MajelisNoteDalilدليل

Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1560

The Expedition of Tabūk

أخرج الْبُخَارِيُّ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ: حَدِيثُ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ ؓ، بسنده عَنْ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ - وَكَانَ قَائِدَ كَعْبٍ مِنْ بَنِيهِ حِينَ عَمِيَ - قَالَ: سَمِعْتُ كَعْبَ بْنَ مَالِكٍ يُحَدِّثُ حِينَ تَخَلَّفَ عَنْ قِصَّةِ تَبُوكَ  ، قَالَ كَعْبٌ: لَمْ أَتَخَلَّفْ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي غَزْوَةٍ غَزَاهَا إِلَّا فِي غَزْوَةِ تَبُوكَ، غَيْرَ أَنِّي كُنْتُ تَخَلَّفْتُ فِي غَزْوَةِ بَدْرٍ، وَلَمْ يُعَاتَبْ أَحَدٌ تَخَلَّفَ عَنْهَا، إِنَّمَا خَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يُرِيدُ عِيرَ قُرَيْشٍ، حَتَّى جَمَعَ اللَّهُ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ عَدُوِّهِمْ عَلَى غَيْرِ مِيعَادٍ، وَلَقَدْ شَهِدْتُ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَيْلَةَ الْعَقَبَةِ حَتَّى تَوَاثَقْنَا عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، وَمَا أُحِبُّ أَنَّ لِي بِهَا مَشْهَدَ بَدْرٍ، وَإِنْ كَانَتْ بَدْرٌ أَذْكَرَ فِي النَّاسِ مِنْهَا، كَانَ مِنْ خَبَرِي أَنِّي لَمْ أَكُنْ قَطُّ أَقْوَى وَلَا أَيْسَرَ حِينَ تَخَلَّفْتُ عَنْهُ فِي تِلْكَ الْغَزَاةِ، وَاللَّهِ مَا اجْتَمَعَتْ عِنْدِي قَبْلَهُ رَاحِلَتَانِ قَطُّ، حَتَّى جَمَعْتُهُمَا فِي تِلْكَ الْغَزْوَةِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ يُرِيدُ غَزْوَةً إِلَّا وَرَّى بِغَيْرِهَا، حَتَّى كَانَتْ تِلْكَ الْغَزْوَةُ، غَزَاهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ فِي حَرٍّ شَدِيدٍ  ، وَاسْتَقْبَلَ سَفَرًا بَعِيدًا، وَمَفَازًا، وَعَدُوًّا كَثِيرًا، فَجَلَّى لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ أَمْرَهُمْ، لِيَتَأَهَّبُوا أُهْبَةَ غَزْوِهِمْ، فَأَخْبَرَهُمْ بِوَجْهِهِ الَّذِي يُرِيدُ، وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَثِيرٌ، وَلَا يَجْمَعُهُمْ كِتَابٌ حَافِظٌ - يُرِيدُ الدِّيوَانَ - قَالَ كَعْبٌ: فَمَا رَجُلٌ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَتَغَيَّبَ إِلَّا ظَنَّ أَنْ سَيَخْفَى لَهُ مَا لَمْ يَنْزِلْ فِيهِ وَحْيُ اللَّهِ، وَغَزَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ تِلْكَ الْغَزْوَةَ حِينَ طَابَتِ الثِّمَارُ وَالظِّلَالُ، وَتَجَهَّزَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ مَعَهُ، فَطَفِقْتُ أَغْدُو ; لِكَيْ أَتَجَهَّزَ مَعَهُمْ، فَأَرْجِعُ وَلَمْ أَقْضِ شَيْئًا، فَأَقُولُ فِي نَفْسِي: أَنَا قَادِرٌ عَلَيْهِ. فَلَمْ يَزَلْ يَتَمَادَى بِي حَتَّى اشْتَدَّ بِالنَّاسِ الْجِدُّ، فَأَصْبَحَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ مَعَهُ وَلَمْ أَقْضِ مِنْ جَهَازِي شَيْئًا، فَقُلْتُ: أَتَجَهَّزُ بَعْدَهُ بِيَوْمٍ أَوْ يَوْمَيْنِ، ثُمَّ أَلْحَقُهُمْ. فَغَدَوْتُ بَعْدَ أَنْ فَصَلُوا لِأَتَجَهَّزَ فَرَجَعْتُ وَلَمْ أَقْضِ شَيْئًا، ثُمَّ غَدَوْتُ ثُمَّ رَجَعْتُ وَلَمْ أَقْضِ شَيْئًا، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ بِي حَتَّى أَسْرَعُوا وَتَفَارَطَ الْغَزْوُ، وَهَمَمْتُ أَنْ أَرْتَحِلَ فَأُدْرِكَهُمْ - وَلَيْتَنِي فَعَلْتُ - فَلَمْ يُقَدَّرْ لِي ذَلِكَ، فَكُنْتُ إِذَا خَرَجْتُ فِي النَّاسِ بَعْدَ خُرُوجِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ فَطُفْتُ فِيهِمْ، أَحْزَنَنِي أَنِّي لَا أَرَى إِلَّا رَجُلًا مَغْمُوصًا عَلَيْهِ النِّفَاقُ، أَوْ رَجُلًا مِمَّنْ عَذَرَ اللَّهُ مِنِ الضُّعَفَاءِ، وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَتَّى بَلَغَ تَبُوكَ، فَقَالَ وَهُوَ جَالِسٌ فِي الْقَوْمِ بِتَبُوكَ: " مَا فَعَلَ كَعْبٌ ؟ " فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي سَلِمَةَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ حَبَسَهُ بُرْدَاهُ وَنَظَرُهُ فِي عِطْفَيْهِ. فَقَالَ مُعَاذُ بْنُ جَبَلٍ: بِئْسَ مَا قُلْتَ، وَاللَّهِ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَا عَلِمْنَا عَلَيْهِ إِلَّا خَيْرًا. فَسَكَتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ. قَالَ كَعْبُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ قَالَ: فَلَمَّا بَلَغَنِي أَنَّهُ تَوَجَّهَ قَافِلًا حَضَرَنِي هَمِّي، وَطَفِقْتُ أَتَذَكَّرُ الْكَذِبَ وَأَقُولُ: بِمَاذَا أَخْرُجُ مِنْ سَخَطِهِ غَدًا ؟ وَاسْتَعَنْتُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ بِكُلِّ ذِي رَأْيٍ مِنْ أَهْلِي، فَلَمَّا قِيلَ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَدْ أَظَلَّ قَادِمًا، زَاحَ عَنِّي الْبَاطِلُ، وَعَرَفْتُ أَنِّي لَنْ أَخْرُجَ مِنْهُ أَبَدًا بِشَيْءٍ فِيهِ كَذِبٌ، فَأَجْمَعْتُ صِدْقَهُ، وَأَصْبَحَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَادِمًا، وَكَانَ إِذَا قَدِمَ مِنْ سَفَرٍ بَدَأَ بِالْمَسْجِدِ، فَيَرْكَعُ فِيهِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ، ثُمَّ جَلَسَ لِلنَّاسِ، فَلَمَّا فَعَلَ ذَلِكَ جَاءَ الْمُخَلَّفُونَ فَطَفِقُوا يَعْتَذِرُونَ إِلَيْهِ، وَيَحْلِفُونَ لَهُ، وَكَانُوا بِضْعَةً وَثَمَانِينَ رَجُلًا، فَقَبِلَ مِنْهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَانِيَتَهُمْ، وَبَايَعَهُمْ وَاسْتَغْفَرَ لَهُمْ، وَوَكَلَ سَرَائِرَهُمْ إِلَى اللَّهِ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، فَجِئْتُهُ، فَلَمَّا سَلَّمْتُ عَلَيْهِ تَبَسَّمَ تَبَسُّمَ الْمُغْضَبِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: " تَعَالَ ". فَجِئْتُ أَمْشِي حَتَّى جَلَسْتُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، فَقَالَ لِي: " مَا خَلَّفَكَ ؟ أَلَمْ تَكُنْ قَدِ ابْتَعْتَ ظَهْرَكَ ؟ " فَقُلْتُ: بَلَى، إِنِّي وَاللَّهِ لَوْ جَلَسْتُ عِنْدَ غَيْرِكَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الدُّنْيَا لَرَأَيْتُ أَنْ سَأَخْرُجُ مِنْ سَخَطِهِ بِعُذْرٍ، وَلَقَدْ أُعْطِيتُ جَدَلًا، وَلَكِنِّي وَاللَّهِ لَقَدْ عَلِمْتُ لَئِنْ حَدَّثْتُكَ الْيَوْمَ حَدِيثَ كَذِبٍ تَرْضَى بِهِ عَنِّي، لَيُوشِكَنَّ اللَّهُ أَنْ يُسْخِطَكَ عَلَيَّ، وَلَئِنْ حَدَّثْتُكَ حَدِيثَ صِدْقٍ تَجِدُ عَلَيَّ فِيهِ، إِنِّي لَأَرْجُو فِيهِ عَفْوَ اللَّهِ، لَا وَاللَّهِ مَا كَانَ لِي مِنْ عُذْرٍ، وَاللَّهِ مَا كُنْتُ قَطُّ أَقْوَى وَلَا أَيْسَرَ مِنِّي حِينَ تَخَلَّفْتُ عَنْكَ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " أَمَّا هَذَا فَقَدَ صَدَقَ، فَقُمْ حَتَّى يَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ فِيكَ ". فَقُمْتُ، وَثَارَ رِجَالٌ مِنْ بَنِي سَلِمَةَ فَاتَّبَعُونِي فَقَالُوا لِي: وَاللَّهِ مَا عَلِمْنَاكَ كُنْتَ أَذْنَبْتَ ذَنْبًا قَبْلَ هَذَا، وَلَقَدْ عَجَزْتَ أَنْ لَا تَكُونَ اعْتَذَرْتَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِمَا اعْتَذَرَ إِلَيْهِ الْمُخَلَّفُونَ، وَقَدْ كَانَ كَافِيكَ ذَنْبَكَ اسْتِغْفَارُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَكَ. فَوَاللَّهِ مَا زَالُوا يُؤَنِّبُونَنِي حَتَّى هَمَمْتُ أَنْ أَرْجِعَ فَأُكَذِّبَ نَفْسِي، ثُمَّ قُلْتُ لَهُمْ: هَلْ لَقِيَ هَذَا مَعِي أَحَدٌ ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ، رَجُلَانِ قَالَا مِثْلَ مَا قُلْتَ، وَقِيلَ لَهُمَا مِثْلَ مَا قِيلَ لَكَ. فَقُلْتُ: مَنْ هُمَا ؟ قَالُوا: مُرَارَةُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ الْعُمْرِيُّ وَهِلَالُ بْنُ أُمَيَّةَ الْوَاقِفِيُّ. فَذَكَرُوا لِي رَجُلَيْنِ صَالِحَيْنِ قَدْ شَهِدَا بَدْرًا فِيهِمَا أُسْوَةٌ، فَمَضَيْتُ حِينَ ذَكَرُوهُمَا لِي، وَنَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عَنْ كَلَامِنَا أَيُّهَا الثَّلَاثَةُ مِنْ بَيْنِ مَنْ تَخَلَّفَ عَنْهُ، فَاجْتَنَبَنَا النَّاسُ وَتَغَيَّرُوا لَنَا، حَتَّى تَنَكَّرَتْ فِي نَفْسِي الْأَرْضُ، فَمَا هِيَ الَّتِي أَعْرِفُ، فَلَبِثْنَا عَلَى ذَلِكَ خَمْسِينَ لَيْلَةً، فَأَمَّا صَاحِبَايَ فَاسْتَكَانَا وَقَعَدَا فِي بُيُوتِهِمَا يَبْكِيَانِ، وَأَمَّا أَنَا فَكُنْتُ أَشَبَّ الْقَوْمِ وَأَجْلَدَهُمْ، فَكُنْتُ أَخْرُجُ فَأَشْهَدُ الصَّلَاةَ مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَأَطُوفُ فِي الْأَسْوَاقِ وَلَا يُكَلِّمُنِي أَحَدٌ، وَآتِي رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأُسَلِّمُ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ فِي مَجْلِسِهِ بَعْدَ الصَّلَاةِ، فَأَقُولُ فِي نَفْسِي: هَلْ حَرَّكَ شَفَتَيْهِ بِرَدِّ السَّلَامِ عَلَيَّ أَمْ لَا ؟ ثُمَّ أُصَلِّي قَرِيبًا مِنْهُ فَأُسَارِقُهُ النَّظَرَ، فَإِذَا أَقْبَلْتُ عَلَى صَلَاتِي أَقْبَلَ إِلَيَّ، وَإِذَا الْتَفَتُّ نَحْوَهُ أَعْرَضَ عَنِّي، حَتَّى إِذَا طَالَ عَلَيَّ ذَلِكَ مِنْ جَفْوَةِ النَّاسِ، مَشَيْتُ حَتَّى تَسَوَّرْتُ جِدَارَ حَائِطِ أَبِي قَتَادَةَ وَهُوَ ابْنُ عَمِّي وَأَحَبُّ النَّاسِ إِلَيَّ، فَسَلَّمْتُ عَلَيْهِ فَوَاللَّهِ مَا رَدَّ عَلَيَّ السَّلَامَ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا أَبَا قَتَادَةَ أَنْشُدُكَ بِاللَّهِ هَلْ تَعْلَمُنِي أُحِبُّ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ ؟ فَسَكَتَ، فَعُدْتُ لَهُ فَنَشَدْتُهُ فَسَكَتَ، فَعُدْتُ لَهُ فَنَشَدْتُهُ فَقَالَ: اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَعْلَمُ. فَفَاضَتْ عَيْنَايَ وَتَوَلَّيْتُ حَتَّى تَسَوَّرْتُ الْجِدَارَ. قَالَ: وَبَيْنَا أَنَا أَمْشِي بِسُوقِ الْمَدِينَةِ إِذَا نَبَطِيٌّ مِنْ أَنْبَاطِ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ مِمَّنْ قَدِمَ بِطَعَامٍ يَبِيعُهُ بِالْمَدِينَةِ يَقُولُ: مَنْ يَدُلُّنِي عَلَى كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ ؟ فَطَفِقَ النَّاسُ يُشِيرُونَ لَهُ، حَتَّى إِذَا جَاءَنِي دَفَعَ إِلَيَّ كِتَابًا مِنْ مَلِكِ غَسَّانَ، فَإِذَا فِيهِ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ فَإِنَّهُ قَدْ بَلَغَنِي أَنَّ صَاحِبَكَ قَدْ جَفَاكَ، وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْكَ اللَّهُ بِدَارِ هَوَانٍ وَلَا مَضْيَعَةٍ، فَالْحَقْ بِنَا نُوَاسِكَ، فَقُلْتُ لَمَّا قَرَأْتُهَا: وَهَذَا أَيْضًا مِنَ الْبَلَاءِ، فَتَيَمَّمْتُ بِهَا التَّنُّورَ فَسَجَرْتُهُ بِهَا حَتَّى إِذَا مَضَتْ أَرْبَعُونَ لَيْلَةً مِنَ الْخَمْسِينَ، إِذَا رَسُولُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَأْتِينِي فَقَالَ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَأْمُرُكَ أَنْ تَعْتَزِلَ امْرَأَتَكَ. فَقُلْتُ: أُطَلِّقُهَا أَمْ مَاذَا أَفْعَلُ ؟ قَالَ: لَا بَلِ اعْتَزِلْهَا وَلَا تَقْرَبْهَا. وَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى صَاحِبَيَّ بِمِثْلِ ذَلِكَ، فَقُلْتُ لِامْرَأَتِي: الْحَقِي بِأَهْلِكِ فَتَكُونِي عِنْدَهُمْ حَتَّى يَقْضِيَ اللَّهُ فِي هَذَا الْأَمْرِ. قَالَ كَعْبٌ: فَجَاءَتِ امْرَأَةُ هِلَالِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ فَقَالَتْ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ هِلَالَ بْنَ أُمَيَّةَ شَيْخٌ ضَائِعٌ لَيْسَ لَهُ خَادِمٌ فَهَلْ تَكْرَهُ أَنْ أَخْدِمَهُ ؟ قَالَ: " لَا وَلَكِنْ لَا يَقْرَبْكِ ". قَالَتْ: إِنَّهُ وَاللَّهِ مَا بِهِ حَرَكَةٌ إِلَى شَيْءٍ، وَاللَّهِ مَا زَالَ يَبْكِي مُنْذُ كَانَ مِنْ أَمْرِهِ مَا كَانَ إِلَى يَوْمِهِ هَذَا. فَقَالَ لِي بَعْضُ أَهْلِي: لَوِ اسْتَأْذَنْتَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ فِي امْرَأَتِكَ كَمَا أَذِنَ لِامْرَأَةِ هِلَالِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ أَنْ تَخْدِمَهُ. فَقُلْتُ: وَاللَّهِ لَا أَسْتَأْذِنُ فِيهَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، وَمَا يُدْرِينِي مَا يَقُولُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِذَا اسْتَأْذَنْتُهُ فِيهَا وَأَنَا رَجُلٌ شَابٌّ ! قَالَ: فَلَبِثْتُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ عَشْرَ لَيَالٍ، حَتَّى كَمَلَتْ لَنَا خَمْسُونَ لَيْلَةً مِنْ حِينِ نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ عَنْ كَلَامِنَا، فَلَمَّا صَلَّيْتُ الْفَجْرَ صُبْحَ خَمْسِينَ لَيْلَةً وَأَنَا عَلَى ظَهْرِ بَيْتٍ مِنْ بُيُوتِنَا، فَبَيْنَا أَنَا جَالِسٌ عَلَى الْحَالِ الَّتِي ذَكَرَ اللَّهُ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، قَدْ ضَاقَتْ عَلَيَّ نَفْسِي، وَضَاقَتْ عَلَيَّ الْأَرْضُ بِمَا رَحُبَتْ، سَمِعْتُ صَوْتَ صَارِخٍ أَوْفَى عَلَى جَبَلِ سَلْعٍ بِأَعْلَى صَوْتِهِ: يَا كَعْبَ بْنَ مَالِكٍ أَبْشِرْ. فَخَرَرْتُ سَاجِدًا وَعَرَفْتُ أَنْ قَدْ جَاءَ فَرَجٌ، وَآذَنَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِتَوْبَةِ اللَّهِ عَلَيْنَا حِينَ صَلَّى صَلَاةَ الْفَجْرِ، فَذَهَبَ النَّاسُ يُبَشِّرُونَنَا، وَذَهَبَ قِبَلَ صَاحِبَيَّ مُبَشِّرُونَ، وَرَكَضَ رَجُلٌ إِلَيَّ فَرَسًا وَسَعَى سَاعٍ مِنْ أَسْلَمَ، فَأَوْفَى عَلَى الْجَبَلِ، وَكَانَ الصَّوْتُ أَسْرَعَ مِنَ الْفَرَسِ، فَلَمَّا جَاءَنِي الَّذِي سَمِعْتُ صَوْتَهُ يُبَشِّرُنِي نَزَعْتُ لَهُ ثَوْبَيَّ فَكَسَوْتُهُ إِيَّاهُمَا بِبُشْرَاهُ، وَاللَّهِ مَا أَمْلِكُ غَيْرَهُمَا يَوْمَئِذٍ، وَاسْتَعَرْتُ ثَوْبَيْنِ فَلَبِسْتُهُمَا، وَانْطَلَقْتُ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَتَلَقَّانِي النَّاسُ فَوْجًا فَوْجًا يُهَنِّئُونِي بِالتَّوْبَةِ يَقُولُونَ: لِيَهْنِكَ تَوْبَةُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكَ. قَالَ كَعْبٌ: حَتَّى دَخَلْتُ الْمَسْجِدَ، فَإِذَا بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ جَالِسٌ حَوْلَهُ النَّاسُ، فَقَامَ إِلَيَّ طَلْحَةُ بْنُ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ يُهَرْوِلُ حَتَّى صَافَحَنِي وَهَنَّأَنِي وَاللَّهِ مَا قَامَ إِلَيَّ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ غَيْرُهُ وَلَا أَنْسَاهَا لِطَلْحَةَ. قَالَ كَعْبٌ: فَلَمَّا سَلَّمْتُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَهُوَ يَبْرُقُ وَجْهُهُ مِنَ السُّرُورِ: " أَبْشِرْ بِخَيْرِ يَوْمٍ مَرَّ عَلَيْكَ مُنْذُ وَلَدَتْكَ أُمُّكَ ". قَالَ: قُلْتُ: أَمِنْ عِنْدِكَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَمْ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ ؟ قَالَ: " لَا بَلْ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ ". وَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِذَا سُرَّ اسْتَنَارَ وَجْهُهُ حَتَّى كَأَنَّهُ قِطْعَةُ قَمَرٍ، وَكُنَّا نَعْرِفُ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُ، فَلَمَّا جَلَسْتُ بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ، قُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ مِنْ تَوْبَتِي أَنْ أَنْخَلِعَ مِنْ مَالِي صَدَقَةً إِلَى اللَّهِ وَإِلَى رَسُولِهِ. قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " أَمْسِكْ عَلَيْكَ بَعْضَ مَالِكَ فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَكَ ". قُلْتُ فَإِنِّي أُمْسِكُ سَهْمِي الَّذِي بِخَيْبَرَ فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، إِنَّ اللَّهَ إِنَّمَا نَجَّانِي بِالصِّدْقِ، وَإِنَّ مِنْ تَوْبَتِي أَلَّا أَتَحَدَّثَ إِلَّا صِدْقًا مَا بَقِيتُ. فَوَاللَّهِ مَا أَعْلَمُ أَحَدًا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَبْلَاهُ اللَّهُ فِي صِدْقِ الْحَدِيثِ مُنْذُ ذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَحْسَنَ مِمَّا أَبْلَانِي، مَا تَعَمَّدْتُ مُنْذُ ذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى يَوْمِي هَذَا كَذِبًا، وَإِنِّي لَأَرْجُو أَنْ يَحْفَظَنِي اللَّهُ فِيمَا بَقِيتُ، وَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ ﷺ لَقَدْ تَابَ اللَّهُ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ وَالْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: وَكُونُوا مَعَ الصَّادِقِينَ  فَوَاللَّهِ مَا أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيَّ مِنْ نِعْمَةٍ قَطُّ بَعْدَ أَنْ هَدَانِي لِلْإِسْلَامِ أَعْظَمَ فِي نَفْسِي مِنْ صِدْقِي لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنْ لَا أَكُونَ كَذَبْتُهُ، فَأَهْلِكَ كَمَا هَلَكَ الَّذِينَ كَذَبُوا، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى قَالَ لِلَّذِينَ كَذَبُوا حِينَ أَنْزَلَ الْوَحْيَ شَرَّ مَا قَالَ لِأَحَدٍ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: سَيَحْلِفُونَ بِاللَّهِ لَكُمْ إِذَا انْقَلَبْتُمْ إِلَيْهِمْ لِتُعْرِضُوا عَنْهُمْ إِلَى قَوْلِهِ: فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَرْضَى عَنِ الْقَوْمِ الْفَاسِقِينَ ( التَّوْبَةِ: 95، 96 ) قَالَ كَعْبٌ: وَكُنَّا تَخَلَّفْنَا أَيُّهَا الثَّلَاثَةُ عَنْ أَمْرِ أُولَئِكَ الَّذِينَ قَبِلَ مِنْهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ حِينَ حَلَفُوا لَهُ فَبَايَعَهُمْ وَاسْتَغْفَرَ لَهُمْ، وَأَرْجَأَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ أَمْرَنَا حَتَّى قَضَى اللَّهُ فِيهِ، فَبِذَلِكَ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى وَعَلَى الثَّلَاثَةِ الَّذِينَ خُلِّفُوا ( التَّوْبَةِ: 118 ). لَيْسَ الَّذِي ذَكَرَ اللَّهُ مِمَّا خُلِّفْنَا مِنَ الْغَزْوِ، وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ تَخْلِيفُهُ إِيَّانَا وَإِرْجَاؤُهُ أَمْرَنَا عَمَّنْ حَلَفَ لَهُ وَاعْتَذَرَ إِلَيْهِ فَقَبِلَ مِنْهُ. ما اشتملت عليه قصة الذين خلفوا من الحكم والفوائد قال ابن القيم رحمه الله تعالى: مَا اشْتَمَلَتْ عَلَيْهِ قِصَّةُ الثَّلَاثَةِ الَّذِينَ خُلِّفُوا مِنَ الْحِكَمِ وَالْفَوَائِدِ الْجَمَّةِ، فَنُشِيرُ إِلَى بَعْضِهَا: فَمِنْهَا: جَوَازُ إِخْبَارِ الرَّجُلِ عَنْ تَفْرِيطِهِ وَتَقْصِيرِهِ فِي طَاعَةِ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ  ، وَعَنْ سَبَبِ ذَلِكَ، وَمَا آلَ إِلَيْهِ أَمْرُهُ، وَفِي ذَلِكَ مِنَ التَّحْذِيرِ وَالنَّصِيحَةِ وَبَيَانِ طُرُقِ الْخَيْرِ وَالشَّرِّ وَمَا يَتَرَتَّبُ عَلَيْهَا، مَا هُوَ مِنْ أَهَمِّ الْأُمُورِ وَمِنْهَا: جَوَازُ مَدْحِ الْإِنْسَانِ نَفْسَهُ بِمَا فِيهِ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ  إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنْ عَلَى سَبِيلِ الْفَخْرِ وَالتَّرَفُّعِ. وَمِنْهَا: تَسْلِيَةُ الْإِنْسَانِ نَفْسَهُ عَمَّا لَمْ يُقَدَّرْ لَهُ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ  بِمَا قُدِّرَ لَهُ مِنْ نَظِيرِهِ أَوْ خَيْرٍ مِنْهُ وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّ بَيْعَةَ الْعَقَبَةِ  كَانَتْ مِنْ أَفْضَلِ مَشَاهِدِ الصَّحَابَةِ، حَتَّى إِنَّ كعبا كَانَ لَا يَرَاهَا دُونَ مَشْهَدِ بَدْرٍ وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّ الْإِمَامَ إِذَا رَأَى الْمَصْلَحَةَ فِي أَنْ يَسْتُرَ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ بَعْضَ مَا يَهُمُّ بِهِ  وَيَقْصِدُهُ مِنَ الْعَدُوِّ وَيُوَرِّي بِهِ عَنْهُ اسْتُحِبَّ لَهُ ذَلِكَ أَوْ يَتَعَيَّنُ بِحَسَبِ الْمَصْلَحَةِ وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّ السَّتْرَ وَالْكِتْمَانَ إِذَا تَضَمَّنَ مَفْسَدَةً  لَمْ يَجُزْ وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّ الْجَيْشَ فِي حَيَاةِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ دِيوَانٌ  وَأَوَّلُ مَنْ دَوَّنَ الدِّيوَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ، وَهَذَا مِنْ سُنَّتِهِ الَّتِي أَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِاتِّبَاعِهَا، وَظَهَرَتْ مَصْلَحَتُهَا وَحَاجَةُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَيْهَا وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ إِذَا حَضَرَتْ لَهُ فُرْصَةُ الْقُرْبَةِ وَالطَّاعَةِ  فَالْحَزْمُ كُلُّ الْحَزْمِ فِي انْتِهَازِهَا وَالْمُبَادَرَةِ إِلَيْهَا، وَالْعَجْزُ فِي تَأْخِيرِهَا وَالتَّسْوِيفِ بِهَا، وَلَا سِيَّمَا إِذَا لَمْ يَثِقْ بِقُدْرَتِهِ وَتَمَكُّنِهِ مِنْ أَسْبَابِ تَحْصِيلِهَا، فَإِنَّ الْعَزَائِمَ وَالْهِمَمَ سَرِيعَةُ الِانْتِقَاضِ قَلَّمَا ثَبَتَتْ، وَاللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ يُعَاقِبُ مَنْ فَتَحَ لَهُ بَابًا مِنَ الْخَيْرِ فَلَمْ يَنْتَهِزْهُ، بِأَنْ يَحُولَ بَيْنَ قَلْبِهِ وَإِرَادَتِهِ، فَلَا يُمْكِنُهُ بَعْدُ مِنْ إِرَادَتِهِ عُقُوبَةً لَهُ، فَمَنْ لَمْ يَسْتَجِبْ لِلَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ إِذَا دَعَاهُ حَالَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ قَلْبِهِ وَإِرَادَتِهِ، فَلَا يُمْكِنُهُ الِاسْتِجَابَةُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، قَالَ تَعَالَى: ( يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اسْتَجِيبُوا لِلَّهِ وَلِلرَّسُولِ إِذَا دَعَاكُمْ لِمَا يُحْيِيكُمْ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَحُولُ بَيْنَ الْمَرْءِ وَقَلْبِهِ ) [ الْأَنْفَالِ: 24 ] وَقَدْ صَرَّحَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ بِهَذَا فِي قَوْلِهِ: ( وَنُقَلِّبُ أَفْئِدَتَهُمْ وَأَبْصَارَهُمْ كَمَا لَمْ يُؤْمِنُوا بِهِ أَوَّلَ مَرَّةٍ ) [ الْأَنْعَامِ: 110 ] وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: ( فَلَمَّا زَاغُوا أَزَاغَ اللَّهُ قُلُوبَهُمْ ) [ الصَّفِّ: 5 ]، وَقَالَ: ( وَمَا كَانَ اللَّهُ لِيُضِلَّ قَوْمًا بَعْدَ إِذْ هَدَاهُمْ حَتَّى يُبَيِّنَ لَهُمْ مَا يَتَّقُونَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ ) [ التَّوْبَةِ: 115 ] وَهُوَ كَثِيرٌ فِي الْقُرْآنِ وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ يَتَخَلَّفُ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَّا أَحَدُ رِجَالٍ ثَلَاثَةٍ ; إِمَّا مَغْمُوصٌ عَلَيْهِ فِي النِّفَاقِ أَوْ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْأَعْذَارِ، أَوْ مَنْ خَلَّفَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَاسْتَعْمَلَهُ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، أَوْ خَلَّفَهُ لِمَصْلَحَةٍ وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّ الْإِمَامَ وَالْمُطَاعَ لَا يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يُهْمِلَ مَنْ تَخَلَّفَ عَنْهُ فِي بَعْضِ الْأُمُورِ  ، بَلْ يُذَكِّرُهُ لِيُرَاجِعَ الطَّاعَةَ وَيَتُوبَ، فَإِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ بِتَبُوكَ: مَا فَعَلَ كعب ؟ وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ سِوَاهُ مِنَ الْمُخَلَّفِينَ اسْتِصْلَاحًا لَهُ وَمُرَاعَاةً، وَإِهْمَالًا لِلْقَوْمِ الْمُنَافِقِينَ وَمِنْهَا: جَوَازُ الطَّعْنِ فِي الرَّجُلِ بِمَا يَغْلِبُ عَلَى اجْتِهَادِ الطَّاعِنِ حَمِيَّةً أَوْ ذَبًّا عَنِ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ  ، وَمِنْ هَذَا طَعْنُ أَهْلِ الْحَدِيثِ فِيمَنْ طَعَنُوا فِيهِ مِنَ الرُّوَاةِ، وَمِنْ هَذَا طَعْنُ وَرَثَةِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ وَأَهْلِ السُّنَّةِ فِي أَهْلِ الْأَهْوَاءِ وَالْبِدَعِ لِلَّهِ لَا لِحُظُوظِهِمْ وَأَغْرَاضِهِمْ وَمِنْهَا: جَوَازُ الرَّدِّ عَلَى الطَّاعِنِ إِذَا غَلَبَ عَلَى ظَنِّ الرَّادِّ أَنَّهُ وَهْمٌ وَغَلَطٌ  ، كَمَا قَالَ معاذ لِلَّذِي طَعَنَ فِي كعب: بِئْسَ مَا قُلْتَ، وَاللَّهِ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ مَا عَلِمْنَا عَلَيْهِ إِلَّا خَيْرًا، وَلَمْ يُنْكِرْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّ السُّنَّةَ لِلْقَادِمِ مِنَ السَّفَرِ  أَنْ يَدْخُلَ الْبَلَدَ عَلَى وُضُوءٍ وَأَنْ يَبْدَأَ بِبَيْتِ اللَّهِ قَبْلَ بَيْتِهِ، فَيُصَلِّي فِيهِ رَكْعَتَيْنِ ثُمَّ يَجْلِسُ لِلْمُسَلِّمِينَ عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ يَنْصَرِفُ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ يَقْبَلُ عَلَانِيَةَ مَنْ أَظْهَرَ الْإِسْلَامَ مِنَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ، وَيَكِلُ سَرِيرَتَهُ إِلَى اللَّهِ، وَيُجْرِي عَلَيْهِ حُكْمَ الظَّاهِرِ، وَلَا يُعَاقِبُهُ بِمَا لَمْ يَعْلَمْ مِنْ سِرِّهِ وَمِنْهَا: تَرْكُ الْإِمَامِ وَالْحَاكِمِ رَدَّ السَّلَامِ عَلَى مَنْ أَحْدَثَ حَدَثًا   ; تَأْدِيبًا لَهُ وَزَجْرًا لِغَيْرِهِ، فَإِنَّهُ ﷺ لَمْ يُنْقَلْ أَنَّهُ رَدَّ عَلَى كعب، بَلْ قَابَلَ سَلَامَهُ بِتَبَسُّمِ الْمُغْضَبِ وَمِنْهَا: أَنَّ التَّبَسُّمَ قَدْ يَكُونُ عَنِ الْغَضَبِ كَمَا يَكُونُ عَنِ التَّعَجُّبِ وَالسُّرُورِ، فَإِنَّ كُلًّا مِنْهُمَا يُوجِبُ انْبِسَاطَ دَمِ الْقَلْبِ وَثَوَرَانَهُ، وَلِهَذَا تَظْهَرُ حُمْرَةُ الْوَجْهِ لِسُرْعَةِ ثَوَرَانِ الدَّمِ فِيهِ، فَيَنْشَأُ عَنْ ذَلِكَ السُّرُورُ، وَالْغَضَبُ تَعَجُّبٌ يَتْبَعُهُ ضَحِكٌ وَتَبَسُّمٌ، فَلَا يَغْتَرُّ الْمُغْتَرُّ بِضَحِكِ الْقَادِرِ عَلَيْهِ فِي وَجْهِهِ، وَلَا سِيَّمَا عِنْدَ الْمَعْتَبَةِ كَمَا قِيلَ إِذَا رَأَيْتَ نُيُوبَ اللَّيْثِ بَارِزَةً فَلَا تَظُنَّنَّ أَنَّ اللَّيْثَ مُبْتَسِمُ وَمِنْهَا: مُعَاتَبَةُ الْإِمَامِ وَالْمُطَاعِ أَصْحَابَهُ  وَمَنْ يَعِزُّ عَلَيْهِ وَيَكْرُمُ عَلَيْهِ، فَإِنَّهُ عَاتَبَ الثَّلَاثَةَ دُونَ سَائِرِ مَنْ تَخَلَّفَ عَنْهُ، وَقَدْ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسُ مِنْ مَدْحِ عِتَابِ الْأَحِبَّةِ وَاسْتِلْذَاذِهِ وَالسُّرُورِ بِهِ، فَكَيْفَ بِعِتَابِ أَحَبِّ الْخَلْقِ عَلَى الْإِطْلَاقِ إِلَى الْمَعْتُوبِ عَلَيْهِ، وَلِلَّهِ مَا كَانَ أَحْلَى ذَلِكَ الْعِتَابَ وَمَا أَعْظَمَ ثَمَرَتَهُ وَأَجَلَّ فَائِدَتَهُ، وَلِلَّهِ مَا نَالَ بِهِ الثَّلَاثَةُ مِنْ أَنْوَاعِ الْمَسَرَّاتِ وَحَلَاوَةِ الرِّضَا وَخِلَعِ الْقَبُولِ قال ابن القيم رحمه الله أيضا: وَمِنْهَا: تَوْفِيقُ اللَّهِ لكعب وَصَاحِبَيْهِ فِيمَا جَاءُوا بِهِ مِنَ الصِّدْقِ  ، وَلَمْ يَخْذُلْهُمْ حَتَّى كَذَبُوا وَاعْتَذَرُوا بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ، فَصَلُحَتْ عَاجِلَتُهُمْ وَفَسَدَتْ عَاقِبَتُهُمْ كُلَّ الْفَسَادِ، وَالصَّادِقُونَ تَعِبُوا فِي الْعَاجِلَةِ بَعْضَ التَّعَبِ فَأَعْقَبَهُمْ صَلَاحَ الْعَاقِبَةِ وَالْفَلَاحَ كُلَّ الْفَلَاحِ، وَعَلَى هَذَا قَامَتِ الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةُ، فَمَرَارَاتُ الْمُبَادِي حَلَاوَاتٌ فِي الْعَوَاقِبِ، وَحَلَاوَاتُ الْمُبَادِي مَرَارَاتٌ فِي الْعَوَاقِبِ. وَقَوْلُ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ لكعب: ( أَمَّا هَذَا فَقَدْ صَدَقَ )، دَلِيلٌ ظَاهِرٌ فِي التَّمَسُّكِ بِمَفْهُومِ اللَّقَبِ عِنْدَ قِيَامِ قَرِينَةٍ تَقْتَضِي تَخْصِيصَ الْمَذْكُورِ بِالْحُكْمِ، كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ( وَدَاوُدَ وَسُلَيْمَانَ إِذْ يَحْكُمَانِ فِي الْحَرْثِ إِذْ نَفَشَتْ فِيهِ غَنَمُ الْقَوْمِ وَكُنَّا لِحُكْمِهِمْ شَاهِدِينَ فَفَهَّمْنَاهَا سُلَيْمَانَ ) [ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ: 78 و 79 ]، وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ: ( جُعِلَتْ لِيَ الْأَرْضُ مَسْجِدًا وَتُرْبَتُهَا طَهُورًا )، وَقَوْلُهُ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ: ( أَمَّا هَذَا فَقَدْ صَدَقَ )، وَهَذَا مِمَّا لَا يَشُكُّ السَّامِعُ أَنَّ الْمُتَكَلِّمَ قَصَدَ تَخْصِيصَهُ بِالْحُكْمِ. وَقَوْلُ كعب: هَلْ لَقِيَ هَذَا مَعِي أَحَدٌ ؟ فَقَالُوا: نَعَمْ، مرارة بن الربيع، وهلال بن أمية، فِيهِ أَنَّ الرَّجُلَ يَنْبَغِي لَهُ أَنْ يَرُدَّ حَرَّ الْمُصِيبَةِ بِرُوحِ التَّأَسِّي بِمَنْ لَقِيَ مِثْلَ مَا لَقِيَ  ، وَقَدْ أَرْشَدَ سُبْحَانَهُ إِلَى ذَلِكَ بِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ( وَلَا تَهِنُوا فِي ابْتِغَاءِ الْقَوْمِ إِنْ تَكُونُوا تَأْلَمُونَ فَإِنَّهُمْ يَأْلَمُونَ كَمَا تَأْلَمُونَ وَتَرْجُونَ مِنَ اللَّهِ مَا لَا يَرْجُونَ ) [ النِّسَاءِ: 104 ]، وَهَذَا هُوَ الرَّوْحُ الَّذِي مَنَعَهُ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ أَهْلَ النَّارِ فِيهَا بِقَوْلِهِ: ( وَلَنْ يَنْفَعَكُمُ الْيَوْمَ إِذْ ظَلَمْتُمْ أَنَّكُمْ فِي الْعَذَابِ مُشْتَرِكُونَ ) [ الزُّخْرُفِ: 39 ]. وَقَوْلُهُ: " فَذَكَرُوا لِي رَجُلَيْنِ صَالِحَيْنِ قَدْ شَهِدَا بَدْرًا لِي فِيهِمَا أُسْوَةٌ ". هَذَا الْمَوْضِعُ مِمَّا عُدَّ مِنْ أَوْهَامِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُحْفَظُ عَنْ أَحَدٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَغَازِي وَالسِّيَرِ الْبَتَّةَ ذِكْرُ هَذَيْنِ الرَّجُلَيْنِ فِي أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ، لَا ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، وَلَا مُوسَى بْنُ عُقْبَةَ وَلَا الأموي، وَلَا الْوَاقِدِيُّ، وَلَا أَحَدٌ مِمَّنْ عَدَّ أَهْلَ بَدْرٍ، وَكَذَلِكَ يَنْبَغِي أَلَّا يَكُونَا مِنْ أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ، فَإِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ لَمْ يَهْجُرْ حاطبا، وَلَا عَاقَبَهُ وَقَدْ جَسَّ عَلَيْهِ، وَقَالَ لعمر لَمَّا هَمَّ بِقَتْلِهِ: ( وَمَا يُدْرِيكَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ اطَّلَعَ عَلَى أَهْلِ بَدْرٍ، فَقَالَ: اعْمَلُوا مَا شِئْتُمْ فَقَدْ غَفَرْتُ لَكُمْ )، وَأَيْنَ ذَنْبُ التَّخَلُّفِ مِنْ ذَنْبِ الْجَسِّ. قَالَ أَبُو الْفَرَجِ بْنُ الْجَوْزِيِّ: وَلَمْ أَزَلْ حَرِيصًا عَلَى كَشْفِ ذَلِكَ وَتَحْقِيقِهِ حَتَّى رَأَيْتُ أَبَا بَكْرٍ الْأَثْرَمَ قَدْ ذَكَرَ الزُّهْرِيَّ، وَذَكَرَ فَضْلَهُ وَحِفْظَهُ وَإِتْقَانَهُ، وَأَنَّهُ لَا يَكَادُ يُحْفَظُ عَلَيْهِ غَلَطٌ إِلَّا فِي هَذَا الْمَوْضِعِ، فَإِنَّهُ قَالَ: إِنَّ مرارة بن الربيع، وهلال بن أمية شَهِدَا بَدْرًا، وَهَذَا لَمْ يَقُلْهُ أَحَدٌ غَيْرُهُ، وَالْغَلَطُ لَا يُعْصَمُ مِنْهُ إِنْسَانٌ. فائدة حول نهي النبي ﷺ عن كلام الثلاثة من بين من تخلفوا عن الغزوة فَصْلٌ وَفِي نَهْيِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ عَنْ كَلَامِ هَؤُلَاءِ الثَّلَاثَةِ مِنْ بَيْنِ سَائِرِ مَنْ تَخَلَّفَ عَنْهُ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى صِدْقِهِمْ وَكَذِبِ الْبَاقِينَ، فَأَرَادَ هَجْرَ الصَّادِقِينَ وَتَأْدِيبَهُمْ عَلَى هَذَا الذَّنْبِ، وَأَمَّا الْمُنَافِقُونَ فَجُرْمُهُمْ أَعْظَمُ مِنْ أَنْ يُقَابَلَ بِالْهَجْرِ، فَدَوَاءُ هَذَا الْمَرَضِ لَا يَعْمَلُ فِي مَرَضِ النِّفَاقِ، وَلَا فَائِدَةَ فِيهِ، وَهَكَذَا يَفْعَلُ الرَّبُّ سُبْحَانَهُ بِعِبَادِهِ فِي عُقُوبَاتِ جَرَائِمِهِمْ، فَيُؤَدِّبُ عَبْدَهُ الْمُؤْمِنَ الَّذِي يُحِبُّهُ وَهُوَ كَرِيمٌ عِنْدَهُ بِأَدْنَى زَلَّةٍ وَهَفْوَةٍ، فَلَا يَزَالُ مُسْتَيْقِظًا حَذِرًا، وَأَمَّا مَنْ سَقَطَ مِنْ عَيْنِهِ وَهَانَ عَلَيْهِ، فَإِنَّهُ يُخَلِّي بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ مَعَاصِيهِ، وَكُلَّمَا أَحْدَثَ ذَنْبًا أَحْدَثَ لَهُ نِعْمَةً، وَالْمَغْرُورُ يَظُنُّ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ مِنْ كَرَامَتِهِ عَلَيْهِ، وَلَا يَعْلَمُ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ عَيْنُ الْإِهَانَةِ، وَأَنَّهُ يُرِيدُ بِهِ الْعَذَابَ الشَّدِيدَ وَالْعُقُوبَةَ الَّتِي لَا عَاقِبَةَ مَعَهَا، كَمَا فِي الْحَدِيثِ الْمَشْهُورِ: ( إِذَا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ بِعَبْدٍ خَيْرًا عَجَّلَ لَهُ عُقُوبَتَهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا، وَإِذَا أَرَادَ بِعَبْدٍ شَرًّا أَمْسَكَ عَنْهُ عُقُوبَتَهُ فِي الدُّنْيَا، فَيَرِدُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ بِذُنُوبِهِ ). وَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ أَيْضًا عَلَى هِجْرَانِ الْإِمَامِ وَالْعَالِمِ وَالْمُطَاعِ لِمَنْ فَعَلَ مَا يَسْتَوْجِبُ الْعَتْبَ  ، وَيَكُونُ هِجْرَانُهُ دَوَاءً لَهُ بِحَيْثُ لَا يَضْعُفُ عَنْ حُصُولِ الشِّفَاءِ بِهِ، وَلَا يَزِيدُ فِي الْكَمِّيَّةِ وَالْكَيْفِيَّةِ عَلَيْهِ فَيُهْلِكَهُ، إِذِ الْمُرَادُ تَأْدِيبُهُ لَا إِتْلَافُهُ. وَقَوْلُهُ: ( حَتَّى تَنَكَّرَتْ لِيَ الْأَرْضُ، فَمَا هِيَ بِالَّتِي أَعْرِفُ )، هَذَا التَّنَكُّرُ يَجِدُهُ الْخَائِفُ وَالْحَزِينُ وَالْمَهْمُومُ فِي الْأَرْضِ، وَفِي الشَّجَرِ وَالنَّبَاتِ، حَتَّى يَجِدَهُ فِيمَنْ لَا يَعْلَمُ حَالَهُ مِنَ النَّاسِ، وَيَجِدُهُ أَيْضًا الْمُذْنِبُ الْعَاصِي بِحَسَبِ جُرْمِهِ حَتَّى فِي خُلُقِ زَوْجَتِهِ وَوَلَدِهِ، وَخَادِمِهِ وَدَابَّتِهِ، وَيَجِدُهُ فِي نَفْسِهِ أَيْضًا، فَتَتَنَكَّرُ لَهُ نَفْسُهُ حَتَّى مَا كَأَنَّهُ هُوَ، وَلَا كَأَنَّ أَهْلَهُ وَأَصْحَابَهُ، وَمَنْ يُشْفِقُ عَلَيْهِ بِالَّذِينَ يَعْرِفُهُمْ، وَهَذَا سِرٌّ مِنَ اللَّهِ لَا يَخْفَى إِلَّا عَلَى مَنْ هُوَ مَيِّتُ الْقَلْبِ، وَعَلَى حَسَبِ حَيَاةِ الْقَلْبِ، يَكُونُ إِدْرَاكُ هَذَا التَّنَكُّرِ وَالْوَحْشَةِ. وَمَا لِجُرْحٍ بِمَيِّتٍ إِيلَامُ وَمِنَ الْمَعْلُومِ أَنَّ هَذَا التَّنَكُّرَ وَالْوَحْشَةَ كَانَا لِأَهْلِ النِّفَاقِ أَعْظَمَ، وَلَكِنْ لِمَوْتِ قُلُوبِهِمْ لَمْ يَكُونُوا يَشْعُرُونَ بِهِ، وَهَكَذَا الْقَلْبُ إِذَا اسْتَحْكَمَ مَرَضُهُ، وَاشْتَدَّ أَلَمُهُ بِالذُّنُوبِ وَالْإِجْرَامِ، لَمْ يَجِدْ هَذِهِ الْوَحْشَةَ وَالتَّنَكُّرَ، وَلَمْ يُحِسَّ بِهَا، وَهَذِهِ عَلَامَةُ الشَّقَاوَةِ، وَأَنَّهُ قَدْ أَيِسَ مِنْ عَافِيَةِ هَذَا الْمَرَضِ، وَأَعْيَا الْأَطِبَّاءَ شِفَاؤُهُ، وَالْخَوْفُ وَالْهَمُّ مَعَ الرِّيبَةِ، وَالْأَمْنُ وَالسُّرُورُ مَعَ الْبَرَاءَةِ مِنَ الذَّنْبِ. فَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ أَشْجَعُ مِنْ بَرِيءٍ     وَلَا فِي الْأَرْضِ أَخْوَفُ مِنْ مُرِيبِ وَهَذَا الْقَدْرُ قَدْ يَنْتَفِعُ بِهِ الْمُؤْمِنُ الْبَصِيرُ إِذَا ابْتُلِيَ بِهِ ثُمَّ رَاجَعَ، فَإِنَّهُ يَنْتَفِعُ بِهِ نَفْعًا عَظِيمًا مِنْ وُجُوهٍ عَدِيدَةٍ تَفُوتُ الْحَصْرَ، وَلَوْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مِنْهَا إِلَّا اسْتِثْمَارُهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ أَعْلَامَ النُّبُوَّةِ، وَذَوْقُهُ نَفْسَ مَا أَخْبَرَ بِهِ الرَّسُولُ فَيَصِيرُ تَصْدِيقُهُ ضَرُورِيًّا عِنْدَهُ، وَيَصِيرُ مَا نَالَهُ مِنَ الشَّرِّ بِمَعَاصِيهِ، وَمِنَ الْخَيْرِ بِطَاعَاتِهِ مِنْ أَدِلَّةِ صِدْقِ النُّبُوَّةِ الذَّوْقِيَّةِ الَّتِي لَا تَتَطَرَّقُ إِلَيْهَا الِاحْتِمَالَاتُ، وَهَذَا كَمَنْ أَخْبَرَكَ أَنَّ فِي هَذِهِ الطَّرِيقِ مِنَ الْمَعَاطِبِ وَالْمَخَاوِفِ كَيْتَ وَكَيْتَ عَلَى التَّفْصِيلِ، فَخَالَفْتَهُ وَسَلَكْتَهَا، فَرَأَيْتَ عَيْنَ مَا أَخْبَرَكَ بِهِ، فَإِنَّكَ تَشْهَدُ صِدْقَهُ فِي نَفْسِ خِلَافِكَ لَهُ، وَأَمَّا إِذَا سَلَكْتَ طَرِيقَ الْأَمْنِ وَحْدَهَا، وَلَمْ تَجِدْ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْمَخَاوِفِ شَيْئًا، فَإِنَّهُ وَإِنْ شَهِدَ صِدْقَ الْمُخْبِرِ بِمَا نَالَهُ مِنَ الْخَيْرِ وَالظَّفَرِ مُفَصَّلًا، فَإِنَّ عِلْمَهُ بِتِلْكَ يَكُونُ مُجْمَلًا. فائدة في أن هجران المسلمين للرجل عذر يبيح التخلف عن الجماعة قال ابن القيم رحمه الله تعالى: أَنَّ هلال بن أمية، ومرارة قَعَدَا فِي بُيُوتِهِمَا، وَكَانَا يُصَلِّيَانِ فِي بُيُوتِهِمَا، وَلَا يَحْضُرَانِ الْجَمَاعَةَ، وَهَذَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّ هِجْرَانَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ لِلرَّجُلِ عُذْرٌ يُبِيحُ لَهُ التَّخَلُّفَ عَنِ الْجَمَاعَةِ  ، أَوْ يُقَالُ: مِنْ تَمَامِ هِجْرَانِهِ أَنْ لَا يَحْضُرَ جَمَاعَةَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، لَكِنْ يُقَالُ: فكعب كَانَ يَحْضُرُ الْجَمَاعَةَ وَلَمْ يَمْنَعْهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ، وَلَا عَتَبَ عَلَيْهِمَا عَلَى التَّخَلُّفِ، وَعَلَى هَذَا فَيُقَالُ: لَمَّا أُمِرَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بِهَجْرِهِمْ تَرَكُوا: لَمْ يُؤْمَرُوا وَلَمْ يُنْهَوْا وَلَمْ يُكَلَّمُوا، فَكَانَ مَنْ حَضَرَ مِنْهُمُ الْجَمَاعَةَ لَمْ يُمْنَعْ، وَمَنْ تَرَكَهَا لَمْ يُكَلَّمْ، أَوْ يُقَالُ: لَعَلَّهُمَا ضَعُفَا وَعَجَزَا عَنِ الْخُرُوجِ، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ كعب: وَكُنْتُ أَنَا أَجْلَدَ الْقَوْمِ وَأَشَبَّهُمْ، فَكُنْتُ أَخْرُجُ فَأَشْهَدُ الصَّلَاةَ مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. فائدة حول رد السلام على من يستحق الهجران وَقَوْلُهُ: وَآتِي رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأُسَلِّمُ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ فِي مَجْلِسِهِ بَعْدَ الصَّلَاةِ، فَأَقُولُ: هَلْ حَرَّكَ شَفَتَيْهِ بِرَدِّ السَّلَامِ عَلَيَّ أَمْ لَا ؟ فِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ الرَّدَّ عَلَى مَنْ يَسْتَحِقُّ الْهَجْرَ  غَيْرُ وَاجِبٍ، إِذْ لَوْ وَجَبَ الرَّدُّ لَمْ يَكُنْ بُدٌّ مِنْ إِسْمَاعِهِ. دخول الإنسان دار جاره إذا علم رضاه وإن لم يستأذنه وَقَوْلُهُ: حَتَّى إِذَا طَالَ ذَلِكَ عَلَيَّ، تَسَوَّرْتُ جِدَارَ حَائِطِ أبي قتادة، فِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى دُخُولِ الْإِنْسَانِ دَارَ صَاحِبِهِ وَجَارِهِ إِذَا عَلِمَ رِضَاهُ بِذَلِكَ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَسْتَأْذِنْهُ  . فائدة حول ما يعد كلاما وما لا يعد كلام فِي قَوْلِ أبي قتادة لَهُ: اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ أَعْلَمُ، دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ هَذَا لَيْسَ بِخِطَابٍ وَلَا كَلَامٍ لَهُ، فَلَوْ حَلَفَ لَا يُكَلِّمُهُ، فَقَالَ مِثْلَ هَذَا الْكَلَامِ جَوَابًا لَهُ لَمْ يَحْنَثْ، وَلَا سِيَّمَا إِذَا لَمْ يَنْوِ بِهِ مُكَالَمَتَهُ، وَهُوَ الظَّاهِرُ مِنْ حَالِ أبي قتادة. وَفِي إِشَارَةِ النَّاسِ إِلَى النَّبَطِيِّ - الَّذِي كَانَ يَقُولُ: مَنْ يَدُلُّ عَلَى كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ ؟ - دُونَ نُطْقِهِمْ لَهُ تَحْقِيقٌ لِمَقْصُودِ الْهَجْرِ، وَإِلَّا فَلَوْ قَالُوا لَهُ صَرِيحًا: ذَاكَ كَعْبُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ، لَمْ يَكُنْ ذَلِكَ كَلَامًا لَهُ، فَلَا يَكُونُونَ بِهِ مُخَالِفِينَ لِلنَّهْيِ، وَلَكِنْ لِفَرْطِ تَحَرِّيهِمْ وَتَمَسُّكِهِمْ بِالْأَمْرِ لَمْ يَذْكُرُوهُ لَهُ بِصَرِيحِ اسْمِهِ. وَقَدْ يُقَالُ: إِنَّ فِي الْحَدِيثِ عَنْهُ بِحَضْرَتِهِ وَهُوَ يَسْمَعُ نَوْعَ مُكَالَمَةٍ لَهُ، وَلَا سِيَّمَا إِذَا جَعَلَ ذَلِكَ ذَرِيعَةً إِلَى الْمَقْصُودِ بِكَلَامِهِ، وَهِيَ ذَرِيعَةٌ قَرِيبَةٌ، فَالْمَنْعُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنْ بَابِ مَنْعِ الْحِيَلِ وَسَدِّ الذَّرَائِعِ، وَهَذَا أَفْقَهُ وَأَحْسَنُ. بيان فضل كعب وصلابة دينه رغم الابتلاء والامتحان وَفِي مُكَاتَبَةِ مَلِكِ غَسَّانَ لَهُ بِالْمَصِيرِ إِلَيْهِ ابْتِلَاءٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، وَامْتِحَانٌ لِإِيمَانِهِ وَمَحَبَّتِهِ لِلَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ، وَإِظْهَارٌ لِلصَّحَابَةِ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ مِمَّنْ ضَعُفَ إِيمَانُهُ بِهَجْرِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَالْمُسْلِمِينَ لَهُ، وَلَا هُوَ مِمَّنْ تَحْمِلُهُ الرَّغْبَةُ فِي الْجَاهِ وَالْمُلْكِ مَعَ هِجْرَانِ الرَّسُولِ وَالْمُؤْمِنِينَ لَهُ عَلَى مُفَارَقَةِ دِينِهِ، فَهَذَا فِيهِ مِنْ تَبْرِئَةِ اللَّهِ لَهُ مِنَ النِّفَاقِ وَإِظْهَارِ قُوَّةِ إِيمَانِهِ، وَصِدْقِهِ لِرَسُولِهِ وَلِلْمُسْلِمِينَ مَا هُوَ مِنْ تَمَامِ نِعْمَةِ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ، وَلُطْفِهِ بِهِ وَجَبْرِهِ لِكَسْرِهِ، وَهَذَا الْبَلَاءُ يُظْهِرُ لُبَّ الرَّجُلِ وَسِرَّهُ وَمَا يَنْطَوِي عَلَيْهِ، فَهُوَ كَالْكِيرِ الَّذِي يُخْرِجُ الْخَبِيثَ مِنَ الطَّيِّبِ. وَقَوْلُهُ: فَتَيَمَّمْتُ بِالصَّحِيفَةِ التَّنُّورَ، فِيهِ الْمُبَادَرَةُ إِلَى إِتْلَافِ مَا يُخْشَى مِنْهُ الْفَسَادُ وَالْمَضَرَّةُ فِي الدِّينِ  ، وَأَنَّ الْحَازِمَ لَا يَنْتَظِرُ بِهِ وَلَا يُؤَخِّرُهُ، وَهَذَا كَالْعَصِيرِ إِذَا تَخَمَّرَ، وَكَالْكِتَابِ الَّذِي يُخْشَى مِنْهُ الضَّرَرُ وَالشَّرُّ، فَالْحَزْمُ الْمُبَادَرَةُ إِلَى إِتْلَافِهِ وَإِعْدَامِهِ. وَكَانَتْ غَسَّانُ إِذْ ذَاكَ - وَهُمْ مُلُوكُ عَرَبِ الشَّامِ - حَرْبًا لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ - ﷺ، وَكَانُوا يُنْعِلُونَ خُيُولَهُمْ لِمُحَارَبَتِهِ، وَكَانَ هَذَا ( لَمَّا بَعَثَ شجاع بن وهب الأسدي إِلَى مَلِكِهِمُ الحارث بن أبي شمر الغساني يَدْعُوهُ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، وَكَتَبَ مَعَهُ إِلَيْهِ، قَالَ شجاع: فَانْتَهَيْتُ إِلَيْهِ وَهُوَ فِي غَوْطَةِ دِمَشْقَ، وَهُوَ مَشْغُولٌ بِتَهْيِئَةِ الْأَنْزَالِ وَالْأَلْطَافِ لقيصر، وَهُوَ جَاءٍ مِنْ حِمْصَ إِلَى إِيلِيَاءَ، فَأَقَمْتُ عَلَى بَابِهِ يَوْمَيْنِ أَوْ ثَلَاثَةً، فَقُلْتُ لِحَاجِبِهِ: إِنِّي رَسُولُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: لَا تَصِلُ إِلَيْهِ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ يَوْمَ كَذَا وَكَذَا، وَجَعَلَ حَاجِبُهُ - وَكَانَ رُومِيًّا اسْمُهُ مري - يَسْأَلُنِي عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ - ﷺ، وَكُنْتُ أُحَدِّثُهُ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ - ﷺ، وَمَا يَدْعُو إِلَيْهِ، فَيَرِقُّ حَتَّى يَغْلِبَ عَلَيْهِ الْبُكَاءُ، وَيَقُولُ: إِنِّي قَرَأْتُ الْإِنْجِيلَ فَأَجِدُ صِفَةَ هَذَا النَّبِيِّ بِعَيْنِهِ، فَأَنَا أُؤْمِنُ بِهِ وَأُصَدِّقُهُ فَأَخَافُ مِنَ الحارث أَنْ يَقْتُلَنِي، وَكَانَ يُكْرِمُنِي وَيُحْسِنُ ضِيَافَتِي. وَخَرَجَ الحارث يَوْمًا فَجَلَسَ فَوَضَعَ التَّاجَ عَلَى رَأْسِهِ فَأَذِنَ لِي عَلَيْهِ، فَدَفَعْتُ إِلَيْهِ كِتَابَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَرَأَهُ ثُمَّ رَمَى بِهِ، قَالَ: مَنْ يَنْتَزِعُ مِنِّي مُلْكِي، وَقَالَ: أَنَا سَائِرٌ إِلَيْهِ وَلَوْ كَانَ بِالْيَمَنِ جِئْتُهُ، عَلَيَّ بِالنَّاسِ، فَلَمْ تَزَلْ تُعْرَضُ حَتَّى قَامَ، وَأَمَرَ بِالْخُيُولِ تُنْعَلُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَخْبِرْ صَاحِبَكَ بِمَا تَرَى، وَكَتَبَ إِلَى قيصر يُخْبِرُهُ خَبَرِي وَمَا عَزَمَ عَلَيْهِ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ قيصر: أَنْ لَا تَسِرْ، وَلَا تَعْبُرْ إِلَيْهِ وَالْهُ عَنْهُ، وَوَافِنِي بِإِيلِيَاءَ، فَلَمَّا جَاءَهُ جَوَابُ كِتَابِهِ، دَعَانِي فَقَالَ: مَتَى تُرِيدُ أَنْ تَخْرُجَ إِلَى صَاحِبِكَ ؟ فَقُلْتُ: غَدًا، فَأَمَرَ لِي بِمِائَةِ مِثْقَالٍ ذَهَبًا، وَوَصَلَنِي حَاجِبُهُ بِنَفَقَةٍ وَكُسْوَةٍ، وَقَالَ: اقْرَأْ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنِّي السَّلَامَ، فَقَدِمْتُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ، فَقَالَ: " بَادَ مُلْكُهُ "، وَأَقْرَأْتُهُ مِنْ حَاجِبِهِ السَّلَامَ، وَأَخْبَرْتُهُ بِمَا قَالَ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " صَدَقَ " ): وَمَاتَ الحارث بن أبي شمر عَامَ الْفَتْحِ، فَفِي هَذِهِ الْمُدَّةِ أَرْسَلَ مَلِكُ غَسَّانَ يَدْعُو كعبا إِلَى اللِّحَاقِ بِهِ، فَأَبَتْ لَهُ سَابِقَةُ الْحُسْنَى أَنْ يَرْغَبَ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَدِينِهِ. بيان الحكمة من الأمر باعتزال الثلاثة نساءهم فَصْلٌ فِي أَمْرِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِهَؤُلَاءِ الثَّلَاثَةِ أَنْ يَعْتَزِلُوا نِسَاءَهُمْ لَمَّا مَضَى لَهُمْ أَرْبَعُونَ لَيْلَةً كَالْبِشَارَةِ بِمُقَدِّمَاتِ الْفَرَجِ وَالْفَتْحِ مِنْ وَجْهَيْنِ: أَحَدُهُمَا: كَلَامُهُ لَهُمْ، وَإِرْسَالُهُ إِلَيْهِمْ بَعْدَ أَنْ كَانَ لَا يُكَلِّمُهُمْ بِنَفْسِهِ وَلَا بِرَسُولِهِ. الثَّانِي: مِنْ خُصُوصِيَّةِ أَمْرِهِمْ بِاعْتِزَالِ النِّسَاءِ، وَفِيهِ تَنْبِيهٌ وَإِرْشَادٌ لَهُمْ إِلَى الْجِدِّ وَالِاجْتِهَادِ فِي الْعِبَادَةِ، وَشَدِّ الْمِئْزَرِ، وَاعْتِزَالِ مَحَلِّ اللَّهْوِ وَاللَّذَّةِ وَالتَّعَوُّضِ عَنْهُ بِالْإِقْبَالِ عَلَى الْعِبَادَةِ، وَفِي هَذَا إِيذَانٌ بِقُرْبِ الْفَرَجِ، وَأَنَّهُ قَدْ بَقِيَ مِنَ الْعَتَبِ أَمْرٌ يَسِيرٌ. وَفِقْهُ هَذِهِ الْقِصَّةِ، أَنَّ زَمَنَ الْعِبَادَاتِ يَنْبَغِي فِيهِ تَجَنُّبُ النِّسَاءِ، كَزَمَنِ الْإِحْرَامِ، وَزَمَنِ الِاعْتِكَافِ، وَزَمَنِ الصِّيَامِ، فَأَرَادَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنْ يَكُونَ آخِرُ هَذِهِ الْمُدَّةِ فِي حَقِّ هَؤُلَاءِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ أَيَّامِ الْإِحْرَامِ وَالصِّيَامِ فِي تَوَفُّرِهَا عَلَى الْعِبَادَةِ، وَلَمْ يَأْمُرْهُمْ بِذَلِكَ مِنْ أَوَّلِ الْمُدَّةِ رَحْمَةً بِهِمْ وَشَفَقَةً عَلَيْهِمْ، إِذْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَضْعُفُ صَبْرُهُمْ عَنْ نِسَائِهِمْ فِي جَمِيعِهَا، فَكَانَ مِنَ اللُّطْفِ بِهِمْ وَالرَّحْمَةِ أَنْ أُمِرُوا بِذَلِكَ فِي آخِرِ الْمُدَّةِ، كَمَا يُؤْمَرُ بِهِ الْحَاجُّ مِنْ حِينِ يُحْرِمُ، لَا مِنْ حِينِ يَعْزِمُ عَلَى الْحَجِّ. وَقَوْلُ كعب لِامْرَأَتِهِ: الْحَقِي بِأَهْلِكِ  ، دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَقَعْ بِهَذِهِ اللَّفْظَةِ وَأَمْثَالِهَا طَلَاقٌ مَا لَمْ يَنْوِهِ. وَالصَّحِيحُ أنَّ لَفْظَ الطَّلَاقِ وَالْعَتَاقِ وَالْحُرِّيَّةِ  كَذَلِكَ إِذَا أَرَادَ بِهِ غَيْرَ تَسْيِيبِ الزَّوْجَةِ، وَإِخْرَاجِ الرَّقِيقِ عَنْ مُلْكِهِ، لَا يَقَعُ بِهِ طَلَاقٌ وَلَا عَتَاقٌ، هَذَا هُوَ الصَّوَابُ الَّذِي نَدِينُ اللَّهَ بِهِ، وَلَا نَرْتَابُ فِيهِ الْبَتَّةَ. فَإِذَا قِيلَ لَهُ: إِنَّ غُلَامَكَ فَاجِرٌ أَوْ جَارِيَتُكَ تَزْنِي، فَقَالَ: لَيْسَ كَذَلِكَ، بَلْ هُوَ غُلَامٌ عَفِيفٌ حُرٌّ، وَجَارِيَةٌ عَفِيفَةٌ حُرَّةٌ، وَلَمْ يُرِدْ بِذَلِكَ حُرِّيَّةَ الْعِتْقِ، وَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ حُرِّيَّةَ الْعِفَّةِ، فَإِنَّ جَارِيَتَهُ وَعَبْدَهُ لَا يُعْتَقَانِ بِهَذَا أَبَدًا، وَكَذَا إِذَا قِيلَ لَهُ: كَمْ لِغُلَامِكَ عِنْدَكَ سَنَةً ؟ فَقَالَ هُوَ عَتِيقٌ عِنْدِي، وَأَرَادَ قِدَمَ مُلْكِهِ لَهُ، لَمْ يُعْتَقْ بِذَلِكَ، وَكَذَلِكَ إِذَا ضَرَبَ امْرَأَتَهُ الطَّلْقُ، فَسُئِلَ عَنْهَا، فَقَالَ: هِيَ طَالِقٌ، وَلَمْ يَخْطِرْ بِقَلْبِهِ إِيقَاعُ الطَّلَاقِ  ، وَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ أَنَّهَا فِي طَلْقِ الْوِلَادَةِ لَمْ تُطَلَّقْ بِهَذَا، وَلَيْسَتْ هَذِهِ الْأَلْفَاظُ مَعَ هَذِهِ الْقَرَائِنِ صَرِيحَةٌ إِلَّا فِيمَا أُرِيدَ بِهَا وَدَلَّ السِّيَاقُ عَلَيْهَا، فَدَعْوَى أَنَّهَا صَرِيحَةٌ فِي الْعَتَاقِ وَالطَّلَاقِ مَعَ هَذِهِ الْقَرَائِنِ مُكَابَرَةٌ، وَدَعْوَى بَاطِلَةٌ قَطْعًا. السجود عند البشرى فَصْلٌ وَفِي سُجُودِ كعب حِينَ سَمِعَ صَوْتَ الْمُبَشِّرِ دَلِيلٌ ظَاهِرٌ أَنَّ تِلْكَ كَانَتْ عَادَةَ الصَّحَابَةِ، وَهِيَ سُجُودُ الشُّكْرِ  عِنْدَ النِّعَمِ الْمُتَجَدِّدَةِ وَالنِّقَمِ الْمُنْدَفِعَةِ، وَقَدْ سَجَدَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ لَمَّا جَاءَهُ قَتْلُ مسيلمة الكذاب، وَسَجَدَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ لَمَّا وَجَدَ ذَا الثُّدَيَّةِ مَقْتُولًا فِي الْخَوَارِجِ، وَسَجَدَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِينَ بَشَّرَهُ جِبْرِيلُ أَنَّهُ مَنْ صَلَّى عَلَيْهِ مَرَّةً صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ بِهَا عَشْرًا، وَسَجَدَ حِينَ شَفَعَ لِأُمَّتِهِ فَشَفَّعَهُ اللَّهُ فِيهِمْ ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ، وَأَتَاهُ بَشِيرٌ فَبَشَّرَهُ بِظَفَرِ جُنْدٍ لَهُ عَلَى عَدُوِّهِمْ وَرَأْسُهُ فِي حِجْرِ عائشة، فَقَامَ فَخَرَّ سَاجِدًا، وَقَالَ أبو بكرة: كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ إِذَا أَتَاهُ أَمْرٌ يَسُرُّهُ خَرَّ لِلَّهِ سَاجِدًا  ، وَهِيَ آثَارٌ صَحِيحَةٌ لَا مَطْعَنَ فِيهَا. بيان تنافس الصحابة في مسرة بعضهم بعضا واستحباب مكافأة المبشر وتهنئة من تجددت له نعمة دينية أو دنيوية وَفِي اسْتِبَاقِ صَاحِبِ الْفَرَسِ وَالرَّاقِي عَلَى سِلَعٍ لِيُبَشِّرَا كعبا دَلِيلٌ عَلَى حِرْصِ الْقَوْمِ عَلَى الْخَيْرِ، وَاسْتِبَاقِهِمْ إِلَيْهِ، وَتَنَافُسِهِمْ فِي مَسَرَّةِ بَعْضِهِمْ بَعْضًا. وَفِي نَزْعِ كعب ثَوْبَيْهِ وَإِعْطَائِهِمَا لِلْبَشِيرِ، دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ إِعْطَاءَ الْمُبَشِّرِينَ مِنْ مَكَارِمِ الْأَخْلَاقِ وَالشِّيَمِ وَعَادَةِ الْأَشْرَافِ، وَقَدْ أَعْتَقَ العباس غُلَامَهُ لَمَّا بَشَّرَهُ أَنَّ عِنْدَ الحجاج بن علاط مِنَ الْخَبَرِ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَا يَسُرُّهُ. وَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى جَوَازِ إِعْطَاءِ الْبَشِيرِ جَمِيعَ ثِيَابِهِ  . وَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى اسْتِحْبَابِ تَهْنِئَةِ مَنْ تَجَدَّدَتْ لَهُ نِعْمَةٌ دِينِيَّةٌ، وَالْقِيَامِ إِلَيْهِ إِذَا أَقْبَلَ، وَمُصَافَحَتِهِ، فَهَذِهِ سُنَّةٌ مُسْتَحَبَّةٌ، وَهُوَ جَائِزٌ لِمَنْ تَجَدَّدَتْ لَهُ نِعْمَةٌ دُنْيَوِيَّةٌ، وَأَنَّ الْأَوْلَى أَنْ يُقَالَ لَهُ: لِيَهْنِكَ مَا أَعْطَاكَ اللَّهُ، وَمَا مَنَّ اللَّهُ بِهِ عَلَيْكَ، وَنَحْوُ هَذَا الْكَلَامِ، فَإِنَّ فِيهِ تَوْلِيَةَ النِّعْمَةِ رَبَّهَا، وَالدُّعَاءَ لِمَنْ نَالَهَا بِالتَّهَنِّي بِهَا. خير أيام العبد يوم توبته وقبول الله توبته واستحباب الصدقة عند التوبة وَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ خَيْرَ أَيَّامِ الْعَبْدِ عَلَى الْإِطْلَاقِ وَأَفْضَلَهَا يَوْمُ تَوْبَتِهِ إِلَى اللَّهِ  ، وَقَبُولِ اللَّهِ تَوْبَتَهُ، لِقَوْلِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ: أَبْشِرْ بِخَيْرِ يَوْمٍ مَرَّ عَلَيْكَ مُنْذُ وَلَدَتْكَ أُمُّكَ. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَكَيْفَ يَكُونُ هَذَا الْيَوْمُ خَيْرًا مِنْ يَوْمِ إِسْلَامِهِ ؟ قِيلَ: هُوَ مُكَمِّلٌ لِيَوْمِ إِسْلَامِهِ، وَمِنْ تَمَامِهِ، فَيَوْمُ إِسْلَامِهِ بِدَايَةُ سَعَادَتِهِ، وَيَوْمُ تَوْبَتِهِ كَمَالُهَا وَتَمَامُهَا، وَاللَّهُ الْمُسْتَعَانُ. وَفِي سُرُورِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِذَلِكَ وَفَرَحِهِ بِهِ وَاسْتِنَارَةِ وَجْهِهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى مَا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ مِنْ كَمَالِ الشَّفَقَةِ عَلَى الْأُمَّةِ وَالرَّحْمَةِ بِهِمْ وَالرَّأْفَةِ، حَتَّى لَعَلَّ فَرَحَهُ كَانَ أَعْظَمَ مِنْ فَرَحِ كعب وَصَاحِبَيْهِ. وَقَوْلُ كعب: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ مِنْ تَوْبَتِي أَنْ أَنْخَلِعَ مِنْ مَالِي. دَلِيلٌ عَلَى اسْتِحْبَابِ الصَّدَقَةِ عِنْدَ التَّوْبَةِ بِمَا قُدِرَ عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْمَالِ  . وَقَوْلُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ - ﷺ: " أَمْسِكْ عَلَيْكَ بَعْضَ مَالِكَ، فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَكَ )، دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ مَنْ نَذَرَ الصَّدَقَةَ بِكُلِّ مَالِهِ  ، لَمْ يَلْزَمْهُ إِخْرَاجُ جَمِيعِهِ، بَلْ يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَنْ يُبْقِيَ لَهُ مِنْهُ بَقِيَّةً، وَقَدِ اخْتَلَفَتِ الرِّوَايَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ، فَفِي " الصَّحِيحَيْنِ " أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ لَهُ: " أَمْسِكْ عَلَيْكَ بَعْضَ مَالِكَ "، وَلَمْ يُعَيِّنْ لَهُ قَدْرًا، بَلْ أَطْلَقَ، وَوَكَلَهُ إِلَى اجْتِهَادِهِ فِي قَدْرِ الْكِفَايَةِ، وَهَذَا هُوَ الصَّحِيحُ، فَإِنَّ مَا نَقَصَ عَنْ كِفَايَتِهِ وَكِفَايَةِ أَهْلِهِ لَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ التَّصَدُّقُ بِهِ، فَنَذْرُهُ لَا يَكُونُ طَاعَةً، فَلَا يَجِبُ الْوَفَاءُ بِهِ، وَمَا زَادَ عَلَى قَدْرِ كِفَايَتِهِ وَحَاجَتِهِ، فَإِخْرَاجُهُ وَالصَّدَقَةُ بِهِ أَفْضَلُ، فَيَجِبُ إِخْرَاجُهُ إِذَا نَذَرَهُ، هَذَا قِيَاسُ الْمَذْهَبِ، وَمُقْتَضَى قَوَاعِدِ الشَّرِيعَةِ، وَلِهَذَا تُقَدَّمُ كِفَايَةُ الرَّجُلِ، وَكِفَايَةُ أَهْلِهِ عَلَى أَدَاءِ الْوَاجِبَاتِ الْمَالِيَّةِ، سَوَاءٌ كَانَتْ حَقًّا لِلَّهِ كَالْكَفَّارَاتِ وَالْحَجِّ، أَوْ حَقًّا لِلْآدَمِيِّينَ كَأَدَاءِ الدُّيُونِ، فَإِنَّا نَتْرُكُ لِلْمُفْلِسِ مَا لَا بُدَّ مِنْهُ مِنْ مَسْكَنٍ وَخَادِمٍ وَكُسْوَةٍ وَآلَةِ حِرْفَةٍ، أَوْ مَا يَتَّجِرُ بِهِ لِمُؤْنَتِهِ إِنْ فُقِدَتِ الْحِرْفَةُ، وَيَكُونُ حَقُّ الْغُرَمَاءِ فِيمَا بَقِيَ. وَقَدْ نَصَّ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ عَلَى أَنَّ مَنْ نَذَرَ الصَّدَقَةَ بِمَالِهِ كُلِّهِ أَجْزَاهُ ثُلُثُهُ، وَاحْتَجَّ لَهُ أَصْحَابُهُ بِمَا رُوِيَ فِي قِصَّةِ كعب هَذِهِ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ! إِنَّ مِنْ تَوْبَتِي إِلَى اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ أَنْ أُخْرِجَ مِنْ مَالِي كُلِّهِ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ صَدَقَةً، قَالَ: " لَا "، قُلْتُ: فَنِصْفُهُ ؟ قَالَ: " لَا "، قُلْتُ: فَثُلُثُهُ، قَالَ: " نَعَمْ "، قُلْتُ: فَإِنِّي أُمْسِكُ سَهْمِيَ الَّذِي بِخَيْبَرَ، رَوَاهُ أبو داود. وَفِي ثُبُوتِ هَذَا مَا فِيهِ، فَإِنَّ الصَّحِيحَ فِي قِصَّةِ كعب هَذِهِ مَا رَوَاهُ أَصْحَابُ الصَّحِيحِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ الزُّهْرِيِّ، عَنْ وَلَدِ كَعْبِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ عَنْهُ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: " أَمْسِكْ عَلَيْكَ بَعْضَ مَالِكَ " مِنْ غَيْرِ تَعْيِينٍ لِقَدْرِهِ، وَهُمْ أَعْلَمُ بِالْقِصَّةِ مِنْ غَيْرِهِمْ، فَإِنَّهُمْ وَلَدُهُ، وَعَنْهُ نَقَلُوهَا. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَمَا تَقُولُونَ فِيمَا رَوَاهُ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ فِي " مُسْنَدِهِ " أَنَّ أبا لبابة بن عبد المنذر لَمَّا تَابَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ، قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ! إِنَّ مِنْ تَوْبَتِي أَنْ أَهْجُرَ دَارَ قَوْمِي وَأُسَاكِنَكَ، وَأَنْ أَنْخَلِعَ مِنْ مَالِي صَدَقَةً لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَلِرَسُولِهِ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " يُجْزِئُ عَنْكَ الثُّلُثُ ). قِيلَ: هَذَا هُوَ الَّذِي احْتَجَّ بِهِ أحمد، لَا بِحَدِيثِ كعب، فَإِنَّهُ قَالَ فِي رِوَايَةِ ابْنِهِ عبد الله: إِذَا نَذَرَ أَنْ يَتَصَدَّقَ بِمَالِهِ كُلِّهِ أَوْ بِبَعْضِهِ، وَعَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ أَكْثَرُ مِمَّا يَمْلِكُهُ، فَالَّذِي أَذْهَبُ إِلَيْهِ أَنَّهُ يُجْزِئُهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الثُّلُثُ؛ لِأَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ أَمَرَ أبا لبابة بِالثُّلُثِ، وأحمد أَعْلَمُ بِالْحَدِيثِ أَنْ يَحْتَجَّ بِحَدِيثِ كعب هَذَا الَّذِي فِيهِ ذِكْرُ الثُّلُثِ، إِذِ الْمَحْفُوظُ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ " أَمْسِكْ عَلَيْكَ بَعْضَ مَالِكَ "، وَكَأَنَّ أحمد رَأَى تَقْيِيدَ إِطْلَاقِ حَدِيثِ كعب هَذَا بِحَدِيثِ أبي لبابة. وَقَوْلُهُ فِيمَنْ نَذَرَ أَنْ يَتَصَدَّقَ بِمَالِهِ كُلِّهِ أَوْ بِبَعْضِهِ وَعَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ يَسْتَغْرِقُهُ  : إِنَّهُ يُجْزِئُهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الثُّلُثُ، دَلِيلٌ عَلَى انْعِقَادِ نَذْرِهِ، وَعَلَيْهِ دَيْنٌ يَسْتَغْرِقُ مَالَهُ، ثُمَّ إِذَا قَضَى الدَّيْنَ أَخْرَجَ مِقْدَارَ ثُلُثِ مَالِهِ يَوْمَ النَّذْرِ، وَهَكَذَا قَالَ فِي رِوَايَةِ ابْنِهِ عبد الله: إِذَا وَهَبَ مَالَهُ، وَقَضَى دَيْنَهُ، وَاسْتَفَادَ غَيْرُهُ، فَإِنَّمَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ إِخْرَاجُ ثُلُثِ مَالِهِ يَوْمَ حِنْثِهِ، يُرِيدُ بِيَوْمِ حِنْثِهِ يَوْمَ نَذْرِهِ، فَيَنْظُرُ قَدْرَ الثُّلُثِ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ، فَيُخْرِجُهُ بَعْدَ قَضَاءِ دَيْنِهِ. وَقَوْلُهُ: أَوْ بِبَعْضِهِ. يُرِيدُ أَنَّهُ إِذَا نَذَرَ الصَّدَقَةَ بِمُعَيَّنٍ مِنْ مَالِهِ، أَوْ بِمِقْدَارٍ كَأَلْفٍ وَنَحْوِهَا  ، فَيُجْزِئُهُ ثُلُثُهُ كَنَذْرِ الصَّدَقَةِ بِجَمِيعِ مَالِهِ، وَالصَّحِيحُ مِنْ مَذْهَبِهِ لُزُومُ الصَّدَقَةِ بِجَمِيعِ الْمُعَيَّنِ. وَفِيهِ رِوَايَةٌ أُخْرَى: أَنَّ الْمُعَيَّنَ إِنْ كَانَ ثُلُثَ مَالِهِ فَمَا دُونَهُ، لَزِمَهُ الصَّدَقَةُ بِجَمِيعِهِ، وَإِنْ زَادَ عَلَى الثُّلُثِ لَزِمَهُ مِنْهُ بِقَدْرِ الثُّلُثِ، وَهِيَ أَصَحُّ عِنْدَ أَبِي الْبَرَكَاتِ. وَبَعْدُ: فَإِنَّ الْحَدِيثَ لَيْسَ فِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ كعبا وأبا لبابة نَذَرَا نَذْرًا مُنَجَّزًا، وَإِنَّمَا قَالَا: إِنَّ مِنْ تَوْبَتِنَا أَنْ نَنْخَلِعَ مِنْ أَمْوَالِنَا، وَهَذَا لَيْسَ بِصَرِيحٍ فِي النَّذْرِ، وَإِنَّمَا فِيهِ الْعَزْمُ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ بِأَمْوَالِهِمَا شُكْرًا لِلَّهِ عَلَى قَبُولِ تَوْبَتِهِمَا، فَأَخْبَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنَّ بَعْضَ الْمَالِ يُجْزِئُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، وَلَا يَحْتَاجَانِ إِلَى إِخْرَاجِهِ كُلِّهِ، وَهَذَا كَمَا قَالَ لسعد وَقَدِ اسْتَأْذَنَهُ أَنْ يُوصِيَ بِمَالِهِ كُلِّهِ، فَأَذِنَ لَهُ فِي قَدْرِ الثُّلُثِ. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: هَذَا يَدْفَعُهُ أَمْرَانِ. أَحَدُهُمَا: قَوْلُهُ: " يُجْزِئُكَ "، وَالْإِجْزَاءُ إِنَّمَا يُسْتَعْمَلُ فِي الْوَاجِبِ، وَالثَّانِي: أَنَّ مَنْعَهُ مِنَ الصَّدَقَةِ بِمَا زَادَ عَلَى الثُّلُثِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِقُرْبَةٍ، إِذِ الشَّارِعُ لَا يَمْنَعُ مِنَ الْقُرَبِ، وَنَذْرُ مَا لَيْسَ بِقُرْبَةٍ  لَا يَلْزَمُ الْوَفَاءُ بِهِ. قِيلَ: أَمَّا قَوْلُهُ: " يُجْزِئُكَ "، فَهُوَ بِمَعْنَى يَكْفِيكَ، فَهُوَ مِنَ الرُّبَاعِيِّ، وَلَيْسَ مِنْ " جَزَى عَنْهُ " إِذَا قَضَى عَنْهُ، يُقَالُ: أَجْزَأَنِي: إِذَا كَفَانِي، وَجَزَى عَنِّي: إِذَا قَضَى عَنِّي، وَهَذَا هُوَ الَّذِي يُسْتَعْمَلُ فِي الْوَاجِبِ، وَمِنْهُ قَوْلُهُ ﷺ لأبي بردة فِي الْأُضْحِيَّةِ: " تَجْزِي عَنْكَ وَلَنْ تَجْزِيَ عَنْ أَحَدٍ بَعْدَكَ "، وَالْكِفَايَةُ تُسْتَعْمَلُ فِي الْوَاجِبِ وَالْمُسْتَحَبِّ. وَأَمَّا مَنْعُهُ مِنَ الصَّدَقَةِ بِمَا زَادَ عَلَى الثُّلُثِ، فَهُوَ إِشَارَةٌ مِنْهُ عَلَيْهِ بِالْأَرْفَقِ بِهِ، وَمَا يَحْصُلُ لَهُ بِهِ مَنْفَعَةُ دِينِهِ وَدُنْيَاهُ، فَإِنَّهُ لَوْ مَكَّنَهُ مِنْ إِخْرَاجِ مَالِهِ كُلِّهِ لَمْ يَصْبِرْ عَلَى الْفَقْرِ وَالْعَدَمِ، كَمَا فَعَلَ بِالَّذِي جَاءَهُ بِالصُّرَّةِ لِيَتَصَدَّقَ بِهَا، فَضَرَبَهُ بِهَا وَلَمْ يَقْبَلْهَا مِنْهُ خَوْفًا عَلَيْهِ مِنَ الْفَقْرِ وَعَدَمِ الصَّبْرِ. وَقَدْ يُقَالُ - وَهُوَ أَرْجَحُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى - إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ عَامَلَ كُلَّ وَاحِدٍ مِمَّنْ أَرَادَ الصَّدَقَةَ بِمَالِهِ بِمَا يَعْلَمُ مِنْ حَالِهِ، فَمَكَّنَ أَبَا بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقَ مِنْ إِخْرَاجِ مَالِهِ كُلِّهِ، وَقَالَ: ( مَا أَبْقَيْتَ لِأَهْلِكَ ؟ " فَقَالَ: أَبْقَيْتُ لَهُمُ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ )، فَلَمْ يُنْكِرْ عَلَيْهِ، ( وَأَقَرَّ عُمَرَ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ بِشَطْرِ مَالِهِ )، وَمَنَعَ صَاحِبَ الصُّرَّةِ مِنَ التَّصَدُّقِ بِهَا، وَقَالَ لِكَعْبٍ: ( أَمْسِكْ عَلَيْكَ بَعْضَ مَالِكَ )، وَهَذَا لَيْسَ فِيهِ تَعْيِينُ الْمُخْرَجِ بِأَنَّهُ الثُّلُثُ، وَيَبْعُدُ جِدًّا بِأَنْ يَكُونَ الْمُمْسَكُ ضِعْفَيِ الْمُخْرَجِ فِي هَذَا اللَّفْظِ، وَقَالَ لأبي لبابة: ( يُجْزِئُكَ الثُّلُثُ )، وَلَا تَنَاقُضَ بَيْنَ هَذِهِ الْأَخْبَارِ، وَعَلَى هَذَا فَمَنْ نَذَرَ الصَّدَقَةَ بِمَالِهِ كُلِّهِ أَمْسَكَ مِنْهُ مَا يَحْتَاجُ إِلَيْهِ هُوَ وَأَهْلُهُ، وَلَا يَحْتَاجُونَ مَعَهُ إِلَى سُؤَالِ النَّاسِ مُدَّةَ حَيَاتِهِمْ مِنْ رَأْسِ مَالٍ أَوْ عَقَارٍ، أَوْ أَرْضٍ يَقُومُ مَغَلُّهَا بِكِفَايَتِهِمْ، وَتَصَدَّقَ بِالْبَاقِي. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَالَ رَبِيعَةُ بْنُ أَبِي عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ: يَتَصَدَّقُ مِنْهُ بِقَدْرِ الزَّكَاةِ، وَيُمْسِكُ الْبَاقِيَ. وَقَالَ جَابِرُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ: إِنْ كَانَ أَلْفَيْنِ فَأَكْثَرَ أَخْرَجَ عُشُرَهُ وَإِنْ كَانَ أَلْفًا، فَمَا دُونَ فَسُبُعَهُ وَإِنْ كَانَ خَمْسَمِائَةٍ فَمَا دُونَ فَخُمُسَهُ. وَقَالَ أبو حنيفة رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ: يَتَصَدَّقُ بِكُلِّ مَالِهِ الَّذِي تَجِبُ فِيهِ الزَّكَاةُ، وَمَا لَا تَجِبُ فِيهِ الزَّكَاةُ، فَفِيهِ رِوَايَتَانِ: أَحَدُهُمَا: يُخْرِجُهُ، وَالثَّانِيَةُ: لَا يَلْزَمُهُ مِنْهُ شَيْءٌ. وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: تَلْزَمُهُ الصَّدَقَةُ بِمَالِهِ كُلِّهِ، وَقَالَ مالك وَالزُّهْرِيُّ وأحمد: يَتَصَدَّقُ بِثُلُثِهِ، وَقَالَتْ طَائِفَةٌ: يَلْزَمُهُ كَفَّارَةُ يَمِينٍ فَقَطْ. بيان ما يستفاد من عظم مقدار الصدق قال ابن القيم رحمه الله تعالى: عِظَمُ مِقْدَارِ الصِّدْقِ  ، وَتَعْلِيقُ سَعَادَةِ الدُّنْيَا وَالْآخِرَةِ، وَالنَّجَاةِ مِنْ شَرِّهِمَا بِهِ، فَمَا أَنْجَى اللَّهُ مَنْ أَنْجَاهُ إِلَّا بِالصِّدْقِ، وَلَا أَهْلَكَ مَنْ أَهْلَكَهُ إِلَّا بِالْكَذِبِ، وَقَدْ أَمَرَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ عِبَادَهُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَنْ يَكُونُوا مَعَ الصَّادِقِينَ، فَقَالَ: ( يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَكُونُوا مَعَ الصَّادِقِينَ ) [ التَّوْبَةِ: 119 ]. وَقَدْ قَسَّمَ سُبْحَانَهُ الْخَلْقَ إِلَى قِسْمَيْنِ: سُعَدَاءَ، وَأَشْقِيَاءَ، فَجَعَلَ السُّعَدَاءَ هُمْ أَهْلَ الصِّدْقِ وَالتَّصْدِيقِ، وَالْأَشْقِيَاءَ هُمْ أَهْلَ الْكَذِبِ وَالتَّكْذِيبِ، وَهُوَ تَقْسِيمٌ حَاصِرٌ مُطَّرِدٌ مُنْعَكِسٌ. فَالسَّعَادَةُ دَائِرَةٌ مَعَ الصِّدْقِ وَالتَّصْدِيقِ، وَالشَّقَاوَةُ دَائِرَةٌ مَعَ الْكَذِبِ وَالتَّكْذِيبِ. وَأَخْبَرَ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى: أَنَّهُ لَا يَنْفَعُ الْعِبَادَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ إِلَّا صِدْقُهُمْ؛ وَجَعَلَ عَلَمَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ الَّذِي تَمَيَّزُوا بِهِ هُوَ الْكَذِبَ فِي أَقْوَالِهِمْ وَأَفْعَالِهِمْ، فَجَمِيعُ مَا نَعَاهُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَصْلُهُ الْكَذِبُ فِي الْقَوْلِ وَالْفِعْلِ، فَالصِّدْقُ بَرِيدُ الْإِيمَانِ وَدَلِيلُهُ وَمَرْكَبُهُ وَسَائِقُهُ وَقَائِدُهُ وَحِلْيَتُهُ وَلِبَاسُهُ، بَلْ هُوَ لُبُّهُ وَرُوحُهُ. وَالْكَذِبُ: بَرِيدُ الْكُفْرِ وَالنِّفَاقِ وَدَلِيلُهُ وَمَرْكَبُهُ وَسَائِقُهُ وَقَائِدُهُ وَحِلْيَتُهُ وَلِبَاسُهُ وَلُبُّهُ، فَمُضَادَّةُ الْكَذِبِ لِلْإِيمَانِ كَمُضَادَّةِ الشِّرْكِ لِلتَّوْحِيدِ، فَلَا يَجْتَمِعُ الْكَذِبُ وَالْإِيمَانُ إِلَّا وَيَطْرُدُ أَحَدُهُمَا صَاحِبَهُ، وَيَسْتَقِرُّ مَوْضِعَهُ، وَاللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ أَنْجَى الثَّلَاثَةَ بِصِدْقِهِمْ، وَأَهْلَكَ غَيْرَهُمْ مِنَ الْمُخَلَّفِينَ بِكَذِبِهِمْ، فَمَا أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَى عَبْدٍ بَعْدَ الْإِسْلَامِ بِنِعْمَةٍ أَفْضَلَ مِنَ الصِّدْقِ الَّذِي هُوَ غِذَاءُ الْإِسْلَامِ وَحَيَاتُهُ، وَلَا ابْتَلَاهُ بِبَلِيَّةٍ أَعْظَمَ مِنَ الْكَذِبِ الَّذِي هُوَ مَرَضُ الْإِسْلَامِ وَفَسَادُهُ، وَاللَّهُ الْمُسْتَعَانُ. وَقَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ( لَقَدْ تَابَ اللَّهُ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ وَالْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ الَّذِينَ اتَّبَعُوهُ فِي سَاعَةِ الْعُسْرَةِ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا كَادَ يَزِيغُ قُلُوبُ فَرِيقٍ مِنْهُمْ ثُمَّ تَابَ عَلَيْهِمْ إِنَّهُ بِهِمْ رَءُوفٌ رَحِيمٌ ) [ التَّوْبَةِ: 117 ]، هَذَا مِنْ أَعْظَمِ مَا يُعَرِّفُ الْعَبْدَ قَدْرَ التَّوْبَةِ وَفَضْلَهَا عِنْدَ اللَّهِ، وَأَنَّهَا غَايَةُ كَمَالِ الْمُؤْمِنِ، فَإِنَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ أَعْطَاهُمْ هَذَا الْكَمَالَ بَعْدَ آخِرِ الْغَزَوَاتِ بَعْدَ أَنْ قَضَوْا نَحْبَهُمْ، وَبَذَلُوا نُفُوسَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ وَدِيَارَهُمْ لِلَّهِ، وَكَانَ غَايَةَ أَمْرِهِمْ أَنْ تَابَ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَلِهَذَا جَعَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَوْمَ تَوْبَةِ كَعْبٍ خَيْرَ يَوْمٍ مَرَّ عَلَيْهِ مُنْذُ وَلَدَتْهُ أُمُّهُ إِلَى ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمِ، وَلَا يَعْرِفُ هَذَا حَقَّ مَعْرِفَتِهِ إِلَّا مَنْ عَرَفَ اللَّهَ، وَعَرَفَ حُقُوقَهُ عَلَيْهِ، وَعَرَفَ مَا يَنْبَغِي لَهُ مِنْ عُبُودِيَّتِهِ، وَعَرَفَ نَفْسَهُ وَصِفَاتِهَا وَأَفْعَالَهَا، وَأَنَّ الَّذِي قَامَ بِهِ مِنَ الْعُبُودِيَّةِ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى حَقِّ رَبِّهِ عَلَيْهِ كَقَطْرَةٍ فِي بَحْرٍ، هَذَا إِذَا سَلِمَ مِنَ الْآفَاتِ الظَّاهِرَةِ وَالْبَاطِنَةِ، فَسُبْحَانَ مَنْ لَا يَسَعُ عِبَادَهُ غَيْرُ عَفْوِهِ وَمَغْفِرَتِهِ وَتَغَمُّدِهِ لَهُمْ بِمَغْفِرَتِهِ وَرَحْمَتِهِ، وَلَيْسَ إِلَّا ذَلِكَ أَوِ الْهَلَاكَ، فَإِنْ وَضَعَ عَلَيْهِمْ عَدْلَهُ فَعَذَّبَ أَهْلَ سَمَاوَاتِهِ وَأَرْضِهِ، عَذَّبَهُمْ وَهُوَ غَيْرُ ظَالِمٍ لَهُمْ، وَإِنْ رَحِمَهُمْ فَرَحْمَتُهُ خَيْرٌ لَهُمْ مِنْ أَعْمَالِهِمْ، وَلَا يُنْجِي أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ عَمَلُهُ. العلة من تكرير لفظ التوبة في الآية قال ابن القيم رحمه الله تعالى: وَتَأَمَّلْ تَكْرِيرَهُ سُبْحَانَهُ تَوْبَتَهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مَرَّتَيْنِ  فِي أَوَّلِ الْآيَةِ وَآخِرِهَا، فَإِنَّهُ تَابَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَوَّلًا بِتَوْفِيقِهِمْ لِلتَّوْبَةِ، فَلَمَّا تَابُوا تَابَ عَلَيْهِمْ ثَانِيًا بِقَبُولِهَا مِنْهُمْ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي وَفَّقَهُمْ لِفِعْلِهَا، وَتَفَضَّلَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِقَبُولِهَا، فَالْخَيْرُ كُلُّهُ مِنْهُ وَبِهِ وَلَهُ وَفِي يَدَيْهِ، يُعْطِيهِ مَنْ يَشَاءُ إِحْسَانًا وَفَضْلًا، وَيَحْرِمُهُ مَنْ يَشَاءُ حِكْمَةً وَعَدْلًا. بيان معنى الذين خلفوا في الآية قال ابن القيم رحمه الله تعالى: وَقَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ( وَعَلَى الثَّلَاثَةِ الَّذِينَ خُلِّفُوا )   [ التَّوْبَةِ: 118 ]، قَدْ فَسَّرَهَا كعب بِالصَّوَابِ، وَهُوَ أَنَّهُمْ خُلِّفُوا مِنْ بَيْنِ مَنْ حَلَفَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَاعْتَذَرَ مِنَ الْمُتَخَلِّفِينَ، فَخَلَّفَ هَؤُلَاءِ الثَّلَاثَةَ عَنْهُمْ، وَأَرْجَأَ أَمْرَهُمْ دُونَهُمْ، وَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ تَخَلُّفَهُمْ عَنِ الْغَزْوِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ أَرَادَ ذَلِكَ لَقَالَ: تَخَلَّفُوا، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: ( مَا كَانَ لِأَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ وَمَنْ حَوْلَهُمْ مِنَ الْأَعْرَابِ أَنْ يَتَخَلَّفُوا عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ) [ التَّوْبَةِ: 120 ]، وَذَلِكَ لِأَنَّهُمْ تَخَلَّفُوا بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ، بِخِلَافِ تَخْلِيفِهِمْ عَنْ أَمْرِ الْمُتَخَلِّفِينَ سِوَاهُمْ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ سُبْحَانَهُ هُوَ الَّذِي خَلَّفَهُمْ عَنْهُمْ، وَلَمْ يَتَخَلَّفُوا عَنْهُ بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ.

Translation

✧ Al-Bukhārī, may Allah have mercy upon him, transmitted: the ḥadīth of Kaʿb b. Mālik ؓ, with his chain of transmission from ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Kaʿb b. Mālik that ʿAbd Allāh b. Kaʿb b. Mālik—who was the guide of Kaʿb from among his sons when he became blind—said: I heard Kaʿb b. Mālik narrating when he stayed behind from the affair of Tabūk. Kaʿb said: I did not stay behind from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in any expedition he undertook except the expedition of Tabūk. However, I did stay behind in the expedition of Badr, but no one who stayed behind from it was reproached: the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had gone out seeking the caravan of Quraysh until Allah brought them together with their enemy without any appointment. I was present with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on the night of al-ʿAqabah when we pledged allegiance upon Islam, and I would not love to have in place of it the witnessing of Badr, even though Badr is more renowned among the people than it. Of my account is that I was never stronger nor more affluent than when I stayed behind from him in that expedition. By Allah, never before it had two mounts been gathered for me until I gathered them in that expedition. The Messenger of Allah did not intend any expedition without dissimulating about it with another, until that expedition came. The Messenger of Allah undertook it in intense heat, faced a long journey, desert wastes, and a numerous enemy, so he disclosed to the Muslims their affair so that they might prepare the equipment for their expedition. He informed them of the direction he intended. The Muslims with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ were many, and no registry—meaning the dīwān—gathered them. Kaʿb said: There was no man who wanted to absent himself except he thought that it would remain hidden for him so long as no revelation of Allah descended concerning him. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ undertook that expedition when the fruits and shades were ripe. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the Muslims with him made preparations, so I began going out in the morning in order to prepare with them, then I would return having accomplished nothing. I would say to myself: I am able to do it. The delay continued with me until the people became earnest, and morning came to the Messenger of Allah and the Muslims with him while I had not accomplished any of my equipment. I said: I will prepare a day or two after him, then catch up with them. I went out after they departed to prepare, then returned having accomplished nothing. Then I went out, then returned having accomplished nothing. This continued with me until they hastened and the expedition slipped away. I resolved to mount and catch up with them—would that I had done so—but that was not decreed for me. After the departure of the Messenger of Allah, whenever I went out among the people and wandered among them, it saddened me that I saw none but a man upon whom hypocrisy was suspected, or a man from those whom Allah excused among the weak. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not mention me until he reached Tabūk. While sitting among the people at Tabūk he said: "What has Kaʿb done?" A man from Banū Salimah said: O Messenger of Allah, his two cloaks and his looking at his two sides detained him. Muʿādh b. Jabal said: Evil is what you said. By Allah, O Messenger of Allah, we have known nothing of him but good. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ fell silent. Kaʿb b. Mālik said: When it reached me that he had turned back returning, my anxiety came to me and I began recalling lies and saying: With what shall I exit from his displeasure tomorrow? I sought the help of every wise person of my family in that. When it was said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had drawn near arriving, falsehood departed from me and I knew that I would never exit from it forever with anything containing a lie, so I resolved upon truthfulness. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ arrived in the morning. Whenever he arrived from a journey he would begin with the mosque and pray two rakʿahs in it, then sit for the people. When he did that, those who had stayed behind came and began making excuses to him, swearing to him. They were eighty-some men. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ accepted from them their outward professions, pledged allegiance to them, sought forgiveness for them, and entrusted their secrets to Allah, Mighty and Majestic. I came to him. When I greeted him, he smiled the smile of one angry, then said: "Come." I came walking until I sat before him. He said to me: "What kept you back? Had you not purchased your mount?" I said: Yes. By Allah, if I sat before anyone other than you among the people of this world I would think that I could exit from his displeasure with an excuse, for I have been given skill in argumentation. But by Allah, I know that if I tell you today a false story with which you are pleased with me, Allah will soon make you displeased with me, and if I tell you a true story in which you find fault with me, I hope in it for the pardon of Allah. No, by Allah, I had no excuse. By Allah, I was never stronger nor more affluent than when I stayed behind from you. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "As for this one, he has spoken truthfully. Arise until Allah decrees in your matter." I arose. Men from Banū Salimah stirred and followed me, saying to me: By Allah, we have not known you to have committed any sin before this. You have failed not to excuse yourself to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ as those who stayed behind excused themselves to him. The seeking of forgiveness of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ for you would have sufficed you for your sin. By Allah, they kept blaming me until I resolved to return and give lie to myself. Then I said to them: Has anyone met this same as me? They said: Yes, two men who said the like of what you said and were told the like of what you were told. I said: Who are they? They said: Murārah b. al-Rabīʿ al-ʿAmrī and Hilāl b. Umayyah al-Wāqifī. They mentioned to me two righteous men who had witnessed Badr, in them is an example, so I went on when they mentioned them to me. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade the Muslims from speaking to us, the three among those who had stayed behind from him. The people avoided us and changed toward us, until the very earth became unfamiliar in my soul, for it was not the one I knew. We remained upon that for fifty nights. As for my two companions, they became submissive and sat in their houses weeping. As for me, I was the youngest and sturdiest of the people, so I would go out and attend the prayer with the Muslims, wander in the markets, and no one would speak to me. I would come to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and greet him while he was in his sitting place after prayer, and say to myself: Did he move his lips in returning the greeting to me or not? Then I would pray near him and steal glances at him. When I turned to my prayer, he turned toward me, and when I looked toward him, he turned away from me. When the estrangement of the people became prolonged upon me, I walked until I climbed over the wall of the enclosure of Abū Qatādah. He was my paternal cousin and the most beloved of people to me. I greeted him. By Allah, he did not return the greeting to me. I said: O Abū Qatādah, I adjure you by Allah, do you know that I love Allah and His Messenger? He remained silent. I repeated to him and adjured him, and he remained silent. I repeated to him and adjured him, and he said: Allah and His Messenger know best. My eyes overflowed and I turned away until I climbed over the wall. He said: While I was walking in the market of Madinah, a Nabataean of the Nabataeans of the people of al-Shām, among those who had come with food to sell in Madinah, said: Who will guide me to Kaʿb b. Mālik? The people began pointing to him, until when he came to me he handed me a letter from the king of Ghassān. In it: Now then, it has reached me that your companion has estranged you, and Allah has not placed you in a house of contempt or loss, so join us and we will console you. When I read it, I said: This too is from the trial. I took it to the oven and kindled it with it. When forty nights of the fifty had passed, the messenger of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to me and said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ commands you to withdraw from your wife. I said: Shall I divorce her or what do I do? He said: No, rather withdraw from her and do not approach her. He sent the like of that to my two companions. I said to my wife: Go to your family and remain with them until Allah decrees in this matter. Kaʿb said: The wife of Hilāl b. Umayyah came to the Messenger of Allah and said: O Messenger of Allah, Hilāl b. Umayyah is an old man with no servant. Would you dislike that I serve him? He said: "No, but he must not approach you." She said: By Allah, he has no movement toward anything. By Allah, he has continued weeping from the time what happened to him until this day of his. Some of my family said to me: Would you seek permission of the Messenger of Allah regarding your wife as he gave permission to the wife of Hilāl b. Umayyah to serve him? I said: By Allah, I will not seek permission regarding her from the Messenger of Allah. What do I know what the Messenger of Allah ﷺ will say if I seek permission regarding her, and I am a young man! He said: I remained after that ten nights, until fifty nights were completed for us from the time the Messenger of Allah forbade speaking to us. When I prayed the dawn on the morning of fifty nights, while I was on the roof of one of our houses, while I was sitting in the state which Allah, Mighty and Majestic, had mentioned, my soul had constricted upon me and the earth, vast as it is, had constricted upon me, I heard the voice of a crier appearing on the mountain of Salʿ with his loudest voice: O Kaʿb b. Mālik, rejoice! I fell prostrate and knew that relief had come. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ had announced Allah's turning toward us when he prayed the dawn prayer. The people went to give us glad tidings, and those bearing glad tidings went to my two companions. A man galloped a horse to me, and a runner from Aslam hastened and appeared on the mountain. The voice was swifter than the horse. When the one whose voice I had heard came to me with glad tidings, I took off my two garments and clothed him in them for his good news. By Allah, I possessed no others that day. I borrowed two garments and put them on, and went to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. The people met me in droves congratulating me on the repentance, saying: May Allah's turning toward you be pleasing to you. Kaʿb said: Until I entered the mosque, and there was the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sitting with the people around him. Ṭalḥah b. ʿUbayd Allāh rose to me, hastening, until he shook my hand and congratulated me. By Allah, no man of the Emigrants rose to me other than him, and I will never forget it for Ṭalḥah. Kaʿb said: When I greeted the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, his face shining with joy: "Rejoice in the best day that has passed over you since your mother gave birth to you." He said: I said: Is it from you, O Messenger of Allah, or from Allah? He said: "No, rather from Allah." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ, when he rejoiced, his face shone as if it were a piece of the moon. We recognized that from him. When I sat before him, I said: O Messenger of Allah, part of my repentance is that I divest myself of my wealth as charity to Allah and His Messenger. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Keep some of your wealth, for it is better for you." I said: Then I keep my share which is in Khaybar. I said: O Messenger of Allah, Allah saved me only by truthfulness, and part of my repentance is that I will not speak except truthfully as long as I remain. By Allah, I know no one among the Muslims whom Allah has tested in truthful speech since I mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ more excellently than He has tested me. I have not deliberately intended a lie since I mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ until this day of mine. I hope that Allah will preserve me in what remains. Allah sent down upon His Messenger ﷺ: "Allah has turned to the Prophet and the Emigrants and the Helpers..." up to His saying: "...and be with the truthful" (al-Tawbah: 117–119). By Allah, Allah has never bestowed upon me any blessing after He guided me to Islam greater in my soul than my truthfulness to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, that I not lie to him and perish as those who lied perished. For Allah, Exalted, said to those who lied, when He sent down the revelation, the worst thing He said to anyone. Allah, Exalted, said: "They will swear by Allah to you when you return to them, that you may turn away from them..." up to His saying: "...for Allah is not pleased with the defiantly disobedient people" (al-Tawbah: 95–96). Kaʿb said: We three stayed behind, differing from those whose excuses the Messenger of Allah accepted when they swore to him, and he pledged allegiance to them and sought forgiveness for them. The Messenger of Allah deferred our matter until Allah decreed in it. By that Allah, Exalted, said: "And [He turned] to the three who were left behind" (al-Tawbah: 118). It is not the leaving behind from the expedition that Allah mentioned; it is His leaving us behind and His deferring our matter from those who swore to him and excused themselves to him, so he accepted from them. The benefits and rulings contained in the story of those who were left behind: Ibn al-Qayyim, may Allah have mercy upon him, said: The story of the three who were left behind encompasses abundant wisdoms and benefits, so we point to some of them: Among them: It is permissible for a man to inform about his own negligence and shortcoming in obedience to Allah and His Messenger, and about the cause of that, and what his affair came to. In that is warning, counsel, and clarification of the paths of good and evil and what results from them, which is among the most important matters. Among them: It is permissible for a person to praise himself for the good in him, if it is not by way of boasting and self-elevation. Among them: A person consoles himself for the good not decreed for him with what has been decreed for him of its like or better than it. Among them: The pledge of al-ʿAqabah was among the most excellent of the witnesses of the Companions, such that Kaʿb did not consider it below the witnessing of Badr. Among them: When the imam sees benefit in concealing from his subjects some of what he intends and aims at against the enemy, and dissimulates about it, that is recommended for him, or becomes obligatory according to the benefit. Among them: Concealment and secrecy, if they entail corruption, are not permissible. Among them: The army during the lifetime of the Prophet ﷺ did not have a registry. The first to institute the registry was ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ, and this is from his Sunnah which the Prophet ﷺ commanded to follow, and its benefit and the Muslims' need for it appeared. Among them: When the opportunity of a good deed and obedience presents itself to a man, prudence in all prudence lies in seizing it and hastening to it, and incapacity lies in delaying it and procrastinating with it, especially when he is not confident of his ability and capacity to obtain its means. For resolutions and aspirations are quick to dissolve and rarely remain firm. Allah, Glorified, punishes the one for whom He opens a door of good and he does not seize it, by coming between his heart and his will, so that he can no longer will it as a punishment for him. For whoever does not respond to Allah and His Messenger when He calls him, He comes between him and his heart and his will, so he cannot respond after that. He, Exalted, said: (O you who believe, respond to Allah and to the Messenger when He calls you to that which gives you life, and know that Allah comes between a man and his heart) [al-Anfāl: 24]. Allah, Glorified, has explicitly stated this in His saying: (And We turn their hearts and their eyes, just as they did not believe in it the first time) [al-Anʿām: 110]. He, Exalted, said: (So when they deviated, Allah caused their hearts to deviate) [al-Ṣaff: 5]. He said: (And Allah would not lead a people astray after He has guided them until He makes clear to them what to fear; indeed Allah is Knowing of all things) [al-Tawbah: 115]. This is abundant in the Qurʾān. Among them: No one stayed behind from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ except one of three types of men: either a man suspected of hypocrisy, or a man from the people of excuses, or one whom the Messenger of Allah ﷺ left behind and appointed over Madinah or left behind for some benefit. Among them: the imam and the obeyed one should not neglect one who stayed behind from him in some matters; rather, he should remind him so that he may return to obedience and repent. For the Prophet ﷺ said at Tabūk: "What has Kaʿb done?" and did not mention anyone else among those who stayed behind, seeking to set him right and showing consideration, while ignoring the group of hypocrites. Among them: it is permissible to criticize a man based on what predominates in the critic's judgment out of zeal or in defense of God and His Messenger. From this is the criticism by the people of ḥadīth of those narrators whom they criticized; and from this is the criticism by the heirs of the prophets and the people of the Sunnah of the people of whims and innovations, for God's sake, not for their own shares and purposes. Among them: it is permissible to respond to a critic when the respondent's predominant belief is that it is an error and a mistake, as Muʿādh said to the one who criticized Kaʿb: "What an evil thing you have said! By God, O Messenger of God, we know nothing of him but good." And the Messenger of God ﷺ did not object to either of them. Among them: the Sunnah for one arriving from travel is to enter the town in a state of ritual purity, and to begin with the House of God before his own house, praying two rakʿahs therein, then sit for those who greet him, then depart to his family. Among them: the Messenger of God ﷺ used to accept the outward display of Islam from the hypocrites, and entrust their inner secrets to God, applying the ruling of the apparent to them, and not punishing them for what he did not know of their secrets. Among them: an imam and ruler may refrain from returning the greeting of one who has committed an offense, as a means of disciplining him and deterring others. For it is not transmitted that he ﷺ returned the greeting to Kaʿb; rather, he met his greeting with the smile of one angry. Among them: smiling may arise from anger just as it may arise from amazement or joy. For each of these produces an expansion and agitation of the heart's blood; hence the face reddens due to the swift agitation of blood in it. Thus joy arises from it, and anger is an amazement followed by laughter and smiling. So let no one be deceived by the laughter of one who has power over him in his face, especially at a time of reproof, as it is said: If you see the lion's fangs bared, do not think that the lion is smiling. Among them: the imam and the obeyed one should reprove his companions and those who are dear and honored by him. For he reproved the three, not all those who stayed behind from him. People have spoken much in praise of the reproof of loved ones and found it sweet and delightful. How then with the reproof of the most beloved of all creation to the one reproved? By God, how sweet that reproof was, and how great its fruit and how noble its benefit! By God, what the three attained through it of kinds of joys, the sweetness of approval, and the robes of acceptance! Ibn al-Qayyim, may God have mercy on him, also said: Among them: God's granting success to Kaʿb and his two companions in the truthfulness they brought, and He did not forsake them until they lied and offered false excuses. So their immediate state prospered but their ultimate outcome was utterly corrupted. And the truthful ones suffered some hardship in the immediate term, and it led to soundness of outcome and complete success. Upon this the world and the Hereafter are established: the bitternesses of beginnings are sweetness in outcomes, and the sweetnesses of beginnings are bitternesses in outcomes. The Prophet's ﷺ saying to Kaʿb: "As for this one, he has spoken truth," is a clear proof for adhering to the concept of the title (mafhūm al-laqab) when a contextual indication requires specifying the mentioned one for the ruling. Like the saying of the Most High: "And David and Solomon, when they judged concerning the field when the people's sheep strayed into it by night, and We were witness to their judgment. And We made Solomon understand it" [al-Anbiyāʾ: 78-79]. And his ﷺ saying: "The earth has been made a mosque for me, and its soil a means of purification." And his saying in this ḥadīth: "As for this one, he has spoken truth." This is something about which the hearer has no doubt that the speaker intended to specify him for the ruling. And Kaʿb's saying: "Did anyone meet this with me?" They said: "Yes, Murārah b. al-Rabīʿ and Hilāl b. Umayyah." In this is that a man should repel the heat of affliction with the spirit of consolation through those who met the like of what he met. The Glorified has guided to that by His saying, the Most High: "Do not weaken in pursuit of the enemy. If you are suffering, they are suffering as you are suffering, but you hope from God what they do not hope" [al-Nisāʾ: 104]. This is the consolation that God the Glorified denied the people of the Fire therein by His saying: "And it will not benefit you today, since you have wronged, that you are partners in the punishment" [al-Zukhruf: 39]. And his saying: "They mentioned to me two righteous men who had witnessed Badr, in whom I have an example." This place is counted among the errors of al-Zuhrī, for the mention of these two men among the people of Badr is not preserved from any of the scholars of the military expeditions and biographies at all—not Ibn Isḥāq, nor Mūsā b. ʿUqbah, nor al-Umawī, nor al-Wāqidī, nor anyone who enumerated the people of Badr. And likewise it is appropriate that they not be from the people of Badr, for the Prophet ﷺ did not boycott Ḥāṭib nor punish him, though he had spied against him. And he said to ʿUmar when he intended to kill him: "And what would let you know that God looked upon the people of Badr and said: 'Do whatever you wish, for I have forgiven you'?" Where is the sin of staying behind compared to the sin of spying? Abū al-Faraj b. al-Jawzī said: I remained eager to uncover and verify that until I saw that Abū Bakr al-Athram mentioned al-Zuhrī and mentioned his excellence, memory, and precision, and that hardly any error is preserved from him except in this place. For he said that Murārah b. al-Rabīʿ and Hilāl b. Umayyah witnessed Badr, and no one else said this. Error is not something from which any human is protected. Benefit regarding the Prophet’s ﷺ prohibition of speaking to the three, from among those who stayed behind from the expedition—a section. In the Prophet’s ﷺ prohibition of speaking to these three, from among all those who stayed behind from him, is evidence of their truthfulness and the falsehood of the rest. He intended to boycott the truthful ones and discipline them for this sin. As for the hypocrites, their offense was too great to be met with boycott. The medicine of this ailment does not work in the disease of hypocrisy, and there is no benefit in it. Thus does the Lord, glorified be He, deal with His servants in punishing their offenses: He disciplines His believing servant whom He loves, and who is noble in His sight, for the slightest slip and error, so he remains awake and cautious. As for the one who has fallen from His regard and become insignificant to Him, He leaves him and his sins alone, and every time he commits a sin, He bestows a blessing upon him. The deluded one thinks that this is from his honor in His sight, not knowing that it is the essence of humiliation, and that He intends for him severe punishment and a chastisement with no good outcome, as in the well-known ḥadīth: "When God intends good for a servant, He hastens his punishment in this world; and when He intends evil for a servant, He withholds his punishment in this world, so he arrives on the Day of Resurrection with his sins." In it also is evidence of the imam, the scholar, and the obeyed one boycotting one who does what merits reproof, and his boycott is a medicine for him, such that it is not too weak to achieve healing, nor does it exceed in quantity or quality so as to destroy him, since the goal is discipline, not destruction. And his saying: "Until the earth became alien to me, and it was not the one I knew." This alienation is found by the fearful, the sorrowful, and the distressed in the earth, and in trees and plants, until he finds it even in people whose condition he does not know. The sinful, disobedient one also finds it according to his offense, even in the character of his wife, child, servant, and mount. He finds it in himself too: his self becomes alien to him, as if he were not himself, and as if his family, companions, and those who care for him were not those he knows. This is a secret from God, hidden only from the one whose heart is dead. According to the life of the heart is the perception of this alienation and estrangement. No wound causes pain to a corpse. It is known that this alienation and estrangement were greater for the people of hypocrisy, but because of the death of their hearts they did not feel it. Likewise, when the heart's disease becomes entrenched, and its pain becomes intense due to sins and offenses, it does not find this estrangement and alienation and does not sense it. This is a sign of wretchedness, and that he has despaired of the recovery of this disease, and the physicians are weary of curing it. Fear and anxiety accompany suspicion; security and joy accompany innocence from sin. There is nothing on earth braver than an innocent man, and nothing on earth more fearful than a suspected one. This amount can benefit the discerning believer if he is tested with it and then returns, for he benefits greatly in numerous ways beyond enumeration. Were it only that through it he harvests the signs of prophethood and tastes the very thing the Messenger conveyed, his belief becomes necessary for him, and the evil he attained through his sins and the good through his obedience become experiential proofs of the truth of prophethood, to which possibilities do not intrude. This is like one who told you that on this road there are dangers and fears of such and such in detail, and you disobeyed him and took it, and you saw the very thing he told you. You witness his truthfulness in the very act of your opposition to him. But if you take only the road of safety and encounter none of those fears, then even if you witness the truthfulness of the informer through the good and success you attain in detail, your knowledge of those dangers remains general. Benefit: The Muslims' boycott of a man is an excuse permitting absence from the congregation. Ibn al-Qayyim, may God have mercy on him, said: Hilāl b. Umayyah and Murārah stayed in their houses and prayed in their houses, and did not attend the congregation. This indicates that the Muslims' boycott of a man is an excuse permitting him to absent himself from the congregation; or it may be said: part of the completeness of his boycott is that he not attend the Muslims' congregation. But it may be said: Kaʿb attended the congregation and the Prophet ﷺ did not prevent him, and he did not reprove the two for staying away. In response, it may be said: when the Muslims were commanded to boycott them, they left them: they were not commanded, not forbidden, and not spoken to. So whoever of them attended the congregation was not prevented, and whoever left it was not spoken to. Or it may be said: perhaps the two were weak and unable to go out. For this reason Kaʿb said: "I was the strongest of the people and the most active of them, so I would go out and attend the prayer with the Muslims." Benefit: Returning the greeting to one who deserves boycott. And his saying: "And I would come to the Messenger of God ﷺ and greet him while he was in his sitting after the prayer, and I would say: did he move his lips to return the greeting to me or not?" In this is evidence that returning the greeting to one who deserves boycott is not obligatory, since if the return were obligatory, he would have had to make him hear it. A person entering his neighbor's house when he knows his consent, even if he does not ask permission. And his saying: "Until that became prolonged for me, and I climbed over the wall of Abū Qatādah's garden." In this is evidence of a person entering the house of his companion and neighbor when he knows his consent, even if he does not ask permission. Benefit: What counts as speech and what does not. In Abū Qatādah's saying to him: "God and His Messenger know best," is evidence that this is not an address or speech to him. For if he swore not to speak to him, and said something like this in response to him, he would not have broken his oath, especially if he did not intend by it to converse with him, which is the apparent case with Abū Qatādah. And in the people's pointing to the Nabataean—who was saying: "Who will point me to Kaʿb b. Mālik?"—instead of speaking to him, is a realization of the intent of the boycott. Otherwise, if they had said explicitly: "That is Kaʿb b. Mālik," that would not have been speech to him, so they would not have contravened the prohibition. But out of their extreme caution and adherence to the command, they did not mention him by his explicit name. It may also be said: speaking about him in his presence while he hears is a kind of speech to him, especially if one makes that a means to the intended purpose of his speech, and it is a near means. So preventing that is of the category of preventing stratagems and blocking means. This is more understanding and better. Explanation of Kaʿb's virtue and the firmness of his religion despite trial and testing. In the correspondence of the king of Ghassān to him to come to him is a trial from God Most High and a test of his faith and love for God and His Messenger, and a demonstration to the Companions that he is not one whose faith was weakened by the Prophet's ﷺ and the Muslims' boycott of him, nor is he one whom desire for prestige and kingship, along with the Messenger's and the believers' boycott of him, would carry to abandon his religion. In this is God's exoneration of him from hypocrisy and the display of the strength of his faith and his truthfulness to His Messenger and to the Muslims, which is part of the completeness of God's blessing upon him, His kindness to him, and His mending of his brokenness. This trial reveals the core of a man, his secret, and what he conceals. It is like the bellows that separates the foul from the good. And his saying: "So I took the page and set fire to the oven with it." In this is hastening to destroy what is feared to bring corruption and harm in religion, and that the resolute person does not wait for it or delay it. This is like juice when it ferments, and like a book from which harm and evil are feared. Prudence is to hasten to destroy and annihilate it. Ghassān at that time—they were the kings of the Arabs of Syria—were at war with the Messenger of God ﷺ, and they used to shoe their horses to fight him. And this was when he sent Shujāʿ b. Wahb al-Asadī to their king al-Ḥārith b. Abī Shimr al-Ghassānī, calling him to Islam, and wrote with him to him. Shujāʿ said: I reached him while he was in the Ghūṭah of Damascus, and he was busy preparing lodgings and gifts for Caesar, who was coming from Ḥimṣ to Aelia. I stayed at his gate for two or three days, then I said to his chamberlain: "I am the messenger of the Messenger of God ﷺ to him." He said: "You will not reach him until he goes out on such-and-such a day." His chamberlain—who was a Byzantine named Marī—began asking me about the Messenger of God ﷺ, and I would tell him about the Messenger of God ﷺ and what he called to, and he would soften until weeping overcame him, and he would say: "I have read the Gospel and I find the description of this prophet exactly, so I believe in him and accept him, but I fear that al-Ḥārith will kill me." And he honored me and treated me well as a guest. And al-Ḥārith went out one day and sat, and placed the crown on his head and granted me permission to enter upon him. I handed him the letter of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and he read it, then threw it aside and said: “Who will wrest my kingdom from me? I will march against him, and even if he were in Yemen I would come to him. Summon the people to me.” The people were continuously paraded before him until he rose and ordered the horses to be shod. Then he said: “Tell your companion what you have seen.” He wrote to Caesar informing him of my news and what he had determined to do. Caesar wrote back to him: “Do not march, and do not cross over to him; turn away from him, and meet me in Iliyāʾ (Jerusalem).” When the reply to his letter came to him, he summoned me and said: “When do you wish to depart to your companion?” I said: “Tomorrow.” So he ordered for me a hundred mithqāls of gold, and his chamberlain furnished me with provisions and clothing, and said: “Convey to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ from me greetings of peace.” So I came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and informed him, and he said: “His kingdom has perished.” I conveyed to him the greeting of peace from his chamberlain and informed him of what he had said, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “He has spoken the truth.”) And al-Ḥārith b. Abī Shamir died in the year of the conquest. Thus, during this period, the king of Ghassān sent someone inviting Kaʿb to join him, but his prior record of excellence [with Allah] prevented him from turning away from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and his religion. Statement of the wisdom in the command that the three should withdraw from their wives: A section In the Messenger of Allah’s ﷺ commanding these three to withdraw from their wives when forty nights had passed for them, there is like a glad tiding of the beginnings of relief and opening from two aspects: One of them: his speaking to them and sending to them after he had not spoken to them himself or through his messenger. The second: from the particularity of commanding them to withdraw from women. In it there is an alert and guidance for them to seriousness and diligence in worship, tightening the waist-wrapper, avoiding the place of diversion and pleasure, and compensating for it by turning to worship. In this there is a declaration of the nearness of relief, and that only a small matter of reproach remains. And the fiqh of this story is that the time of acts of worship ought to involve avoiding women, like the time of iḥrām, the time of iʿtikāf, and the time of fasting. The Prophet ﷺ intended that the end of this period for these men be like the days of iḥrām and fasting in its dedication to worship, and he did not command them that from the beginning of the period out of mercy and compassion for them, since perhaps their patience away from their wives throughout all of it would weaken. It was of kindness and mercy toward them that they were commanded that at the end of the period, just as the pilgrim is commanded from when he enters iḥrām, not from when he resolves to perform ḥajj. And Kaʿb’s saying to his wife: “Catch up with your family,” is evidence that with this phrase and its like no divorce occurs unless he intended it. And the correct position is that the words of divorce, manumission, and freedom are likewise; if by them one intends something other than sending away the wife and removing the slave from his ownership, then no divorce or manumission occurs through them. This is the correct view which we hold as our religion before Allah, and we do not doubt it at all. If someone says to him: “Your slave boy is an adulterer,” or “Your slave girl commits fornication,” and he says: “It is not so; rather, he is a chaste, free slave boy, and she is a chaste, free slave girl,” and by that he does not intend the freedom of manumission, but only the freedom of chastity, then his slave girl and his slave boy are never manumitted by this. Likewise, if he is asked: “How many years has your slave boy been with you?” and he says: “He is ʿatīq (old) with me,” and he means the long duration of his ownership of him, he is not manumitted by that. Likewise, if his wife is struck by labor pains, and he is asked about her, and he says: “She is ṭāliq (in labor),” and the occurrence of divorce did not cross his mind, and he only meant that she is in the throes of childbirth, then she is not divorced by this. These words, with these contextual indicators, are not explicit except in what was intended by them and what the context indicates. Thus claiming that they are explicit in manumission and divorce despite these contextual indicators is obstinacy and a definitively false claim. Prostration upon good tidings: A section In Kaʿb’s prostration when he heard the voice of the bearer of good tidings there is clear evidence that this was the custom of the Companions, namely the prostration of gratitude upon renewed blessings and averted afflictions. Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq prostrated when news came to him of the killing of Musaylimah the Liar. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib prostrated when he found Dhū al-Thadyah slain among the Kharijites. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ prostrated when Gabriel gave him the good tidings that whoever sends one prayer upon him, Allah will send ten prayers upon him for it. He also prostrated when he interceded for his community and Allah granted his intercession for them three times. A bearer of good tidings came to him and informed him of the victory of one of his armies over their enemy while his head was in ʿĀʾishah’s lap, and he stood and fell prostrate. Abū Bakrah said: “When a matter that pleased him came to the Messenger of Allah, he would fall prostrate for Allah.” These are sound reports with no fault in them. Statement of the Companions’ rivalry in bringing joy to one another, and the recommendation of rewarding the bearer of good tidings and congratulating one who has received a renewed religious or worldly blessing In the racing of the owner of the horse and the one who climbed atop Salʿ to give Kaʿb good tidings there is evidence of the people’s eagerness for good, their racing to it, and their rivalry in bringing joy to one another. And in Kaʿb’s removing his two garments and giving them to the bearer of good tidings there is evidence that giving to bearers of good tidings is among noble morals and character traits and the custom of the honorable. Al-ʿAbbās manumitted his slave when he gave him the good tidings that al-Ḥajjāj b. ʿIlāṭ had news about the Messenger of Allah ﷺ that would please him. In this there is evidence for the permissibility of giving the bearer of good tidings all of one’s garments. In this there is evidence for the recommendation of congratulating one who has received a renewed religious blessing, rising for him when he approaches, and shaking his hand. This is a recommended sunnah, and it is permissible for one who has received a renewed worldly blessing. The best is to say to him: “May what Allah has given you be pleasant for you,” and “May the blessing Allah has bestowed upon you be pleasant,” and similar words, for in that there is attributing the blessing to its Lord and supplicating for the one who obtained it by congratulating him. The best days of a servant is the day of his repentance and Allah’s acceptance of his repentance, and the recommendation of charity upon repentance In this there is evidence that the best of a servant’s days absolutely and the most excellent of them is the day of his repentance to Allah and Allah’s acceptance of his repentance, because of the Prophet’s ﷺ saying: “Receive good tidings of the best day that has passed over you since your mother gave birth to you.” If it is said: How can this day be better than the day of his Islam? It is said: It completes the day of his Islam and is part of its perfection. The day of his Islam is the beginning of his felicity, and the day of his repentance is its completion and perfection. And Allah is the one whose help is sought. In the Messenger of Allah’s ﷺ joy at that, his delight in it, and the radiance of his face there is evidence of the perfect compassion, mercy, and kindness that Allah placed in him toward the community, so much so that perhaps his joy was greater than the joy of Kaʿb and his two companions. And Kaʿb’s saying: “O Messenger of Allah, part of my repentance is that I divest myself of my wealth,” is evidence for the recommendation of charity upon repentance with whatever wealth one is able. And the Messenger of Allah’s ﷺ saying: “Keep some of your wealth for yourself, for it is better for you,” is evidence that one who vows to give all his wealth as charity is not obliged to give all of it; rather, he may keep a remainder for himself. There is a difference of transmission concerning this. In the two Ṣaḥīḥs, the Prophet ﷺ said to him: “Keep some of your wealth for yourself,” and he did not specify a quantity for him; rather, he left it general and delegated it to his own judgment concerning the amount that suffices. This is the correct view, for whatever falls short of his sufficiency and the sufficiency of his family, he is not permitted to give as charity, so his vow is not an act of obedience, and he is not obliged to fulfill it. Whatever exceeds the amount of his sufficiency and need, giving it out and giving it as charity is better, so he is obliged to give it if he vowed it. This is the analogy of the school and the implication of the principles of the Shariah. For this reason, a man’s sufficiency and the sufficiency of his family are given precedence over the discharge of obligatory financial duties, whether they are rights of Allah such as expiations and ḥajj, or rights of people such as the payment of debts. For we leave to the bankrupt what he cannot do without in the way of a dwelling, a servant, clothing, tools of his trade, or what he trades with for his sustenance if the trade is lost, and the right of the creditors applies to what remains. Imam Aḥmad explicitly stated that one who vows to give all his wealth as charity, one-third suffices him. His companions argued for this using what is narrated in this story of Kaʿb, that he said: “O Messenger of Allah! Part of my repentance to Allah and His Messenger is that I give all my wealth to Allah and His Messenger as charity.” He said: “No.” I said: “Then half of it?” He said: “No.” I said: “Then one-third of it?” He said: “Yes.” I said: “Then I will keep my share which is in Khaybar.” Abū Dāwūd narrated it. But the soundest in this story of Kaʿb is what the authors of the Ṣaḥīḥ narrated from the ḥadīth of al-Zuhrī, from the children of Kaʿb b. Mālik, from him, that he said: “Keep some of your wealth for yourself,” without specifying its amount. They are more knowledgeable of the story than others, for they are his children, and they transmitted it from him. If it is said: What do you say about what Imam Aḥmad narrated in his Musnad that Abū Lubābah b. ʿAbd al-Mundhir, when Allah accepted his repentance, said: “O Messenger of Allah! Part of my repentance is that I abandon the abode of my people and live with you, and that I divest myself of my wealth as charity for Allah, Mighty and Majestic, and for His Messenger.” The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “One-third suffices you.” It is said: This is what Aḥmad used as evidence, not the ḥadīth of Kaʿb. For he said in the narration of his son ʿAbd Allāh: If one vows to give all his wealth as charity or part of it, and he has a debt greater than what he owns, then the view I hold is that one-third suffices for him in that, because the Prophet ﷺ commanded Abū Lubābah with one-third. Aḥmad knew better than to use the ḥadīth of Kaʿb that mentions one-third as evidence, since what is well-preserved in this ḥadīth is “Keep some of your wealth for yourself.” It is as if Aḥmad saw the unrestricted wording of this ḥadīth of Kaʿb as restricted by the ḥadīth of Abū Lubābah. His statement that one who vows to give all his wealth as charity or part of it and has a debt that exhausts it: one-third suffices him in that, is evidence that his vow is established, and he has a debt that exhausts his wealth, and then when he pays the debt he gives out the amount of one-third of his wealth on the day of the vow. Likewise, he said in the narration of his son ʿAbd Allāh: If he gives away his wealth, pays his debt, and acquires other wealth, he is only obliged to give out one-third of his wealth on the day of his ḥinth, meaning by the day of his ḥinth the day of his vow. So one looks at the amount of one-third on that day and gives it out after paying his debt. And his saying: “or part of it,” he means that if one vows to give as charity a specific item of his wealth, or a specific amount such as a thousand and the like, then one-third suffices him, like the vow to give all his wealth as charity. But the correct position in his school is that the charity of the entire specified item is obligatory. There is another narration in it: that if the specified item is one-third of his wealth or less, he is obliged to give all of it as charity, and if it exceeds one-third, he is obliged to give one-third of it as charity. This is the more correct view according to Abū al-Barakāt. And afterwards: the ḥadīth contains no evidence that Kaʿb and Abū Lubābah made an immediate vow; they only said: “Part of our repentance is that we divest ourselves of our wealth.” This is not explicit in a vow; it only contains the resolve to give their wealth as charity in gratitude to Allah for accepting their repentance. The Prophet ﷺ informed them that part of the wealth suffices for that, and they do not need to give all of it. This is like what he said to Saʿd when he asked permission to bequeath all his wealth, and he permitted him up to one-third. If it is said: This is repelled by two things. One is his saying: “It suffices you,” and sufficing is only used for what is obligatory. The second is that his preventing him from giving as charity what exceeds one-third is evidence that it is not an act of nearness, since the Lawgiver does not prevent acts of nearness, and a vow of what is not an act of nearness is not obligatory to fulfill. It is said: As for his saying: “It suffices you,” it is in the sense of “it is enough for you,” and it is from the quadriliteral form, not from “jazā ʿanhu” meaning “it discharges for him.” It is said: “ajzaʾanī” when it suffices me, and “jazā ʿannī” when it discharges for me. This latter is what is used for the obligatory. Among this is his ﷺ saying to Abū Burdah concerning the sacrificial animal: “It will suffice for you, but it will not suffice for anyone after you.” Sufficiency is used for both the obligatory and the recommended. As for his preventing him from giving as charity what exceeds one-third, it is an indication from him of what is gentler for him and what brings about the benefit of his religion and his worldly life. For if he had enabled him to give all his wealth, he would not have been able to bear poverty and destitution, just as he did with the one who came to him with a purse to give as charity, and he struck him with it and did not accept it from him out of fear for him of poverty and lack of patience. It may be said—and this is more probable, if Allah Most High wills—that the Prophet ﷺ dealt with each of those who wanted to give their wealth as charity according to what he knew of their situation. He enabled Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq to give all his wealth, and said: “What have you left for your family?” He said: “I have left for them Allah and His Messenger,” and he did not disapprove of him. He approved of ʿUmar giving half his wealth as charity, and he prevented the owner of the purse from giving it as charity, and he said to Kaʿb: “Keep some of your wealth for yourself.” In this there is no specification that the amount given is one-third, and it is very unlikely that the amount kept is twice the amount given in this wording. He said to Abū Lubābah: “One-third suffices you.” There is no contradiction between these reports. On this basis, one who vows to give all his wealth as charity should keep from it what he and his family need, so that they do not need to ask people for the duration of their lives, whether capital, real estate, or land whose yield covers their sufficiency, and he should give the remainder as charity. And Allah knows best. Rabīʿah b. Abī ʿAbd al-Raḥmān said: He gives as charity from it the amount of zakāt, and keeps the remainder. Jābir b. Zayd said: If it is two thousand or more, he gives a tenth of it; if it is one thousand or less, one-seventh of it; and if it is five hundred or less, one-fifth of it. Abū Ḥanīfah, may Allah have mercy on him, said: He gives as charity all his wealth on which zakāt is due; as for what zakāt is not due on, there are two narrations: one is that he gives it out, and the second is that nothing is obligatory on him for it. Al-Shāfiʿī said: He is obliged to give all his wealth as charity. Mālik, al-Zuhrī, and Aḥmad said: He gives a third of it as charity. A group said: Only the expiation of an oath is obligatory on him. Statement of what is derived from the greatness of the extent of truthfulness. Ibn al-Qayyim, may Allah Most High have mercy on him, said: The greatness of the extent of truthfulness, and the attachment of the happiness of this world and the Hereafter, and salvation from the evil of both to it. Allah has not saved anyone He saved except through truthfulness, nor destroyed anyone He destroyed except through lying. Allah, Glorified be He, has commanded His believing servants to be with the truthful, saying: “O you who believe, fear Allah and be with the truthful” [al-Tawbah: 119]. He, Glorified be He, divided creation into two categories: the felicitous and the wretched. He made the felicitous the people of truthfulness and belief, and the wretched the people of lying and denial. This is a comprehensive, regular, and convertible division. Felicity revolves with truthfulness and belief, and wretchedness revolves with lying and denial. And He, glorified and exalted, informed that only their truthfulness will benefit the servants on the Day of Resurrection. He made the distinguishing mark of the hypocrites, by which they are set apart, to be lying in their words and deeds. Thus, all that He censured in them has its root in lying in word and deed. Truthfulness is the courier of faith, its proof, its mount, its driver, its guide, its ornament, and its garment; indeed, it is its core and its spirit. Lying is the courier of disbelief and hypocrisy, its proof, its mount, its driver, its guide, its ornament, its garment, and its core. The opposition between lying and faith is like the opposition between polytheism and monotheism. Lying and faith never come together except that one of them drives out the other and settles in its place. God, glorified be He, saved the three by their truthfulness and destroyed others among those left behind by their lying. After Islam, God has not bestowed upon a servant a blessing more excellent than truthfulness, which is the nourishment of Islam and its life. Nor has He tried him with a trial greater than lying, which is the disease of Islam and its corruption. God is the One whose help is sought. And His saying, exalted be He: “God has turned in mercy to the Prophet, and to the Emigrants and the Helpers who followed him in the hour of hardship, after the hearts of a party of them had nearly swerved; then He turned to them; surely He is Kind to them, Compassionate” [al-Tawbah: 117]. This is one of the greatest things that makes the servant know the worth of repentance and its excellence with God, and that it is the utmost perfection of the believer. For He, glorified be He, gave them this perfection after the last of the campaigns, after they had fulfilled their vows and spent their lives, their wealth, and their homes for God. The utmost end of their affair was that He turned to them in mercy. For this reason, the Prophet ﷺ made the day of Kaʿb’s repentance the best day that had passed for him since his mother gave birth to him until that day. No one knows this with true knowledge except one who knows God, knows His rights upon him, knows what is due to Him of servitude, knows his own self, its attributes, and its actions, and knows that what he has performed of servitude, in relation to the right of his Lord upon him, is like a drop in the sea—this, if he is safe from outward and inward defects. Glorified be the One whose servants have no recourse except His pardon, His forgiveness, and His covering them with His forgiveness and mercy. There is nothing but that or destruction. If He were to apply His justice to them and punish the inhabitants of His heavens and His earth, He would punish them while not wronging them. If He has mercy on them, His mercy is better for them than their deeds. No one’s deed saves him. The reason for the repetition of the word “tawbah” (repentance/turning) in the verse: Ibn al-Qayyim, may God have mercy on him, said: Reflect on His repetition, glorified be He, of His turning to them twice, at the beginning of the verse and at its end. He first turned to them by granting them success to repent. When they repented, He turned to them a second time by accepting it from them. He is the One who granted them success to do it and bestowed upon them its acceptance. All good is from Him, through Him, and for Him, and in His hands. He grants it to whom He wills as a favor and kindness, and withholds it from whom He wills as wisdom and justice. Explanation of the meaning of “those left behind” in the verse: Ibn al-Qayyim, may God have mercy on him, said: And His saying, exalted be He: “And to the three who were left behind” [al-Tawbah: 118]. Kaʿb interpreted it correctly: they were left behind from among those who swore allegiance to the Messenger of God ﷺ and offered excuses among those who stayed behind. He left these three behind from among them and deferred their matter apart from theirs. It is not their remaining behind from the expedition; for if He had intended that, He would have said “they stayed behind,” as He, exalted be He, said: “It was not for the people of Madinah and the Bedouins around them to stay behind from the Messenger of God” [al-Tawbah: 120]. That is because they stayed behind of their own accord, unlike their being left behind from the affair of those who stayed behind besides them. For God, glorified be He, is the One who left them behind from those, and they did not stay behind of their own accord. And God knows best.

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