Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1481
The Detachment of Khālid b. al-Walīd ᴿᴬ after the Conquest to Banū Jadhīmah of Kinānah
[ مَا كَانَ بَيْنَ قُرَيْشٍ وَبَنِيَّ جَذِيمَةَ مِنْ اسْتِعْدَادٍ لِلْحَرْبِ ثُمَّ صُلْحٍ ] وَكَانَ الْفَاكِهُ بْنُ الْمُغِيرَةِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ بْنِ مَخْزُومٍ، وَعَوْفُ بْنُ عَبْدِ مَنَافِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْحَارِثِ بْنِ زُهْرَةَ، وَعَفَّانُ بْنُ أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ عَبْدِ شَمْسٍ قَدْ خَرَجُوا تُجَّارًا إلَى الْيَمَنِ، وَمَعَ عَفَّانَ ابْنُهُ عُثْمَانُ، وَمَعَ عَوْفٍ ابْنُهُ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ، فَلَمَّا أَقْبَلُوا حَمَلُوا مَالَ رَجُلٍ مِنْ بَنِي جَذِيمَةَ بْنِ عَامِرٍ، كَانَ هَلَكَ بِالْيَمَنِ، إلَى وَرَثَتِهِ، فَادَّعَاهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ يُقَالُ لَهُ خَالِدُ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، وَلَقِيَهُمْ بِأَرْضِ بَنِي جَذِيمَةَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَصِلُوا إلَى أَهْلِ الْمَيِّتِ، فَأَبَوْا عَلَيْهِ، فَقَاتَلَهُمْ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنْ قَوْمِهِ عَلَى الْمَالِ لِيَأْخُذُوهُ وَقَاتَلُوهُ، فَقُتِلَ عَوْفُ بْنُ عَبْدِ عَوْفٍ، وَالْفَاكِهُ بْنُ الْمُغِيرَةِ، وَنَجَا عَفَّانُ بْنُ أَبِي الْعَاصِ وَابْنُهُ عُثْمَانُ، وَأَصَابُوا مَالَ الْفَاكِهِ بْنِ الْمُغِيرَةِ، وَمَالَ عَوْفِ بْنِ عَبْدِ عَوْفٍ، فَانْطَلَقُوا بِهِ، وَقَتَلَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ خَالِدَ بْنَ هِشَامٍ قَاتِلَ أَبِيهِ، فَهَمَّتْ قُرَيْشٌ بِغَزْوِ بَنِي جَذِيمَةَ، فَقَالَتْ بَنُو جَذِيمَةَ: مَا كَانَ مُصَابُ أَصْحَابِكُمْ عَنْ مَلَإِ مِنَّا، إنَّمَا عَدَا عَلَيْهِمْ قَوْمٌ بِجَهَالَةٍ، فَأَصَابُوهُمْ وَلَمْ نَعْلَمْ، فَنَحْنُ نَعْقِلُ لَكُمْ مَا كَانَ لَكُمْ قِبَلَنَا مِنْ دَمٍ أَوْ مَالٍ، فَقَبِلَتْ قُرَيْشٌ ذَلِكَ، وَوَضَعُوا الْحَرْبَ. يَعْنِي فَلِهَذَا قَالَ خَالِدٌ لِعَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ: إِنَّمَا ثَأَرْتُ بِأَبِيكَ. يَعْنِي حِينَ قَتَلَتْهُ بَنُو جَذِيمَةَ، فَأَجَابَهُ بِأَنَّهُ قَدْ أَخَذَ ثَأْرَهُ وَقَتَلَ قَاتِلَهُ، وَرَدَّ عَلَيْهِ بِأَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا ثَأَرَ بِعَمِّهِ الْفَاكِهِ بْنِ الْمُغِيرَةِ حِينَ قَتَلُوهُ وَأَخَذُوا أَمْوَالَهُ، وَالْمَظْنُونُ بِكُلٍّ مِنْهُمَا أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَقْصِدْ شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ، وَإِنَّمَا يُقَالُ هَذَا فِي وَقْتِ الْمُخَاصَمَةِ، فَإِنَّمَا أَرَادَ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ نُصْرَةَ الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَهْلِهِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ قَدْ أَخْطَأَ فِي أَمْرٍ، وَاعْتَقَدَ أَنَّهُمْ يَنْتَقِصُونَ الْإِسْلَامَ بِقَوْلِهِمْ: صَبَأْنَا صَبَأْنَا. وَلَمْ يَفْهَمْ عَنْهُمْ أَنَّهُمْ أَسْلَمُوا، فَقَتَلَ طَائِفَةً كَثِيرَةً مِنْهُمْ وَأَسَرَ بَقِيَّتَهُمْ، وَقَتَلَ أَكْثَرَ الْأَسْرَى أَيْضًا، وَمَعَ هَذَا لَمْ يَعْزِلْهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَلِ اسْتَمَرَّ بِهِ أَمِيرًا، وَإِنْ كَانَ قَدْ تَبَرَّأَ مِنْهُ فِي صَنِيعِهِ ذَلِكَ، وَوَدَى مَا كَانَ جَنَاهُ خَطَأً فِي دَمٍ أَوْ مَالٍ، فَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ لِأَحَدِ الْقَوْلَيْنِ بَيْنَ الْعُلَمَاءِ فِي أَنَّ خَطَأَ الْإِمَامِ يَكُونُ فِي بَيْتِ الْمَالِ لَا فِي مَالِهِ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَلِهَذَا لَمْ يَعْزِلْهُ الصِّدِّيقُ حِينَ قَتَلَ مَالِكَ بْنَ نُوَيْرَةَ أَيَّامَ الرِّدَّةِ، وَتَأَوَّلَ عَلَيْهِ مَا تَأَوَّلَ حِينَ ضَرَبَ عُنُقَهُ وَاصْطَفَى امْرَأَتَهُ أُمَّ تَمِيمٍ، فَقَالَ لَهُ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ: اعْزِلْهُ، فَإِنَّ فِي سَيْفِهِ رَهَقًا. فَقَالَ الصِّدِّيقُ: لَا أَغْمِدُ سَيْفًا سَلَّهُ اللَّهُ عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ.
Translation
✧ [What occurred between Quraysh and Banū Jadhīmah of preparation for war then reconciliation] Al-Fākih b. al-Mughīrah b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar b. Makhzūm, ʿAwf b. ʿAbd Manāf b. ʿAbd al-Ḥārith b. Zuhrah, and ʿAffān b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ b. Umayyah b. ʿAbd Shams had gone out as merchants to Yemen. With ʿAffān was his son ʿUthmān, and with ʿAwf was his son ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. When they returned, they carried the property of a man from Banū Jadhīmah b. ʿĀmir who had died in Yemen to his heirs. A man from among them called Khālid b. Hishām claimed it, and he met them in the land of Banū Jadhīmah before they reached the family of the deceased. They refused him, so he fought them with those of his people who were with him over the property to seize it, and they fought him. ʿAwf b. ʿAbd ʿAwf and al-Fākih b. al-Mughīrah were killed, while ʿAffān b. Abī al-ʿĀṣ and his son ʿUthmān escaped. They seized the property of al-Fākih b. al-Mughīrah and the property of ʿAwf b. ʿAbd ʿAwf and departed with it. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAwf killed Khālid b. Hishām, the killer of his father. Quraysh then resolved to raid Banū Jadhīmah, but Banū Jadhīmah said: 'The injury to your companions was not by a decision from us; only a group in ignorance attacked them and struck them down without our knowledge. We shall pay you blood money for whatever blood or property you have a claim against us.' Quraysh accepted that and laid down war. That is, it is for this reason that Khālid said to ʿAbd al-Raḥmān: 'I only sought vengeance for your father,' meaning when Banū Jadhīmah killed him. He answered him that he had already taken his revenge and killed his killer, and he replied to him that he only sought vengeance for his paternal uncle al-Fākih b. al-Mughīrah when they killed him and seized his property. The likely view regarding each of them is that he did not intend any of that, and this is only said at the time of dispute. Khālid b. al-Walīd only intended to support Islam and its people, even if he erred in a matter. He believed that they were disparaging Islam by their saying 'Ṣabaʾnā, Ṣabaʾnā' (We have apostatized, we have apostatized), and he did not understand from them that they had embraced Islam. So he killed a large group of them and took the rest captive, and he killed most of the captives as well. Despite this, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not dismiss him; rather, he kept him as commander, even though he disavowed his action in that affair and paid blood money and compensation for what he had wrongfully caused in blood or property. In this is evidence for one of the two opinions among the scholars that the error of the imam is to be paid from the public treasury, not from his own wealth. And Allah knows best. For this reason, al-Ṣiddīq did not dismiss him when he killed Mālik b. Nuwayrah during the apostasy wars, and he interpreted against him what he interpreted when he struck his neck and took his wife Umm Tamīm as a concubine. ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb said to him: 'Dismiss him, for in his sword there is recklessness.' Al-Ṣiddīq replied: 'I will not sheathe a sword that Allah has drawn against the polytheists.'
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