Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1539
The Expedition of Tabūk
قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ إِنَّ أَبَا خَيْثَمَةَ رَجَعَ بَعْدَ مَا سَارَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَيَّامًا إِلَى أَهْلِهِ فِي يَوْمٍ حَارٍّ، فَوَجَدَ امْرَأَتَيْنِ لَهُ فِي عَرِيشَيْنِ لَهُمَا فِي حَائِطِهِ، قَدْ رَشَّتْ كُلُّ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْهُمَا عَرِيشَهَا، وَبَرَّدَتْ فِيهِ مَاءً، وَهَيَّأَتْ لَهُ فِيهِ طَعَامًا، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ قَامَ عَلَى بَابِ الْعَرِيشِ فَنَظَرَ إِلَى امْرَأَتَيْهِ وَمَا صَنَعَتَا لَهُ، فَقَالَ: رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي الضِّحِّ وَالرِّيحِ وَالْحَرِّ وَأَبُو خَيْثَمَةَ فِي ظِلٍّ بَارِدٍ وَطَعَامٍ مُهَيَّأٍ وَامْرَأَةٍ حَسْنَاءَ، فِي مَالِهِ مُقِيمٌ ! مَا هَذَا بِالنَّصَفِ. ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ لَا أَدْخُلُ عَرِيشَ وَاحِدَةٍ مِنْكُمَا حَتَّى أَلْحَقَ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَهَيِّئَا زَادًا. فَفَعَلَتَا، ثُمَّ قَدَّمَ نَاضِحَهُ فَارْتَحَلَهُ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ فِي طَلَبِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَتَّى أَدْرَكَهُ حِينَ نَزَلَ تَبُوكَ وَقَدْ كَانَ أَدْرَكَ أَبَا خَيْثَمَةَ عُمَيْرُ بْنُ وَهْبٍ الْجُمَحِيُّ فِي الطَّرِيقِ يَطْلُبُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَتَرَافَقَا، حَتَّى إِذَا دَنَوْا مِنْ تَبُوكَ قَالَ أَبُو خَيْثَمَةَ لِعُمَيْرِ بْنِ وَهْبٍ: إِنَّ لِي ذَنْبًا فَلَا عَلَيْكَ أَنْ تَخَلَّفَ عَنِّي حَتَّى آتِيَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ. فَفَعَلَ حَتَّى إِذَا دَنَا مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ النَّاسُ: هَذَا رَاكِبٌ عَلَى الطَّرِيقِ مُقْبِلٌ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " كُنْ أَبَا خَيْثَمَةَ ". فَقَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، هُوَ وَاللَّهِ أَبُو خَيْثَمَةَ. فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ أَقْبَلَ فَسَلَّمَ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: " أَوْلَى لَكَ يَا أَبَا خَيْثَمَةَ ! ". ثُمَّ أَخْبَرَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْخَبَرَ، فَقَالَ خَيْرًا، وَدَعَا لَهُ بِخَيْرٍ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ عُرْوَةُ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ وَمُوسَى بْنُ عُقْبَةَ قِصَّةَ أَبِي خَيْثَمَةَ بِنَحْوٍ مِنْ سِيَاقِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ وَأَبْسَطَ، وَذِكَرَ أَنَّ خُرُوجَهُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، إِلَى تَبُوكَ كَانَ فِي زَمَنِ الْخَرِيفِ. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ وَقَالَ أَبُو خَيْثَمَةَ، وَاسْمُهُ مَالِكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، فِي ذَلِكَ: لَمَّا رَأَيْتُ النَّاسَ فِي الدِّينِ نَافَقُوا أَتَيْتُ الَّتِي كَانَتْ أَعَفَّ وَأَكْرَمَا وَبَايَعْتُ بِالْيُمْنَى يَدِي لِمُحَمَّدٍ فَلَمْ أَكْتَسِبْ إِثْمًا وَلَمْ أَغْشَ مُحَرَّمَا تَرَكْتُ خَضِيبًا فِي الْعَرِيشِ وَصِرْمَةً صَفَايَا كِرَامًا بُسْرُهَا قَدْ تَحَمَّمَا وَكُنْتُ إِذَا شَكَّ الْمُنَافِقُ أَسْمَحَتْ إِلَى الدِّينِ نَفْسِي شَطْرَهُ حَيْثُ يَمَّمَا عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَسْعُودٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا سَارَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَى تَبُوكَ جَعَلَ لَا يَزَالُ الرَّجُلُ يَتَخَلَّفُ، فَيَقُولُونَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، تَخَلَّفَ فُلَانٌ. فَيَقُولُ: " دَعُوهُ، إِنْ يَكُ فِيهِ خَيْرٌ فَسَيُلْحِقُهُ اللَّهُ بِكُمْ، وَإِنْ يَكُ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ فَقَدْ أَرَاحَكُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ ". حَتَّى قِيلَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، تَخَلَّفَ أَبُو ذَرٍّ وَأَبْطَأَ بِهِ بَعِيرُهُ. فَقَالَ: " دَعُوهُ، إِنْ يَكُ فِيهِ خَيْرٌ فَسَيُلْحِقُهُ اللَّهُ بِكُمْ، وَإِنْ يَكُ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ فَقَدْ أَرَاحَكُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ ". فَتَلَوَّمَ أَبُو ذَرٍّ بَعِيرَهُ، فَلَمَّا أَبْطَأَ عَلَيْهِ أَخَذَ مَتَاعَهُ فَجَعَلَهُ عَلَى ظَهْرِهِ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ يَتَّبِعُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَاشِيًا، وَنَزَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي بَعْضِ مَنَازِلِهِ، وَنَظَرَ نَاظِرٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، إِنَّ هَذَا الرَّجُلَ مَاشٍ عَلَى الطَّرِيقِ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " كُنْ أَبَا ذَرٍّ ". فَلَمَّا تَأَمَّلَهُ الْقَوْمُ قَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، هُوَ وَاللَّهِ أَبُو ذَرٍّ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " يَرْحَمُ اللَّهُ أَبَا ذَرٍّ يَمْشِي وَحْدَهُ، وَيَمُوتُ وَحْدَهُ، وَيُبْعَثُ وَحْدَهُ " . قَالَ: فَضَرَبَ الدَّهْرُ مِنْ ضَرْبِهِ، وَسُيِّرَ أَبُو ذَرٍّ إِلَى الرَّبَذَةِ فَلَمَّا حَضَرَهُ الْمَوْتُ أَوْصَى امْرَأَتَهُ وَغُلَامَهُ فَقَالَ: إِذَا مِتُّ فَاغْسِلَانِي وَكَفِّنَانِي مِنَ اللَّيْلِ، ثُمَّ ضَعَانِي عَلَى قَارِعَةِ الطَّرِيقِ، فَأَوَّلُ رَكْبٍ يَمُرُّونَ بِكُمْ فَقُولُوا: هَذَا أَبُو ذَرٍّ. فَلَمَّا مَاتَ فَعَلُوا بِهِ كَذَلِكَ، فَاطَّلَعَ رَكْبٌ، فَمَا عَلِمُوا بِهِ حَتَّى كَادَتْ رِكَابُهُمْ تَطَأُ سَرِيرَهُ، فَإِذَا ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ فِي رَهْطٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ فَقَالَ: مَا هَذَا ؟ فَقِيلَ: جِنَازَةُ أَبِي ذَرٍّ. فَاسْتَهَلَّ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ يَبْكِي، وَقَالَ: صَدَقَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " يَرْحَمُ اللَّهُ أَبَا ذَرٍّ يَمْشِي وَحْدَهُ، وَيَمُوتُ وَحْدَهُ، وَيُبْعَثُ وَحْدَهُ ". فَنَزَلَ فَوَلِيَهُ بِنَفْسِهِ حَتَّى أَجَنَّهُ. إِسْنَادُهُ حَسَنٌ قُلْتُ -ابن القيم رحمه الله تعالى-: وَفِي هَذِهِ الْقِصَّةِ نَظَرٌ، فَقَدْ ذَكَرَ أَبُو حَاتِمِ بْنُ حِبَّانِ فِي " صَحِيحِهِ " وَغَيْرُهُ فِي قِصَّةِ وَفَاتِهِ، عَنْ مجاهد، عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ الْأَشْتَرِ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ ( عَنْ أم ذر قَالَتْ: لَمَّا حَضَرَتْ أبا ذر الْوَفَاةُ بَكَيْتُ فَقَالَ: مَا يُبْكِيكِ ؟ فَقُلْتُ: مَا لِيَ لَا أَبْكِي وَأَنْتَ تَمُوتُ بِفَلَاةٍ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ، وَلَيْسَ عِنْدِي ثَوْبٌ يَسَعُكَ كَفَنًا، وَلَا يَدَانِ لِي فِي تَغْيِيبِكَ، قَالَ: أَبْشِرِي وَلَا تَبْكِي، فَإِنِّي سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ لِنَفَرٍ أَنَا فِيهِمْ: لَيَمُوتَنَّ رَجُلٌ مِنْكُمْ بِفَلَاةٍ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ، يَشْهَدُهُ عِصَابَةٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَلَيْسَ أَحَدٌ مِنْ أُولَئِكَ النَّفَرِ إِلَّا وَقَدْ مَاتَ فِي قَرْيَةٍ وَجَمَاعَةٍ، فَأَنَا ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلُ، فَوَاللَّهِ مَا كَذَبْتُ وَلَا كُذِّبْتُ فَأَبْصِرِي الطَّرِيقَ، فَقُلْتُ: أَنَّى وَقَدْ ذَهَبَ الْحَاجُّ وَتَقَطَّعَتِ الطُّرُقُ، فَقَالَ اذْهَبِي فَتَبَصَّرِي، قَالَتْ: فَكُنْتُ أُسْنِدُ إِلَى الْكَثِيبِ أَتَبَصَّرُ ثُمَّ أَرْجِعُ فَأُمَرِّضُهُ، فَبَيْنَا أَنَا وَهُوَ كَذَلِكَ إِذْ أَنَا بِرِجَالٍ عَلَى رِحَالِهِمْ كَأَنَّهُمُ الرَّخَمُ تَخُبُّ بِهِمْ رَوَاحِلُهُمْ، قَالَتْ: فَأَشَرْتُ إِلَيْهِمْ فَأَسْرَعُوا إِلَيَّ حَتَّى وَقَفُوا عَلَيَّ فَقَالُوا: يَا أَمَةَ اللَّهِ مَا لَكِ ؟ قُلْتُ: امْرُؤٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَمُوتُ تُكَفِّنُونَهُ، قَالُوا: وَمَنْ هُوَ ؟ قُلْتُ: أبو ذر، قَالُوا: صَاحِبُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ قُلْتُ: نَعَمْ، فَفَدَوْهُ بِآبَائِهِمْ وَأُمَّهَاتِهِمْ وَأَسْرَعُوا إِلَيْهِ حَتَّى دَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: أَبْشِرُوا، فَإِنِّي سَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ لِنَفَرٍ أَنَا فِيهِمْ: لَيَمُوتَنَّ رَجُلٌ مِنْكُمْ بِفَلَاةٍ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ يَشْهَدُهُ عِصَابَةٌ مِنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَلَيْسَ مِنْ أُولَئِكَ النَّفَرِ رَجُلٌ إِلَّا وَقَدْ هَلَكَ فِي جَمَاعَةٍ، وَاللَّهِ مَا كَذَبْتُ وَلَا كُذِّبْتُ، إِنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَ عِنْدِي ثَوْبٌ يَسَعُنِي كَفَنًا لِي أَوْ لِامْرَأَتِي لَمْ أُكَفَّنْ إِلَّا فِي ثَوْبٍ هُوَ لِي أَوْ لَهَا، فَإِنِّي أَنْشُدُكُمُ اللَّهَ أَنْ لَا يُكَفِّنَنِي رَجُلٌ مِنْكُمْ كَانَ أَمِيرًا أَوْ عَرِيفًا أَوْ بَرِيدًا أَوْ نَقِيبًا، وَلَيْسَ مِنْ أُولَئِكَ النَّفَرِ أَحَدٌ إِلَّا وَقَدْ قَارَفَ بَعْضَ مَا قَالَ، إِلَّا فَتًى مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ قَالَ: أَنَا يَا عَمُّ أُكَفِّنُكَ فِي رِدَائِي هَذَا، وَفِي ثَوْبَيْنِ مِنْ عَيْبَتِي مِنْ غَزْلِ أُمِّي، قَالَ: أَنْتَ فَكَفِّنِّي، فَكَفَّنَهُ الْأَنْصَارِيُّ، وَقَامُوا عَلَيْهِ وَدَفَنُوهُ فِي نَفَرٍ كُلُّهُمْ يَمَانٌ )
Translation
✧ Ibn Isḥāq said: Then Abū Khaythamah returned after the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had been traveling for some days, to his family on a hot day. He found two wives of his in two arbors of theirs in his garden; each of them had sprinkled her arbor, cooled water in it, and prepared food for him in it. When he entered, he stood at the door of the arbor and looked at his two wives and what they had done for him. He said: 'The Messenger of Allah ﷺ is in the sun, the wind, and the heat, while Abū Khaythamah is in cool shade, prepared food, and a beautiful wife, remaining in his wealth! This is not fair.' Then he said: 'By Allah, I will not enter the arbor of either of you until I catch up with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, so prepare provisions.' They did so. Then he brought forward his camel, saddled it, and set out in search of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ until he caught up with him when he had encamped at Tabūk. ʿUmayr b. Wahb al-Jumaḥī had already caught up with Abū Khaythamah on the road, seeking the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, so they traveled together. When they drew near Tabūk, Abū Khaythamah said to ʿUmayr b. Wahb: 'I have a sin, so it is no trouble for you to stay behind from me until I come to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.' He did so. When he drew near the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, the people said: 'This is a rider on the road coming.' The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'Be Abū Khaythamah.' They said: 'O Messenger of Allah, by Allah he is Abū Khaythamah.' When he arrived, he came forward and greeted the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, who said to him: 'Woe to you, O Abū Khaythamah!' Then he told the Messenger of Allah ﷺ the news, and he said good and supplicated for good for him. ʿUrwah b. al-Zubayr and Mūsā b. ʿUqbah mentioned the story of Abū Khaythamah in a manner similar to the account of Muḥammad b. Isḥāq and more extensive. They mentioned that his ﷺ departure to Tabūk was in the autumn season. Allah knows best. Ibn Hishām said: Abū Khaythamah, whose name was Mālik b. Qays, said about that: When I saw the people in religion had acted as hypocrites I came to that which was more chaste and more noble And I pledged with my right hand to Muḥammad So I did not earn sin nor approach what is forbidden I left a dyed one in the arbor and a herd Of choice noble she-camels whose unripe dates had become dark And I, when the hypocrite doubted, my soul yielded To the religion, half of it, wherever it aimed From ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd, who said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ marched to Tabūk, a man would continually fall behind, and they would say: 'O Messenger of Allah, so-and-so has fallen behind.' He would say: 'Leave him; if there is good in him, Allah will cause him to catch up with you, and if there is other than that, Allah has relieved you of him.' Until it was said: 'O Messenger of Allah, Abū Dharr has fallen behind, and his camel delayed him.' He said: 'Leave him; if there is good in him, Allah will cause him to catch up with you, and if there is other than that, Allah has relieved you of him.' Abū Dharr waited for his camel, and when it delayed him, he took his baggage and placed it on his back, then set out following the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on foot. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ encamped at one of his stopping places, and a watcher among the Muslims looked and said: 'O Messenger of Allah, this man is walking on the road.' The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'Be Abū Dharr.' When the people examined him, they said: 'O Messenger of Allah, by Allah he is Abū Dharr.' The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: 'May Allah have mercy on Abū Dharr; he walks alone, dies alone, and will be resurrected alone.' He said: Then time struck him with one of its strokes, and Abū Dharr was sent to al-Rabadhah. When death came to him, he enjoined his wife and his servant, saying: 'When I die, wash me and shroud me at night, then place me on the main road. The first riders who pass by you, say: This is Abū Dharr.' When he died, they did that with him. A group of riders appeared, and they did not know of him until their mounts almost trampled his bier. Then Ibn Masʿūd was among a group of people from Kufa, and he said: 'What is this?' It was said: 'The funeral of Abū Dharr.' Ibn Masʿūd began to weep and said: 'The Messenger of Allah ﷺ spoke truly: May Allah have mercy on Abū Dharr; he walks alone, dies alone, and will be resurrected alone.' Then he dismounted and took charge of him himself until he buried him. Its chain is fair. I say—Ibn al-Qayyim, may Allah Almighty have mercy on him—: There is doubt in this story, for Abū Ḥātim b. Ḥibbān mentioned in his Ṣaḥīḥ and others in the story of his death, from Mujāhid, from Ibrāhīm b. al-Ashtar, from his father, from Umm Dharr, who said: When death came to Abū Dharr, I wept. He said: 'What makes you weep?' I said: 'Why should I not weep while you are dying in a desert of the earth, and I have no garment that can suffice you as a shroud, and I have no means to bury you?' He said: 'Rejoice and do not weep, for I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say to a group of which I was one: A man among you will certainly die in a desert of the earth, witnessed by a band of Muslims. There is no one of that group except he has died in a village and a community. I am that man. By Allah, I have not lied nor been lied to. Look at the road.' I said: 'How, when the pilgrims have gone and the roads are cut off?' He said: 'Go and look.' She said: So I would lean against the sand hill and look, then return and nurse him. While I and he were thus, I saw men on their mounts as if they were vultures, their riding camels trotting with them. She said: I gestured to them, and they hurried to me until they stopped by me. They said: 'O slave woman of Allah, what is the matter with you?' I said: 'A Muslim man is dying; shroud him.' They said: 'Who is he?' I said: 'Abū Dharr.' They said: 'The companion of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ?' I said: 'Yes.' They ransomed him with their fathers and mothers and hurried to him until they entered upon him. He said to them: 'Rejoice, for I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say to a group of which I was one: A man among you will certainly die in a desert of the earth, witnessed by a band of believers. There is no man of that group except he has perished in a community. By Allah, I have not lied nor been lied to. If I had a garment that could suffice me as a shroud for me or my wife, I would not be shrouded except in a garment that is mine or hers. I adjure you by Allah that no man among you who was a leader, an ʿarīf, a courier, or a naqīb should shroud me. There is no one of that group except he has committed some of what he said, except a young man from the Anṣār who said: I, O uncle, will shroud you in this cloak of mine and in two garments from my bag of my mother's spinning.' He said: 'You then, so shroud me.' The Anṣārī shrouded him, and they stood over him and buried him in a group all of whom were Yemenis.
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