Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1434
The Conquest of Makkah
دُخُولِهِ ﷺ مَكَّةَ وَإِرْسَالِ طَائِفَةٍ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ أَمَامَهُ وَإِرَادَةِ بَعْضِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ صَدَّهُمْ عَنْ دُخُولِهِمْ، وَقَتْلِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ لَهُمْ قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى - وَغَيْرُهُ: لَمَّا ذَهَبَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ إِلَى مَكَّةَ بَعْدَ مَا عَايَنَ جُنُودَ اللَّهِ - تَعَالَى - تَمُرُّ عَلَيْهِ، فَانْتَهَى الْمُسْلِمُونَ إِلَى ذِي طُوًى، فَوَقَفُوا يَنْتَظِرُونَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَتَّى تَلَاحَقَ النَّاسُ، وَأَقْبَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي كَتِيبَتِهِ الْخَضْرَاءِ، وَهُوَ عَلَى نَاقَتِهِ الْقَصْوَاءِ، مُعْتَجِرًا بِشِقِّ بُرْدٍ حَبِرَةٍ حَمْرَاءَ. وَعَنْ أَنَسٍ ؓ قَالَ: لَمَّا دَخَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ اسْتَشْرَفَهُ النَّاسُ، فَوَضَعَ رَأْسَهُ عَلَى رَحْلِهِ مُتَخَشِّعًا، رَوَاهُ الْحَاكِمُ بِسَنَدٍ جَيِّدٍ قَوِيٍّ، وَرَوَاهُ أَبُو يَعْلَى مِنْ طَرِيقٍ آخَرَ، وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ؓ قَالَ: دَخَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَئِذٍ وَعَلَيْهِ عِمَامَةٌ سَوْدَاءُ، وَرَايَتُهُ سَوْدَاءُ، وَلِوَاؤُهُ أَسْوَدُ حَتَّى وَقَفَ بِذِي طُوًى، وَتَوَسَّطَ النَّاسَ، وَإِنَّ عُثْنُونَهُ لَيَمَسُّ وَاسِطَةَ رَحْلِهِ، أَوْ يَقْرُبُ مِنْهَا تَوَاضُعًا لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ حِينَ رَأَى مَا رَأَى مِنْ فَتْحِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، وَكَثْرَةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: «اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّ الْعَيْشَ عَيْشُ الْآخِرَةِ وَقَالَ: أَنْبَأَنَا أَبُو عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْحَافِظُ، ثَنَا أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ بَالَوَيْهِ، ثَنَا أَحْمَدُ بْنُ صَاعِدٍ، ثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ أَبِي الْحَارِثِ، ثَنَا جَعْفَرُ بْنُ عَوْنٍ، ثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ أَبِي خَالِدٍ، عَنْ قَيْسٍ، عَنْ أَبِي مَسْعُودٍ أَنَّ رَجُلًا كَلَّمَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ، فَأَخَذَتْهُ الرِّعْدَةُ، فَقَالَ: " هَوِّنْ عَلَيْكَ، فَإِنَّمَا أَنَا ابْنُ امْرَأَةٍ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ كَانَتْ تَأْكُلُ الْقَدِيدَ. وَهَذَا التَّوَاضُعُ فِي هَذَا الْمَوْطِنِ عِنْدَ دُخُولِهِ ﷺ مَكَّةَ، فِي مِثْلِ هَذَا الْجَيْشِ الْكَثِيفِ الْعَرَمْرَمِ، بِخِلَافِ مَا اعْتَمَدَهُ سُفَهَاءُ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، حِينَ أُمِرُوا أَنْ يَدْخُلُوا بَابَ بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ وَهُمْ سُجُودٌ، أَيْ رُكَّعٌ، يَقُولُونَ: حِطَّةٌ. فَدَخَلُوا يَزْحَفُونَ عَلَى أَسْتَاهِهِمْ وَهُمْ يَقُولُونَ: حِنْطَةٌ فِي شَعِيرَةٍ. قَالَ: وَجَعَلَتِ الْخَيْلُ تَمْعُجُ بِذِي طُوًى فِي كُلِّ وَجْهٍ، ثُمَّ ثَابَتْ وَسَكَنَتْ حِينَ تَوَسَّطَهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ رَوَاهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ. وَعَنْ أَنَسٍ - ؓ: أَنَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ دَخَلَ مَكَّةَ وَعَلَيْهِ عِمَامَةٌ سَوْدَاءُ بِغَيْرِ إِحْرَامٍ، رَوَاهُ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ، وَمُسْلِمٌ، وَالْأَرْبَعَةُ. وَعَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ حُرَيْثٍ - ؓ قَالَ: كَأَنِّي أَنْظُرُ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ - ﷺ يَوْمَ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ، وَعَلَيْهِ عِمَامَةٌ سَوْدَاءُ خَرْقَانِيَّةٌ، وَقَدْ أَرْخَى طَرَفَهَا بَيْنَ كَتِفَيْهِ، رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ، وَعَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ قَالَتْ: دَخَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ مَنْ كَدَاءٍ مِنْ أَعْلَى مَكَّةَ، رَوَاهُ الْبُخَارِيُّ، وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ. وَعَنْ جَابِرٍ ؓ قَالَ: كَانَ لِوَاءُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ دَخَلَ مَكَّةَ أَبْيَضَ، رَوَاهُ الْأَرْبَعَةُ. وَعَنْ عَائِشَةَ ؓ قَالَتْ: كَانَ لِوَاءُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ أَبْيَضَ، وَرَايَتُهُ سَوْدَاءَ تُسَمَّى الْعُقَابَ، وَكَانَتْ قِطْعَةُ مِرْطٍ مُرَحَّلٍ، رَوَاهُ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ. وَعَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ ؓ قَالَ: لَمَّا دَخَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَكَّةَ عَامَ الْفَتْحِ، رَأَى النِّسَاءَ يَلْطُمْنَ وُجُوهَ الْخَيْلِ بِالْخُمُرِ، فَتَبَسَّمَ إِلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَقَالَ: «يَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ كَيْفَ قَالَ حَسَّانُ” فَأَنْشَدَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ، قَوْلَ حَسَّانَ - ؓ: عَدِمْتُ بَنِيَّتِي إِنْ لَمْ تَرَوْهَا تُثِيرُ النَّقْعَ مِنْ كَتِفَيَّ كَدَاءُ يُنَازِعْنَ الْأَعِنَّةَ مُسْرَجَاتُ يَلْطِمُهُنَّ بِالْخُمُرِ النِّسَاءُ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «ادْخُلُوهَا مِنْ حَيْثُ قَالَ حَسَّانَ”. [ طَرِيقُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي دُخُولِ مَكَّةَ ] وَفِي الصَّحِيحِ وَغَيْرِهِ عَنْ عُرْوَةَ: «أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَمَرَ الزُّبَيْرَ بْنَ الْعَوَّامِ أَنْ يَدْخُلَ مِنْ كَدَاءٍ مِنْ أَعْلَى مَكَّةَ، وَأَنْ يَغْرِزَ رَايَتَهُ بِالْحَجُونِ، وَلَا يَبْرَحَ حَتَّى يَأْتِيَهُ”. وَفِي الصَّحِيحِ أَيْضًا عَنِ الْعَبَّاسِ أَنَّهُ قَالَ لِلزُّبَيْرِ بْنِ الْعَوَّامِ: يَا أَبَا عَبْدِ اللَّهِ هَا هُنَا أَمَرَكَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنْ تُرَكِّزَ الرَّايَةَ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: وَأَمَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ خَالِدَ بْنَ الْوَلِيدِ - وَكَانَ عَلَى الْمُجَنِّبَةِ الْيُمْنَى، وَفِيهَا أَسْلَمُ، وَسُلَيْمٌ، وَغِفَارٌ، وَمُزَيْنَةُ، وَجُهَيْنَةُ، وَقَبَائِلُ مِنَ الْعَرَبِ - أَنْ يَدْخُلُوا مِنِ اللَّيْطِ، وَهُوَ أَسْفَلَ مَكَّةَ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يَغْرِزَ رَايَتَهُ عِنْدَ أَدْنَى الْبُيُوتِ وَأَمَرَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ بْنَ الْجَرَّاحِ ؓ عَلَى الْحُسَّرِ، كَمَا عِنْدَ الْإِمَامِ أَحْمَدَ. وَفِي صَحِيحِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ رَبَاحٍ أَنَّ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ كَانَ عَلَى الْبَيَاذِقَةِ، يَعْنِي الرَّجَّالَةَ. وَعِنْدَ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ وَعَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي نَجِيحٍ أَنَّ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ بْنَ الْجَرَّاحِ أَقْبَلَ بِالصَّفِّ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَنْصُبُ لِمَكَّةَ بَيْنَ يَدَيْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالُوا: وَأَمَرَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ أُمَرَاءَهُ أَنْ يَكُفُّوا أَيْدِيَهُمْ، وَلَا يُقَاتِلُوا إِلَّا مَنْ قَاتَلَهُمْ، قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ رَحِمَهُمَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: إِنَّ صَفْوَانَ بْنَ أُمَيَّةَ وَعِكْرِمَةَ بْنَ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، وَسُهَيْلَ بْنَ عَمْرٍو، - وَأَسْلَمُوا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ - دَعَوْا إِلَى قِتَالِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَجَمَعُوا أُنَاسًا بِالْخَنْدَمَةِ وَضَوَى إِلَيْهِمْ نَاسٌ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ، وَنَاسٌ مِنْ بَنِي بَكْرٍ، وَهُذَيْلٍ، وَلَبِسُوا السِّلَاحَ، يُقْسِمُونَ بِاللَّهِ لَا يَدْخُلُهَا مُحَمَّدٌ عَنْوَةً أَبَدًا، وَكَانَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَنِي الدِّيلِ يُقَالُ لَهُ جِمَاشُ - بِكَسْرِ الْجِيمِ وَتَخْفِيفِ الْمِيمِ - وَبِالشِّينِ الْمُعْجَمَةِ - بْنُ قَيْسِ بْنِ خَالِدٍ لَمَّا سَمِعَ بِدُخُولِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ جَعَلَ يُصْلِحُ سِلَاحَهُ، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ امْرَأَتُهُ: لِمَنْ تُعِدُّ هَذَا ؟ قَالَ: لِمُحَمَّدٍ وَأَصْحَابِهِ، قَالَتْ: وَاللَّهِ مَا أَرَى يَقُومُ لِمُحَمَّدٍ وَأَصْحَابِهِ شَيْءٌ. قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ إِنِّي لَأَرْجُو أَنْ أَخْدِمَكَ بَعْضَهُمْ فَإِنَّكَ مُحْتَاجَةٌ إِلَيْهِ قَالَتْ: وَيْلَكَ: لَا تَفْعَلْ، وَلَا تُقَاتِلْ مُحَمَّدًا وَاللَّهِ لِيَضِلَّنَّ عَنْكَ رَأْيُكَ، لَوْ قَدْ رَأَيْتَ مُحَمَّدًا، وَأَصْحَابَهُ، قَالَ سَتَرَيْنَ ثُمَّ قَالَ: إِنْ يُقْبِلُوا الْيَوْمَ فَمَا لِي عَلَّهُ هَذَا سِلَاحٌ كَامِلٌ وَأَلْهَ وَذُو غِرَارَيْنِ سَرِيعُ السَّلَّهْ ثُمَّ شَهِدَ الْخَنْدَمَةَ مَعَ صَفْوَانَ، وَسُهَيْلِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، وَعِكْرِمَةَ، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ مِنْ حَيْثُ أَمَرَهُ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَجَدَ الْجَمْعَ الْمَذْكُورَ، فَمَنَعُوهُ الدُّخُولَ، وَشَهَرُوا لَهُ السِّلَاحَ، وَرَمَوْهُ بِالنَّبْلِ، وَقَالُوا: لَا تَدْخُلُهَا عَنْوَةً، فَصَاحَ فِي أَصْحَابِهِ فَقَاتَلَهُمْ، وَقُتِلَ مِنْهُمْ أَرْبَعَةٌ وَعِشْرُونَ رَجُلًا مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ، وَأَرْبَعَةٌ مِنْ هُذَيْلٍ. وقُتِلَ كُرْزُ بْنُ جَابِرٍ، أَحَدُ بَنِي مُحَارِبِ بْنِ فِهْرٍ، وَخُنَيْسُ بْنُ خَالِدِ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ بْنِ أَصْرَمَ، حَلِيفُ بَنِي مُنْقَذٍ، وَكَانَا فِي خَيْلِ خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ فَشَذَّا عَنْهُ فَسَلَكَا طَرِيقًا غَيْرَ طَرِيقِهِ فَقُتِلَا جَمِيعًا، قُتِلَ خُنَيْسُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ قَبْلَ كُرْزِ بْنِ جَابِرٍ، فَجَعَلَهُ كُرْزُ بْنُ جَابِرٍ بَيْنَ رِجْلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَاتَلَ عَنْهُ حَتَّى قُتِلَ، وَهُوَ يَرْتَجِزُ وَيَقُولُ: قَدْ عَلِمَتْ صَفْرَاءُ مِنْ بَنِي فِهِرْ نَقِيَّةُ الْوَجْهِ نَقِيَّةُ الصَّدِرْ لَأَضْرِبَنَّ الْيَوْمَ عَنْ أَبِي صَخِرْ قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَكَانَ خُنَيْسٌ يُكْنَى أَبَا صَخْرٍ، قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: خُنَيْسُ بْنُ خَالِدٍ، مِنْ خُزَاعَةَ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: حَدَّثَنِي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ أَبِي نَجِيحٍ وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ بَكْرٍ، قَالَا: وَأُصِيبَ مِنْ جُهَيْنَةَ سَلَمَةُ بْنُ الْمَيْلَاءِ، مِنْ خَيْلِ خَالِدِ بْنِ الْوَلِيدِ وَقَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: أُصِيبَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَرِيبٌ مِنِ اثْنَيْ عَشَرَ أَوْ ثَلَاثَةَ عَشَرَ، وَانْهَزَمُوا أَقْبَحَ الِانْهِزَامِ، حَتَّى قُتِلُوا بِالْحَزْوَرَةِ، وَهُمْ مُوَلُّونَ فِي كُلِّ وَجْهٍ، وَانْطَلَقَتْ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْهُمْ فَوْقَ رَؤُوسِ الْجِبَالِ، وَأَتْبَعَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ. قَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى - وَجَعَلَ خَالِدٌ ؓ يَتَمَثَّلُ بِهَذِهِ الْأَبْيَاتِ: إِذَا مَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ فِينَا رَأَيْتُهُ كَلُجَّةِ بَحْرٍ نَالَ فِيهَا سَرِيرَهَا إِذَا مَا ارْتَدَيْنَا الْفَارِسِيَّةَ فَوْقَهَا رُدَيْنِيَّةً يَهْدِي الْأَصَمَّ خَرِيرُهَا رَأَيْنَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ فِينَا مُحَمَّدًا لَهَا نَاصِرًا عَزَّتْ وَعَزَّ نَصِيرُهَا قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَكَانَ شِعَارُ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَوْمَ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ وَحُنَيْنٍ وَالطَّائِفِ: يَا بَنِي عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ، وَشِعَارُ الْخَزْرَجِ: يَا بَنِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، وَشِعَارُ الْأَوْسِ: يَا بَنِي عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ. وَجَعَلَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ حَرْبٍ وَحَكِيمُ بْنُ حِزَامٍ يَصِيحَانِ يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ عَلَامَ تَقْتُلُونَ أَنْفُسَكُمْ ؟ ! مَنْ دَخَلَ دَارَهُ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ، وَمَنْ وَضَعَ السِّلَاحَ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ، فَجَعَلَ النَّاسُ يَقْتَحِمُونَ الدُّورَ وَيُغْلِقُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَيَطْرَحُونَ السِّلَاحَ فِي الطُّرُقِ حَتَّى يَأْخُذَهُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ، وَرَجَعَ جِمَاشٌ مُنْهَزِمًا حَتَّى انْتَهَى إِلَى بَيْتِهِ، فَدَقَّهُ، فَفَتَحَتْ لَهُ امْرَأَتُهُ، فَدَخَلَ وَقَدْ ذَهَبَتْ رُوحُهُ، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ: أَيْنَ الْخَادِمُ. الَّذِي وَعَدْتَنِي ؟ مَا زِلْتُ مُنْتَظِرَةً لَكَ مُنْذُ الْيَوْمِ - تَسْخَرُ مِنْهُ - فَقَالَ: دَعِي هَذَا عَنْكِ، وأَغْلِقِي عَلَيَّ بَابِي، ثُمَّ قَالَ: إِنَّكِ لَوْ شَهِدْتِ يَوْمَ الْخَنْدَمَةْ إِذْ فَرَّ صَفْوَانُ وَفَرَّ عِكْرِمَهْ وَأَبُو يَزِيدَ كَالْعَجُوزِ الْمُؤَتَمَّهْ وَاسْتَقْبَلَتْهُمْ بِالسُّيُوفِ الْمُسْلِمَهْ يَقْطَعْنَ كُلَّ سَاعِدٍ وَجُمْجُمَةْ ضَرْبًا فَلَا تَسْمَعُ إِلَّا الْغَمْغَمَةْ لَهُمْ نَهَيْتُ خَلْفَنَا وَهَمْهَمَهْ لَمْ تَنْطِقِي فِي اللَّوْمِ أَدْنَى كَلِمَهْ وَأَقْبَلَ الزُّبَيْرُ ؓ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ حَتَّى انْتَهَى إِلَى الْحَجُونِ عِنْدَ مَنْزِلِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَلَمْ يُقْتَلْ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَّا رَجُلَانِ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ الزُّبَيْرِ، أَخْطَآ الطَّرِيقَ فَسَلَكَا غَيْرَهُ فَقُتِلَا، وَهُمَا كَرَزُ بْنُ جَابِرٍ الْفِهْرِيُّ وَحُبَيْشُ - بِحَاءٍ مُهْمَلَةٍ مَضْمُومَةٍ، فَمُوَحَّدَةٍ مَفْتُوحَةٍ، فَتَحْتِيَّةٍ سَاكِنَةٍ فَشِينٍ مُعْجَمَةٍ - بْنُ خَالِدِ بْنِ رَبِيعَةَ بْنِ الْأَشْعَرِ - بِشِينٍ مُعْجَمَةٍ، وَعَيْنٍ مُهْمَلَةٍ - الْكَعْبِيُّ ؓ وَمَضَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَدَخَلَ مَكَّةَ مِنْ أَذَاخِرَ، فَلَمَّا ظَهَرَ عَلَى أَذَاخِرَ، نَظَرَ إِلَى الْبَارِقَةِ مَعَ فَضَضِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، فَقَالَ: «مَا هَذِهِ الْبَارِقَةُ ؟ ! أَلَمْ أُنْهَ عَنِ الْقِتَالِ ؟ ” قَالُوا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ قُوتِلَ وَلَوْ لَمْ يُقَاتِلْ مَا قَاتَلَ، وَمَا كَانَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ لِيَعْصِيَكَ، وَلَا يُخَالِفَ أَمْرَكَ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «قَضَاءُ اللَّهِ خَيْرٌ”. وَرَوَى الطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ خَطَبَ، فَقَالَ: «إِنَّ اللَّهَ حَرَّمَ مَكَّةَ” الْحَدِيثَ، فَقِيلَ: هَذَا خَالِدٌ يَقْتُلُ، فَقَالَ: «قُمْ يَا فُلَانُ فَقُلْ لَهُ فَلْيَرْفَعْ يَدَيْهِ مِنَ الْقَتْلِ” فَأَتَاهُ الرَّجُلُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنَّ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَقُولُ لَكَ، اقْتُلْ مَنْ قَدَرَتْ عَلَيْهِ، فَقَتَلَ سَبْعِينَ، فَأَتَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَذَكَرَ لَهُ ذَلِكَ، فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى خَالِدٍ «أَلَمْ أَنْهَكَ عَنِ الْقَتْلِ ؟ !” فَقَالَ: جَاءَنِي فُلَانٌ فَأَمَرَنِي أَنْ أَقْتُلَ مَنْ قَدَرْتُ عَلَيْهِ، فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ «أَلَمْ آمُرْكَ أَنْ تُنْذِرَ خَالِدًا ؟ ” قَالَ: أَرَدْتُ أَمْرًا فَأَرَادَ اللَّهُ أَمْرًا، فَكَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ فَوْقَ أَمْرِكَ، وَمَا اسْتَطَعْتُ إِلَّا الَّذِي كَانَ، فَسَكَتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَا رَدَّ عَلَيْهِ. وَرَوَى الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ، وَمُسْلِمٌ، وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ، وَغَيْرُهُمْ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ ؓ قَالَ: لَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمُ فَتْحِ مَكَّةَ، وَبَّشَتْ قُرَيْشٌ أَوْبَاشًا لَهَا وَأَتْبَاعًا، فَقَالُوا: نُقَدِّمُ هَؤُلَاءِ، فَإِنْ كَانَ لَهُمْ شَيْءٌ كُنَّا مَعَهُمْ، وَإِنْ أُصِيبُوا أَعْطَيْنَا الَّذِي سُئِلْنَا فَرَآنِي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ: «يَا أَبَا هُرَيْرَةَ” قُلْتُ: لَبَّيْكَ، قَالَ: «اهْتِفْ بِالْأَنْصَارِ، وَلَا يَأْتِينِي إِلَّا أَنْصَارِيٌّ” قَالَ: فَفَعَلْتُ مَا أَمَرَنِي بِهِ، فَأَتَوْهُ، فَقَالَ: «انْظُرُوا قُرَيْشًا وَأَوْبَاشَهُمْ فَاحْصُدُوهُمْ حَصْدًا” ثُمَّ قَالَ بِيَدَيْهِ إِحْدَاهُمَا عَلَى الْأُخْرَى، فَانْطَلَقْنَا فَمَا أَحَدٌ يُوَجِّهُ إِلَيْنَا شَيْئًا، وَمَا مِنَّا أَحَدٌ يُرِيدُ أَحَدًا مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا أَخْذَهُ، فَجَاءَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ حَرْبٍ فَقَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ - أُبِيدَتْ خَضْرَاءُ قُرَيْشٍ، لَا قُرَيْشَ بَعْدَ الْيَوْمِ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «مَنْ دَخَلَ دَارَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ، وَمَنْ أَلْقَى السِّلَاحَ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ” فَأَلْقَى النَّاسُ سِلَاحَهُمْ. وَرَوَى مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ عَنْ جَابِرٍ ؓ قَالَ: كُنْتُ مِمَّنْ لَزِمَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَدَخَلْتُ مَعَهُ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ فَلَمَّا أَشْرَفَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ أَذَاخِرَ، وَرَأَى بُيُوتَ مَكَّةَ، وَقَفَ عَلَيْهَا فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ - وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ، وَنَظَرَ إِلَى مَوْضِعِ قُبَّتِهِ فَقَالَ: هَذَا مَنْزِلُنَا يَا جَابِرُ حَيْثُ تَقَاسَمَتْ قُرَيْشٌ عَلَيْنَا فِي كُفْرِهَا” قَالَ جَابِرٌ: فَذَكَرْتُ حَدِيثًا كُنْتُ سَمِعْتُهُ مِنْهُ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، «مَنْزِلُنَا إِذَا فَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْنَا مَكَّةَ فِي خِيفِ بَنِي كِنَانَةَ حَيْثُ تَقَاسَمُوا عَلَى الْكُفْرِ”. وَفِيهَا: جَوَازُ دُخُولِ مَكَّةَ لِلْقِتَالِ الْمُبَاحِ بِغَيْرِ إِحْرَامٍ ، كَمَا دَخَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ، وَهَذَا لَا خِلَافَ فِيهِ، وَلَا خِلَافَ أَنَّهُ لَا يَدْخُلُهَا مَنْ أَرَادَ الْحَجَّ أَوِ الْعُمْرَةَ إِلَّا بِإِحْرَامٍ، وَاخْتُلِفَ فِيمَا سِوَى ذَلِكَ إِذَا لَمْ يَكُنِ الدُّخُولُ لِحَاجَةٍ مُتَكَرِّرَةٍ، كَالْحَشَّاشِ وَالْحَطَّابِ عَلَى ثَلَاثَةِ أَقْوَالٍ: أَحَدُهَا: لَا يَجُوزُ دُخُولُهَا إِلَّا بِإِحْرَامٍ، وَهَذَا مَذْهَبُ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ، وأحمد فِي ظَاهِرِ مَذْهَبِهِ، وَالشَّافِعِيِّ فِي أَحَدِ قَوْلَيْهِ. وَالثَّانِي: أَنَّهُ كَالْحَشَّاشِ وَالْحَطَّابِ، فَيَدْخُلُهَا بِغَيْرِ إِحْرَامٍ، وَهَذَا الْقَوْلُ الْآخَرُ لِلشَّافِعِيِّ، وَرِوَايَةٌ عَنْ أحمد. وَالثَّالِثُ: أَنَّهُ إِنْ كَانَ دَاخِلَ الْمَوَاقِيتِ، جَازَ دُخُولُهُ بِغَيْرِ إِحْرَامٍ، وَإِنْ كَانَ خَارِجَ الْمَوَاقِيتِ لَمْ يَدْخُلْ إِلَّا بِإِحْرَامٍ، وَهَذَا مَذْهَبُ أبي حنيفة، وَهَدْيُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مَعْلُومٌ فِي الْمُجَاهِدِ، وَمُرِيدِ النُّسُكِ، وَأَمَّا مَنْ عَدَاهُمَا فَلَا وَاجِبَ إِلَّا مَا أَوْجَبَهُ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ، أَوْ أَجْمَعَتْ عَلَيْهِ الْأُمَّةُ. فَصْلٌ وَفِي الْقِصَّةِ: أَنَّهُ دَخَلَ مَكَّةَ، وَعَلَيْهِ عِمَامَةٌ سَوْدَاءُ، فَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى جَوَازِ لُبْسِ السَّوَادِ أَحْيَانًا، وَمِنْ ثَمَّ جَعَلَ خُلَفَاءُ بَنِي الْعَبَّاسِ لُبْسَ السَّوَادِ شِعَارًا لَهُمْ، وَلِوُلَاتِهِمْ، وَقُضَاتِهِمْ، وَخُطَبَائِهِمْ، وَالنَّبِيُّ ﷺ لَمْ يَلْبَسْهُ لِبَاسًا رَاتِبًا، وَلَا كَانَ شِعَارَهُ فِي الْأَعْيَادِ وَالْجُمَعِ وَالْمَجَامِعِ الْعِظَامِ الْبَتَّةَ، وَإِنَّمَا اتَّفَقَ لَهُ لُبْسُ الْعِمَامَةِ السَّوْدَاءِ يَوْمَ الْفَتْحِ دُونَ سَائِرِ الصَّحَابَةِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ سَائِرُ لِبَاسِهِ يَوْمَئِذٍ السَّوَادَ، بَلْ كَانَ لِوَاؤُهُ أَبْيَضَ.
Translation
✧ His ﷺ entry into Makkah and his sending a party of his companions ahead of him, and some of the polytheists' desire to block their entry, and the Muslims' killing of them Ibn Isḥāq—may Allah Most High have mercy on him—and others said: When Abū Sufyān went to Makkah after he had witnessed Allah's—Most High—armies passing before him, the Muslims reached Dhū Ṭuwā and halted, waiting for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ until the people caught up. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ came forward in his green squadron, mounted on his she-camel al-Qaṣwāʾ, wearing a red striped burd wrapped around his head. From Anas ؓ, who said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ entered, the people craned to see him, and he lowered his head onto his saddle in humility. Al-Ḥākim narrated it with a sound, strong chain, and Abū Yaʿlā narrated it by another route. From Abū Hurayrah ؓ, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ entered that day wearing a black turban, his banner was black, and his standard was black, until he halted at Dhū Ṭuwā and came among the people; his beard was touching the middle of his saddle, or nearly so, out of humility to Allah, Mighty and Majestic, when he saw what he saw of Allah's Most High victory and the multitude of the Muslims. Then he said: "O Allah, truly the [real] life is the life of the Hereafter. He said: Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥāfiẓ informed us: Abū Bakr b. Bālawayh narrated to us: Aḥmad b. Ṣāʿid narrated to us: Ismāʿīl b. Abī al-Ḥārith narrated to us: Jaʿfar b. ʿAwn narrated to us: Ismāʿīl b. Abī Khālid narrated to us, from Qays, from Abū Masʿūd, that a man spoke to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on the day of the conquest and began to tremble. He said: "Take it easy; I am only the son of a woman of Quraysh who used to eat jerked meat. This humility in that station upon his ﷺ entry into Makkah, amid such a dense, vast army, is contrary to what the fools of the Children of Israel did when they were commanded to enter the gate of Jerusalem prostrating—that is, bowing—saying: 'Ḥiṭṭah.' But they entered dragging themselves on their backsides, saying: 'A grain of wheat in a barley.' He said: The horses began to wheel about at Dhū Ṭuwā in every direction, then they returned and became still when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came among them. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar narrated it. From Anas ؓ: that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ entered Makkah wearing a black turban, without iḥrām. Imām Aḥmad, Muslim, and the Four narrated it. From ʿAmr b. Ḥurayth ؓ, who said: It is as if I am looking at the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on the day of the conquest of Makkah, wearing a black turban of the Kharqānī type, its end hanging down between his shoulders. Muslim narrated it. From ʿĀʾishah ؓ, who said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ entered on the day of the conquest from Kadāʾ, from the upper part of Makkah. Al-Bukhārī and al-Bayhaqī narrated it. From Jābir ؓ, who said: The standard of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on the day he entered Makkah was white. The Four narrated it. From ʿĀʾishah ؓ, who said: The standard of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on the day of the conquest was white, and his banner was black, called al-ʿUqāb; it was a piece of a decorated woollen cloak. Ibn Isḥāq narrated it. From Ibn ʿUmar ؓ, who said: When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ entered Makkah in the year of the conquest, he saw women striking the faces of the horses with their veils. He smiled at Abū Bakr and said: "O Abū Bakr, how did Ḥassān put it?" Abū Bakr recited to him the words of Ḥassān ؓ: May I lose my little daughter if you do not see them Stirring up the dust from the two sides of Kadāʾ, Vying with the reins, saddled, While the women strike them with their veils. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Enter it from where Ḥassān said." [The route of the Muslims in entering Makkah] In the Ṣaḥīḥ and elsewhere, from ʿUrwah: "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām to enter from Kadāʾ, from the upper part of Makkah, and to plant his banner at al-Ḥajūn and not leave until he came to him." Also in the Ṣaḥīḥ, from al-ʿAbbās, that he said to al-Zubayr b. al-ʿAwwām: O Abū ʿAbd Allāh, here is where the Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded you to plant the banner? He said: Yes. He said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded Khālid b. al-Walīd—who was over the right flank, in which were Aslam, Sulaym, Ghifār, Muzaynah, Juhaynah, and tribes of the Arabs—to enter from al-Layṭ, which is the lower part of Makkah, and commanded him to plant his banner at the nearest houses. And he commanded Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ ؓ over the infantry without armour, as in Imām Aḥmad's narration. In Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, from ʿAbd Allāh b. Rabāḥ, that Abū ʿUbaydah was over the foot soldiers, meaning the infantry. In Ibn Isḥāq and ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Najīḥ's account, Abū ʿUbaydah b. al-Jarrāḥ advanced with the Muslim ranks, heading for Makkah before the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. They said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded his commanders to restrain their hands and not fight except those who fought them. Ibn Isḥāq and Muḥammad b. ʿUmar—may Allah Most High have mercy on them both—said: Ṣafwān b. Umayyah, ʿIkrimah b. Abī Jahl, and Suhayl b. ʿAmr—who later became Muslims—called for fighting the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and gathered people at al-Khandamah. Some of Quraysh, some of Banū Bakr, and Hudhayl joined them, and they donned weapons, swearing by Allah that Muḥammad would never enter it by force. There was a man of Banū al-Dīl called Jimāsh—with kasrah on the jīm and ungeminated mīm, and with shīn—b. Qays b. Khālid. When he heard of the entry of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, he began preparing his weapon. His wife said to him: For whom are you preparing this? He said: For Muḥammad and his companions. She said: By Allah, I do not think anything can withstand Muḥammad and his companions. He said: By Allah, I hope to make some of them serve you, for you are in need of it. She said: Woe to you! Do not do it; do not fight Muḥammad. By Allah, your judgement will surely fail you once you see Muḥammad and his companions. He said: You will see. Then he said: If they advance today, then what is the matter with me—perhaps This is a complete weapon and a blade, And a two-edged one, quick to be drawn. Then he witnessed al-Khandamah with Ṣafwān, Suhayl b. ʿAmr, and ʿIkrimah. When Khālid b. al-Walīd entered from where the Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded him, he found the aforementioned gathering. They prevented his entry, brandished weapons at him, and shot arrows at him, saying: You shall not enter it by force. He shouted to his companions and fought them. Twenty-four men of Quraysh and four of Hudhayl were killed. Kurz b. Jābir, one of Banū Muḥārib b. Fihr, and Khunays b. Khālid b. Rabīʿah b. Aṣram, an ally of Banū Munqidh, were killed. They were in Khālid b. al-Walīd's cavalry but strayed from him and took a route other than his, and both were killed. Khunays b. Khālid was killed before Kurz b. Jābir, and Kurz b. Jābir placed him between his legs, then fought in his defence until he was killed, reciting rajz and saying: The fair one of Banū Fihr has known, Pure of face, pure of breast, That I will surely strike today in defence of Abū Ṣakhr. Ibn Hishām said: Khunays was called Abū Ṣakhr. Ibn Hishām said: Khunays b. Khālid was from Khuzāʿah. Ibn Isḥāq said: ʿAbd Allāh b. Abī Najīḥ and ʿAbd Allāh b. Bakr narrated to me; they said: From Juhaynah, Salamah b. al-Maylāʾ was slain, from Khālid b. al-Walīd's cavalry. Ibn Isḥāq said: About twelve or thirteen of the polytheists were slain, and they fled in the most shameful flight, until they were killed at al-Ḥazwarah while turning away in every direction. A group of them went up onto the mountaintops, and the Muslims pursued them. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar—may Allah Most High have mercy on him—said: Khālid ؓ began reciting these verses: When I saw the Messenger of Allah among us, Like the surge of a sea in which its couch was attained, When we donned the Persian mail over it, A Rudaynī spear whose murmur guides the deaf; We saw the Messenger of Allah, Muḥammad, among us, A helper for it; it was mighty, and mighty was its helper. Ibn Hishām said: The battle-cry of the Muhājirūn among the companions of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on the day of the conquest of Makkah, Ḥunayn, and al-Ṭāʾif was: O Banū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān; the battle-cry of the Khazraj was: O Banū ʿAbd Allāh; and the battle-cry of the Aws was: O Banū ʿUbayd Allāh. Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb and Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām began crying out: O company of Quraysh, why are you killing yourselves?! Whoever enters his house is safe, and whoever lays down his weapon is safe. The people began bursting into the houses and locking themselves in, and throwing their weapons into the streets until the Muslims took them. Jimāsh returned in flight until he reached his house and knocked on it. His wife opened for him, and he entered with his spirit nearly gone. She said to him: Where is the servant you promised me? I have been waiting for you since today—mocking him. He said: Leave this aside and lock my door behind me. Then he said: If you had witnessed the day of al-Khandamah, When Ṣafwān fled and ʿIkrimah fled, And Abū Yazīd was like a turbaned old woman, And the Muslims met them with swords, Cutting every forearm and skull, Striking so that you heard nothing but murmuring, They had a shout behind us and a hum, You would not utter the least word of blame. Al-Zubayr ؓ advanced with those Muslims with him until he reached al-Ḥajūn, at the Messenger of Allah's ﷺ halting place. Only two men of al-Zubayr's companions were killed from the Muslims; they missed the road and took another, and were killed. They were Karaz b. Jābir al-Fihrī and Ḥubaysh—with ḥāʾ carrying ḍammah, then bāʾ with fatḥah, then yāʾ with sukūn, then shīn—b. Khālid b. Rabīʿah b. al-Ashʿar—with shīn and ʿayn—al-Kaʿbī ؓ. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ went on and entered Makkah from Adhākhir. When he appeared over Adhākhir and saw the flash of weapons amid the scattering of the polytheists, he said: "What is this flash of weapons?! Was I not forbidden from fighting?" They said: O Messenger of Allah, Khālid b. al-Walīd was fought, and had he not been fought he would not have fought. He would never disobey you, O Messenger of Allah, nor oppose your command. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Allah's decree is better." Al-Ṭabarānī narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ gave a sermon and said: "Allah has made Makkah sacred"—the ḥadīth. It was said: This is Khālid killing. He said: "Arise, O so-and-so, and tell him to lift his hand from killing." The man went to him and said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ says to you: Kill whom you can overpower. So he killed seventy. He came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and mentioned that to him. He sent to Khālid: "Did I not forbid you from killing?!" He said: So-and-so came to me and commanded me to kill whom I could overpower. He sent to him: "Did I not command you to warn Khālid?" He said: I wanted a matter, and Allah wanted a matter, and Allah's matter prevailed over your matter; I could do nothing but what was. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ fell silent and did not answer him. Imām Aḥmad, Muslim, al-Bayhaqī, and others narrated from Abū Hurayrah ؓ, who said: On the day of the conquest of Makkah, Quraysh mobilized their rabble and followers and said: We will send these forward; if they gain something, we will be with them, and if they are struck down, we will give what is asked of us. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ saw me and said: "O Abū Hurayrah." I said: At your service. He said: "Call out to the Anṣār, and let none come to me but an Anṣārī." He said: I did what he commanded me, and they came to him. He said: "Look at Quraysh and their rabble, and mow them down." Then he made a motion with his hands, one over the other. We went forth, and no one directed anything at us, and none of us desired any of them except that he seized him. Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb came and said: O Messenger of Allah, the green mass of Quraysh has been destroyed; there is no Quraysh after today. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Whoever enters the house of Abū Sufyān is safe, and whoever throws down his weapon is safe." So the people threw down their weapons. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar narrated from Jābir ؓ, who said: I was among those who kept close to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and I entered with him on the day of the conquest. When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ looked out from Adhākhir and saw the houses of Makkah, he halted before them, praised Allah, and lauded Him, and he looked at the site of his former dwelling and said: "This is our abode, O Jābir, where Quraysh swore together against us in their unbelief." Jābir said: I remembered a ḥadīth I had heard from him earlier in Madinah: "Our abode, if Allah opens Makkah for us, will be in the Khayf of Banū Kinānah where they swore together upon unbelief." In this account: it is permissible to enter Makkah for permissible fighting without iḥrām, as the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the Muslims entered. There is no disagreement about this, and there is no disagreement that no one who intends ḥajj or ʿumrah may enter except with iḥrām. They differed concerning anything other than that, if the entry is not for a recurring need such as a grass-cutter or wood-gatherer, according to three opinions: One: It is not permissible to enter except with iḥrām. This is the school of Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ and Aḥmad according to the apparent sense of his school, and al-Shāfiʿī in one of his two opinions. The second: That he is like the grass-cutter and wood-gatherer, so he may enter without iḥrām. This is the other opinion of al-Shāfiʿī, and a narration from Aḥmad. The third: That if he is within the mīqāts, his entry without iḥrām is permissible, but if he is outside the mīqāts, he may not enter except with iḥrām. This is the school of Abū Ḥanīfah. The practice of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ is known regarding the warrior and the one intending the rites. As for anyone besides those two, nothing is obligatory except what Allah and His Messenger have made obligatory, or what the ummah has agreed upon. Section. In the account: that he entered Makkah wearing a black turban. In this is evidence for the permissibility of wearing black occasionally. For this reason, the caliphs of Banū al-ʿAbbās made the wearing of black their distinctive mark, and that of their governors, judges, and preachers. The Prophet ﷺ did not wear it as a regular garment, nor was it his mark on festivals, Fridays, and great assemblies at all. It merely happened that he wore the black turban on the day of the conquest, apart from the rest of the companions, and the rest of his clothing that day was not black; rather his standard was white.
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