MajelisNoteDalilدليل

Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1449

The Conquest of Makkah

خُطْبَتِهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ   رَوَى الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ، وَأَبُو دَاوُدَ، وَالنَّسَائِيُّ، وَابْنُ مَاجَةَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ وَالْبُخَارِيُّ فِي صَحِيحِهِ عَنْ مُجَاهِدٍ. وَابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ وَابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ عَنْ صَفِيَّةَ بِنْتِ شَيْبَةَ، وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ، وَابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُبَيْدَةَ قَالُوا: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَمَّا خَرَجَ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ اسْتَكَفَّ لَهُ النَّاسُ، وَأَشْرَفَ عَلَى النَّاسِ وَقَدْ لِيطَ بِهِمْ حَوْلَ الْكَعْبَةِ - وَهُمْ جُلُوسٌ - قَامَ عَلَى بَابِهِ فَقَالَ: «لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، صَدَقَ وَعْدَهُ” وَلَفْظُ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ، وَمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُمَرَ: «الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي صَدَقَ وَعْدَهُ، ثُمَّ اتَّفَقُوا «وَنَصَرَ عَبْدَهُ، وَهَزَمَ الْأَحْزَابَ وَحْدَهُ، يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ مَاذَا تَقُولُونَ ؟ مَاذَا تَظُنُّونَ ؟ ” قَالُوا: نَقُولُ خَيْرًا وَنَظُنُّ خَيْرًا، نَبِيٌّ كَرِيمٌ، وَأَخٌ كَرِيمٌ، وَابْنُ أَخٍ كَرِيمٍ، وَقَدْ قَدَرْتَ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «فَإِنِّي أَقُولُ كَمَا قَالَ أَخِي يُوسُفُ: لا تَثْرِيبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْيَوْمَ يَغْفِرُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ وَهُوَ أَرْحَمُ الرَّاحِمِينَ ؟ [يُوسُفَ 92] «اذْهَبُوا فَأَنْتُمُ الطُّلَقَاءُ” فَخَرَجُوا كَأَنَّمَا نُشِرُوا مِنَ الْقُبُورِ فَدَخَلُوا فِي الْإِسْلَامِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «أَلَا إِنَّ كُلَّ رِبًا فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ أَوْ دَمٍ أَوْ مَأْثُرَةٍ أَوْ مَالٍ يُدَّعَى فَهُوَ تَحْتَ قَدَمَيَّ هَاتَيْنِ - وَأَوَّلُ دَمٍ أَضَعُهُ دَمُ رَبِيعَةَ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ إِلَّا سِدَانَةَ الْبَيْتِ وَسِقَايَةَ الْحَاجِّ، أَلَا وَفِي قَتِيلِ الْعَصَا وَالسَّوْطِ وَالْخَطَأِ شِبْهِ الْعَمْدِ الدِّيَةُ مُغَلَّظَةٌ مِائَةُ نَاقَةٍ، مِنْهَا أَرْبَعُونَ فِي بُطُونِهَا أَوْلَادُهَا، أَلَا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى - قَدْ أَذْهَبَ عَنْكُمْ نَخْوَةَ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَتَكَبُّرَهَا بِآبَائِهَا، كُلُّكُمْ لِآدَمَ وَآدَمُ مِنْ تُرَابٍ”. ثُمَّ تَلَا هَذِهِ الْآيَةَ: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقْنَاكُمْ مِنْ ذَكَرٍ وَأُنْثَى وَجَعَلْنَاكُمْ شُعُوبًا وَقَبَائِلَ لِتَعَارَفُوا إِنَّ أَكْرَمَكُمْ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ أَتْقَاكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهِ عَلِيمٌ خَبِيرٌ [الْحُجُرَاتِ 13] «يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ!! النَّاسُ رَجُلَانِ، فَبَرٌّ تَقِيٌّ كَرِيمٌ وَكَافِرٌ شَقِيٌّ هَيِّنٌ عَلَى اللَّهِ، أَلَا إِنَّ اللَّهَ - تَعَالَى - حَرَّمَ مَكَّةَ يَوْمَ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ، وَوَضَعَ هَذَيْنِ الْأَخْشَبَيْنِ، فَهِيَ حَرَامٌ بِحَرَامِ اللَّهِ، لَمْ تَحِلَّ لِأَحَدٍ كَانَ قَبَلِي، وَلَنْ تَحِلَّ لِأَحَدٍ كَائِنٍ بَعْدِي، لَمْ تَحِلَّ لِي إِلَّا سَاعَةً مِنْ نَهَارٍ يُقَصِّرُهَا ﷺ بِيَدِهِ هَكَذَا - وَلَا يُنَفَّرُ صَيْدُهَا، وَلَا يُعَضَّدُ عِضَاهُهَا، وَلَا تَحِلُّ لُقَطَتُهَا إِلَّا لِمُنْشِدٍ، وَلَا يُخْتَلَى خَلَاهَا” فَقَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ، وَكَانَ شَيْخًا مُجَرِّبًا: إِلَّا الْإِذْخِرَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ فَإِنَّهُ لَا بُدَّ لَنَا مِنْهُ - لِلْقَيْنِ وَظُهُورِ الْبُيُوتِ، فَسَكَتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ سَاعَةً ثُمَّ قَالَ: «إِلَّا الْإِذْخِرَ فَإِنَّهُ حَلَالٌ، وَلَا وَصِيَّةَ لِوَارِثٍ، وَإِنَّ الْوَلَدَ لِلْفِرَاشِ وَلِلْعَاهِرِ الْحَجَرَ، وَلَا يَحِلُّ لِامْرَأَةٍ أَنْ تُعْطِيَ مِنْ مَالِ زَوْجِهَا إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ زَوْجِهَا، وَالْمُسْلِمُ أَخُو الْمُسْلِمِ، وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ إِخْوَةٌ، وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ يَدٌ وَاحِدَةٌ عَلَى مَنْ سِوَاهُمْ، تَتَكَافَأُ دِمَاؤُهُمْ، وَهُمْ يَرِدُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَقْصَاهُمْ، وَيَعْقِلُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَدْنَاهُمْ، وَمُشِدُّهُمْ عَلَى مُضْعَفِهِمْ وَمُثْرِيهِمْ عَلَى قَاعِدِهِمْ، وَلَا يُقْتَلُ مُسْلِمٌ بِكَافِرٍ، وَلَا ذُو عَهْدٍ فِي عَهْدِهِ، وَلَا يَتَوَارَثُ أَهْلُ مِلَّتَيْنِ مُخْتَلِفَتَيْنِ، وَلَا جَلَبَ وَلَا جَنَبَ، وَلَا تُؤْخَذُ صَدَقَاتُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَّا فِي بُيُوتِهِمْ وَبِأَفْنِيَتِهِمْ، وَلَا تُنْكَحُ الْمَرْأَةُ عَلَى عَمَّتِهَا وَلَا عَلَى خَالَتِهَا. وَالْبَيِّنَةُ عَلَى مَنِ ادَّعَى، وَالْيَمِينُ عَلَى مَنْ أَنْكَرَ، وَلَا تُسَافِرُ امْرَأَةٌ مَسِيرَةَ ثَلَاثٍ إِلَّا مَعَ ذِي مَحْرَمٍ، وَلَا صَلَاةَ بَعْدَ الْعَصْرِ، وَبَعْدَ الصُّبْحِ، وَأَنْهَاكُمْ عَنْ صِيَامِ يَوْمَيْنِ يَوْمِ الْأَضْحَى وَيَوْمِ الْفِطْرِ، وَعَنْ لُبْسَتَيْنِ أَلَّا يَحْتَبِيَ أَحَدُكُمْ فِي ثَوْبٍ وَاحِدٍ يُفْضِي بِعَوْرَتِهِ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ، وَأَلَّا يَشْتَمِلَ الصَّمَّاءَ، فَقَامَ رَجُلٌ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنِّي قَدْ عَاهَرْتُ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ، فَقَالَ: مَنْ عَاهَرَ بِامْرَأَةٍ لَا يَمْلِكُهَا - أَوْ أَمَةِ قَوْمٍ آخَرِينَ لَا يَمْلِكُهَا - ثُمَّ ادَّعَى وَلَدَهُ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ، وَلَا يَرِثُ وَلَا يُوَرِّثُ - وَلَا أَخَالُكُمْ إِلَّا قَدْ عَرَفْتُمُوهَا يَا مَعْشَرَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ كُفُّوا السِّلَاحَ إِلَّا خُزَاعَةَ، عَنْ بَنِي بَكْرٍ مِنْ ضَحْوَةِ نَهَارِ الْفَتْحِ إِلَى صَلَاةِ الْعَصْرِ مِنْهُ - فَخَبَطُوهُمْ سَاعَةً - وَهِيَ السَّاعَةُ الَّتِي أُحِلَّتْ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَلَمْ تَحِلَّ لِأَحَدٍ قَبْلَهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُمْ: «كُفُّوا السِّلَاحَ فَقَامَ أَبُو شَاةٍ فَقَالَ: اكْتُبْ لِي يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، فَقَالَ «اكْتُبُوا لِأَبِي شَاةٍ، أَقُولُ قَوْلِي هَذَا وَأَسْتَغْفِرُ اللَّهَ لِي وَلَكُمْ”. وَبِهَذَا الْحَدِيثِ وَأَمْثَالِهِ اسْتَدَلَّ مَنْ ذَهَبَ إِلَى أَنَّ مَكَّةَ فُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً،  كَمَا ذَهَبَ إِلَيْهِ جُمْهُورُ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ، وَلَا يُعْرَفُ فِي ذَلِكَ خِلَافٌ إِلَّا عَنِ الشَّافِعِيِّ وأحمد فِي أَحَدِ قَوْلَيْهِ، وَسِيَاقُ الْقِصَّةِ أَوْضَحُ شَاهِدٍ لِمَنْ تَأَمَّلَهُ لِقَوْلِ الْجُمْهُورِ، وَلَمَّا اسْتَهْجَنَ أَبُو حَامِدٍ الْغَزَالِيُّ الْقَوْلَ بِأَنَّهَا فُتِحَتْ صُلْحًا، حَكَى قَوْلَ الشَّافِعِيِّ أَنَّهَا فُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً فِي " وَسِيطِهِ "، وَقَالَ: هَذَا مَذْهَبُهُ. قَالَ أَصْحَابُ الصُّلْحِ: لَوْ فُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً، لَقَسَمَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَيْنَ الْغَانِمِينَ كَمَا قَسَمَ خَيْبَرَ، وَكَمَا قَسَمَ سَائِرَ الْغَنَائِمِ مِنَ الْمَنْقُولَاتِ، فَكَانَ يُخَمِّسُهَا وَيَقْسِمُهَا، قَالُوا: وَلَمَّا اسْتَأْمَنَ أبو سفيان لِأَهْلِ مَكَّةَ لَمَّا أَسْلَمَ فَأَمَّنَهُمْ كَانَ هَذَا عَقْدَ صُلْحٍ مَعَهُمْ، قَالُوا: وَلَوْ فُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً لَمَلَكَ الْغَانِمُونَ رِبَاعَهَا وَدُورَهَا، وَكَانُوا أَحَقَّ بِهَا مِنْ أَهْلِهَا، وَجَازَ إِخْرَاجُهُمْ مِنْهَا، فَحَيْثُ لَمْ يَحْكُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِيهَا بِهَذَا الْحُكْمِ بَلْ لَمْ يَرُدَّ عَلَى الْمُهَاجِرِينَ دُورَهُمُ الَّتِي أُخْرِجُوا مِنْهَا، وَهِيَ بِأَيْدِي الَّذِينَ أَخْرَجُوهُمْ وَأَقَرَّهُمْ عَلَى بَيْعِ الدُّورِ وَشِرَائِهَا وَإِجَارَتِهَا وَسُكْنَاهَا، وَالِانْتِفَاعِ بِهَا، وَهَذَا مُنَافٍ لِأَحْكَامِ فُتُوحِ الْعَنْوَةِ، وَقَدْ صَرَّحَ بِإِضَافَةِ الدُّورِ إِلَى أَهْلِهَا، فَقَالَ: ( مَنْ دَخَلَ دَارَ أبي سفيان فَهُوَ آمِنٌ، وَمَنْ دَخَلَ دَارَهُ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ ). قَالَ أَرْبَابُ الْعَنْوَةِ: لَوْ كَانَ قَدْ صَالَحَهُمْ لَمْ يَكُنْ لِأَمَانِهِ الْمُقَيَّدِ بِدُخُولِ كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ دَارَهُ وَإِغْلَاقِهِ بَابَهُ وَإِلْقَائِهِ سِلَاحَهُ فَائِدَةٌ، وَلَمْ يُقَاتِلْهُمْ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ حَتَّى قَتَلَ مِنْهُمْ جَمَاعَةً، وَلَمْ يُنْكَرْ عَلَيْهِ، وَلَمَا قَتَلَ مقيس بن صبابة وعبد الله بن خطل وَمَنْ ذُكِرَ مَعَهُمَا، فَإِنَّ عَقْدَ الصُّلْحِ لَوْ كَانَ قَدْ وَقَعَ لَاسْتُثْنِيَ فِيهِ هَؤُلَاءِ قَطْعًا، وَلَنُقِلَ هَذَا وَهَذَا، وَلَوْ فُتِحَتْ صُلْحًا، لَمْ يُقَاتِلْهُمْ، وَقَدْ قَالَ: ( فَإِنْ أَحَدٌ تَرَخَّصَ بِقِتَالِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقُولُوا: إِنَّ اللَّهَ أَذِنَ لِرَسُولِهِ وَلَمْ يَأْذَنْ لَكُمْ )، وَمَعْلُومٌ أَنَّ هَذَا الْإِذْنَ الْمُخْتَصَّ بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِنَّمَا هُوَ الْإِذْنُ فِي الْقِتَالِ، لَا فِي الصُّلْحِ، فَإِنَّ الْإِذْنَ فِي الصُّلْحِ عَامٌّ. وَأَيْضًا فَلَوْ كَانَ فَتْحُهَا صُلْحًا، لَمْ يَقُلْ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ أَحَلَّهَا لَهُ سَاعَةً مِنْ نَهَارٍ، فَإِنَّهَا إِذَا فُتِحَتْ صُلْحًا، كَانَتْ بَاقِيَةً عَلَى حُرْمَتِهَا، وَلَمْ تَخْرُجْ بِالصُّلْحِ عَنِ الْحُرْمَةِ، وَقَدْ أَخْبَرَ بِأَنَّهَا فِي تِلْكَ السَّاعَةِ لَمْ تَكُنْ حَرَامًا، وَأَنَّهَا بَعْدَ انْقِضَاءِ سَاعَةِ الْحَرْبِ عَادَتْ إِلَى حُرْمَتِهَا الْأُولَى. وَأَيْضًا فَإِنَّهَا لَوْ فُتِحَتْ صُلْحًا لَمْ يُعَبِّئْ جَيْشَهُ: خَيَّالَتَهُمْ وَرَجَّالَتَهُمْ مَيْمَنَةً وَمَيْسَرَةً، وَمَعَهُمُ السِّلَاحُ، وَقَالَ لِأَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ: ( اهْتِفْ لِي بِالْأَنْصَارِ "، فَهَتَفَ بِهِمْ فَجَاءُوا، فَأَطَافُوا بِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ " أَتَرَوْنَ إِلَى أَوْبَاشِ قُرَيْشٍ وَأَتْبَاعِهِمْ "، ثُمَّ قَالَ بِيَدَيْهِ إِحْدَاهُمَا عَلَى الْأُخْرَى: " احْصُدُوهُمْ حَصْدًا حَتَّى تُوَافُونِي عَلَى الصَّفَا "، حَتَّى قَالَ أبو سفيان: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أُبِيحَتْ خَضْرَاءُ قُرَيْشٍ، لَا قُرَيْشَ بَعْدَ الْيَوْمِ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " مَنْ أَغْلَقَ بَابَهُ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ ) وَهَذَا مُحَالٌ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَعَ الصُّلْحِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ قَدْ تَقَدَّمَ صُلْحٌ - وَكَلَّا - فَإِنَّهُ يَنْتَقِضُ بِدُونِ هَذَا. وَأَيْضًا فَكَيْفَ يَكُونُ صُلْحًا، وَإِنَّمَا فُتِحَتْ بِإِيجَافِ الْخَيْلِ وَالرِّكَابِ، وَلَمْ يَحْبِسِ اللَّهُ خَيْلَ رَسُولِهِ وَرِكَابَهُ عَنْهَا، كَمَا حَبَسَهَا يَوْمَ صُلْحِ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ الْيَوْمَ كَانَ يَوْمَ الصُّلْحِ حَقًّا، فَإِنَّ الْقَصْوَاءَ لَمَّا بَرَكَتْ بِهِ قَالُوا: خَلَأَتِ الْقَصْوَاءُ قَالَ: ( مَا خَلَأَتْ، وَمَا ذَاكَ لَهَا بِخُلُقٍ، وَلَكِنْ حَبَسَهَا حَابِسُ الْفِيلِ ) ثُمَّ قَالَ: ( وَاللَّهِ لَا يَسْأَلُونِي خُطَّةً يُعَظِّمُونَ فِيهَا حُرْمَةً مِنْ حُرُمَاتِ اللَّهِ إِلَّا أَعْطَيْتُهُمُوهَا ). وَكَذَلِكَ جَرَى عَقْدُ الصُّلْحِ بِالْكِتَابِ وَالشُّهُودِ، وَمَحْضَرِ مَلَإٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ، وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ يَوْمَئِذٍ أَلْفٌ وَأَرْبَعُمِائَةٍ، فَجَرَى مِثْلُ هَذَا الصُّلْحِ فِي يَوْمِ الْفَتْحِ وَلَا يُكْتَبُ وَلَا يُشْهَدُ عَلَيْهِ، وَلَا يَحْضُرُهُ أَحَدٌ، وَلَا يُنْقَلُ كَيْفِيَّتُهُ وَالشُّرُوطُ فِيهِ، هَذَا مِنَ الْمُمْتَنِعِ الْبَيِّنِ امْتِنَاعُهُ، وَتَأَمَّلْ قَوْلَهُ ( إِنَّ اللَّهَ حَبَسَ عَنْ مَكَّةَ الْفِيلَ، وَسَلَّطَ عَلَيْهَا رَسُولَهُ وَالْمُؤْمِنِينَ ) كَيْفَ يُفْهَمُ مِنْهُ أَنَّ قَهْرَ رَسُولِهِ وَجُنْدِهِ الْغَالِبِينَ لِأَهْلِهَا أَعْظَمُ مِنْ قَهْرِ الْفِيلِ الَّذِي كَانَ يَدْخُلُهَا عَلَيْهِمْ عَنْوَةً، فَحَبَسَهُ عَنْهُمْ، وَسَلَّطَ رَسُولَهُ وَالْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَيْهِمْ، حَتَّى فَتَحُوهَا عَنْوَةً بَعْدَ الْقَهْرِ وَسُلْطَانِ الْعَنْوَةِ، وَإِذْلَالِ الْكُفْرِ وَأَهْلِهِ، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ أَجَلَّ قَدْرًا، وَأَعْظَمَ خَطَرًا، وَأَظْهَرَ آيَةً وَأَتَمَّ نُصْرَةً، وَأَعْلَى كَلِمَةً مِنْ أَنْ يُدْخِلَهُمْ تَحْتَ رِقِّ الصُّلْحِ، وَاقْتِرَاحِ الْعَدُوِّ وَشُرُوطِهِمْ، وَيَمْنَعُهُمْ سُلْطَانَ الْعَنْوَةِ وَعِزَّهَا وَظَفَرَهَا فِي أَعْظَمِ فَتْحٍ فَتَحَهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ، وَأَعَزَّ بِهِ دِينَهُ، وَجَعَلَهُ آيَةً لِلْعَالَمِينَ. قَالُوا: وَأَمَّا قَوْلُكُمْ: إِنَّهَا لَوْ فُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً لَقُسِمَتْ بَيْنَ الْغَانِمِينَ، فَهَذَا مَبْنِيٌّ عَلَى أَنَّ الْأَرْضَ دَاخِلَةٌ فِي الْغَنَائِمِ الَّتِي قَسَمَهَا اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ بَيْنَ الْغَانِمِينَ بَعْدَ تَخْمِيسِهَا، وَجُمْهُورُ الصَّحَابَةِ وَالْأَئِمَّةِ بَعْدَهُمْ عَلَى خِلَافِ ذَلِكَ، وَأَنَّ الْأَرْضَ لَيْسَتْ دَاخِلَةً فِي الْغَنَائِمِ الَّتِي تَجِبُ قِسْمَتُهَا  ، وَهَذِهِ كَانَتْ سِيرَةَ الْخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ، فَإِنَّ بلالا وَأَصْحَابَهُ لَمَّا طَلَبُوا مِنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ أَنْ يَقْسِمَ بَيْنَهُمُ الْأَرْضَ الَّتِي افْتَتَحُوهَا عَنْوَةً، وَهِيَ الشَّامُ وَمَا حَوْلَهَا، وَقَالُوا لَهُ خُذْ خُمُسَهَا وَاقْسِمْهَا، فَقَالَ عمر: هَذَا غَيْرُ الْمَالِ، وَلَكِنْ أَحْبِسُهُ فَيْئًا يَجْرِي عَلَيْكُمْ وَعَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَقَالَ بلال وَأَصْحَابُهُ ؓ: اقْسِمْهَا بَيْنَنَا، فَقَالَ عمر: ( اللَّهُمَّ اكْفِنِي بِلَالًا وَذَوِيهِ ) فَمَا حَالَ الْحَوْلُ وَمِنْهُمْ عَيْنٌ تَطْرِفُ، ثُمَّ وَافَقَ سَائِرُ الصَّحَابَةِ ؓ عمر ؓ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، وَكَذَلِكَ جَرَى فِي فُتُوحِ مِصْرَ وَالْعِرَاقِ، وَأَرْضِ فَارِسَ، وَسَائِرِ الْبِلَادِ الَّتِي فُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً لَمْ يَقْسِمْ مِنْهَا الْخُلَفَاءُ الرَّاشِدُونَ قَرْيَةً وَاحِدَةً. وَلَا يَصِحُّ أَنْ يُقَالَ: إِنَّهُ اسْتَطَابَ نُفُوسَهُمْ وَوَقَفَهَا بِرِضَاهُمْ، فَإِنَّهُمْ قَدْ نَازَعُوهُ فِي ذَلِكَ، وَهُوَ يَأْبَى عَلَيْهِمْ، وَدَعَا عَلَى بلال وَأَصْحَابِهِ ؓ وَكَانَ الَّذِي رَآهُ وَفَعَلَهُ عَيْنَ الصَّوَابِ وَمَحْضَ التَّوْفِيقِ، إِذْ لَوْ قُسِمَتْ لَتَوَارَثَهَا وَرَثَةُ أُولَئِكَ وَأَقَارِبُهُمْ، فَكَانَتِ الْقَرْيَةُ وَالْبَلَدُ تَصِيرُ إِلَى امْرَأَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ، أَوْ صَبِيٍّ صَغِيرٍ، وَالْمُقَاتِلَةُ لَا شَيْءَ بِأَيْدِيهِمْ، فَكَانَ فِي ذَلِكَ أَعْظَمُ الْفَسَادِ وَأَكْبَرُهُ، وَهَذَا هُوَ الَّذِي خَافَ عمر ؓ مِنْهُ، فَوَفَّقَهُ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ لِتَرْكِ قِسْمَةِ الْأَرْضِ، وَجَعَلَهَا وَقْفًا عَلَى الْمُقَاتِلَةِ، تَجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ فَيْئًا حَتَّى يَغْزُوَ مِنْهَا آخِرُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَظَهَرَتْ بَرَكَةُ رَأْيِهِ وَيُمْنُهُ عَلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَهْلِهِ، وَوَافَقَهُ جُمْهُورُ الْأَئِمَّةِ. وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي كَيْفِيَّةِ إِبْقَائِهَا بِلَا قِسْمَةٍ، فَظَاهِرُ مَذْهَبِ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ وَأَكْثَرُ نُصُوصِهِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْإِمَامَ مُخَيَّرٌ فِيهَا تَخْيِيرَ مَصْلَحَةٍ، لَا تَخْيِيرَ شَهْوَةٍ، فَإِنْ كَانَ الْأَصْلَحُ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ قِسْمَتَهَا قَسَمَهَا، وَإِنْ كَانَ الْأَصْلَحُ أَنْ يَقِفَهَا عَلَى جَمَاعَتِهِمْ وَقَفَهَا، وَإِنْ كَانَ الْأَصْلَحُ قِسْمَةَ الْبَعْضِ وَوَقْفَ الْبَعْضِ فَعَلَهُ، فَإِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَعَلَ الْأَقْسَامَ الثَّلَاثَةَ، فَإِنَّهُ قَسَمَ أَرْضَ قُرَيْظَةَ وَالنَّضِيرِ، وَتَرَكَ قِسْمَةَ مَكَّةَ، وَقَسَمَ بَعْضَ خَيْبَرَ، وَتَرَكَ بَعْضَهَا لِمَا يَنُوبُهُ مِنْ مَصَالِحِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. وَعَنْ أحمد رِوَايَةٌ ثَانِيَةٌ، أَنَّهَا تَصِيرُ وَقْفًا بِنَفْسِ الظُّهُورِ وَالِاسْتِيلَاءِ عَلَيْهَا مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يُنْشِئَ الْإِمَامُ وَقْفَهَا، وَهِيَ مَذْهَبُ مالك. وَعَنْهُ رِوَايَةٌ ثَالِثَةٌ: أَنَّهُ يَقْسِمُهَا بَيْنَ الْغَانِمِينَ كَمَا يَقْسِمُ بَيْنَهُمُ الْمَنْقُولَ، إِلَّا أَنْ يَتْرُكُوا حُقُوقَهُمْ مِنْهَا، وَهِيَ مَذْهَبُ الشَّافِعِيِّ. وَقَالَ أبو حنيفة: الْإِمَامُ مُخَيَّرٌ بَيْنَ الْقِسْمَةِ وَبَيْنَ أَنْ يُقِرَّ أَرْبَابَهَا فِيهَا بِالْخَرَاجِ، وَبَيْنَ أَنْ يُجْلِيَهُمْ عَنْهَا وَيُنْفِذَ إِلَيْهَا قَوْمًا آخَرِينَ يَضْرِبُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَرَاجَ. وَلَيْسَ هَذَا الَّذِي فَعَلَ عمر ؓ بِمُخَالِفٍ لِلْقُرْآنِ، فَإِنَّ الْأَرْضَ لَيْسَتْ دَاخِلَةً فِي الْغَنَائِمِ الَّتِي أَمَرَ اللَّهُ بِتَخْمِيسِهَا وَقِسْمَتِهَا، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ عمر: إِنَّهَا غَيْرُ الْمَالِ، وَيَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ أَنَّ إِبَاحَةَ الْغَنَائِمِ لَمْ تَكُنْ لِغَيْرِ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ  ، بَلْ هُوَ مِنْ خَصَائِصِهَا، كَمَا قَالَ ﷺ فِي الْحَدِيثِ الْمُتَّفَقِ عَلَى صِحَّتِهِ: ( وَأُحِلَّتْ لِيَ الْغَنَائِمُ، وَلَمْ تَحِلَّ لِأَحَدٍ قَبْلِي ) وَقَدْ أَحَلَّ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ الْأَرْضَ الَّتِي كَانَتْ بِأَيْدِي الْكُفَّارِ لِمَنْ قَبْلَنَا مِنْ أَتْبَاعِ الرُّسُلِ، إِذَا اسْتَوْلَوْا عَلَيْهَا عَنْوَةً، كَمَا أَحَلَّهَا لِقَوْمِ مُوسَى، فَلِهَذَا قَالَ مُوسَى لِقَوْمِهِ ( يَاقَوْمِ ادْخُلُوا الْأَرْضَ الْمُقَدَّسَةَ الَّتِي كَتَبَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ وَلَا تَرْتَدُّوا عَلَى أَدْبَارِكُمْ فَتَنْقَلِبُوا خَاسِرِينَ ) [ الْمَائِدَةِ: 21 ] فَمُوسَى وَقَوْمُهُ قَاتَلُوا الْكُفَّارَ، وَاسْتَوْلَوْا عَلَى دِيَارِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ، فَجَمَعُوا الْغَنَائِمَ، ثُمَّ نَزَلَتِ النَّارُ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ فَأَكَلَتْهَا، وَسَكَنُوا الْأَرْضَ وَالدِّيَارَ وَلَمْ تُحَرَّمْ عَلَيْهِمْ، فَعُلِمَ أَنَّهَا لَيْسَتْ مِنَ الْغَنَائِمِ، وَأَنَّهَا لِلَّهِ يُورِثُهَا مَنْ يَشَاءُ. وَأَمَّا مَكَّةُ، فَإِنَّ فِيهَا شَيْئًا آخَرَ يَمْنَعُ مِنْ قِسْمَتِهَا، وَلَوْ وَجَبَتْ قِسْمَةُ مَا عَدَاهَا مِنَ الْقُرَى، وَهِيَ أَنَّهَا لَا تُمْلَكُ، فَإِنَّهَا دَارُ النُّسُكِ، وَمُتَعَبَّدُ الْخَلْقِ، وَحَرَمُ الرَّبِّ تَعَالَى، الَّذِي جَعَلَهُ لِلنَّاسِ سَوَاءً الْعَاكِفُ فِيهِ وَالْبَادِ، فَهِيَ وَقْفٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ عَلَى الْعَالَمِينَ، وَهُمْ فِيهَا سَوَاءٌ ( وَمِنًى مُنَاخُ مَنْ سَبَقَ ) قَالَ تَعَالَى: ( إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا وَيَصُدُّونَ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَالْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ الَّذِي جَعَلْنَاهُ لِلنَّاسِ سَوَاءً الْعَاكِفُ فِيهِ وَالْبَادِي وَمَنْ يُرِدْ فِيهِ بِإِلْحَادٍ بِظُلْمٍ نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ ) [ الْحَجِّ: 25 ]، وَالْمَسْجِدُ الْحَرَامُ هُنَا، الْمُرَادُ بِهِ الْحَرَمُ كُلُّهُ كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ( إِنَّمَا الْمُشْرِكُونَ نَجَسٌ فَلَا يَقْرَبُوا الْمَسْجِدَ الْحَرَامَ بَعْدَ عَامِهِمْ هَذَا ) [ التَّوْبَةِ: 28 ]، فَهَذَا الْمُرَادُ بِهِ الْحَرَمُ كُلُّهُ، وَقَوْلِهِ سُبْحَانَهُ: ( سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي أَسْرَى بِعَبْدِهِ لَيْلًا مِنَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ الْأَقْصَى ) [ الْإِسْرَاءِ: 1 ]، وَفِي الصَّحِيحِ: إِنَّهُ ( أُسْرِيَ بِهِ مِنْ بَيْتِ أم هانئ ) وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: ( ذَلِكَ لِمَنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ أَهْلُهُ حَاضِرِي الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ ) [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 196 ]، وَلَيْسَ الْمُرَادُ بِهِ حُضُورَ نَفْسِ مَوْضِعِ الصَّلَاةِ اتِّفَاقًا، وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ حُضُورُ الْحَرَمِ وَالْقُرْبُ مِنْهُ، وَسِيَاقُ آيَةِ الْحَجِّ تَدُلُّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ فَإِنَّهُ قَالَ: ( وَمَنْ يُرِدْ فِيهِ بِإِلْحَادٍ بِظُلْمٍ نُذِقْهُ مِنْ عَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ ) وَهَذَا لَا يَخْتَصُّ بِمَقَامِ الصَّلَاةِ قَطْعًا، بَلِ الْمُرَادُ بِهِ الْحَرَمُ كُلُّهُ، فَالَّذِي جَعَلَهُ لِلنَّاسِ سَوَاءً الْعَاكِفُ فِيهِ وَالْبَادِ هُوَ الَّذِي تَوَعَّدَ مَنْ صَدَّ عَنْهُ، وَمَنْ أَرَادَ الْإِلْحَادَ بِالظُّلْمِ فِيهِ، فَالْحَرَمُ وَمَشَاعِرُهُ كَالصَّفَا وَالْمَرْوَةِ، وَالْمَسْعَى وَمِنًى، وَعَرَفَةَ، وَمُزْدَلِفَةَ، لَا يَخْتَصَّ بِهَا أَحَدٌ دُونَ أَحَدٍ، بَلْ هِيَ مُشْتَرَكَةٌ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ، إِذْ هِيَ مَحَلُّ نُسُكِهِمْ وَمُتَعَبَّدِهِمْ فَهِيَ مَسْجِدٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ، وَقَفَهُ وَوَضَعَهُ لِخَلْقِهِ، وَلِهَذَا امْتَنَعَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنْ يُبْنَى لَهُ بَيْتٌ بِمِنًى، يُظِلُّهُ مِنَ الْحَرِّ، وَقَالَ: ( مِنًى مُنَاخُ مَنْ سَبَقَ ). وَلِهَذَا ذَهَبَ جُمْهُورُ الْأَئِمَّةِ مِنَ السَّلَفِ وَالْخَلَفِ إِلَى أَنَّهُ لَا يَجُوزُ بَيْعُ أَرَاضِي مَكَّةَ  ، وَلَا إِجَارَةُ بُيُوتِهَا، هَذَا مَذْهَبُ مجاهد وعطاء فِي أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ، ومالك فِي أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ، وأبي حنيفة فِي أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ، وَسُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِيِّ، وَالْإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ حَنْبَلٍ، وَإِسْحَاقَ بْنِ رَاهَوَيْهِ. وَرَوَى الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ، عَنْ علقمة بن نضلة، قَالَ: ( كَانَتْ رِبَاعُ مَكَّةَ تُدْعَى السَّوَائِبَ عَلَى عَهْدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وأبي بكر وعمر، مَنِ احْتَاجَ سَكَنَ، وَمَنِ اسْتَغْنَى أَسْكَنَ ). وَرُوِيَ أَيْضًا عَنْ عبد الله بن عمر: ( مَنْ أَكَلَ أُجُورَ بُيُوتِ مَكَّةَ، فَإِنَّمَا يَأْكُلُ فِي بَطْنِهِ نَارَ جَهَنَّمَ، رَوَاهُ الدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ مَرْفُوعًا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَفِيهِ ( إِنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ مَكَّةَ، فَحَرَامٌ بَيْعُ رِبَاعِهَا وَأَكْلُ ثَمَنِهَا. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ: حَدَّثَنَا معمر، عَنْ ليث، عَنْ عطاء وَطَاوُسٍ ومجاهد، أَنَّهُمْ قَالُوا: يُكْرَهُ أَنْ تُبَاعَ رِبَاعُ مَكَّةَ أَوْ تُكْرَى بُيُوتُهَا. وَذَكَرَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ عَنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، قَالَ: ( مَنْ أَكَلَ مِنْ كِرَاءِ بُيُوتِ مَكَّةَ، فَإِنَّمَا يَأْكُلُ فِي بَطْنِهِ نَارًا ). وَقَالَ أحمد: حَدَّثَنَا هشيم، حَدَّثَنَا حجاج عَنْ مجاهد، عَنْ عبد الله بن عمر، قَالَ نُهِيَ عَنْ إِجَارَةِ بُيُوتِ مَكَّةَ  وَعَنْ بَيْعِ رِبَاعِهَا. وَذَكَرَ عَنْ عطاء، قَالَ: نُهِيَ عَنْ إِجَارَةِ بُيُوتِ مَكَّةَ. وَقَالَ أحمد: حَدَّثَنَا إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا عبد الملك قَالَ: كَتَبَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ إِلَى أَمِيرِ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ يَنْهَاهُمْ عَنْ إِجَارَةِ بُيُوتِ مَكَّةَ، وَقَالَ إِنَّهُ حَرَامٌ. وَحَكَى أحمد عَنْ عمر أَنَّهُ نَهَى أَنْ يَتَّخِذَ أَهْلُ مَكَّةَ لِلدُّورِ أَبْوَابًا، لِيَنْزِلَ الْبَادِي حَيْثُ شَاءَ، وَحَكَى عَنْ عبد الله بن عمر، عَنْ أَبِيهِ أَنَّهُ نَهَى أَنْ تُغْلَقَ أَبْوَابُ دُورِ مَكَّةَ، فَنَهَى مَنْ لَا بَابَ لِدَارِهِ أَنْ يَتَّخِذَ لَهَا بَابًا، وَمَنْ لِدَارِهِ بَابٌ أَنْ يُغْلِقَهُ، وَهَذَا فِي أَيَّامِ الْمَوْسِمِ. قَالَ الْمُجَوِّزُونَ لِلْبَيْعِ وَالْإِجَارَةِ: الدَّلِيلُ عَلَى جَوَازِ ذَلِكَ كِتَابُ اللَّهِ وَسُنَّةُ رَسُولِهِ، وَعَمَلُ أَصْحَابِهِ وَخُلَفَائِهِ الرَّاشِدِينَ. قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: ( لِلْفُقَرَاءِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيارِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ ) [ الْحَشْرِ: 8 ]، وَقَالَ ( فَالَّذِينَ هَاجَرُوا وَأُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ ) [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 195 ]، وَقَالَ ( إِنَّمَا يَنْهَاكُمُ اللَّهُ عَنِ الَّذِينَ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَأَخْرَجُوكُمْ مِنْ دِيَارِكُمْ ) [ الْمُمْتَحِنَةِ: 9 ] فَأَضَافَ الدُّورَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَهَذِهِ إِضَافَةُ تَمْلِيكٍ، وَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَقَدْ قِيلَ لَهُ: أَيْنَ تَنْزِلُ غَدًا بِدَارِكَ بِمَكَّةَ ؟ فَقَالَ: ( وَهَلْ تَرَكَ لَنَا عقيل مِنْ رِبَاعٍ ) وَلَمْ يَقُلْ: إِنَّهُ لَا دَارَ لِي، بَلْ أَقَرَّهُمْ عَلَى الْإِضَافَةِ وَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّ عقيلا اسْتَوْلَى عَلَيْهَا، وَلَمْ يَنْزِعْهَا مِنْ يَدِهِ، وَإِضَافَةُ دُورِهِمْ إِلَيْهِمْ فِي الْأَحَادِيثِ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ أَنْ تُذْكَرَ كَدَارِ أم هانئ، وَدَارِ خديجة، وَدَارِ أبي أحمد بن جحش وَغَيْرِهَا، وَكَانُوا يَتَوَارَثُونَهَا كَمَا يَتَوَارَثُونَ الْمَنْقُولَ؛ وَلِهَذَا قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: ( وَهَلْ تَرَكَ لَنَا عقيل مِنْ مَنْزِلٍ ) وَكَانَ عقيل هُوَ وَرِثَ دُورَ أبي طالب، فَإِنَّهُ كَانَ كَافِرًا، وَلَمْ يَرِثْهُ علي ؓ لِاخْتِلَافِ الدِّينِ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَاسْتَوْلَى عقيل عَلَى الدُّورِ. وَلَمْ يَزَالُوا قَبْلَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَبَعْدَهَا، بَلْ قَبْلَ الْمَبْعَثِ وَبَعْدَهُ، مَنْ مَاتَ وَرِثَتْهُ دَارُهُ إِلَى الْآنَ، وَقَدْ بَاعَ صَفْوَانُ بْنُ أُمَيَّةَ دَارًا لِعُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ بِأَرْبَعَةِ آلَافِ دِرْهَمٍ فَاتَّخَذَهَا سِجْنًا، وَإِذَا جَازَ الْبَيْعُ وَالْمِيرَاثُ فَالْإِجَارَةُ أَجْوَزُ وَأَجْوَزُ، فَهَذَا مَوْقِفُ أَقْدَامِ الْفَرِيقَيْنِ كَمَا تَرَى، وَحُجَجُهُمْ فِي الْقُوَّةِ وَالظُّهُورِ لَا تُدْفَعُ، وَحُجَجُ اللَّهِ وَبَيِّنَاتُهُ لَا يُبْطِلُ بَعْضُهَا بَعْضًا؛ بَلْ يُصَدِّقُ بَعْضُهَا بَعْضًا، وَيَجِبُ الْعَمَلُ بِمُوجَبِهَا كُلِّهَا، وَالْوَاجِبُ اتِّبَاعُ الْحَقِّ أَيْنَ كَانَ. فَالصَّوَابُ الْقَوْلُ بِمُوجَبِ الْأَدِلَّةِ مِنَ الْجَانِبَيْنِ، وَأَنَّ الدُّورَ تُمْلَكُ، وَتُوهَبُ، وَتُوَرَّثُ وَتُبَاعُ، وَيَكُونُ نَقْلُ الْمِلْكِ فِي الْبِنَاءِ لَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَالْعَرْصَةِ، فَلَوْ زَالَ بِنَاؤُهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ أَنْ يَبِيعَ الْأَرْضَ، وَلَهُ أَنْ يَبْنِيَهَا وَيُعِيدَهَا كَمَا كَانَتْ، وَهُوَ أَحَقُّ بِهَا يَسْكُنُهَا، وَيُسْكِنُ فِيهَا مَنْ شَاءَ، وَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يُعَاوِضَ عَلَى مَنْفَعَةِ السُّكْنَى بِعَقْدِ الْإِجَارَةِ، فَإِنَّ هَذِهِ الْمَنْفَعَةَ إِنَّمَا يَسْتَحِقُّ أَنْ يُقَدَّمَ فِيهَا عَلَى غَيْرِهِ وَيَخْتَصَّ بِهَا لِسَبْقِهِ وَحَاجَتِهِ، فَإِذَا اسْتَغْنَى عَنْهَا لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ أَنْ يُعَاوِضَ عَلَيْهَا، كَالْجُلُوسِ فِي الرِّحَابِ وَالطُّرُقِ الْوَاسِعَةِ، وَالْإِقَامَةِ عَلَى الْمَعَادِنِ وَغَيْرِهَا مِنَ الْمَنَافِعِ وَالْأَعْيَانِ الْمُشْتَرَكَةِ الَّتِي مَنْ سَبَقَ إِلَيْهَا فَهُوَ أَحَقُّ بِهَا مَا دَامَ يَنْتَفِعُ، فَإِذَا اسْتَغْنَى لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ أَنْ يُعَاوِضَ، وَقَدْ صَرَّحَ أَرْبَابُ هَذَا الْقَوْلِ بِأَنَّ الْبَيْعَ وَنَقْلَ الْمِلْكِ فِي رِبَاعِهَا إِنَّمَا يَقَعُ عَلَى الْبِنَاءِ لَا عَلَى الْأَرْضِ، ذَكَرَهُ أَصْحَابُ أبي حنيفة. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَقَدْ مَنَعْتُمُ الْإِجَارَةَ، وَجَوَّزْتُمُ الْبَيْعَ، فَهَلْ لِهَذَا نَظِيرٌ فِي الشَّرِيعَةِ، وَالْمَعْهُودُ فِي الشَّرِيعَةِ أَنَّ الْإِجَارَةَ أَوْسَعُ مِنَ الْبَيْعِ، فَقَدْ يَمْتَنِعُ الْبَيْعُ، وَتَجُوزُ الْإِجَارَةُ، كَالْوَقْفِ وَالْحُرِّ، فَأَمَّا الْعَكْسُ فَلَا عَهْدَ لَنَا بِهِ ؟ قِيلَ: كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنَ الْبَيْعِ وَالْإِجَارَةِ عَقْدٌ مُسْتَقِلٌّ غَيْرُ مُسْتَلْزِمٍ لِلْآخَرِ فِي جَوَازِهِ وَامْتِنَاعِهِ، وَمَوْرِدُهُمَا مُخْتَلِفٌ، وَأَحْكَامُهُمَا مُخْتَلِفَةٌ، وَإِنَّمَا جَازَ الْبَيْعُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ وَارِدٌ عَلَى الْمَحَلِّ الَّذِي كَانَ الْبَائِعُ أَخَصَّ بِهِ مِنْ غَيْرِهِ، وَهُوَ الْبِنَاءُ، وَأَمَّا الْإِجَارَةُ فَإِنَّمَا تَرِدُ عَلَى الْمَنْفَعَةِ، وَهِيَ مُشْتَرَكَةٌ، وَلِلسَّابِقِ إِلَيْهَا حَقُّ التَّقَدُّمِ دُونَ الْمُعَاوَضَةِ، فَلِهَذَا أَجَزْنَا الْبَيْعَ دُونَ الْإِجَارَةِ، فَإِنْ أَبَيْتُمْ إِلَّا النَّظِيرَ، قِيلَ هَذَا الْمُكَاتَبُ يَجُوزُ لِسَيِّدِهِ بَيْعُهُ، وَيَصِيرُ مُكَاتَبًا عِنْدَ مُشْتَرِيهِ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ لَهُ إِجَارَتُهُ إِذْ فِيهَا إِبْطَالُ مَنَافِعِهِ وَأَكْسَابِهِ الَّتِي مَلَكَهَا بِعَقْدِ الْكِتَابَةِ، وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَا يُمْنَعُ الْبَيْعُ، وَإِنْ كَانَتْ مَنَافِعُ أَرْضِهَا وَرِبَاعِهَا مُشْتَرَكَةً بَيْنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَإِنَّهَا تَكُونُ عِنْدَ الْمُشْتَرِي كَذَلِكَ مُشْتَرَكَةَ الْمَنْفَعَةِ إِنِ احْتَاجَ سَكَنَ وَإِنِ اسْتَغْنَى أَسْكَنَ، كَمَا كَانَتْ عِنْدَ الْبَائِعِ، فَلَيْسَ فِي بَيْعِهَا إِبْطَالُ اشْتِرَاكِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَنْفَعَةِ، كَمَا أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ فِي بَيْعِ الْمُكَاتَبِ إِبْطَالُ مِلْكِهِ لِمَنَافِعِهِ الَّتِي مَلَكَهَا بِعَقْدِ الْمُكَاتَبَةِ، وَنَظِيرُ هَذَا جَوَازُ بَيْعِ أَرْضِ الْخَرَاجِ  الَّتِي وَقَفَهَا عمر ؓ عَلَى الصَّحِيحِ الَّذِي اسْتَقَرَّ الْحَالُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ عَمَلِ الْأُمَّةِ قَدِيمًا وَحَدِيثًا، فَإِنَّهَا تَنْتَقِلُ إِلَى الْمُشْتَرِي خَرَاجِيَّةً كَمَا كَانَتْ عِنْدَ الْبَائِعِ، وَحَقُّ الْمُقَاتِلَةِ إِنَّمَا هُوَ فِي خَرَاجِهَا، وَهُوَ لَا يَبْطُلُ بِالْبَيْعِ، وَقَدِ اتَّفَقَتِ الْأُمَّةُ عَلَى أَنَّهَا تُورَثُ، فَإِنْ كَانَ بُطْلَانُ بَيْعِهَا لِكَوْنِهَا وَقْفًا، فَكَذَلِكَ يَنْبَغِي أَنْ تَكُونَ وَقْفِيَّتُهَا مُبْطِلَةً لِمِيرَاثِهَا، وَقَدْ نَصَّ أحمد عَلَى جَوَازِ جَعْلِهَا صَدَاقًا فِي النِّكَاحِ، فَإِذَا جَازَ نَقْلُ الْمِلْكِ فِيهَا بِالصَّدَاقِ وَالْمِيرَاثِ وَالْهِبَةِ جَازَ الْبَيْعُ فِيهَا قِيَاسًا وَعَمَلًا وَفِقْهًا. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. فَإِذَا كَانَتْ مَكَّةُ قَدْ فُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً، فَهَلْ يُضْرَبُ الْخَرَاجُ عَلَى مَزَارِعِهَا كَسَائِرِ أَرْضِ الْعَنْوَةِ  ، وَهَلْ يَجُوزُ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَفْعَلُوا ذَلِكَ أَمْ لَا ؟ قِيلَ فِي هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ قَوْلَانِ لِأَصْحَابِ الْعَنْوَةِ: أَحَدُهُمَا: الْمَنْصُوصُ الْمَنْصُورُ الَّذِي لَا يَجُوزُ الْقَوْلُ بِغَيْرِهِ، أَنَّهُ لَا خَرَاجَ عَلَى مَزَارِعِهَا وَإِنْ فُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً، فَإِنَّهَا أَجَلُّ وَأَعْظَمُ مِنْ أَنْ يُضْرَبَ عَلَيْهَا الْخَرَاجُ، لَا سِيَّمَا وَالْخَرَاجُ هُوَ جِزْيَةُ الْأَرْضِ، وَهُوَ عَلَى الْأَرْضِ كَالْجِزْيَةِ عَلَى الرُّءُوسِ، وَحَرَمُ الرَّبِّ أَجَلُّ قَدْرًا وَأَكْبَرُ مِنْ أَنْ تُضْرَبَ عَلَيْهِ جِزْيَةٌ، وَمَكَّةُ بِفَتْحِهَا عَادَتْ إِلَى مَا وَضَعَهَا اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ كَوْنِهَا حَرَمًا آمِنًا يَشْتَرِكُ فِيهِ أَهْلُ الْإِسْلَامِ، إِذْ هُوَ مَوْضِعُ مَنَاسِكِهِمْ وَمُتَعَبَّدُهُمْ وَقِبْلَةُ أَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ. وَالثَّانِي - وَهُوَ قَوْلُ بَعْضِ أَصْحَابِ أحمد - أَنَّ عَلَى مَزَارِعِهَا الْخَرَاجَ، كَمَا هُوَ عَلَى مَزَارِعِ غَيْرِهَا مِنْ أَرْضِ الْعَنْوَةِ، وَهَذَا فَاسِدٌ مُخَالِفٌ لِنَصِّ أحمد رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ وَمَذْهَبِهِ، وَلِفِعْلِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَخُلَفَائِهِ الرَّاشِدِينَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ ؓ، فَلَا الْتِفَاتَ إِلَيْهِ، وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَدْ بَنَى بَعْضُ الْأَصْحَابِ تَحْرِيمَ بَيْعِ رِبَاعِ مَكَّةَ  عَلَى كَوْنِهَا فُتِحَتْ عَنْوَةً، وَهَذَا بِنَاءٌ غَيْرُ صَحِيحٍ، فَإِنَّ مَسَاكِنَ أَرْضِ الْعَنْوَةِ تُبَاعُ قَوْلًا وَاحِدًا، فَظَهَرَ بُطْلَانُ هَذَا الْبِنَاءِ وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَفِيهَا: تَعْيِينُ قَتْلِ السَّابِّ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَأَنَّ قَتْلَهُ حَدٌّ لَا بُدَّ مِنَ اسْتِيفَائِهِ، فَإِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ لَمْ يُؤَمِّنْ مقيس بن صبابة، وابن خطل، وَالْجَارِيَتَيْنِ اللَّتَيْنِ كَانَتَا تُغَنِّيَانِ بِهِجَائِهِ، مَعَ أَنَّ نِسَاءَ أَهْلِ الْحَرْبِ لَا يُقْتَلْنَ كَمَا لَا تُقْتَلُ الذُّرِّيَّةُ، وَقَدْ أَمَرَ بِقَتْلِ هَاتَيْنِ الْجَارِيَتَيْنِ ( وَأَهْدَرَ دَمَ أُمِّ وَلَدِ الْأَعْمَى لَمَّا قَتَلَهَا سَيِّدُهَا لِأَجْلِ سَبِّهَا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ ) وَقَتَلَ كعب بن الأشرف الْيَهُودِيَّ، وَقَالَ: ( مَنْ لكعب فَإِنَّهُ قَدْ آذَى اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ " ) وَكَانَ يَسُبُّهُ، وَهَذَا إِجْمَاعٌ مِنَ الْخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ، وَلَا يُعْلَمُ لَهُمْ فِي الصَّحَابَةِ مُخَالِفٌ، فَإِنَّ الصِّدِّيقَ ؓ قَالَ لِأَبِي بَرْزَةَ الْأَسْلَمِيِّ وَقَدْ هَمَّ بِقَتْلِ مَنْ سَبَّهُ: ( لَمْ يَكُنْ هَذَا لِأَحَدٍ غَيْرِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ) ﷺ، وَمَرَّ عمر ؓ بِرَاهِبٍ فَقِيلَ لَهُ: هَذَا يَسُبُّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ. فَقَالَ: ( لَوْ سَمِعْتُهُ لَقَتَلْتُهُ، إِنَّا لَمْ نُعْطِهِمُ الذِّمَّةَ عَلَى أَنْ يَسُبُّوا نَبِيَّنَا ﷺ ). وَلَا رَيْبَ أَنَّ الْمُحَارَبَةَ بِسَبِّ نَبِيِّنَا أَعْظَمُ أَذِيَّةً وَنِكَايَةً لَنَا مِنَ الْمُحَارَبَةِ بِالْيَدِ، وَمَنْعِ دِينَارِ جِزْيَةٍ فِي السَّنَةِ، فَكَيْفَ يُنْقَضُ عَهْدُهُ وَيُقْتَلُ بِذَلِكَ دُونَ السَّبِّ، وَأَيُّ نِسْبَةٍ لِمَفْسَدَةِ مَنْعِهِ دِينَارًا فِي السَّنَةِ إِلَى مَفْسَدَةِ مَنْعِ مُجَاهَرَتِهِ بِسَبِّ نَبِيِّنَا أَقْبَحَ سَبٍّ عَلَى رُءُوسِ الْأَشْهَادِ، بَلْ لَا نِسْبَةَ لِمَفْسَدَةِ مُحَارَبَتِهِ بِالْيَدِ إِلَى مَفْسَدَةِ مُحَارَبَتِهِ بِالسَّبِّ، فَأَوْلَى مَا انْتَقَضَ بِهِ عَهْدُهُ وَأَمَانُهُ سَبُّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَلَا يَنْتَقِضُ عَهْدُهُ بِشَيْءٍ أَعْظَمَ مِنْهُ إِلَّا سَبَّهُ الْخَالِقَ سُبْحَانَهُ، فَهَذَا مَحْضُ الْقِيَاسِ، وَمُقْتَضَى النُّصُوصِ، وَإِجْمَاعُ الْخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ ؓ وَعَلَى هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ أَكْثَرُ مِنْ أَرْبَعِينَ دَلِيلًا. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَالنَّبِيُّ ﷺ لَمْ يَقْتُلْ عبد الله بن أبي، وَقَدْ قَالَ: لَئِنْ رَجَعْنَا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ لِيُخْرِجَنَّ الْأَعَزُّ مِنْهَا الْأَذَلَّ، وَلَمْ يَقْتُلْ ذا الخويصرة التميمي، وَقَدْ قَالَ لَهُ: اعْدِلْ فَإِنَّكَ لَمْ تَعْدِلْ، وَلَمْ يَقْتُلْ مَنْ قَالَ لَهُ: يَقُولُونَ إِنَّكَ تَنْهَى عَنِ الْغَيِّ، وَتَسْتَخْلِي بِهِ، وَلَمْ يَقْتُلِ الْقَائِلَ لَهُ: إِنَّ هَذِهِ الْقِسْمَةَ مَا أُرِيدَ بِهَا وَجْهُ اللَّهِ، وَلَمْ يَقْتُلْ مَنْ قَالَ لَهُ لَمَّا حَكَمَ لِلزُّبَيْرِ بِتَقْدِيمِهِ فِي السَّقْيِ: أَنْ كَانَ ابْنَ عَمَّتِكَ، وَغَيْرُ هَؤُلَاءِ مِمَّنْ كَانَ يَبْلُغُهُ عَنْهُمْ أَذًى لَهُ وَتَنَقُّصٌ. قِيلَ: الْحَقُّ كَانَ لَهُ فَلَهُ أَنْ يَسْتَوْفِيَهُ، وَلَهُ أَنْ يُسْقِطَهُ، وَلَيْسَ لِمَنْ بَعْدَهُ أَنْ يُسْقِطَ حَقَّهُ، كَمَا أَنَّ الرَّبَّ تَعَالَى لَهُ أَنْ يَسْتَوْفِيَ حَقَّهُ، وَلَهُ أَنْ يُسْقِطَ، وَلَيْسَ لِأَحَدٍ أَنْ يُسْقِطَ حَقَّهُ تَعَالَى بَعْدَ وُجُوبِهِ، كَيْفَ وَقَدْ كَانَ فِي تَرْكِ قَتْلِ مَنْ ذَكَرْتُمْ وَغَيْرِهِمْ مَصَالِحُ عَظِيمَةٌ فِي حَيَاتِهِ، زَالَتْ بَعْدَ مَوْتِهِ، مِنْ تَأْلِيفِ النَّاسِ، وَعَدَمِ تَنْفِيرِهِمْ عَنْهُ، فَإِنَّهُ لَوْ بَلَغَهُمْ أَنَّهُ يَقْتُلُ أَصْحَابَهُ لَنَفَرُوا، وَقَدْ أَشَارَ إِلَى هَذَا بِعَيْنِهِ، وَقَالَ لعمر لَمَّا أَشَارَ عَلَيْهِ بِقَتْلِ عبد الله بن أبي: ( لَا يَبْلُغُ النَّاسَ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا يَقْتُلُ أَصْحَابَهُ ). وَلَا رَيْبَ أَنَّ مَصْلَحَةَ هَذَا التَّأْلِيفِ، وَجَمْعِ الْقُلُوبِ عَلَيْهِ، كَانَتْ أَعْظَمَ عِنْدَهُ وَأَحَبَّ إِلَيْهِ مِنَ الْمَصْلَحَةِ الْحَاصِلَةِ بِقَتْلِ مَنْ سَبَّهُ وَآذَاهُ، وَلِهَذَا لَمَّا ظَهَرَتْ مَصْلَحَةُ الْقَتْلِ، وَتَرَجَّحَتْ جِدًّا قَتَلَ السَّابَّ كَمَا فَعَلَ بكعب بن الأشرف، فَإِنَّهُ جَاهَرَ بِالْعَدَاوَةِ وَالسَّبِّ، فَكَانَ قَتْلُهُ أَرْجَحَ مِنْ إِبْقَائِهِ، وَكَذَلِكَ قَتْلُ ابن خطل، ومقيس وَالْجَارِيَتَيْنِ وَأُمِّ وَلَدِ الْأَعْمَى، فَقَتَلَ لِلْمَصْلَحَةِ الرَّاجِحَةِ وَكَفَّ لِلْمَصْلَحَةِ الرَّاجِحَةِ، فَإِذَا صَارَ الْأَمْرُ إِلَى نُوَّابِهِ وَخُلَفَائِهِ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ أَنْ يُسْقِطُوا حَقَّهُ. قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ - فِيمَا رَوَاهُ عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ، وَالطَّبَرَانِيُّ: ثُمَّ نَزَلَ - وَنَزَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَمَعَهُ الْمِفْتَاحُ، فَتَنَحَّى نَاحِيَةً مِنَ الْمَسْجِدِ، فَجَلَسَ عِنْدَ السِّقَايَةِ. قَالَ شُيُوخُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُمَرَ: وَكَانَ ﷺ قَدْ قَبَضَ مِفْتَاحَ السِّقَايَةِ مِنَ الْعَبَّاسِ، وَمِفْتَاحَ الْبَيْتِ مِنْ عُثْمَانَ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُبَيْدَةَ: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَعْدَ خُطْبَتِهِ عَدَلَ إِلَى جَانِبِ الْمَسْجِدِ فَأُتِيَ بِدَلْوٍ مِنْ مَاءِ زَمْزَمَ، فَغَسَلَ مِنْهَا وَجْهَهُ مَا يَقَعُ مِنْهُ قَطْرَةٌ إِلَّا فِي يَدِ إِنْسَانٍ إِنْ كَانَتْ قَدْرَ مَا يَحْسُوهَا حَسَاهَا وَإِلَّا مَسَحَ جِلْدَهُ. وَالْمُشْرِكُونَ يَنْظُرُونَ فَقَالُوا: مَا رَأَيْنَا مَلِكًا قَطُّ أَعْظَمَ مِنَ الْيَوْمِ. وَلَا قَوْمًا أَحْمَقَ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ. مَا فِي خُطْبَتِهِ الْعَظِيمَةِ ثَانِيَ يَوْمِ الْفَتْحِ مِنْ أَنْوَاعِ الْعِلْمِ فَمِنْهَا قَوْلُهُ ( إِنَّ مَكَّةَ حَرَّمَهَا اللَّهُ، وَلَمْ يُحَرِّمْهَا النَّاسُ ) فَهَذَا تَحْرِيمٌ شَرْعِيٌّ قَدَرِيٌّ سَبَقَ بِهِ قَدَرُهُ يَوْمَ خَلَقَ هَذَا الْعَالَمَ، ثُمَّ ظَهَرَ بِهِ عَلَى لِسَانِ خَلِيلِهِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَمُحَمَّدٍ صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ وَسَلَامُهُ عَلَيْهِمَا، كَمَا فِي " الصَّحِيحِ " عَنْهُ، أَنَّهُ ﷺ قَالَ: ( اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ خَلِيلَكَ حَرَّمَ مَكَّةَ، وَإِنِّي أُحَرِّمُ الْمَدِينَةَ ) فَهَذَا إِخْبَارٌ عَنْ ظُهُورِ التَّحْرِيمِ السَّابِقِ يَوْمَ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ عَلَى لِسَانِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، وَلِهَذَا لَمْ يُنَازِعْ أَحَدٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْإِسْلَامِ فِي تَحْرِيمِهَا، وَإِنْ تَنَازَعُوا فِي تَحْرِيمِ الْمَدِينَةِ  ، وَالصَّوَابُ الْمَقْطُوعُ بِهِ تَحْرِيمُهَا، إِذْ قَدْ صَحَّ فِيهِ بِضْعَةٌ وَعِشْرُونَ حَدِيثًا عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَا مَطْعَنَ فِيهَا بِوَجْهٍ. وَمِنْهَا: قَوْلُهُ ( فَلَا يَحِلُّ لِأَحَدٍ أَنْ يَسْفِكَ بِهَا دَمًا   ) هَذَا التَّحْرِيمُ لِسَفْكِ الدَّمِ الْمُخْتَصُّ بِهَا، وَهُوَ الَّذِي يُبَاحُ فِي غَيْرِهَا، وَيَحْرُمُ فِيهَا لِكَوْنِهَا حَرَمًا، كَمَا أَنَّ تَحْرِيمَ عَضْدِ الشَّجَرِ بِهَا  ، وَاخْتِلَاءِ خَلَائِهَا، وَالْتِقَاطِ لُقَطَتِهَا  ، هُوَ أَمْرٌ مُخْتَصٌّ بِهَا، وَهُوَ مُبَاحٌ فِي غَيْرِهَا، إِذِ الْجَمِيعُ فِي كَلَامٍ وَاحِدٍ، وَنِظَامٍ وَاحِدٍ، وَإِلَّا بَطَلَتْ فَائِدَةُ التَّخْصِيصِ، وَهَذَا أَنْوَاعٌ: أَحَدُهَا_ وَهُوَ الَّذِي سَاقَهُ أبو شريح العدوي لِأَجْلِهِ -: أَنَّ الطَّائِفَةَ الْمُمْتَنِعَةَ بِهَا مِنْ مُبَايَعَةِ الْإِمَامِ لَا تُقَاتَلُ، لَا سِيَّمَا إِنْ كَانَ لَهَا تَأْوِيلٌ، كَمَا امْتَنَعَ أَهْلُ مَكَّةَ مِنْ مُبَايَعَةِ يزيد، وَبَايَعُوا ابن الزبير، فَلَمْ يَكُنْ قِتَالُهُمْ وَنَصْبُ الْمَنْجَنِيقِ عَلَيْهِمَا، وَإِحْلَالُ حَرَمِ اللَّهِ جَائِزًا بِالنَّصِّ وَالْإِجْمَاعِ، وَإِنَّمَا خَالَفَ فِي ذَلِكَ عَمْرُو بْنُ سَعِيدٍ الْفَاسِقُ وَشِيعَتُهُ، وَعَارَضَ نَصَّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِرَأْيِهِ وَهَوَاهُ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ الْحَرَمَ لَا يُعِيذُ عَاصِيًا، فَيُقَالُ لَهُ: هُوَ لَا يُعِيذُ عَاصِيًا مِنْ عَذَابِ اللَّهِ وَلَوْ لَمْ يُعِذْهُ مِنْ سَفْكِ دَمِهِ لَمْ يَكُنْ حَرَمًا بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى الْآدَمِيِّينَ، وَكَانَ حَرَمًا بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى الطَّيْرِ وَالْحَيَوَانِ الْبَهِيمِ، وَهُوَ لَمْ يَزَلْ يُعِيذُ الْعُصَاةَ مِنْ عَهْدِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَامُهُ، وَقَامَ الْإِسْلَامُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، وَإِنَّمَا لَمْ يُعِذْ مقيس بن صبابة، وابن خطل، وَمَنْ سُمِّيَ مَعَهُمَا، لِأَنَّهُ فِي تِلْكَ السَّاعَةِ لَمْ يَكُنْ حَرَمًا، بَلْ حِلًّا، فَلَمَّا انْقَضَتْ سَاعَةُ الْحَرْبِ عَادَ إِلَى مَا وُضِعَ عَلَيْهِ يَوْمَ خَلَقَ اللَّهُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ. وَكَانَتِ الْعَرَبُ فِي جَاهِلِيَّتِهَا يَرَى الرَّجُلُ قَاتِلَ أَبِيهِ، أَوِ ابْنَهُ فِي الْحَرَمِ، فَلَا يَهِيجُهُ، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ بَيْنَهُمْ خَاصِّيَّةَ الْحَرَمِ الَّتِي صَارَ بِهَا حَرَمًا، ثُمَّ جَاءَ الْإِسْلَامُ، فَأَكَّدَ ذَلِكَ وَقَوَّاهُ، وَعَلِمَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَنَّ مِنَ الْأُمَّةِ مَنْ يَتَأَسَّى بِهِ فِي إِحْلَالِهِ بِالْقِتَالِ وَالْقَتْلِ، فَقَطَعَ الْإِلْحَاقَ، وَقَالَ لِأَصْحَابِهِ: ( فَإِنْ أَحَدٌ تَرَخَّصَ لِقَتَالِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقُولُوا: " إِنَّ اللَّهَ أَذِنَ لِرَسُولِهِ، وَلَمْ يَأْذَنْ لَكَ ) وَعَلَى هَذَا فَمَنْ أَتَى حَدًّا أَوْ قِصَاصًا خَارِجَ الْحَرَمِ يُوجِبُ الْقَتْلَ، ثُمَّ لَجَأَ إِلَيْهِ  ، لَمْ يَجُزْ إِقَامَتُهُ عَلَيْهِ فِيهِ. وَذَكَرَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: ( لَوْ وَجَدْتُ فِيهِ قَاتِلَ الخطاب مَا مَسِسْتُهُ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ مِنْهُ ). وَذُكِرَ عَنْ عبد الله بن عمر أَنَّهُ قَالَ: ( لَوْ لَقِيتُ فِيهِ قَاتِلَ عمر مَا نَدَهْتُهُ ) وَعَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: ( لَوْ لَقِيتُ قَاتِلَ أَبِي فِي الْحَرَمِ مَا هِجْتُهُ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ مِنْهُ ) وَهَذَا قَوْلُ جُمْهُورِ التَّابِعِينَ وَمَنْ بَعْدَهُمْ، بَلْ لَا يُحْفَظُ عَنْ تَابِعِيٍّ وَلَا صَحَابِيٍّ خِلَافُهُ، وَإِلَيْهِ ذَهَبَ أبو حنيفة وَمَنْ وَافَقَهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِرَاقِ، وَالْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ وَمَنْ وَافَقَهُ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْحَدِيثِ. وَذَهَبَ مالك وَالشَّافِعِيُّ إِلَى أَنَّهُ يُسْتَوْفَى مِنْهُ فِي الْحَرَمِ، كَمَا يُسْتَوْفَى مِنْهُ فِي الْحِلِّ، وَهُوَ اخْتِيَارُ ابن المنذر، وَاحْتُجَّ لِهَذَا الْقَوْلِ بِعُمُومِ النُّصُوصِ الدَّالَّةِ عَلَى اسْتِيفَاءِ الْحُدُودِ وَالْقِصَاصِ فِي كُلِّ مَكَانٍ وَزَمَانٍ، ( وَبِأَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَتَلَ ابن خطل، وَهُوَ مُتَعَلِّقٌ بِأَسْتَارِ الْكَعْبَةِ ). وَبِمَا يُرْوَى عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: ( إِنَّ الْحَرَمَ لَا يُعِيذُ عَاصِيًا وَلَا فَارًّا بِدَمٍ وَلَا بِخَرْبَةٍ ) وَبِأَنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَ الْحُدُودُ وَالْقِصَاصُ فِيمَا دُونَ النَّفْسِ، لَمْ يُعِذْهُ الْحَرَمُ، وَلَمْ يَمْنَعْهُ مِنْ إِقَامَتِهِ عَلَيْهِ، وَبِأَنَّهُ لَوْ أَتَى فِيهِ بِمَا يُوجِبُ حَدًّا أَوْ قِصَاصًا، لَمْ يُعِذْهُ الْحَرَمُ، وَلَمْ يَمْنَعْ مِنْ إِقَامَتِهِ عَلَيْهِ، فَكَذَلِكَ إِذَا أَتَاهُ خَارِجَهُ، ثُمَّ لَجَأَ إِلَيْهِ، إِذْ كَوْنُهُ حَرَمًا بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى عِصْمَتِهِ، لَا يَخْتَلِفُ بَيْنَ الْأَمْرَيْنِ وَبِأَنَّهُ حَيَوَانٌ أُبِيحَ قَتْلُهُ لِفَسَادِهِ، فَلَمْ يَفْتَرِقِ الْحَالُ بَيْنَ قَتْلِهِ لَاجِئًا إِلَى الْحَرَمِ، وَبَيْنَ كَوْنِهِ قَدْ أَوْجَبَ مَا أُبِيحَ قَتْلُهُ فِيهِ كَالْحَيَّةِ وَالْحِدَأَةِ وَالْكَلْبِ الْعَقُورِ، وَلِأَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: ( خَمْسٌ فَوَاسِقُ يُقْتَلْنَ فِي الْحِلِّ وَالْحَرَمِ ) فَنَبَّهَ بِقَتْلِهِنَّ فِي الْحِلِّ وَالْحَرَمِ عَلَى الْعِلَّةِ وَهِيَ فِسْقُهُنَّ، وَلَمْ يَجْعَلِ الْتِجَاءَهُنَّ إِلَى الْحَرَمِ مَانِعًا مِنْ قَتْلِهِنَّ، وَكَذَلِكَ فَاسِقُ بَنِي آدَمَ الَّذِي قَدِ اسْتَوْجَبَ الْقَتْلَ. قَالَ الْأَوَّلُونَ: لَيْسَ فِي هَذَا مَا يُعَارِضُ مَا ذَكَرْنَا مِنَ الْأَدِلَّةِ، وَلَا سِيَّمَا قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: ( وَمَنْ دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا ) [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 97 ]، وَهَذَا إِمَّا خَبَرٌ بِمَعْنَى الْأَمْرِ لِاسْتِحَالَةِ الْخُلْفِ فِي خَبَرِهِ تَعَالَى، وَإِمَّا خَبَرٌ عَنْ شَرْعِهِ وَدِينِهِ الَّذِي شَرَعَهُ فِي حَرَمِهِ، وَإِمَّا إِخْبَارٌ عَنِ الْأَمْرِ الْمَعْهُودِ الْمُسْتَمِرِّ فِي حَرَمِهِ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ وَالْإِسْلَامِ، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: ( أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّا جَعَلْنَا حَرَمًا آمِنًا وَيُتَخَطَّفُ النَّاسُ مِنْ حَوْلِهِمْ ) [ الْعَنْكَبُوتِ: 67 ]، وَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ( وَقَالُوا إِنْ نَتَّبِعِ الْهُدَى مَعَكَ نُتَخَطَّفْ مِنْ أَرْضِنَا أَوَلَمْ نُمَكِّنْ لَهُمْ حَرَمًا آمِنًا يُجْبَى إِلَيْهِ ثَمَرَاتُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ ) [ الْقَصَصِ: 57 ] وَمَا عَدَا هَذَا مِنَ الْأَقْوَالِ الْبَاطِلَةِ فَلَا يُلْتَفَتُ إِلَيْهِ كَقَوْلِ بَعْضِهِمْ: ( وَمَنْ دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا ) مِنَ النَّارِ، وَقَوْلِ بَعْضِهِمْ: كَانَ آمِنًا مِنَ الْمَوْتِ عَلَى غَيْرِ الْإِسْلَامِ وَنَحْوَ ذَلِكَ، فَكَمْ مِمَّنْ دَخَلَهُ وَهُوَ فِي قَعْرِ الْجَحِيمِ. وَأَمَّا الْعُمُومَاتُ الدَّالَّةُ عَلَى اسْتِيفَاءِ الْحُدُودِ وَالْقِصَاصِ فِي كُلِّ زَمَانٍ وَمَكَانٍ فَيُقَالُ أَوَّلًا: لَا تَعَرُّضَ فِي تِلْكَ الْعُمُومَاتِ لِزَمَانِ الِاسْتِيفَاءِ وَلَا مَكَانِهِ، كَمَا لَا تَعَرُّضَ فِيهَا لِشُرُوطِهِ وَعَدَمِ مَوَانِعِهِ، فَإِنَّ اللَّفْظَ لَا يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهَا بِوَضْعِهِ وَلَا بِتَضَمُّنِهِ، فَهُوَ مُطْلَقٌ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَيْهَا، وَلِهَذَا إِذَا كَانَ لِلْحُكْمِ شَرْطٌ أَوْ مَانِعٌ، لَمْ يَقُلْ: إِنَّ تَوَقُّفَ الْحُكْمِ عَلَيْهِ تَخْصِيصٌ لِذَلِكَ الْعَامِّ فَلَا يَقُولُ مُحَصِّلٌ: إِنَّ قَوْلَهُ تَعَالَى: ( وَأُحِلَّ لَكُمْ مَا وَرَاءَ ذَلِكُمْ ) [ النِّسَاءِ: 24 ] مَخْصُوصٌ بِالْمَنْكُوحَةِ فِي عِدَّتِهَا، أَوْ بِغَيْرِ إِذْنِ وَلِيِّهَا، أَوْ بِغَيْرِ شُهُودٍ، فَهَكَذَا النُّصُوصُ الْعَامَّةُ فِي اسْتِيفَاءِ الْحُدُودِ وَالْقِصَاصِ، لَا تَعَرُّضَ فِيهَا لِزَمَنِهِ وَلَا مَكَانِهِ وَلَا شَرْطِهِ وَلَا مَانِعِهِ، وَلَوْ قُدِّرَ تَنَاوُلُ اللَّفْظِ لِذَلِكَ، لَوَجَبَ تَخْصِيصُهُ بِالْأَدِلَّةِ الدَّالَّةِ عَلَى الْمَنْعِ، لِئَلَّا يَبْطُلَ مُوجَبُهَا، وَوَجَبَ حَمْلُ اللَّفْظِ الْعَامِّ عَلَى مَا عَدَاهَا كَسَائِرِ نَظَائِرِهِ، وَإِذَا خَصَّصْتُمْ تِلْكَ الْعُمُومَاتِ بِالْحَامِلِ وَالْمُرْضِعِ وَالْمَرِيضِ الَّذِي يُرْجَى بُرْؤُهُ وَالْحَالِ الْمُحَرِّمَةِ لِلِاسْتِيفَاءِ كَشِدَّةِ الْمَرَضِ أَوِ الْبَرْدِ أَوِ الْحَرِّ فَمَا الْمَانِعُ مِنْ تَخْصِيصِهَا بِهَذِهِ الْأَدِلَّةِ ؟ وَإِنْ قُلْتُمْ لَيْسَ ذَلِكَ تَخْصِيصًا، بَلْ تَقْيِيدًا لِمُطْلَقِهَا، كِلْنَا لَكُمْ بِهَذَا الصَّاعِ سَوَاءً بِسَوَاءٍ. وَأَمَّا قَتْلُ ابن خطل، فَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ فِي وَقْتِ الْحِلِّ، وَالنَّبِيُّ ﷺ قَطَعَ الْإِلْحَاقَ، وَنَصَّ عَلَى أَنَّ ذَلِكَ مِنْ خَصَائِصِهِ، وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ: ( وَإِنَّمَا أُحِلَّتْ لِي سَاعَةً مِنْ نَهَارٍ ) صَرِيحٌ فِي أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا أُحِلَّ لَهُ سَفْكُ دَمٍ حَلَالٍ فِي غَيْرِ الْحَرَمِ فِي تِلْكَ السَّاعَةِ خَاصَّةً، إِذْ لَوْ كَانَ حَلَالًا فِي كُلِّ وَقْتٍ لَمْ يَخْتَصَّ بِتِلْكَ السَّاعَةِ، وَهَذَا صَرِيحٌ فِي أَنَّ الدَّمَ الْحَلَالَ فِي غَيْرِهَا حَرَامٌ فِيهَا، فِيمَا عَدَا تِلْكَ السَّاعَةِ، وَأَمَّا قَوْلُهُ ( الْحَرَمُ لَا يُعِيذُ عَاصِيًا ) فَهُوَ مِنْ كَلَامِ الْفَاسِقِ عَمْرِو بْنِ سَعِيدٍ الْأَشْدَقِ، يَرُدُّ بِهِ حَدِيثَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِينَ رَوَى لَهُ أبو شريح الكعبي هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ كَمَا جَاءَ مُبَيَّنًا فِي " الصَّحِيحِ "، فَكَيْفَ يُقَدَّمُ عَلَى قَوْلِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. وَأَمَّا قَوْلُكُمْ: لَوْ كَانَ الْحَدُّ وَالْقِصَاصُ فِيمَا دُونَ النَّفْسِ، لَمْ يُعِذْهُ الْحَرَمُ مِنْهُ، فَهَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةُ فِيهَا قَوْلَانِ لِلْعُلَمَاءِ، وَهُمَا رِوَايَتَانِ مَنْصُوصَتَانِ عَنِ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ، فَمَنْ مَنَعَ الِاسْتِيفَاءَ نَظَرَ إِلَى عُمُومِ الْأَدِلَّةِ الْعَاصِمَةِ بِالنِّسْبَةِ إِلَى النَّفْسِ وَمَا دُونَهَا، وَمَنْ فَرَّقَ قَالَ: سَفْكُ الدَّمِ إِنَّمَا يَنْصَرِفُ إِلَى الْقَتْلِ، وَلَا يَلْزَمُ مِنْ تَحْرِيمِهِ فِي الْحَرَمِ تَحْرِيمُ مَا دُونَهُ؛ لِأَنَّ حُرْمَةَ النَّفْسِ أَعْظَمُ وَالِانْتِهَاكَ بِالْقَتْلِ أَشَدُّ، قَالُوا: وَلِأَنَّ الْحَدَّ بِالْجَلْدِ أَوِ الْقَطْعِ يَجْرِي مَجْرَى التَّأْدِيبِ، فَلَمْ يُمْنَعْ مِنْهُ، كَتَأْدِيبِ السَّيِّدِ عَبْدَهُ، وَظَاهِرُ هَذَا الْمَذْهَبِ أَنَّهُ لَا فَرْقَ بَيْنَ النَّفْسِ وَمَا دُونَهَا فِي ذَلِكَ، قَالَ أبو بكر: هَذِهِ مَسْأَلَةٌ وَجَدْتُهَا لحنبل عَنْ عَمِّهِ، أَنَّ الْحُدُودَ كُلَّهَا تُقَامُ فِي الْحَرَمِ إِلَّا الْقَتْلَ  ، قَالَ: وَالْعَمَلُ عَلَى أَنَّ كُلَّ جَانٍ دَخَلَ الْحَرَمَ لَمْ يُقَمْ عَلَيْهِ الْحَدُّ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ مِنْهُ، قَالُوا: وَحِينَئِذٍ فَنُجِيبُكُمْ بِالْجَوَابِ الْمُرَكَّبِ، وَهُوَ أَنَّهُ إِنْ كَانَ بَيْنَ النَّفْسِ وَمَا دُونَهَا فِي ذَلِكَ فَرْقٌ مُؤَثِّرٌ بَطَلَ الْإِلْزَامُ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ بَيْنَهُمَا فَرْقٌ مُؤَثِّرٌ، سَوَّيْنَا بَيْنَهُمَا فِي الْحُكْمِ، وَبَطَلَ الِاعْتِرَاضُ، فَتَحَقَّقَ بُطْلَانُهُ عَلَى التَّقْدِيرَيْنِ. قَالُوا: وَأَمَّا قَوْلُكُمْ: إِنَّ الْحَرَمَ لَا يُعِيذُ مَنِ انْتَهَكَ فِيهِ الْحُرْمَةَ، إِذْ أَتَى فِيهِ مَا يُوجِبُ الْحَدَّ، فَكَذَلِكَ اللَّاجِئُ إِلَيْهِ، فَهُوَ جَمْعٌ بَيْنَ مَا فَرَّقَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَالصَّحَابَةُ بَيْنَهُمَا، فَرَوَى الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ، حَدَّثَنَا عبد الرزاق، حَدَّثَنَا معمر، عَنِ ابْنِ طَاوُسٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ قَالَ: ( مَنْ سَرَقَ أَوْ قَتَلَ فِي الْحِلِّ ثُمَّ دَخَلَ الْحَرَمَ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُجَالَسُ وَلَا يُكَلَّمُ وَلَا يُؤْوَى، وَلَكِنَّهُ يُنَاشَدُ حَتَّى يَخْرُجَ فَيُؤْخَذَ فَيُقَامَ عَلَيْهِ الْحَدُّ، وَإِنْ سَرَقَ أَوْ قَتَلَ فِي الْحَرَمِ، أُقِيمَ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْحَرَمِ ) وَذَكَرَ الْأَثْرَمُ، عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ أَيْضًا: ( مَنْ أَحْدَثَ حَدَثًا فِي الْحَرَمِ، أُقِيمَ عَلَيْهِ مَا أَحْدَثَ فِيهِ مِنْ شَيْءٍ ). وَقَدْ أَمَرَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ بِقَتْلِ مَنْ قَاتَلَ فِي الْحَرَمِ، فَقَالَ: ( وَلَا تُقَاتِلُوهُمْ عِنْدَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ حَتَّى يُقَاتِلُوكُمْ فِيهِ فَإِنْ قَاتَلُوكُمْ فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ ) [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 191 ]. وَالْفَرَقُ بَيْنَ اللَّاجِئِ وَالْمُنْتَهِكِ فِيهِ  مِنْ وُجُوهٍ: أَحَدُهَا: أَنَّ الْجَانِيَ فِيهِ هَاتِكٌ لِحُرْمَتِهِ بِإِقْدَامِهِ عَلَى الْجِنَايَةِ فِيهِ، بِخِلَافِ مَنْ جَنَى خَارِجَهُ ثُمَّ لَجَأَ إِلَيْهِ، فَإِنَّهُ مُعَظِّمٌ لِحُرْمَتِهِ مُسْتَشْعِرٌ بِهَا بِالْتِجَائِهِ إِلَيْهِ، فَقِيَاسُ أَحَدِهِمَا عَلَى الْآخَرِ بَاطِلٌ. الثَّانِي: أَنَّ الْجَانِيَ فِيهِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْمُفْسِدِ الْجَانِي عَلَى بِسَاطِ الْمَلِكِ فِي دَارِهِ وَحَرَمِهِ، وَمَنْ جَنَى خَارِجَهُ ثُمَّ لَجَأَ إِلَيْهِ فَإِنَّهُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ مَنْ جَنَى خَارِجَ بِسَاطِ السُّلْطَانِ وَحَرَمِهِ، ثُمَّ دَخَلَ إِلَى حَرَمِهِ مُسْتَجِيرًا. الثَّالِثُ: أَنَّ الْجَانِيَ فِي الْحَرَمِ قَدِ انْتَهَكَ حُرْمَةَ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانَهُ وَحُرْمَةَ بَيْتِهِ وَحَرَمِهِ، فَهُوَ هَاتِكٌ لِحُرْمَتَيْنِ بِخِلَافِ غَيْرِهِ. الرَّابِعُ: أَنَّهُ لَوْ لَمْ يُقَمِ الْحَدُّ عَلَى الْجُنَاةِ فِي الْحَرَمِ لَعَمَّ الْفَسَادُ، وَعَظُمَ الشَّرُّ فِي حَرَمِ اللَّهِ، فَإِنَّ أَهْلَ الْحَرَمِ كَغَيْرِهِمْ فِي الْحَاجَةِ إِلَى صِيَانَةِ نَفُوسِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ وَأَعْرَاضِهِمْ، وَلَوْ لَمْ يُشْرَعِ الْحَدُّ فِي حَقِّ مَنِ ارْتَكَبَ الْجَرَائِمَ فِي الْحَرَمِ، لَتَعَطَّلَتْ حُدُودُ اللَّهِ وَعَمَّ الضَّرَرُ لِلْحَرَمِ وَأَهْلِهِ. وَالْخَامِسُ: أَنَّ اللَّاجِئَ إِلَى الْحَرَمِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ التَّائِبِ الْمُتَنَصِّلِ، اللَّاجِئِ إِلَى بَيْتِ الرَّبِّ تَعَالَى، الْمُتَعَلِّقِ بِأَسْتَارِهِ، فَلَا يُنَاسِبُ حَالُهُ وَلَا حَالُ بَيْتِهِ وَحَرَمِهِ أَنْ يُهَاجَ، بِخِلَافِ الْمُقْدِمِ عَلَى انْتِهَاكِ حُرْمَتِهِ، فَظَهَرَ سِرُّ الْفَرْقِ، وَتَبَيَّنَ أَنَّ مَا قَالَهُ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ هُوَ مَحْضُ الْفِقْهِ. وَأَمَّا قَوْلُكُمْ: إِنَّهُ حَيَوَانٌ مُفْسِدٌ، فَأُبِيحَ قَتْلُهُ فِي الْحِلِّ وَالْحَرَمِ كَالْكَلْبِ الْعَقُورِ، فَلَا يَصِحُّ الْقِيَاسُ، فَإِنَّ الْكَلْبَ الْعَقُورَ طَبْعُهُ الْأَذَى، فَلَمْ يُحَرِّمْهُ الْحَرَمُ لِيَدْفَعَ أَذَاهُ عَنْ أَهْلِهِ، وَأَمَّا الْآدَمِيُّ فَالْأَصْلُ فِيهِ الْحُرْمَةُ، وَحُرْمَتُهُ عَظِيمَةٌ، وَإِنَّمَا أُبِيحَ لِعَارِضٍ، فَأَشْبَهَ الصَّائِلَ مِنَ الْحَيَوَانَاتِ الْمُبَاحَةِ مِنَ الْمَأْكُولَاتِ، فَإِنَّ الْحَرَمَ يَعْصِمُهَا. وَأَيْضًا فَإِنَّ حَاجَةَ أَهْلِ الْحَرَمِ إِلَى قَتْلِ الْكَلْبِ الْعَقُورِ وَالْحَيَّةِ وَالْحِدَأَةِ  كَحَاجَةِ أَهْلِ الْحِلِّ سَوَاءً، فَلَوْ أَعَاذَهَا الْحَرَمُ لَعَظُمَ عَلَيْهِمُ الضَّرَرُ بِهَا. وَمِنْهَا: قَوْلُهُ ﷺ: ( وَلَا يُعْضَدُ بِهَا شَجَرٌ   )، وَفِي اللَّفْظِ الْآخَرِ: ( وَلَا يُعْضَدُ شَوْكُهَا )، وَفِي لَفْظٍ فِي " صَحِيحِ مسلم ": ( وَلَا يُخْبَطُ شَوْكُهَا ) لَا خِلَافَ بَيْنَهُمْ أَنَّ الشَّجَرَ الْبَرِّيَّ الَّذِي لَمْ يُنْبِتْهُ الْآدَمِيُّ عَلَى اخْتِلَافِ أَنْوَاعِهِ مُرَادٌ مِنْ هَذَا اللَّفْظِ، وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِيمَا أَنْبَتَهُ الْآدَمِيُّ مِنَ الشَّجَرِ فِي الْحَرَمِ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْوَالٍ، وَهِيَ فِي مَذْهَبِ أحمد: أَحَدُهَا: أَنَّ لَهُ قَلْعَهُ، وَلَا ضَمَانَ عَلَيْهِ، وَهَذَا اخْتِيَارُ ابن عقيل، وأبي الخطاب، وَغَيْرِهِمَا. وَالثَّانِي: أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُ قَلْعُهُ، وَإِنْ فَعَلَ فَفِيهِ الْجَزَاءُ بِكُلِّ حَالٍ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الشَّافِعِيِّ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي ذَكَرَهُ ابن البناء فِي " خِصَالِهِ ". الثَّالِثُ: الْفَرْقُ بَيْنَ مَا أَنْبَتَهُ فِي الْحِلِّ ثُمَّ غَرَسَهُ فِي الْحَرَمِ، وَبَيْنَ مَا أَنْبَتَهُ فِي الْحَرَمِ أَوَّلًا، فَالْأَوَّلُ: لَا جَزَاءَ فِيهِ، وَالثَّانِي: لَا يُقْلَعُ وَفِيهِ الْجَزَاءُ بِكُلِّ حَالٍ، وَهَذَا قَوْلُ الْقَاضِي. وَفِيهِ قَوْلٌ رَابِعٌ: وَهُوَ الْفَرْقُ بَيْنَ مَا يُنْبِتُ الْآدَمِيُّ جِنْسَهُ كَاللَّوْزِ وَالْجَوْزِ وَالنَّخْلِ وَنَحْوِهِ، وَمَا لَا يُنْبِتُ الْآدَمِيُّ جِنْسَهُ كَالدَّوْحِ وَالسَّلَمِ وَنَحْوِهِ، فَالْأَوَّلُ يَجُوزُ قَلْعُهُ، وَلَا جَزَاءَ فِيهِ، وَالثَّانِي: لَا يَجُوزُ، وَفِيهِ الْجَزَاءُ. قَالَ صَاحِبُ " الْمُغْنِي ": وَالْأَوْلَى الْأَخْذُ بِعُمُومِ الْحَدِيثِ فِي تَحْرِيمِ الشَّجَرِ كُلِّهِ، إِلَّا مَا أَنْبَتَ الْآدَمِيُّ مِنْ جِنْسِ شَجَرِهِمْ بِالْقِيَاسِ عَلَى مَا أَنْبَتُوهُ مِنَ الزَّرْعِ وَالْأَهْلِيِّ مِنَ الْحَيَوَانِ، فَإِنَّنَا إِنَّمَا أَخْرَجْنَا مِنَ الصَّيْدِ مَا كَانَ أَصْلُهُ إِنْسِيًّا دُونَ مَا تَأَنَّسَ مِنَ الْوَحْشِيِّ، كَذَا هَاهُنَا، وَهَذَا تَصْرِيحٌ مِنْهُ بِاخْتِيَارِ هَذَا الْقَوْلِ الرَّابِعِ، فَصَارَ فِي مَذْهَبِ أحمد أَرْبَعَةُ أَقْوَالٍ. وَالْحَدِيثُ ظَاهِرٌ جِدًّا فِي تَحْرِيمِ قَطْعِ الشَّوْكِ وَالْعَوْسَجِ  ، وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: لَا يَحْرُمُ قَطْعُهُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ يُؤْذِي النَّاسَ بِطَبْعِهِ، فَأَشْبَهَ السِّبَاعَ، وَهَذَا اخْتِيَارُ أبي الخطاب وابن عقيل، وَهُوَ مَرْوِيٌّ عَنْ عطاء ومجاهد وَغَيْرِهِمَا. وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ ( لَا يُعْضَدُ شَوْكُهَا ) وَفِي اللَّفْظِ الْآخَرِ: ( لَا يُخْتَلَى شَوْكُهَا ) صَرِيحٌ فِي الْمَنْعِ، وَلَا يَصِحُّ قِيَاسُهُ عَلَى السِّبَاعِ الْعَادِيَةِ، فَإِنَّ تِلْكَ تَقْصِدُ بِطَبْعِهَا الْأَذَى، وَهَذَا لَا يُؤْذِي مَنْ لَمْ يَدْنُ مِنْهُ. وَالْحَدِيثُ لَمْ يُفَرِّقْ بَيْنَ الْأَخْضَرِ وَالْيَابِسِ، وَلَكِنْ قَدْ جَوَّزُوا قَطْعَ الْيَابِسِ  ، قَالُوا: لِأَنَّهُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْمَيِّتِ، وَلَا يُعْرَفُ فِيهِ خِلَافٌ، وَعَلَى هَذَا فَسِيَاقُ الْحَدِيثِ يَدُلُّ عَلَى أَنَّهُ إِنَّمَا أَرَادَ الْأَخْضَرَ، فَإِنَّهُ جَعَلَهُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ تَنْفِيرِ الصَّيْدِ، وَلَيْسَ فِي أَخْذِ الْيَابِسِ انْتِهَاكُ حُرْمَةِ الشَّجَرَةِ الْخَضْرَاءِ الَّتِي تُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِ رَبِّهَا، وَلِهَذَا غَرَسَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَلَى الْقَبْرَيْنِ غُصْنَيْنِ أَخْضَرَيْنِ، وَقَالَ: ( لَعَلَّهُ يُخَفِّفُ عَنْهُمَا مَا لَمْ يَيْبَسَا ). وَفِي الْحَدِيثِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّهُ إِذَا انْقَلَعَتِ الشَّجَرَةُ بِنَفْسِهَا، أَوِ انْكَسَرَ الْغُصْنُ جَازَ الِانْتِفَاعُ بِهِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمْ يَعْضُدْهُ هُوَ، وَهَذَا لَا نِزَاعَ فِيهِ. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَمَا تَقُولُونَ فِيمَا إِذَا قَلَعَهَا قَالِعٌ ثُمَّ تَرَكَهَا، فَهَلْ يَجُوزُ لَهُ أَوْ لِغَيْرِهِ أَنْ يَنْتَفِعَ بِهَا ؟ قِيلَ: قَدْ سُئِلَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ عَنْ هَذِهِ الْمَسْأَلَةِ فَقَالَ: مَنْ شَبَّهَهُ بِالصَّيْدِ لَمْ يَنْتَفِعْ بِحَطَبِهَا، وَقَالَ لَمْ أَسْمَعْ إِذَا قَطَعَهُ يَنْتَفِعُ بِهِ. وَفِيهِ وَجْهٌ آخَرُ، أَنَّهُ يَجُوزُ لِغَيْرِ الْقَاطِعِ الِانْتِفَاعُ بِهِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ قُطِعَ بِغَيْرِ فِعْلِهِ فَأُبِيحَ لَهُ الِانْتِفَاعُ بِهِ، كَمَا لَوْ قَلَعَتْهُ الرِّيحُ، وَهَذَا بِخِلَافِ الصَّيْدِ إِذَا قَتَلَهُ مُحْرِمٌ، حَيْثُ يَحْرُمُ عَلَى غَيْرِهِ، فَإِنَّ قَتْلَ الْمُحْرِمِ لَهُ جَعَلَهُ مَيْتَةً. وَقَوْلُهُ فِي اللَّفْظِ الْآخَرِ: ( وَلَا يُخْبَطُ شَوْكُهَا ) صَرِيحٌ أَوْ كَالصَّرِيحِ فِي تَحْرِيمِ قَطْعِ الْوَرَقِ  ، وَهَذَا مَذْهَبُ أحمد - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ - وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: لَهُ أَخْذُهُ، وَيُرْوَى عَنْ عطاء، وَالْأَوَّلُ أَصَحُّ لِظَاهِرِ النَّصِّ وَالْقِيَاسِ، فَإِنَّ مَنْزِلَتَهُ مِنَ الشَّجَرَةِ مَنْزِلَةُ رِيشِ الطَّائِرِ مِنْهُ، وَأَيْضًا فَإِنَّ أَخْذَ الْوَرَقِ ذَرِيعَةٌ إِلَى يُبْسِ الْأَغْصَانِ، فَإِنَّهُ لِبَاسُهَا وَوِقَايَتُهَا. وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ: ( وَلَا يُخْتَلَى خَلَاهَا ) لَا خِلَافَ أَنَّ الْمُرَادَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا يَنْبُتُ بِنَفْسِهِ دُونَ مَا أَنْبَتَهُ الْآدَمِيُّونَ، وَلَا يَدْخُلُ الْيَابِسُ فِي الْحَدِيثِ، بَلْ هُوَ لِلرَّطْبِ خَاصَّةً، فَإِنَّ الْخَلَا بِالْقَصْرِ الْحَشِيشُ الرَّطْبُ  مَا دَامَ رَطْبًا، فَإِذَا يَبِسَ فَهُوَ حَشِيشٌ، وَأَخْلَتِ الْأَرْضُ كَثُرَ خَلَاهَا، وَاخْتِلَاءُ الْخَلَى: قَطْعُهُ، وَمِنْهُ الْحَدِيثُ ( كَانَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ يَخْتَلِي لِفَرَسِهِ ) أَيْ يَقْطَعُ لَهَا الْخَلَى، وَمِنْهُ سُمِّيَتِ الْمِخْلَاةُ، وَهِيَ وِعَاءُ الْخَلَى، وَالْإِذْخِرُ مُسْتَثْنًى بِالنَّصِّ، وَفِي تَخْصِيصِهِ بِالِاسْتِثْنَاءِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى إِرَادَةِ الْعُمُومِ فِيمَا سِوَاهُ. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَهَلْ يَتَنَاوَلُ الْحَدِيثُ الرَّعْيَ أَمْ لَا ؟ قِيلَ: هَذَا فِيهِ قَوْلَانِ. أَحَدُهُمَا: لَا يَتَنَاوَلُهُ فَيَجُوزُ الرَّعْيُ، وَهَذَا قَوْلُ الشَّافِعِيِّ. وَالثَّانِي: يَتَنَاوَلُهُ بِمَعْنَاهُ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَتَنَاوَلْهُ بِلَفْظِهِ، فَلَا يَجُوزُ الرَّعْيُ، وَهُوَ مَذْهَبُ أبي حنيفة، وَالْقَوْلَانِ لِأَصْحَابِ أحمد. قَالَ الْمُحَرِّمُونَ: وَأَيُّ فَرْقٍ بَيْنَ اخْتِلَائِهِ وَتَقْدِيمِهِ لِلدَّابَّةِ وَبَيْنَ إِرْسَالِ الدَّابَّةِ عَلَيْهِ تَرْعَاهُ ؟ قَالَ الْمُبِيحُونَ: لَمَّا كَانَتْ عَادَةُ الْهَدَايَا أَنْ تَدْخُلَ الْحَرَمَ، وَتَكْثُرَ فِيهِ، وَلَمْ يُنْقَلْ قَطُّ أَنَّهَا كَانَتْ تُسَدُّ أَفْوَاهُهَا، دَلَّ عَلَى جَوَازِ الرَّعْيِ. قَالَ الْمُحَرِّمُونَ: الْفَرْقُ بَيْنَ أَنْ يُرْسِلَهَا تَرْعَى وَيُسَلِّطَهَا عَلَى ذَلِكَ، وَبَيْنَ أَنْ تَرْعَى بِطَبْعِهَا مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يُسَلِّطَهَا صَاحِبُهَا، وَهُوَ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَسُدَّ أَفْوَاهَهَا، كَمَا لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَسُدَّ أَنْفَهُ فِي الْإِحْرَامِ عَنْ شَمِّ الطِّيبِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَجُزْ لَهُ أَنْ يَتَعَمَّدَ شَمَّهُ، وَكَذَلِكَ لَا يَجِبُ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَمْتَنِعَ مِنَ السَّيْرِ؛ خَشْيَةَ أَنْ يُوطِئَ صَيْدًا فِي طَرِيقِهِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَجُزْ لَهُ أَنْ يَقْصِدَ ذَلِكَ، وَكَذَلِكَ نَظَائِرُهُ. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَهَلْ يَدْخُلُ فِي الْحَدِيثِ أَخْذُ الْكَمْأَةِ وَالْفَقْعِ، وَمَا كَانَ مُغَيَّبًا فِي الْأَرْضِ ؟ قِيلَ: لَا يَدْخُلُ فِيهِ لِأَنَّهُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الثَّمَرَةِ، وَقَدْ قَالَ أحمد: يُؤْكَلُ مِنْ شَجَرِ الْحَرَمِ الضَّغَابِيسُ وَالْعِشْرِقُ. وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ: ( وَلَا يُنَفَّرُ صَيْدُهَا ) صَرِيحٌ فِي تَحْرِيمِ التَّسَبُّبِ إِلَى قَتْلِ الصَّيْدِ وَاصْطِيَادِهِ  بِكُلِّ سَبَبٍ، حَتَّى إِنَّهُ لَا يُنَفِّرُهُ عَنْ مَكَانِهِ، لِأَنَّهُ حَيَوَانٌ مُحْتَرَمٌ فِي هَذَا الْمَكَانِ، قَدْ سَبَقَ إِلَى مَكَانٍ، فَهُوَ أَحَقُّ بِهِ، فَفِي هَذَا أَنَّ الْحَيَوَانَ الْمُحْتَرَمَ إِذَا سَبَقَ إِلَى مَكَانٍ، لَمْ يُزْعَجْ عَنْهُ. وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ: ( وَلَا يُلْتَقَطُ سَاقِطَتُهَا إِلَّا مَنْ عَرَّفَهَا ). وَفِي لَفْظٍ: ( وَلَا تَحِلُّ سَاقِطَتُهَا إِلَّا لِمُنْشِدٍ )، فِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ لُقَطَةَ الْحَرَمِ  لَا تُمْلَكُ بِحَالٍ، وَأَنَّهَا لَا تُلْتَقَطُ إِلَّا لِلتَّعْرِيفِ لَا لِلتَّمْلِيكِ، وَإِلَّا لَمْ يَكُنْ لِتَخْصِيصِ مَكَّةَ بِذَلِكَ فَائِدَةٌ أَصْلًا، وَقَدِ اخْتُلِفَ فِي ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ مالك وأبو حنيفة: لُقَطَةُ الْحِلِّ وَالْحَرَمِ سَوَاءٌ، وَهَذَا إِحْدَى الرِّوَايَتَيْنِ عَنْ أحمد، وَأَحَدُ قَوْلَيِ الشَّافِعِيِّ، وَيُرْوَى عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، وَابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، وعائشة ؓ، وَقَالَ أحمد فِي الرِّوَايَةِ الْأُخْرَى، وَالشَّافِعِيُّ فِي الْقَوْلِ الْآخَرِ: لَا يَجُوزُ الْتِقَاطُهَا لِلتَّمْلِيكِ، وَإِنَّمَا يَجُوزُ لِحِفْظِهَا لِصَاحِبِهَا، فَإِنِ الْتَقَطَهَا عَرَّفَهَا أَبَدًا حَتَّى يَأْتِيَ صَاحِبُهَا، وَهَذَا قَوْلُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ مَهْدِيٍّ، وأبي عبيد، وَهَذَا هُوَ الصَّحِيحُ، وَالْحَدِيثُ صَرِيحٌ فِيهِ، وَالْمُنْشِدُ الْمُعَرِّفُ وَالنَّاشِدُ الطَّالِبُ، وَمِنْهُ قَوْلُهُ: إِصَاخَةُ النَّاشِدِ لِلْمُنْشِدِ وَقَدْ رَوَى أبو داود فِي " سُنَنِهِ ": أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ ( نَهَى عَنْ لُقَطَةِ الْحَاجِّ ) وَقَالَ ابن وهب: يَعْنِي يَتْرُكُهَا حَتَّى يَجِدَهَا صَاحِبُهَا. قَالَ شَيْخُنَا: وَهَذَا مِنْ خَصَائِصِ مَكَّةَ، وَالْفَرْقُ بَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ سَائِرِ الْآفَاقِ فِي ذَلِكَ: أَنَّ النَّاسَ يَتَفَرَّقُونَ عَنْهَا إِلَى الْأَقْطَارِ الْمُخْتَلِفَةِ، فَلَا يَتَمَكَّنُ صَاحِبُ الضَّالَّةِ مِنْ طَلَبِهَا وَالسُّؤَالِ عَنْهَا، بِخِلَافِ غَيْرِهَا مِنَ الْبِلَادِ. وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ فِي الْخُطْبَةِ: ( وَمَنْ قُتِلَ لَهُ قَتِيلٌ فَهُوَ بِخَيْرِ النَّظَرَيْنِ، إِمَّا أَنْ يَقْتُلَ وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَأْخُذَ الدِّيَةَ ) فِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ بِقَتْلِ الْعَمْدِ لَا يَتَعَيَّنُ فِي الْقِصَاصِ  ، بَلْ هُوَ أَحَدُ شَيْئَيْنِ، إِمَّا الْقِصَاصُ وَإِمَّا الدِّيَةُ. وَفِي ذَلِكَ ثَلَاثَةُ أَقْوَالٍ: وَهِيَ رِوَايَاتٌ عَنِ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ. أَحَدُهَا: أَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ أَحَدُ شَيْئَيْنِ، إِمَّا الْقِصَاصُ، وَإِمَّا الدِّيَةُ، وَالْخِيَرَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ إِلَى الْوَلِيِّ بَيْنَ أَرْبَعَةِ أَشْيَاءَ: الْعَفْوِ مَجَّانًا، وَالْعَفْوِ إِلَى الدِّيَةِ، وَالْقِصَاصِ، وَلَا خِلَافَ فِي تَخْيِيرِهِ بَيْنَ هَذِهِ الثَّلَاثَةِ. وَالرَّابِعُ: الْمُصَالَحَةُ عَلَى أَكْثَرَ مِنَ الدِّيَةِ فِيهِ وَجْهَانِ: أَشْهَرُهُمَا مَذْهَبًا: جَوَازُهُ. وَالثَّانِي: لَيْسَ لَهُ الْعَفْوُ عَلَى مَالٍ إِلَّا الدِّيَةَ أَوْ دُونَهَا، وَهَذَا أَرْجَحُ دَلِيلًا، فَإِنِ اخْتَارَ الدِّيَةَ سَقَطَ الْقَوَدُ وَلَمْ يَمْلِكْ طَلَبَهُ بَعْدُ، وَهَذَا مَذْهَبُ الشَّافِعِيِّ، وَإِحْدَى الرِّوَايَتَيْنِ عَنْ مالك. وَالْقَوْلُ الثَّانِي: أَنَّ مُوجَبَهُ الْقَوَدُ عَيْنًا، وَأَنَّهُ لَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَعْفُوَ إِلَى الدِّيَةِ إِلَّا بِرِضَى الْجَانِي، فَإِنْ عَدَلَ إِلَى الدِّيَةِ وَلَمْ يَرْضَ الْجَانِي فَقَوَدُهُ بِحَالِهِ، وَهَذَا مَذْهَبُ مالك فِي الرِّوَايَةِ الْأُخْرَى وأبي حنيفة. وَالْقَوْلُ الثَّالِثُ: أَنَّ مُوجَبَهُ الْقَوَدُ عَيْنًا مَعَ التَّخْيِيرِ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الدِّيَةِ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَرْضَ الْجَانِي، فَإِذَا عَفَا عَنِ الْقِصَاصِ إِلَى الدِّيَةِ فَرَضِيَ الْجَانِي  فَلَا إِشْكَالَ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يَرْضَ فَلَهُ الْعَوْدُ إِلَى الْقِصَاصِ عَيْنًا، فَإِنْ عَفَا عَنِ الْقَوَدِ مُطْلَقًا، فَإِنْ قُلْنَا: الْوَاجِبُ أَحَدُ الشَّيْئَيْنِ فَلَهُ الدِّيَةُ، وَإِنْ قُلْنَا: الْوَاجِبُ الْقِصَاصُ عَيْنًا، سَقَطَ حَقُّهُ مِنْهَا. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَمَا تَقُولُونَ فِيمَا لَوْ مَاتَ الْقَاتِلُ ؟ قُلْنَا: فِي ذَلِكَ قَوْلَانِ. أَحَدُهُمَا: تَسْقُطُ الدِّيَةُ، وَهُوَ مَذْهَبُ أبي حنيفة، لِأَنَّ الْوَاجِبَ عِنْدَهُمُ الْقِصَاصُ عَيْنًا، وَقَدْ زَالَ مَحَلُّ اسْتِيفَائِهِ بِفِعْلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، فَأَشْبَهَ مَا لَوْ مَاتَ الْعَبْدُ الْجَانِي، فَإِنَّ أَرْشَ الْجِنَايَةِ لَا يَنْتَقِلُ إِلَى ذِمَّةِ السَّيِّدِ، وَهَذَا بِخِلَافِ تَلَفِ الرَّهْنِ وَمَوْتِ الضَّامِنِ حَيْثُ لَا يَسْقُطُ الْحَقُّ لِثُبُوتِهِ فِي ذِمَّةِ الرَّاهِنِ وَالْمَضْمُونِ عَنْهُ، فَلَمْ يَسْقُطْ بِتَلَفِ الْوَثِيقَةِ. وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ وأحمد: تَتَعَيَّنُ الدِّيَةُ فِي تَرِكَتِهِ، لِأَنَّهُ تَعَذَّرَ اسْتِيفَاءُ الْقِصَاصِ مِنْ غَيْرِ إِسْقَاطٍ، فَوَجَبَ الدِّيَةُ لِئَلَّا يَذْهَبَ الْوَرَثَةُ مِنَ الدَّمِ وَالدِّيَةِ مَجَّانًا. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَمَا تَقُولُونَ لَوِ اخْتَارَ الْقِصَاصَ، ثُمَّ اخْتَارَ بَعْدَهُ الْعَفْوَ إِلَى الدِّيَةِ هَلْ لَهُ ذَلِكَ ؟ قُلْنَا: هَذَا فِيهِ وَجْهَانِ أَحَدُهُمَا: أَنَّ لَهُ ذَلِكَ؛ لِأَنَّ الْقِصَاصَ أَعْلَى، فَكَانَ لَهُ الِانْتِقَالُ إِلَى الْأَدْنَى. وَالثَّانِي: لَيْسَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَمَّا اخْتَارَ الْقِصَاصَ فَقَدْ أَسْقَطَ الدِّيَةَ بِاخْتِيَارِهِ لَهُ، فَلَيْسَ لَهُ أَنْ يَعُودَ إِلَيْهَا بَعْدَ إِسْقَاطِهَا. فَإِنْ قِيلَ: فَكَيْفَ تَجْمَعُونَ بَيْنَ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ وَبَيْنَ قَوْلِهِ ﷺ: ( مَنْ قَتَلَ عَمْدًا، فَهُوَ قَوَدٌ ). قِيلَ: لَا تَعَارُضَ بَيْنَهُمَا بِوَجْهٍ، فَإِنَّ هَذَا يَدُلُّ عَلَى وُجُوبِ الْقَوَدِ بِقَتْلِ الْعَمْدِ، وَقَوْلُهُ: " فَهُوَ بِخَيْرِ النَّظَرَيْنِ "، يَدُلُّ عَلَى تَخْيِيرِهِ بَيْنَ اسْتِيفَاءِ هَذَا الْوَاجِبِ لَهُ، وَبَيْنَ أَخْذِ بَدَلِهِ وَهُوَ الدِّيَةُ، فَأَيُّ تَعَارُضٍ ؟ وَهَذَا الْحَدِيثُ نَظِيرُ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: ( كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ ) [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 178 ]، وَهَذَا لَا يَنْفِي تَخْيِيرَ الْمُسْتَحِقِّ لَهُ بَيْنَ مَا كُتِبَ لَهُ، وَبَيْنَ بَدَلِهِ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. فَصْلٌ وَقَوْلُهُ ﷺ فِي الْخُطْبَةِ " إِلَّا الْإِذْخِرَ "، بَعْدَ قَوْلِ العباس لَهُ: إِلَّا الْإِذْخِرَ. يَدُلُّ عَلَى مَسْأَلَتَيْنِ: إِحْدَاهُمَا: إِبَاحَةُ قَطْعِ الْإِذْخِرِ  . وَالثَّانِيَةُ: أَنَّهُ لَا يُشْتَرَطُ فِي الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ أَنْ يَنْوِيَهُ مِنْ أَوَّلِ الْكَلَامِ، وَلَا قَبْلَ فَرَاغِهِ؛ لِأَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ لَوْ كَانَ نَاوِيًا لِاسْتِثْنَاءِ الْإِذْخِرِ مِنْ أَوَّلِ كَلَامِهِ، أَوْ قَبْلَ تَمَامِهِ، لَمْ يَتَوَقَّفِ اسْتِثْنَاؤُهُ لَهُ عَلَى سُؤَالِ العباس لَهُ ذَلِكَ، وَإِعْلَامِهِ أَنَّهُمْ لَا بُدَّ لَهُمْ مِنْهُ لِقَيْنِهِمْ وَبُيُوتِهِمْ، وَنَظِيرُ هَذَا اسْتِثْنَاؤُهُ ﷺ لسهيل بن بيضاء مِنْ أُسَارَى بَدْرٍ، بَعْدَ أَنْ ذَكَّرَهُ بِهِ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ، فَقَالَ: ( لَا يَنْفَلِتَنَّ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا بِفِدَاءٍ أَوْ ضَرْبَةِ عُنُقٍ ) فَقَالَ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ: إِلَّا سُهَيْلَ بْنَ بَيْضَاءَ، فَإِنِّي سَمِعْتُهُ يَذْكُرُ الْإِسْلَامَ فَقَالَ: " إِلَّا سُهَيْلَ بْنَ بَيْضَاءَ " وَمِنَ الْمَعْلُومِ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَكُنْ قَدْ نَوَى الِاسْتِثْنَاءَ فِي الصُّورَتَيْنِ مِنْ أَوَّلِ كَلَامِهِ. وَنَظِيرُهُ أَيْضًا قَوْلُ الْمَلَكِ لِسُلَيْمَانَ لَمَّا قَالَ: ( لَأَطُوفَنَّ اللَّيْلَةَ عَلَى مِائَةِ امْرَأَةٍ، تَلِدُ كُلُّ امْرَأَةٍ غُلَامًا يُقَاتِلُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ الْمَلَكُ: قُلْ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى، فَلَمْ يَقُلْ، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: لَوْ قَالَ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى، لَقَاتَلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ أَجْمَعُونَ، وَفِي لَفْظٍ لَكَانَ دَرَكًا لِحَاجَتِهِ ) فَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّ هَذَا الِاسْتِثْنَاءَ لَوْ وَقَعَ مِنْهُ فِي هَذِهِ الْحَالَةِ لَنَفَعَهُ، وَمَنْ يَشْتَرِطُ النِّيَّةَ يَقُولُ لَا يَنْفَعُهُ. وَنَظِيرُ هَذَا قَوْلُهُ ﷺ: ( وَاللَّهِ لَأَغْزُوَنَّ قُرَيْشًا، وَاللَّهِ لَأَغْزُوَنَّ قُرَيْشًا، ثَلَاثًا، ثُمَّ سَكَتَ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ ) فَهَذَا اسْتِثْنَاءٌ بَعْدَ سُكُوتٍ، وَهُوَ يَتَضَمَّنُ إِنْشَاءَ الِاسْتِثْنَاءِ بَعْدَ الْفَرَاغِ مِنَ الْكَلَامِ وَالسُّكُوتِ عَلَيْهِ  ، وَقَدْ نَصَّ أحمد عَلَى جَوَازِهِ، وَهُوَ الصَّوَابُ بِلَا رَيْبٍ، وَالْمُصِيرُ إِلَى مُوجَبِ هَذِهِ الْأَحَادِيثِ الصَّحِيحَةِ الصَّرِيحَةِ أَوْلَى. وَبِاللَّهِ التَّوْفِيقُ. وَفِي الْقِصَّةِ: أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ يُقَالُ لَهُ أبو شاه، قَامَ فَقَالَ: اكْتُبُوا لِي، فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: ( اكْتُبُوا لأبي شاه ) يُرِيدُ خُطْبَتَهُ، فَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى كِتَابَةِ الْعِلْمِ  وَنَسْخِ النَّهْيِ عَنْ كِتَابَةِ الْحَدِيثِ  ، فَإِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ قَالَ: ( مَنْ كَتَبَ عَنِّي شَيْئًا غَيْرَ الْقُرْآنِ فَلْيَمْحُهُ ) وَهَذَا كَانَ فِي أَوَّلِ الْإِسْلَامِ خَشْيَةَ أَنْ يَخْتَلِطَ الْوَحْيُ الَّذِي يُتْلَى بِالْوَحْيِ الَّذِي لَا يُتْلَى، ثُمَّ أَذِنَ فِي الْكِتَابَةِ لِحَدِيثِهِ. وَصَحَّ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَكْتُبُ حَدِيثَهُ، وَكَانَ مِمَّا كَتَبَهُ صَحِيفَةٌ تُسَمَّى الصَّادِقَةَ، وَهِيَ الَّتِي رَوَاهَا حَفِيدُهُ عَمْرُو بْنُ شُعَيْبٍ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْهُ، وَهِيَ مِنْ أَصَحِّ الْأَحَادِيثِ، وَكَانَ بَعْضُ أَئِمَّةِ أَهْلِ الْحَدِيثِ يَجْعَلُهَا فِي دَرَجَةِ أيوب عَنْ نافع عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، وَالْأَئِمَّةُ الْأَرْبَعَةُ وَغَيْرُهُمُ احْتَجُّوا بِهَا.

Translation

✧ His ﷺ sermon on the day of the conquest Imām Aḥmad, Abū Dāwūd, al-Nasāʾī, and Ibn Mājah narrated from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, and al-Bukhārī in his Ṣaḥīḥ from Mujāhid, and Ibn Abī Shaybah and Ibn Isḥāq from Ṣafiyyah bt. Shaybah, and al-Bayhaqī from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, and Ibn Abī Shaybah from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUbaydah. They said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came out of the House, the people gathered around him, and he looked over the people while they had pressed close to him around the Kaʿbah, and they were sitting. He stood at its door and said: “There is no god but Allah alone, with no partner. He fulfilled His promise” — and the wording of Imām Aḥmad and Muḥammad b. ʿUmar is: “Praise be to Allah who fulfilled His promise” — then they agreed: “and helped His servant and defeated the confederates alone. O assembly of Quraysh, what do you say? What do you think?” They said: “We say good and we think good: a noble prophet, a noble brother, and a noble nephew, and you have attained power.” Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “For I say as my brother Yūsuf said: ‘No blame upon you today; may Allah forgive you, and He is the most merciful of the merciful’ [Yūsuf: 92]. Go, for you are the freed ones (al-ṭulaqāʾ).” So they went out as if they had been raised from the graves and entered Islam. Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “Verily, every usury, blood, act of pre-Islamic pride, or wealth claimed from the time of ignorance is under these two feet of mine — and the first blood I abolish is the blood of Rabīʿah b. al-Ḥārith — except the custody of the House (sidānah) and the provision of water to the pilgrims (siqāyah). Verily, in the case of one killed by a stick, whip, or by mistake, in what resembles intentional killing, the blood-money is a muḥaẓẓamah: one hundred camels, forty of them pregnant in their bellies with their young. Verily, Allah, exalted is He, has removed from you the arrogance of the time of ignorance and its pride in ancestors. All of you are from Adam, and Adam is from dust.” Then he recited this verse: “O people, indeed We created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is knowing and aware” [al-Ḥujurāt: 13]. “O people, people are of two kinds: a righteous, pious, noble one, and a wicked, miserable one, insignificant in the sight of Allah. Verily, Allah, exalted is He, made Makkah sacred on the day He created the heavens and the earth, and He placed these two mountains (al-Akhshabayn). It is sacred by the sanctity of Allah, not lawful for anyone before me, and it will not be lawful for anyone after me. It was made lawful for me only for an hour of a day” — and he ﷺ shortened it with his hand like this — “and its game is not to be startled, its thorny trees are not to be cut, its lost property is not lawful except for one who announces it, and its fresh herbage is not to be cut.” Al-ʿAbbās, who was an experienced old man, said: “Except for al-idhkhir (a kind of sweet rush), O Messenger of Allah, for we need it for our blacksmiths and the roofs of our houses.” The Messenger of Allah ﷺ remained silent for a while, then said: “Except for al-idhkhir, for it is lawful. And there is no bequest for an heir. The child belongs to the bed, and for the adulterer is the stone. It is not lawful for a woman to give from her husband's wealth except with his permission. The Muslim is the brother of the Muslim; the Muslims are brothers. The Muslims are one hand against those other than them; their blood is equal; the lowest of them may undertake their protection; the farthest of them is protected, and the nearest of them pays blood-money on their behalf. The strong among them protects the weak, and the rich among them helps the poor. A Muslim is not to be killed for a disbeliever, nor one who has a covenant while his covenant is in force. The people of two different religions do not inherit from one another. There is no jalab and no janab (forms of cheating in zakat collection). The ṣadaqāt of the Muslims are not to be taken except in their homes and courtyards. A woman is not to be married in addition to her paternal aunt or her maternal aunt. The burden of proof is on the claimant, and the oath is on the one who denies. A woman is not to travel a journey of three [days] except with a maḥram. There is no prayer after ʿaṣr and after ṣubḥ. I forbid you from fasting on two days: the day of al-aḍḥā and the day of al-fiṭr. And from two ways of dress: that one of you wrap himself in a single garment with his private parts exposed to the sky, and that he wrap himself in al-ṣammāʾ.” A man stood up and said: “O Messenger of Allah, I committed adultery in the time of ignorance.” He said: “Whoever commits adultery with a woman he does not own — or a slave woman of another people whom he does not own — and then claims the child after that, it is not permitted for him, and he does not inherit nor is he inherited from. — I think you have known them, O assembly of Muslims. Hold back your weapons except Khuzāʿah against Banū Bakr from the forenoon of the day of the conquest until the ʿaṣr prayer of that day.” So they attacked them for a while — and that is the hour that was made lawful for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and was not lawful for anyone before him. Then he said to them: “Hold back your weapons.” Abū Shāh stood up and said: “Write it down for me, O Messenger of Allah.” He said: “Write for Abū Shāh. I say this statement of mine and I seek Allah's forgiveness for myself and for you.” And by this ḥadīth and its like those who held that Makkah was conquered by force (ʿanwah) drew evidence, as the majority of the people of knowledge held. No disagreement is known in that except from al-Shāfiʿī and Aḥmad in one of his two opinions. The context of the story is the clearest witness for the majority's position for one who reflects on it. When Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī deemed the view that it was conquered by treaty (ṣulḥ) weak, he reported al-Shāfiʿī's view that it was conquered by force in his Wasīṭ and said: “This is his school.” The proponents of the treaty view said: If it had been conquered by force, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ would have divided it among the victors as he divided Khaybar and as he divided the rest of the movable spoils, taking a fifth and dividing it. They said: When Abū Sufyān sought protection for the people of Makkah when he embraced Islam, and he granted them protection, this was a treaty of peace with them. They said: If it had been conquered by force, the victors would have owned its lands and houses, and they would have had more right to them than their inhabitants, and it would have been permissible to expel them from it. Since the Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not rule in it with this ruling, but rather did not return to the Emigrants their houses from which they had been expelled, and which were in the hands of those who expelled them, and he confirmed the sale, purchase, leasing, residence, and use of those houses, this contradicts the rulings of conquest by force. He explicitly attributed the houses to their owners, saying: “Whoever enters the house of Abū Sufyān is safe, and whoever enters his own house is safe.” The proponents of the force view said: If he had made a treaty with them, his protection conditioned upon each one entering his own house, closing his door, and throwing down his weapon would have been of no benefit. Khālid b. al-Walīd would not have fought them until he killed a group of them without being reproached, nor would he have killed Miqyas b. Ṣubābah, ʿAbd Allāh b. Khaṭal, and those mentioned with them. For if a treaty had been concluded, these would certainly have been excepted from it, and both this and that would have been transmitted. If it had been conquered by treaty, he would not have fought them, but he said: “If anyone takes license to fight the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, say: Allah permitted His Messenger but did not permit you.” It is known that this permission specific to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ is permission to fight, not to make peace, for permission to make peace is general. Also, if its conquest had been by treaty, he would not have said that Allah made it lawful for him for an hour of a day. For if it were conquered by treaty, it would remain in its sanctity, and the treaty would not remove it from sanctity. Yet he reported that in that hour it was not sacred, and that after the hour of war ended it returned to its original sanctity. Also, if it had been conquered by treaty, he would not have arrayed his army — their cavalry and infantry — on the right and left flanks with weapons, and he said to Abū Hurayrah: “Call the Anṣār for me.” So he called them and they came and surrounded the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He said: “Do you see the rabble of Quraysh and their followers?” Then he said with his two hands, one on the other: “Mow them down like harvest until you meet me at al-Ṣafā.” Until Abū Sufyān said: “O Messenger of Allah, the green of Quraysh has been made lawful; no Quraysh after today.” Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “Whoever closes his door is safe.” It is impossible that this occurred with a treaty. If a treaty had preceded — and not at all — it would have been broken by less than this. Also, how could it be a treaty when it was conquered by the swift advance of horses and camels? Allah did not withhold the horses and camels of His Messenger from it, as He withheld them on the day of the treaty of al-Ḥudaybiyyah. For that day was truly the day of treaty, for when al-Qaṣwāʾ knelt with him, they said: “Al-Qaṣwāʾ has become stubborn.” He said: “She has not become stubborn, and that is not her nature, but the One who held back the elephant held her back.” Then he said: “By Allah, they will not ask me for any plan in which they honor a sacred thing of Allah but that I grant it to them.” Likewise, the treaty of peace was concluded with a written document and witnesses, in the presence of a large assembly of Muslims and polytheists, and the Muslims on that day numbered one thousand four hundred. Such a treaty would have occurred on the day of the conquest without being written, witnessed, or attended by anyone, and its manner and conditions would not be transmitted. This is evidently impossible. Reflect on his statement: “Allah held back the elephant from Makkah and gave His Messenger and the believers power over it.” How is it understood from this that the subjugation by His Messenger and his victorious army of its people was greater than the subjugation by the elephant that would have entered it against them by force, but He held it back from them, and gave His Messenger and the believers power over them, until they conquered it by force after subjugation, the authority of force, and the humiliation of disbelief and its people. That was greater in rank, more magnificent in importance, more manifest as a sign, more complete as a victory, and more lofty as a word than bringing them under the yoke of a treaty, the requests and conditions of the enemy, and preventing them from the authority of force, its might, and its triumph in the greatest conquest He granted to His Messenger, by which He honored His religion and made it a sign for the worlds. They said: As for your saying that if it had been conquered by force, it would have been divided among the victors, this is based on the assumption that land is included in the spoils that Allah, glorified is He, divided among the victors after taking a fifth. The majority of the Companions and the imams after them held the opposite, and that land is not included in the spoils that must be divided. This was the practice of the rightly-guided caliphs. When Bilāl and his companions asked ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ to divide among them the land they had conquered by force — namely Syria and its surroundings — and said to him: “Take its fifth and divide it,” ʿUmar said: “This is not the same as movable wealth. But I will hold it as fayʾ to flow upon you and upon the Muslims.” Bilāl and his companions ؓ said: “Divide it among us.” ʿUmar said: “O Allah, suffice me against Bilāl and his companions.” Before a year passed, none of them remained alive. Then the rest of the Companions ؓ agreed with ʿUmar ؓ on that. Likewise it occurred in the conquests of Egypt, Iraq, the land of Persia, and the rest of the lands conquered by force: the rightly-guided caliphs did not divide from them even a single village. It is not correct to say that he sought to win their hearts and made it an endowment with their consent, for they disputed with him about that, and he refused them, and he prayed against Bilāl and his companions ؓ. What he saw and did was the essence of correctness and pure divine guidance, for if it had been divided, the heirs and relatives of those would have inherited it, and a village or town would have come to a single woman or a small child, while the fighters would have nothing in their hands. In that would be the greatest and most enormous corruption. This is what ʿUmar ؓ feared, and Allah, glorified is He, granted him success to leave the division of the land and made it an endowment for the fighters, flowing upon them as fayʾ until the last of the Muslims raids from it. The blessing and good fortune of his judgment upon Islam and its people appeared, and the majority of the imams agreed with him. They differed about how it should remain without division. The apparent school of Imām Aḥmad and most of his texts hold that the imam has a choice regarding it, a choice of maslaḥah, not a choice of desire. If the best interest of the Muslims is to divide it, he divides it; if the best interest is to make it an endowment for the whole community, he makes it an endowment; and if the best interest is to divide part and endow part, he does that. For the Messenger of Allah ﷺ did all three divisions: he divided the land of Qurayẓah and al-Naḍīr, he left the division of Makkah, and he divided part of Khaybar and left part of it for the affairs of the Muslims' interests that might arise. From Aḥmad there is a second narration: that it becomes an endowment by the very appearance and seizure of it without the imam initiating its endowment, and this is the school of Mālik. From him there is a third narration: that he divides it among the victors as he divides among them the movable, unless they relinquish their rights to it, and this is the school of al-Shāfiʿī. Abū Ḥanīfah said: The imam has a choice between dividing it, leaving its owners in it with kharāj, or expelling them from it and sending another people to it upon whom he imposes kharāj. What ʿUmar ؓ did does not contradict the Qurʾān, for land is not included in the spoils that Allah commanded to be divided into fifths and distributed. Therefore ʿUmar said: “It is not the same as movable wealth.” What indicates this is that the permissibility of spoils was not for any nation other than this one, but rather it is one of its special characteristics, as he ﷺ said in the ḥadīth agreed upon as authentic: “Spoils were made lawful for me and were not lawful for anyone before me.” Allah, glorified is He, made lawful the land that was in the hands of the disbelievers for those before us among the followers of the messengers when they seized it by force, as He made it lawful for the people of Moses. Therefore Moses said to his people: “O my people, enter the holy land which Allah has written for you and do not turn back on your heels, for then you will return as losers” [al-Māʾidah: 21]. Moses and his people fought the disbelievers and seized their homes and wealth, gathered the spoils, then fire came down from heaven and consumed them, and they dwelt in the land and the homes, and it was not forbidden to them. Thus it is known that it is not among the spoils, and that it belongs to Allah, who gives it as inheritance to whom He wills. As for Makkah, it contains another matter that prevents its division, even if the division of other villages were deemed obligatory, namely that it cannot be owned, for it is the abode of rites, the place of worship for creation, and the sacred precinct of the Lord, exalted be He, which He made equal for all people, the resident therein and the visitor alike. It is an endowment from God for the worlds, and all are equal therein. (And Minā is the resting place of whoever arrives first.) God, exalted be He, says: (Indeed, those who disbelieve and avert from the way of God and the Sacred Mosque, which We made equal for all people, the resident therein and the visitor; and whoever intends therein deviation with wrongdoing — We will make him taste a painful punishment) [al-Ḥajj: 25]. The Sacred Mosque here means the entire sacred precinct, as in His saying, exalted be He: (Indeed, the polytheists are unclean, so let them not approach the Sacred Mosque after this year of theirs) [al-Tawbah: 28]. This refers to the entire sacred precinct. And His saying, glorified be He: (Glory be to Him who carried His servant by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque) [al-Isrāʾ: 1]. In the authentic ḥadīth: he was taken by night from the house of Umm Hāniʾ. And God, exalted be He, says: (That is for him whose family is not present at the Sacred Mosque) [al-Baqarah: 196]. The intended meaning is not presence at the very place of prayer by consensus; rather, it is presence in the sacred precinct and nearness to it. The context of the ḥajj verse indicates that, for He says: (And whoever intends therein deviation with wrongdoing — We will make him taste a painful punishment). This is definitely not specific to the place of prayer; rather, the meaning is the entire sacred precinct. The One who made it equal for all people, the resident therein and the visitor, is the One who threatened those who avert from it and those who intend deviation with wrongdoing therein. The sacred precinct and its ritual sites, such as al-Ṣafā and al-Marwah, the place of running (al-masʿā), Minā, ʿArafah, and Muzdalifah, are not exclusive to any one person over another; rather, they are shared among people, since they are the site of their rites and worship. Thus it is a mosque from God, which He endowed and placed for His creation. For this reason the Prophet ﷺ refused to have a house built for him in Minā to shade him from the heat, and said: (Minā is the resting place of whoever arrives first.) For this reason, the majority of imams from the early and later generations held that it is not permissible to sell the lands of Makkah or lease its houses. This is the school of Mujāhid and ʿAṭāʾ among the people of Makkah, Mālik among the people of Madinah, Abū Ḥanīfah among the people of Iraq, Sufyān al-Thawrī, Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, and Isḥāq b. Rāhawayh. Imām Aḥmad, may God have mercy on him, narrated from ʿAlqamah b. Naḍlah that he said: (The quarters of Makkah were called al-sawāʾib during the time of the Messenger of God ﷺ, Abū Bakr, and ʿUmar: whoever was in need dwelt therein, and whoever was self-sufficient lodged others.) It is also narrated from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar: (Whoever consumes the rents of the houses of Makkah only consumes the fire of Hell in his belly.) Al-Dāraquṭnī narrated it as marfūʿ to the Prophet ﷺ, and in it: (God has made Makkah sacred, so selling its quarters and consuming their price is forbidden.) Imām Aḥmad said: Maʿmar narrated to us, from Layth, from ʿAṭāʾ, Ṭāwūs, and Mujāhid, that they said: It is disliked to sell the quarters of Makkah or lease its houses. Imām Aḥmad mentioned from al-Qāsim b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān that he said: (Whoever consumes the rent of the houses of Makkah only consumes fire in his belly.) Aḥmad said: Hushaym narrated to us; Ḥajjāj narrated to us, from Mujāhid, from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, who said: Leasing the houses of Makkah and selling its quarters were forbidden. He mentioned from ʿAṭāʾ that he said: Leasing the houses of Makkah was forbidden. Aḥmad said: Isḥāq b. Yūsuf narrated to us, saying: ʿAbd al-Malik narrated to us, saying: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz wrote to the governor of the people of Makkah forbidding them from leasing the houses of Makkah, and said it is forbidden. Aḥmad related from ʿUmar that he forbade the people of Makkah from putting doors on their houses, so that the visitor might alight wherever he wished. He also related from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, from his father, that he forbade closing the doors of houses in Makkah: he forbade anyone whose house had no door from installing one, and anyone whose house had a door from closing it, and this pertains to the days of the pilgrimage season. Those who permit sale and lease said: The evidence for the permissibility of that is the Book of God, the Sunnah of His Messenger, and the practice of his Companions and rightly-guided caliphs. God, exalted be He, says: (For the poor emigrants who were expelled from their homes and their properties) [al-Ḥashr: 8]. And He says: (Those who emigrated and were expelled from their homes) [Āl ʿImrān: 195]. And He says: (God only forbids you regarding those who fought you in religion and expelled you from your homes) [al-Mumtaḥanah: 9]. Thus He attributed the houses to them, and this is an attribution of ownership. The Prophet ﷺ, when it was said to him, “Where will you alight tomorrow in your house in Makkah?”, said: (Has ʿAqīl left us any quarters?) He did not say, “I have no house”; rather, he affirmed their attribution and reported that ʿAqīl had taken possession of them, and he did not wrest them from his hand. The attribution of their houses to them in the ḥadīths is too numerous to mention, such as the house of Umm Hāniʾ, the house of Khadījah, the house of Abū Aḥmad b. Jaḥsh, and others. They inherited them just as they inherited movable property. For this reason the Prophet ﷺ said: (Has ʿAqīl left us any dwelling?) ʿAqīl had inherited the houses of Abū Ṭālib, for he was an unbeliever, and ʿAlī ؓ did not inherit from him due to the difference of religion between them, so ʿAqīl took possession of the houses. They continued, before the Hijrah and after it — indeed, before the prophetic mission and after it — whoever died, his house was inherited by his heirs down to the present. Ṣafwān b. Umayyah sold a house to ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ for four thousand dirhams, and he made it a prison. If sale and inheritance are permissible, then lease is even more so. This is the standpoint of the two parties, as you see, and their arguments in strength and clarity cannot be repelled. God's proofs and clear signs do not invalidate one another; rather, they confirm one another, and acting upon all their implications is obligatory, and it is obligatory to follow the truth wherever it may be. The correct view is to act upon the implications of the evidence from both sides: houses are owned, given as gifts, inherited, and sold; the transfer of ownership pertains to the building, not to the land and the plot. If the building is removed, he may not sell the land, but he may rebuild it and restore it as it was, and he has the most right to it to dwell in it and lodge in it whom he wishes. He may not take compensation for the benefit of dwelling by a lease contract, for this benefit only entitles him to precedence over others and to its exclusive use because of his prior arrival and need. When he no longer needs it, he may not take compensation for it, like sitting in open spaces and wide roads, and staying at mines and other shared benefits and properties where whoever arrives first has the most right as long as he benefits from it, but when he no longer needs it, he may not take compensation. The proponents of this view have explicitly stated that sale and transfer of ownership in its quarters occur only for the building, not for the land. The companions of Abū Ḥanīfah mentioned this. If it is said: You have prohibited lease but permitted sale. Is there a parallel for this in the Sharīʿah? The well-known principle in the Sharīʿah is that lease is broader than sale; sale may be prohibited while lease is permissible, as with endowments and free persons. But the reverse is unheard of to us. It is said: Each of sale and lease is an independent contract, not entailing the other in its permissibility or prohibition. Their subject matter differs, and their rulings differ. Sale is permissible because it applies to the object over which the seller had greater exclusive right than others, namely the building. Lease, on the other hand, applies to the benefit, which is shared, and the one who arrived first has the right of precedence without compensation. For this reason we permitted sale but not lease. If you insist on a parallel, it is said: The mukātab (contract slave) may be sold by his master, and he remains a mukātab with the buyer, but the master may not lease him because that would nullify his benefits and earnings which he owns by the contract of kitābah. And God knows best. Moreover, sale is not prevented even if the benefits of its land and quarters are shared among Muslims, for they remain with the buyer as they were with the seller: a shared benefit; if he is in need, he dwells, and if he is self-sufficient, he lodges others. Sale does not nullify the shared benefit of Muslims, just as selling a mukātab does not nullify his ownership of the benefits he acquired by the contract of kitābah. A similar case is the permissibility of selling kharāj land which ʿUmar ؓ endowed, according to the sound view upon which the practice of the ummah has settled from ancient and recent times, for it passes to the buyer as kharāj land, as it was with the seller, and the right of the fighters is only in its kharāj, which is not invalidated by sale. The ummah has agreed that it is inherited. If its sale were invalid because it is an endowment, then its endowment status would likewise invalidate its inheritance. Aḥmad explicitly stated that it may be made a dowry in marriage. If transfer of ownership therein is permissible by dowry, inheritance, and gift, then sale is permissible therein by analogy, practice, and jurisprudence. And God knows best. If Makkah was conquered by force, should kharāj be imposed on its farms like other land taken by force, and is it permissible for you to do that or not? It is said that this question has two opinions among the adherents of the view of land taken by force: One of them is the explicit and supported view, which is not permissible to contradict: no kharāj is imposed on its farms, even if it was conquered by force, for it is too exalted and great for kharāj to be imposed on it. Kharāj is the jizyah of the land, and it is to the land as the jizyah is to heads. The sacred precinct of the Lord is too exalted in rank and too great for jizyah to be imposed on it. With its conquest, Makkah returned to what God established for it: a secure sanctuary in which the people of Islam share, since it is the site of their rites, their place of worship, and the qiblah of the people of the earth. The second — and this is the view of some companions of Aḥmad — is that kharāj is due on its farms, as it is on the farms of other land taken by force. This is corrupt and contrary to the explicit text of Aḥmad, may God have mercy on him, and to the practice of the Messenger of God ﷺ and his rightly-guided caliphs after him ؓ, so no attention should be paid to it. And God knows best. Some of the companions built the prohibition of selling the quarters of Makkah on the fact that it was conquered by force, but this is an unsound foundation, for dwellings in land taken by force are sold by unanimous agreement. Thus the invalidity of this foundation is evident. And God knows best. In it: specifying the killing of one who reviles the Messenger of God ﷺ, and that his killing is a ḥadd (prescribed punishment) that must be exacted. For the Prophet ﷺ did not grant safety to Muqays b. Ṣubābah, Ibn Khaṭal, and the two slave-girls who used to sing satires against him, even though women of the people of war are not killed, just as children are not killed. He ordered the killing of these two slave-girls, and he disregarded the blood of the umm walad of al-Aʿmā when her master killed her because she reviled the Prophet ﷺ. He killed Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf the Jew, and said: (Who will deal with Kaʿb, for he has harmed God and His Messenger?) He used to revile him. This is a consensus of the rightly-guided caliphs, and no opponent among the Companions is known. Al-Ṣiddīq ؓ said to Abū Barzah al-Aslamī when he intended to kill someone who reviled him: (This was not for anyone other than the Messenger of God) ﷺ. ʿUmar ؓ passed by a monk and was told, "This one reviles the Messenger of God ﷺ." He said: (Had I heard him, I would have killed him. We did not grant them protection on condition that they revile our Prophet ﷺ.) There is no doubt that waging war by reviling our Prophet is a greater harm and injury to us than waging war by hand, and than withholding a dinar of jizyah per year. How can his covenant be broken and he be killed for that, but not for reviling? What comparison is there between the harm of his withholding a dinar per year and the harm of his openly reviling our Prophet with the worst abuse before witnesses? Indeed, there is no comparison between the harm of waging war by hand and the harm of waging war by reviling. The most appropriate thing by which his covenant and safety are broken is reviling the Messenger of God ﷺ, and his covenant is not broken by anything greater except reviling the Creator, glorified be He. This is pure analogy, the requirement of the texts, and the consensus of the rightly-guided caliphs ؓ. There are more than forty proofs for this issue. If it is said: The Prophet ﷺ did not kill ʿAbd Allāh b. Ubayy, even though he said, "If we return to Madinah, the more honored will expel the more humiliated." He did not kill Dhū al-Khuwayṣirah al-Tamīmī, even though he said to him, "Be just, for you have not been just." He did not kill the one who said, "They say you forbid wrongdoing but you engage in it." He did not kill the one who said, "This division was not intended for the face of God." He did not kill the one who said, when he ruled in favor of al-Zubayr regarding the irrigation, "Is it because he is your aunt's son?" And others besides these whose harm and belittlement reached him. It is said: The right was his, so he could exact it or waive it. No one after him may waive his right, just as the Lord, exalted be He, may exact His right or waive it, but no one may waive His right after it becomes due. How could it be otherwise, when in leaving the killing of those you mentioned and others there were great benefits during his lifetime that ceased after his death, such as winning people over and not alienating them from him? For if it reached them that he killed his companions, they would have been alienated. He pointed to this very thing and said to ʿUmar when he advised him to kill ʿAbd Allāh b. Ubayy: (Let it not reach the people that Muḥammad kills his companions.) There is no doubt that the benefit of this reconciliation and uniting hearts upon him was greater to him and dearer than the benefit obtained by killing those who reviled and harmed him. For this reason, when the benefit of killing became apparent and clearly preponderant, he killed the reviler, as he did with Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, for he openly displayed enmity and reviling, and killing him was more preponderant than sparing him. Likewise, the killing of Ibn Khaṭal, Muqays, the two slave-girls, and the umm walad of al-Aʿmā: he killed for the preponderant benefit and refrained for the preponderant benefit. When the matter passed to his deputies and caliphs, they had no right to waive his right. Al-Zuhrī said — in what ʿAbd al-Razzāq and al-Ṭabarānī narrated: Then he descended — and the Messenger of God ﷺ descended with the key, and he withdrew to a side of the mosque and sat by the water dispenser. The shaykhs of Muḥammad b. ʿUmar said: The Prophet ﷺ had received the key of the water dispenser from al-ʿAbbās and the key of the House from ʿUthmān. Ibn Abī Shaybah narrated from ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUbaydah: After his sermon, the Messenger of God ﷺ turned to the side of the mosque, and a bucket of water from Zamzam was brought to him. He washed his face with it, and no drop fell from it except into the hand of a person; if it was as much as he could sip, he sipped it, otherwise he wiped his skin with it. The polytheists were watching and said, "We have never seen a king greater than today, nor a people more foolish than these people." In his great sermon on the second day of the conquest are types of knowledge. Among them is his saying: “Indeed Allah, not the people, made Makkah inviolable.” This is a sacred, divinely decreed prohibition, which destiny established before the creation of this world, then it was made manifest upon the tongue of His intimate friend Ibrahim and Muhammad, may Allah’s blessings and peace be upon them. As in the “Sahih” it is reported from him that he ﷺ said: “O Allah, Ibrahim is Your intimate friend; he made Makkah inviolable, and I make Madinah inviolable.” This is a report about the manifestation of the preexisting inviolability from the day the heavens and earth were created through the tongue of Ibrahim. Therefore, no Muslim has disputed the inviolability of Makkah, though they disputed the inviolability of Madinah; the correct view, affirmatively established, is that it is inviolable, for more than twenty authentically transmitted hadiths from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ have reported it, which cannot be criticized in any way. Among them is his saying: “It is not lawful for anyone to shed blood in it.” This is the prohibition of shedding blood specifically in it, which is lawful elsewhere but prohibited there because it is a sanctuary. Likewise the prohibition of cutting trees, uprooting its fresh herbage, and picking up its lost property is something specific to it, being lawful elsewhere, since all of it comes in a single statement and a single ordinance; otherwise the benefit of specifying would be void. This is of several kinds: The first—which is what Abu Shurayh al-ʿAdawi introduced for this purpose—is that a faction that resists pledging allegiance to the imam while in it is not to be fought, especially if it has an interpretive justification, as the people of Makkah refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid and pledged allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr. Fighting them, setting up a mangonel against them, and violating Allah’s sanctuary was not permissible by the text and consensus. Only ʿAmr b. Saʿīd, the profligate, and his followers opposed that, opposing the text of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ with his own opinion and desire. He said, “The sanctuary does not protect a disobedient person.” It is said to him: It does not protect a disobedient person from Allah’s punishment. If it did not protect him from having his blood shed, it would not be a sanctuary in relation to human beings, but a sanctuary only in relation to birds and dumb beasts. It has always protected disobedient people since the time of Ibrahim, may Allah’s blessings and ﷺ, and Islam is established upon that. Maqīs b. Ṣabāba, Ibn Khaṭal, and those named with them were not protected only because at that very hour it was not a sanctuary but profane. When the hour of war ended, it reverted to what it had been since the day Allah created the heavens and the earth. In their pre-Islamic ignorance, the Arabs held that if a man saw the killer of his father or of his son in the sanctuary, he would not attack him. That among them was the special character of the sanctuary by which it became a sanctuary. Then Islam came and confirmed and strengthened that. The Prophet ﷺ knew that some people of the community would imitate him in treating it as lawful for fighting and killing, so he cut off any emulation and said to his companions: “If anyone takes license to fight the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, say: Allah permitted His Messenger and did not permit you.” Accordingly, if someone commits an offense outside the sanctuary requiring death as a legal penalty or retaliation, then takes refuge there, it is not lawful to execute it upon him in it. Imam Ahmad mentions from ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ that he said: “Even if I found in it the killer of al-Khaṭṭāb, I would not touch him until he leaves it.” It is mentioned from ʿAbd Allah b. ʿUmar that he said: “Even if I met in it the killer of ʿUmar, I would not rebuke him.” And from Ibn ʿAbbās that he said: “Even if I met the killer of my father in the sanctuary, I would not attack him until he leaves it.” This is the view of the majority of the Successors and those after them; rather, no dissenting view is preserved from any Successor or Companion. Abu Ḥanīfa and those who agreed with him among the people of Iraq, and Imam Ahmad and those who agreed with him among the people of hadith, adopted this view. Mālik and al-Shāfiʿī held that the punishment should be exacted from him in the sanctuary, just as it is exacted in the profane area. This is the choice of Ibn al-Mundhir. The evidence for this view includes the general texts indicating the execution of legal penalties and retaliation in every place and time, and that the Prophet ﷺ killed Ibn Khaṭal while he was clinging to the curtains of the Kaʿbah. And by what is narrated from the Prophet ﷺ that he said: “The sanctuary does not protect a disobedient person, nor one fleeing because of blood, nor one fleeing because of theft.” And because if legal penalties and retaliation for offenses less than life were involved, the sanctuary would not protect him or prevent executing the penalty upon him; and if he committed within it an offense requiring a legal penalty or retaliation, the sanctuary would not protect him or prevent executing it upon him, so likewise when he committed it outside and then fled to it, since its being a sanctuary with respect to his protection does not differ between the two cases. And because he is an animal whose killing has been permitted due to his corruption, the situation does not differ between killing him when he takes refuge in the sanctuary and when he has committed an offense permitting his killing in it, like the snake, the kite, and the biting dog. Also because the Prophet ﷺ said: “Five harmful pests are to be killed in the profane area and in the sanctuary,” indicating by their being killed in the profane area and in the sanctuary that the cause is their harmful depravity, and he did not make their taking refuge in the sanctuary prevent killing them; likewise the corrupt human being who has merited execution. The first group said: There is nothing in this that conflicts with the evidence we have mentioned, especially the saying of Allah Most High: “Whoever enters it is secure” [Aal ʿImrān: 97]. This is either a statement in the form of a command, since falsehood in His report is impossible; or a report about His sacred law and His religion which He prescribed in His sanctuary; or a report about the known, continuous state of His sanctuary in pre-Islamic ignorance and in Islam, as Allah Most High says: “Do they not see that We have made it a secure sanctuary while people are snatched away around them?” [al-ʿAnkabūt: 67], and His saying: “They said: If we follow the guidance with you, we will be snatched away from our land. Have We not established for them a secure sanctuary to which fruits of all things are brought?” [al-Qaṣaṣ: 57]. Beyond what we have mentioned among false interpretations, no attention is paid to them, such as the saying of some: “Whoever enters it is secure” from the Fire, and the saying of others: he is secure from dying outside Islam and the like. How many have entered it while in the depths of Hell? As for the general texts indicating the execution of legal penalties and retaliation in every time and place, it is said first: those general texts do not mention the time or place of execution, just as they do not mention its conditions and the absence of impediments. The wording does not indicate them by its literal meaning or by implication; it is unrestricted with respect to them. Therefore, if a ruling has a condition or impediment, it is not said that suspending the ruling on it is specifying that general statement. No competent scholar would say that the saying of Allah Most High: “And lawful to you are all beyond these” [al-Nisāʾ: 24] is specified by a woman married during her waiting period, or without the permission of her guardian, or without witnesses. Likewise the general texts regarding the execution of legal penalties and retaliation do not mention their time, place, condition, or impediment. Even if one supposed that the wording includes that, it would be necessary to specify it with the evidence indicating prohibition, lest their implication be nullified, and to apply the general wording to cases other than these, as with all analogous cases. When you specify those general texts for a pregnant or nursing woman, or a sick person whose recovery is hoped for, or a condition that makes execution unlawful, such as severe illness, cold, or heat, what prevents specifying them with these evidences? If you say that is not specification but rather restriction of the unrestricted, we respond to you with exactly the same measure. As for the killing of Ibn Khaṭal, it has already been mentioned that it occurred during the time when it was profane. The Prophet ﷺ cut off any emulation and explicitly said that this was one of his special privileges. His saying ﷺ: “It was made lawful for me only for an hour of the day” is explicit that shedding blood lawful outside the sanctuary was made lawful for him only during that hour, because if it were lawful at all times it would not be restricted to that hour. This is explicit that blood lawful outside the sanctuary is prohibited within it except during that hour. As for the saying, “The sanctuary does not protect a disobedient person,” it is from the words of the profligate ʿAmr b. Saʿīd al-Ashdaq, by which he rejected the hadith of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ when Abu Shurayh al-Kaʿbī narrated this hadith to him, as it is explained in the “Sahih.” How can it be given precedence over the saying of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ? As for your saying: If legal penalty and retaliation for offenses less than life were involved, the sanctuary would not protect him from it—this is a question upon which there are two views among scholars, and they are two explicitly narrated reports from Imam Ahmad. Whoever forbids execution considers the general evidences granting protection with respect to life and to what is less than life. Whoever differentiates says: shedding blood refers only to killing, and prohibiting it in the sanctuary does not necessitate prohibiting what is less than it, because the sanctity of life is greater and violation by killing is more severe. They say: also because legal penalty by flogging or amputation functions like discipline, so it is not prevented, like a master disciplining his slave. The apparent view of this school is that there is no difference between life and what is less than it in this matter. Abu Bakr said: This is a question which I found attributed to Hanbal from his uncle, that all legal penalties are executed in the sanctuary except execution. He said: The established practice is that every offender who enters the sanctuary is not subjected to the legal penalty until he leaves it. They say: then we answer you with a composite answer, namely, if there is an effective difference between life and what is less than it in this matter, the obligation fails; and if there is no effective difference between them, we treat them equally in the ruling, and the objection fails. Thus its invalidity is established either way. They say: As for your saying that the sanctuary does not protect one who violates its sanctity within it by committing an offense requiring a legal penalty, likewise the one who takes refuge in it—this is conflating what Allah and His Messenger and the Companions distinguished. Imam Ahmad narrated: ʿAbd al-Razzāq narrated to us: Maʿmar narrated to us, from Ibn Ṭāwūs, from his father, from Ibn ʿAbbās, who said: “Whoever steals or kills in the profane area and then enters the sanctuary, he is not to be sat with, spoken to, or given refuge, but he is to be entreated until he leaves and then is seized and the legal penalty is executed upon him. And if he steals or kills in the sanctuary, the legal penalty is executed upon him in the sanctuary.” Al-Athram mentioned from Ibn ʿAbbās also: “Whoever commits an offense in the sanctuary, whatever he did in it is executed upon him.” Allah, glorified be He, has commanded killing those who fight in the sanctuary, saying: “Do not fight them at the Sacred Mosque until they fight you there; but if they fight you, kill them” [al-Baqarah: 191]. The difference between the refugee and the one who violates the sanctuary’s sanctity within it is from several aspects: First: The offender within it is tearing down its sanctity by committing his crime in it, in contrast to one who committed the crime outside it and then took refuge in it, for he magnifies its sanctity and is conscious of it by seeking refuge there. Thus, analogizing one to the other is invalid. Second: The offender in it is like a corrupt person who commits a crime on the royal carpet in the king’s residence and sanctuary; while one who committed a crime outside the king’s carpet and sanctuary and then entered his sanctuary seeking protection is like one who seeks refuge. Third: The offender in the sanctuary has violated the sanctity of Allah, glorified be He, the sanctity of His House and His sanctuary, so he has violated two sanctities, unlike others. Fourth: If the legal penalty were not executed upon offenders in the sanctuary, corruption would become widespread and evil would grow great in Allah’s sanctuary, for the people of the sanctuary are like others in their need to protect their lives, wealth, and honor. If the legal penalty were not prescribed for those who commit crimes in the sanctuary, the limits of Allah would be suspended and harm would spread to the sanctuary and its people. Fifth: The one who takes refuge in the sanctuary is like a repentant, penitent person who seeks refuge in the house of the Lord, Most High, and clings to its curtains. Neither his state nor the state of His House and sanctuary befits that he be attacked, in contrast to one who proceeds to violate its sanctity. Thus the secret of the difference has appeared, and it is clear that what Ibn ʿAbbās said is pure jurisprudence. As for your saying: he is a corrupt animal whose killing is permitted in the profane area and the sanctuary, like the biting dog—the analogy is not valid, for the biting dog harms by its nature, so the sanctuary does not protect it in order to ward off its harm from its people. As for the human being, the basic principle is his sanctity, and his sanctity is immense; he is permitted only because of a contingent cause, so he resembles the predatory animals among lawful game, for the sanctuary protects them. Moreover, the need of the people of the sanctuary to kill the biting dog, the snake, and the kite is exactly like the need of the people of the profane area. If the sanctuary protected them, the harm from them would become severe. Among them is his saying ﷺ: “No tree is to be cut in it,” and in another wording: “Its thorny trees are not to be cut,” and in a wording in “Sahih Muslim”: “Its thorns are not to be beaten down.” There is no disagreement among them that wild trees that were not grown by a human being, of all kinds, are meant by this wording. They differ concerning trees grown by humans in the sanctuary, with three views, which are in the school of Ahmad: The first is that he may uproot it and no compensation is due from him. This is the choice of Ibn ʿAqīl, Abū al-Khaṭṭāb, and others. The second is that he may not uproot it, and if he does, compensation is due in any case. This is the view of al-Shāfiʿī, and it is what Ibn al-Bannāʾ mentioned in his “Khiṣāl.” The third is to distinguish between what he grew in the profane area and then planted in the sanctuary, and what he grew in the sanctuary originally: the first requires no compensation, the second is not to be uprooted and compensation is due in any case. This is the view of al-Qāḍī. There is a fourth view: to distinguish between what humans normally cultivate, such as almond, walnut, palm, and the like, and what humans do not normally cultivate, such as wild large trees, acacia, and the like. The first may be uprooted with no compensation; the second may not, and compensation is due. The author of “al-Mughnī” said: The preferable view is to accept the general meaning of the hadith regarding the prohibition of all trees except what humans cultivated from the kind of trees they cultivate, by analogy to what they cultivate of crops and domesticated animals. For we excluded from game only what was originally domesticated, not wild animals that became tame. Likewise here. This is an explicit statement by him of choosing this fourth view. Thus in the school of Ahmad there are four views. The hadith is very explicit in prohibiting cutting thorny plants and boxthorn. Al-Shāfiʿī said: cutting it is not prohibited, because it harms people naturally, so it resembles predatory beasts. This is the choice of Abū al-Khaṭṭāb and Ibn ʿAqīl, and it is narrated from ʿAṭāʾ, Mujāhid, and others. His saying ﷺ, “Its thorns are not to be cut,” and in another wording, “Its thorns are not to be cut,” is explicit in prohibition, and the analogy to predatory beasts is not valid, for those intend harm by nature, whereas this does not harm one who does not approach it. The hadith does not differentiate between the green and the dry, but they have permitted cutting the dry. They said: because it is in the position of the dead, and no disagreement is known in it. On this basis, the context of the hadith indicates that he only intended the green, for he made it in the position of startling game. There is no violation of the sanctity of the green tree that glorifies its Lord with praise in taking the dry. And for this reason the Prophet ﷺ planted two green twigs on the two graves and said: 'Perhaps it may be lightened for them as long as they do not dry.' In the hadith there is evidence that if a tree is uprooted by itself or a branch breaks, it is permissible to benefit from it, because he did not cut it himself, and there is no dispute in this. If it is said: what do you say about a case where someone uproots it and then leaves it; is it permissible for him or for someone else to benefit from it? It is said: Imam Ahmad was asked about this issue and he said: Whoever likens it to game does not benefit from its wood, and he said: I have not heard that if he cuts it, he may benefit from it. There is another view: that it is permissible for someone other than the cutter to benefit from it, because it was cut without his action, so benefit is permitted to him, just as if the wind uprooted it. This is unlike game when a pilgrim kills it, where it is forbidden to others, for the pilgrim's killing it makes it carrion. His statement in the other wording: 'Nor shall its thorns be beaten off' is explicit or nearly explicit in prohibiting the cutting of leaves. This is the school of Ahmad—may Allah have mercy on him. Al-Shafi'i said: he may take it, and it is narrated from 'Ata', but the first is more correct according to the apparent text and analogy, for its position in relation to the tree is the position of the bird's feathers in relation to it, and also taking the leaves is a means to the drying of the branches, for it is their clothing and protection. His statement ﷺ: 'Nor shall its fresh herbage be cut' — there is no disagreement that the meaning is what grows by itself, not what humans cultivate, and the dry is not included in the hadith; rather it is specifically for the fresh, for khala, with shortening, is fresh herbage as long as it is moist; when it dries it is hashish. 'The land became verdant' means its khala became abundant. Ikhtila' of khala means cutting it, and from it is the hadith: 'Ibn 'Umar used to cut khala for his horse,' meaning he cut fresh herbage for it. And from it the mikhla (nosebag) is named, which is the container of khala. Idhkhir is excepted by the text, and in specifying it by exception there is evidence of intending generality for everything else. If it is said: does the hadith include grazing or not? It is said: there are two views. One: it does not include it, so grazing is permissible, and this is the saying of al-Shafi'i. The second: it includes it by its meaning, even if not by its wording, so grazing is not permissible, and this is the school of Abu Hanifah, and the two views are held by the companions of Ahmad. The forbidders said: What difference is there between cutting it and presenting it to the animal, and between sending the animal upon it to graze? The permitters said: Since the practice of sacrificial animals was to enter the Haram and be numerous there, and it has never been transmitted that their mouths were muzzled, this indicates the permissibility of grazing. The forbidders said: The difference is between sending them to graze and empowering them over that, and between their grazing by their nature without the owner empowering them; and he is not obliged to muzzle their mouths, just as he is not obliged in ihram to hold his nose from smelling perfume, even though he may not intentionally smell it. Likewise, he is not obliged to refrain from walking for fear of trampling game in his path, even though he may not intend that, and so on for similar cases. If it is said: does the hadith include taking truffles and desert fungus and what is buried in the ground? It is said: it does not include it, because it is in the position of fruit, and Ahmad said: the tender shoots and 'ishriq may be eaten from the trees of the Haram. His statement ﷺ: 'Nor shall its game be startled' is explicit in prohibiting causing the killing of game and hunting it by any cause, to the extent that he may not even startle it from its place, because it is a sacred animal in this place, and it has preceded to a place, so it is more entitled to it. In this is that a sacred animal, if it precedes to a place, is not to be driven away from it. His statement ﷺ: 'Nor shall its lost property be picked up except by one who announces it,' and in another wording: 'Its lost property is not lawful except to one who seeks it.' In this is evidence that the lost property of the Haram cannot be owned under any circumstances, and it is only picked up for announcing, not for ownership; otherwise there would be no benefit at all in specifying Makkah with this. There is disagreement about this: Malik and Abu Hanifah said: the lost property of the lawful area and the Haram are equal, and this is one of the two narrations from Ahmad and one of the two sayings of al-Shafi'i, and it is narrated from Ibn 'Umar, Ibn 'Abbas, and 'A'ishah ؓ. Ahmad said in the other narration, and al-Shafi'i in the other saying: it is not permissible to pick it up for ownership, but only for safeguarding it for its owner. If one picks it up, he must announce it forever until its owner comes. This is the saying of 'Abd al-Rahman b. Mahdi and Abu 'Ubayd, and this is the correct view, and the hadith is explicit about it. Al-munshid is the announcer, and al-nashid is the seeker, and from it is his saying: 'The attentive listening of the seeker to the announcer.' Abu Dawud narrated in his Sunan that the Prophet ﷺ 'forbade the lost property of pilgrims.' Ibn Wahb said: meaning he should leave it until its owner finds it. Our shaykh said: This is one of the special qualities of Makkah, and the difference between it and other regions in that is that people disperse from it to various lands, so the owner of the lost item is unable to seek it and ask about it, unlike other cities. His statement ﷺ in the sermon: 'Whoever has someone killed for him, he is with the best of two options: either to kill or to take the blood money.' In this is evidence that the obligation for intentional killing is not determined solely as retaliation; rather it is one of two things: either retaliation or blood money. In this there are three views, and they are narrations from Imam Ahmad: One: that the obligation is one of two things, either retaliation or blood money, and the choice in that belongs to the guardian among four things: pardon without compensation, pardon for blood money, retaliation, and there is no disagreement in giving him choice among these three. The fourth: settlement for more than the blood money — in it there are two views: the more well-known in the school is its permissibility; the second: he may not pardon for property except for the blood money or less. This is more preponderant in evidence. If he chooses blood money, retaliation is dropped and he may not seek it thereafter. This is the school of al-Shafi'i and one of the two narrations from Malik. The second view: that its requirement is retaliation specifically, and he may not pardon for blood money except with the consent of the offender. If he turns to blood money and the offender does not consent, his retaliation remains. This is the school of Malik in the other narration and Abu Hanifah. The third view: that its requirement is retaliation specifically, with choice between it and blood money even if the offender does not consent. If he pardons retaliation for blood money and the offender consents, there is no problem. If the offender does not consent, he may return to retaliation specifically. If he pardons retaliation absolutely, then if we say the obligation is one of two things, he is entitled to blood money; if we say the obligation is retaliation specifically, his right to it drops. If it is said: what do you say if the killer dies? We say: in that there are two views. One: the blood money drops, and this is the school of Abu Hanifah, because the obligation for them is retaliation specifically, and the place of exacting it has been removed by the act of Allah Almighty, so it is like if the offending slave dies: the compensation for the crime does not transfer to the master's liability. This is unlike the destruction of collateral and the death of a guarantor, where the right does not drop because it is established in the liability of the pledger and the one guaranteed for, so it does not drop with the destruction of the security. Al-Shafi'i and Ahmad said: blood money is determined in his estate, because exacting retaliation has become impossible without a drop, so blood money is obligatory lest the heirs lose the blood and the blood money for nothing. If it is said: what do you say if he chooses retaliation and then afterward chooses pardon for blood money — is that permitted to him? We say: in this there are two views. One: that he may do that, because retaliation is higher, so he may move to the lower. The second: he may not, because when he chose retaliation he dropped the blood money by his choice, so he may not return to it after dropping it. If it is said: how do you reconcile this hadith with his statement ﷺ: 'Whoever kills intentionally, then retaliation is upon him'? It is said: there is no contradiction between them in any way, for this indicates the obligation of retaliation for intentional killing, and his statement: 'then he is with the best of two options' indicates his choice between exacting this obligation for him and taking its substitute, which is blood money. What contradiction is there? This hadith is analogous to the Almighty's statement: 'Retaliation is prescribed for you' [al-Baqarah: 178], and this does not negate the choice of the entitled person between what is prescribed for him and its substitute. And Allah knows best. Section His statement ﷺ in the sermon: 'except idhkhir,' after al-'Abbas said to him: 'except idhkhir,' indicates two issues: One: the permissibility of cutting idhkhir. The second: that it is not required in exception that one intend it from the beginning of speech, nor before its completion, because the Prophet ﷺ, if he had intended the exception of idhkhir from the beginning of his speech or before its completion, his exception of it would not have depended on al-'Abbas's asking him for it and informing him that they could not do without it for their blacksmiths and houses. An analogy to this is his exception ﷺ of Suhayl b. Bayda' from the prisoners of Badr, after Ibn Mas'ud reminded him of him. He said: 'Let none of them escape except by ransom or a blow to the neck.' Ibn Mas'ud said: 'except Suhayl b. Bayda', for I heard him mentioning Islam.' He said: 'except Suhayl b. Bayda'.' It is known that he had not intended the exception in the two cases from the beginning of his speech. An analogy also is the angel's saying to Solomon when he said: 'I will go tonight to a hundred women, each woman will give birth to a boy who will fight in the path of Allah.' The angel said to him: 'Say if Allah wills.' He did not say it. The Prophet ﷺ said: 'If he had said if Allah wills, they would all have fought in the path of Allah,' and in another wording: 'it would have been a means of attaining his need.' He informed that this exception, if it had occurred from him in this state, would have benefited him, and those who require intention say it would not benefit him. An analogy is his statement ﷺ: 'By Allah, I will raid Quraysh; by Allah, I will raid Quraysh' three times, then he was silent, then he said: 'If Allah wills.' This is an exception after silence, and it entails initiating the exception after completing speech and being silent upon it. Ahmad explicitly stated its permissibility, and it is correct without doubt, and resorting to the requirement of these authentic explicit hadiths is more appropriate. And with Allah is success. In the story: a man from the Companions called Abu Shah stood up and said: 'Write for me.' The Prophet ﷺ said: 'Write for Abu Shah,' meaning his sermon. In this is evidence for writing knowledge and abrogating the prohibition of writing hadith, for the Prophet ﷺ said: 'Whoever writes anything from me other than the Qur'an, let him erase it.' This was in the beginning of Islam, for fear that the revelation that is recited might be confused with the revelation that is not recited. Then he permitted writing his hadith. And it is authentically reported from 'Abd Allah b. 'Amr that he used to write his hadith, and among what he wrote was a scroll called al-Sadiqah, which is the one narrated by his grandson 'Amr b. Shu'ayb from his father from him, and it is among the most authentic hadiths. Some imams of the hadith scholars used to place it in the rank of Ayyub from Nafi' from Ibn 'Umar, and the four imams and others used it as evidence.

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