveyed what you sent with him, and reported what was before you, and informed us of your Islam and your killing of the polytheists. Indeed, God has guided you by His guidance, if you set things right and obey God and His Messenger, establish the prayer, give the zakāh, and give from the spoils the fifth of God and the share of the Messenger and his chosen portion, and what is prescribed for the believers of the alms from immovable property: a tenth of what the spring waters and what the sky waters, and upon what the bucket waters half of a tenth. And in camels: in forty a bint labūn; in thirty of camels an ibn labūn male; in every five of camels a sheep; in every ten of camels two sheep; in every forty of cattle a cow; in every thirty of cattle a tabīʿ, a jadhaʿ or a jadhaʿah; in every forty of pasturing sheep alone a sheep. That is the obligatory duty of God which He imposed upon the believers in alms. Whoever adds good, it is better for him. Whoever performs that, testifies to his Islam, and supports the believers against the polytheists, he is of the believers; to him belongs what is theirs and upon him is what is upon them, and he has the protection of God and the protection of His Messenger. And whoever becomes a Muslim from a Jew or a Christian, he is of the believers; to him belongs what is theirs and upon him is what is upon them. Whoever remains upon his Judaism or Christianity, he shall not be turned away from it, and upon him is the jizyah: upon every ḥālim, male or female, free or slave, a full dinār of the value of the Maʿāfir garments or its equivalent in clothing. Whoever pays that to the Messenger of God ﷺ, he has the protection of God and the protection of His Messenger, and whoever withholds it, he is an enemy to God and to His Messenger. To proceed. The Messenger of God, Muḥammad the Prophet, sent to Zurʿah Dhū Yazan: When my messengers come to you, I charge you to treat them well: Muʿādh b. Jabal, ʿAbd Allāh b. Zayd, Mālik b. ʿUbādah, ʿUqbah b. Namir, Mālik b. Murrah, and your companions. Collect what you have of the alms and the jizyah from your districts, and deliver them to my messengers. Their commander is Muʿādh b. Jabal, so let him not return except pleased. To proceed. Muḥammad bears witness that there is no god but God and that he is His servant and His Messenger. Then Mālik b. Murrah al-Rahāwī has told me that you accepted Islam among the first of Ḥimyar and killed the polytheists, so rejoice in good. I command you to treat Ḥimyar well, and do not betray or desert one another. The Messenger of God is the guardian of your rich and your poor. The alms are not lawful for Muḥammad nor for the people of his house; they are only a purification by which the poor of the Muslims and the wayfarer are purified. Mālik has conveyed the news and kept the secret, and I command you to treat him well. I have sent to you from the righteous of my people and those of their religion and those of their knowledge, and I command you to treat them well, for they are looked upon. Peace be upon you and the mercy of God and His blessings. And from Anas b. Mālik, that Mālik Dhū Yazan gave as a gift to the Messenger of God ﷺ a ḥullah which he had acquired for thirty-three camels and thirty-three she-camels. And from Muḥammad b. Isḥāq: ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Bakr narrated to me, from his father Abū Bakr b. Muḥammad b. ʿAmr b. Ḥazm, who said: This is the letter of the Messenger of God ﷺ that is with us, which he wrote for ʿAmr b. Ḥazm when he sent him to Yemen to instruct its people in religion, teach them the Sunnah, and collect their alms. He wrote for him a letter and a covenant, and commanded him in it his command, and wrote: “In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful. This is a writing from God and His Messenger. O you who believe, fulfill the contracts (al-Māʾidah: 1). A covenant from the Messenger of God to ʿAmr b. Ḥazm when he sent him to Yemen. I command him to fear God in all his affairs, for God is with those who fear Him and those who do good.” And he commanded him to take the truth as God commanded him, to give people good tidings and command them to it, to teach the people the Qurʾān, to instruct them in the religion, to forbid the people so that no one touches the Qurʾān except one who is pure, to inform the people of what is theirs and what is upon them, to be gentle with them in the truth, and to be severe with them in injustice, for God has forbidden injustice and prohibited it. He, mighty and glorious, said: “Truly the curse of God is upon the wrongdoers, those who turn others away from the path of God” (Hūd: 18, 19). And to give people good tidings of Paradise and its deeds, to warn people of the Fire and its deeds, to win people over until they become learned in the religion, to teach people the rites of the ḥajj, its customs, its obligations, and what God has commanded. The greater ḥajj is the ḥajj, and the lesser ḥajj is the ʿumrah. And to forbid people from a man praying in a single small garment, unless it is wide so that he crosses its two ends over his shoulders. And to forbid a man from wrapping himself in a single garment while exposing his private part to the sky. And not to undo the hair of his head when it grows long at the back of his neck. And to forbid people, if there is warfare among them, from calling upon tribes and clans; let their call be to God alone, with no partner. Whoever does not call to God, mighty and glorious, and calls to clans and tribes, let them be struck with the sword until their call is to God alone, with no partner. And to command people to perform the ablution fully: their faces and their hands to the elbows, their feet to the ankles, and to wipe their heads as God, mighty and glorious, commanded them. And they were commanded to pray at its proper time and to complete the bowing and the prostrations, and to perform the dawn prayer in the dark, and to delay the midday prayer until the sun declines, and the afternoon prayer while the sun is in the earth, scattered, and the sunset prayer when night approaches, not delayed until the stars appear in the sky, and the evening prayer at the beginning of the night. And he commanded him to hasten to the Friday prayer when the call is made for it, and to wash when going to it. And he commanded him to take from the spoils the fifth of God, and what is prescribed for the believers of the alms from immovable property: upon what the spring waters and what the sky waters a tenth, and upon what the bucket waters half of a tenth. And in every ten of camels two sheep, and in twenty four sheep, and in forty of cattle a cow, and in every thirty of cattle a tabīʿ or a tabīʿah, a jadhaʿ or a jadhaʿah, and in every forty of pasturing sheep alone a sheep. That is the obligatory duty of God which He imposed upon the believers of the alms; whoever adds, it is better for him. And whoever becomes a Muslim from a Jew or a Christian with sincere Islam from himself and professes the religion of Islam, he is of the believers; to him belongs what is theirs and upon him is what is upon them. Whoever remains upon his Judaism or Christianity, he shall not be changed from it, and upon every ḥālim, male or female, free or slave, a full dinār or its equivalent in clothing. Whoever pays that, he has the protection of God, mighty and glorious, and the protection of His Messenger ﷺ. Whoever withholds that, he is an enemy of God and His Messenger and all the believers. The blessings of God be upon Muḥammad, and ﷺ and the mercy of God and His blessings.”
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