Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1430
The Conquest of Makkah
إِعْلَامِهِ ﷺ بِاللَّيْلِ بِأَنَّ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ فِي الْأَرَاكِ وَأَمْرِهِ بِأَخْذِهِ رَوَى الطَّبَرَانِيُّ عَنْ أَبِي لَيْلَى ؓ قَالَ: كُنَّا مَعَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِمَرِّ الظَّهْرَانِ، فَقَالَ: «إِنَّ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ بِالْأَرَاكِ فَخُذُوهُ” فَدَخَلْنَا، فَأَخَذْنَاهُ. قَالَ ابْنُ عُقْبَةَ: فَبَيْنَمَا هُمْ، يَعْنِي أَبَا سُفْيَانَ، وَحَكِيمَ بْنَ حِزَامٍ، وَبُدَيْلَ بْنَ وَرْقَاءَ كَذَلِكَ لَمْ يَشْعُرُوا حَتَّى أَخَذَهُمْ نَفَرٌ كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَعَثَهُمْ عُيُونًا لَهُ، فَأَخَذُوا بِخَطْمِ أَبْعِرَتِهِمْ فَقَالُوا: مَنْ أَنْتُمْ ؟ فَقَالُوا: هَذَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَصْحَابُهُ، فَقَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ: هَلْ سَمِعْتُمْ بِمِثْلِ هَذَا الْجَيْشِ، نَزَلُوا عَلَى أَكْبَادِ قَوْمٍ لَمْ يَعْلَمُوا بِهِمْ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، وَيَحْيَى بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ حَاطِبٍ - رَحِمَهُمَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى - قَالَا: أَخَذَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ وَكَانَ حَرَسُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ نَفَرٌ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ، وَكَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ تِلْكَ اللَّيْلَةَ عَلَى الْحَرَسِ، فَجَاؤُوا بِهِمْ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالُوا: جِئْنَاكَ بِنَفَرٍ أَخَذْنَاهُمْ مِنْ أَهْلِ مَكَّةَ، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ وَهُوَ يَضْحَكُ إِلَيْهِمْ: وَاللَّهِ لَوْ جِئْتُمُونِي بِأَبِي سُفْيَانَ مَا زِدْتُمْ. قَالُوا: قَدْ وَاللَّهِ آتَيْنَاكَ بِأَبِي سُفْيَانَ. فَقَالَ: احْبِسُوهُ فَحَبَسُوهُ حَتَّى أَصْبَحَ. فَغَدَا بِهِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَقَالَ ابْنُ عُقْبَةَ: لَمَّا دَخَلَ الْحَرَسُ بِأَبِي سُفْيَانَ وَصَاحِبَيْهِ، لَقِيَهُمُ الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ، فَأَجَارَهُمْ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ: أَنَّ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ لَمَّا أَخَذَهُ الْحَرَسُ قَالَ: دُلُّونِي عَلَى الْعَبَّاسِ، فَأَتَى الْعَبَّاسُ فَأَخْبَرَهُ الْخَبَرَ، وَذَهَبَ بِهِ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ - ﷺ. وَرَوَى إِسْحَاقُ بْنُ رَاهَوَيْهِ - بِسَنَدٍ صَحِيحٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ ؓ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَمَّا نَزَلَ مَرَّ الظَّهْرَانِ، رَقَّتْ نَفْسُ الْعَبَّاسِ لِأَهْلِ مَكَّةَ فَقَالَ: وَاصَبَاحَ قُرَيْشٍ، وَاللَّهِ لَئِنْ دَخَلَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَنْوَةً قَبْلَ أَنْ يَأْتُوهُ فَيَسْتَأْمِنُوهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَدْخُلَهَا عَلَيْهِمْ عَنْوَةً، إِنَّهُ لَهَلَاكُ قُرَيْشٍ إِلَى آخِرِ الدَّهْرِ، قَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ: فَأَخَذْتُ بَغْلَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ الشَّهْبَاءَ فَرَكِبْتُهَا، وَقُلْتُ: أَلْتَمِسُ حَطَّابًا، أَوْ صَاحِبَ لَبَنِ، أَوْ ذَا حَاجَةٍ يَأْتِي مَكَّةَ فَيُخْبِرُهُمْ بِمَكَانِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِيَخْرُجُوا إِلَيْهِ فَيَسْتَأْمِنُوهُ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَدْخُلَهَا عَلَيْهِمْ عَنْوَةً، فَوَ اللًّهِ إِنِّي لَفِي الْأَرَاكِ أَلْتَمِسُ مَا خَرَجْتُ إِلَيْهِ إِذْ سَمِعَتْ كَلَامَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، وَبُدَيْلِ بْنِ وَرْقَاءَ، وَهُمَا يَتَرَاجَعَانِ، وَأَبُو سُفْيَانَ يَقُولُ: مَا رَأَيْتُ كَاللَّيْلَةِ نِيرَانًا قَطُّ وَلَا عَسْكَرًا! فَقَالَ بُدَيْلُ بْنُ وَرْقَاءَ: هَذِهِ وَاللَّهِ خُزَاعَةُ حَمَشَتْهَا الْحَرْبُ، فَقَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ: خُزَاعَةُ أَقَلُّ وَأَذَلُّ مِنْ أَنْ تَكُونَ هَذِهِ نِيرَانَهَا وَعَسْكَرَهَا، قَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ: فَعَرَفْتُ صَوْتَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا أَبَا حَنْظَلَةَ، فَعَرَفَ صَوْتِي، فَقَالَ: لَبَّيْكَ يَا أَبَا الْفَضْلِ، مَا لَكَ فِدَاكَ أَبِي وَأُمِّي!! وَعَرَفَ صَوْتِي، فَقُلْتُ: وَيْلَكَ!! هَذَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي عَشَرَةِ آلَافٍ فَقَالَ: وَاصَبَاحَ قُرَيْشٍ وَاللَّهِ بِأَبِي أَنْتَ وَأُمِّي فَمَا تَأْمُرُنِي، هَلْ مِنْ حِيلَةٍ ؟ قُلْتُ: نَعَمِ، ارْكَبْ عَجُزَ هَذِهِ الْبَغْلَةِ، فَأَذْهَبُ بِكَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَسْتَأْمِنُهُ لَكَ، فَإِنَّهُ وَاللَّهِ إِنْ ظَفِرَ بِكَ دُونَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَتُقْتَلَنَّ، فَرَكِبَ خَلْفِي، وَرَجَعَ صَاحِبَاهُ - كَذَا فِي حَدِيثِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَعِنْدَ ابْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، وَمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُمَرَ: أَنَّهُمَا رَجَعَا - وَذَكَرَ ابْنُ عُقْبَةَ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ فِي مَوْضِعٍ آخَرَ: أَنَّهُمَا لَمْ يَرْجِعَا، وَأَنَّ الْعَبَّاسٍ قَدِمَ بِهِمْ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ انْتَهَى. قَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ: فَجِئْتُ بِأَبِي سُفْيَانَ، كُلَّمَا مَرَرْتُ بِنَارٍ مِنْ نِيرَانِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ قَالُوا: مَنْ هَذَا ؟ فَإِذَا رَأَوْا بَغْلَةَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَأَنَا عَلَيْهَا قَالُوا: عَمُّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى بَغْلَتِهِ، حَتَّى مَرَرْتُ بِنَارِ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ فَلَمَّا رَآنِي، قَامَ، فَقَالَ: مَنْ هَذَا ؟ قُلْتُ: الْعَبَّاسُ، فَذَهَبَ يَنْظُرُ، فَرَأَى أَبَا سُفْيَانَ خَلْفِي، فَقَالَ: أَيْ عَدُوَّ اللَّهِ!! الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَمْكَنَ مِنْكَ بِغَيْرِ عَقْدٍ وَلَا عَهْدٍ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ يَشْتَدُّ نَحْوَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَرَكَضَتِ الْبَغْلَةُ فَسَبَقَتْهُ كَمَا تَسْبِقُ الدَّابَّةُ الْبَطِيئَةُ الرَّجُلَ الْبَطِيءَ، فَاجْتَمَعْنَا عَلَى بَابِ قُبَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَاقْتَحَمْتُ عَنِ الْبَغْلَةِ فَدَخَلْتُ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَدَخَلَ عُمَرُ عَلَى أَثَرِي، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ!! هَذَا أَبُو سُفْيَانَ قَدْ أَمْكَنَ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ بِغَيْرِ عَقْدٍ وَلَا عَهْدٍ، فَدَعْنِي فَلْأَضْرِبْ عُنُقَهُ، قَالَ قُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنِّي قَدْ أَجَرَتْهُ، ثُمَّ الْتَزَمْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَأَخَذْتُ بِرَأْسِهِ، فَقُلْتُ: وَاللَّهِ لَا يُنَاجِيهِ اللَّيْلَةَ دُونِي رَجُلٌ. فَلَمَّا أَكْثَرَ عُمَرُ فِي شَأْنِهِ، فَقُلْتُ: مَهْلًا يَا عُمَرُ، فَوَ اللَّهِ لَوْ كَانَ مِنْ رِجَالِ بَنِي عَدِيِّ بْنِ كَعْبٍ مَا قُلْتَ هَذَا، وَلَكِنَّكَ قَدْ عَرَفْتَ أَنَّهُ مِنْ رِجَالِ بَنِي عَبْدِ مَنَافٍ، فَقَالَ: مَهْلًا يَا عَبَّاسُ، وَفِي لَفْظٍ يَا أَبَا الْفَضْلِ، فَوَ اللَّهِ لَإِسْلَامُكَ يَوْمَ أَسْلَمْتَ كَانَ أَحَبَّ إِلَى مَنْ إِسْلَامِ الْخَطَّابِ لَوْ أَسْلَمَ، وَمَا بِي إِلَّا أَنِّي قَدْ عَرَفْتُ أَنَّ إِسْلَامَكَ كَانَ أَحَبَّ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ إِسْلَامِ الْخَطَّابِ لَوْ أَسْلَمَ. وَذَكَرَ ابْنُ عُقْبَةَ، وَمُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ فِي مَوْضِعٍ آخَرَ: قَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ!! أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، وَحَكِيمُ بْنُ حِزَامٍ، وَبُدَيْلُ بْنُ وَرْقَاءَ قَدْ أَجَرْتُهُمْ، وَهُمْ يَدْخُلُونَ عَلَيْكَ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ - ﷺ «أَدْخِلْهُمْ فَدَخَلُوا عَلَيْهِ، فَمَكَثُوا عِنْدَهُ عَامَّةَ اللَّيْلِ يَسْتَخْبِرُهُمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَدَعَاهُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، فَقَالُوا: نَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «اشْهَدُوا أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَأَنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ”، فَشَهِدَ بُدَيْلٌ، وَحَكِيمُ بْنُ حِزَامٍ، وَقَالَ: أَبُو سُفْيَانَ: مَا أَعْلَمُ ذَلِكَ، وَاللَّهِ إِنَّ فِي النَّفْسِ مِنْ هَذَا لَشَيْءٌ بَعْدُ، فَأَرْجِئْهَا. وَعِنْدَ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، وَيَحْيَى بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ حَاطِبٍ: أَنَّهُ قِيلَ لِحَكِيمِ بْنِ حِزَامٍ: بَايِعْ، فَقَالَ: أُبَايِعُكَ وَلَا أَخِرُّ إِلَّا قَائِمًا. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «أَمَّا مِنْ قِبَلِنَا فَلَنْ تَخِرَّ إِلَّا قَائِمًا”. انْتَهَى. وَقِيلَ لِأَبِي سُفْيَانَ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ: كَيْفَ أَصْنَعُ بِاللَّاتِ وَالْعُزَّى ؟ فَقَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ - وَهُوَ خَارِجَ الْقُبَّةِ: اخْرَأْ عَلَيْهَا، أَمَا وَاللَّهِ لَوْ كُنْتَ خَارِجَ الْقُبَّةِ مَا قُلْتَهَا، فَقَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ: مَنْ هَذَا ؟ قَالُوا: عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ قَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ: فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «اذْهَبْ بِهِ يَا عَبَّاسُ إِلَى رَحْلِكَ، فَإِذَا أَصْبَحْتَ فَأْتِنِي بِهِ” قَالَ: فَذَهَبْتُ بِهِ إِلَى رَحْلِي. وَعِنْدَ ابْنِ عُقْبَةَ، وَمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُمَرَ: فَلَمَّا أَذَّنَ الصُّبْحُ أَذَّنَ الْعَسْكَرُ كُلُّهُمْ: أَيْ أَجَابُوا الْمُؤَذِّنَ - فَفَزِعَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ مِنْ أَذَانِهِمْ، فَقَالَ: مَا يَصْنَعُ هَؤُلَاءِ ؟ قَالَ الْعَبَّاسِ، فَقُلْتُ: الصَّلَاةُ. قَالَ: كَمْ يُصَلُّونَ ؟ قُلْتُ: خَمْسَ صَلَوَاتٍ فِي الْيَوْمِ وَاللَّيْلَةِ، ثُمَّ رَآهُمْ يَتَلَقَّوْنَ وَضُوءَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ: مَا رَأَيْتُ مَلِكًا قَطُّ كَالْيَوْمِ لَا مَلِكَ كِسْرَى وَلَا قَيْصَرَ، قَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ: فَلَمَّا صَلَّى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الصُّبْحَ غَدَوْتُ بِهِ. وَعِنْدَ ابْنِ عُقْبَةَ، وَمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُمَرَ: إِنَّ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ سَأَلَ الْعَبَّاسَ فِي دُخُولِهِ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَعِنْدَ ابْنِ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، وَيَحْيَى بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ حَاطِبٍ: فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحُوا قَامَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ إِلَى طُهُورِهِمْ، فَقَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ: يَا أَبَا الْفَضْلِ!! مَا لِلنَّاسِ أُمِرُوا فِيَّ بِشَيْءٍ ؟ قَالَ: لَا وَلَكِنَّهُمْ قَامُوا إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ، فَأَمَرَهُ الْعَبَّاسُ فَتَوَضَّأَ، وَذَهَبَ بِهِ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَلَمَّا دَخَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ الصَّلَاةَ كَبَّرَ وَكَبَّرَ النَّاسُ، ثُمَّ رَكَعَ، فَرَكَعُوا، ثُمَّ رَفَعَ، فَرَفَعُوا، ثُمَّ سَجَدَ فَسَجَدُوا، فَقَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ: مَا رَأَيْتُ كَالْيَوْمِ طَاعَةً، قَوْمٌ جَمَعَهُمْ مِنْ هَهُنَا وَهَهُنَا، وَلَا فَارِسَ الْأَكَارِمِ، وَلَا الرُّومَ ذَاتَ الْقُرُونِ بِأَطْوَعَ مِنْهُمْ لَهُ، يَا أَبَا الْفَضْلِ أَصْبَحَ ابْنُ أَخِيكَ وَاللَّهِ عَظِيمَ الْمُلْكِ، فَقَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ: إِنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِمَلِكٍ، وَلَكِنَّهَا النُّبُوَّةُ، قَالَ: أَوْ ذَاكَ. قَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ: فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: «يَا أَبَا سُفْيَانَ! أَلَمْ يَأْنِ لَكَ أَنْ تَعْلَمَ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ ؟ ! قَالَ: بِأَبِي أَنْتَ وَأُمِّي!! مَا أَحْلَمَكَ وَأَكْرَمَكَ وَأَعْظَمَ عَفْوِكَ! إِنَّهُ لَوْ كَانَ مَعَ اللَّهِ إِلَهٌ لَقَدْ أَغْنَى عَنِّي شَيْئًا بَعْدُ، لَقَدِ اسْتَنْصَرْتُ إِلَهِي، وَاسْتَنْصَرْتَ إِلَهَكَ، فَوَ اللَّهِ مَا لَقِيتُكَ مِنْ مَرَّةٍ، إِلَّا نُصِرْتَ عَلَيَّ، فَلَوْ كَانَ إِلَهِي مُحِقًّا وَإِلَهُكَ مُبْطِلًا لَقَدْ غَلَبْتُكَ، فَقَالَ: «وَيْحَكَ يَا أَبَا سُفْيَانَ أَلَمْ يَأْنِ لَكَ أَنْ تَعْلَمَ أَنِّي رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ؟ قَالَ: بِأَبِي أَنْتَ وَأُمِّي مَا أَحْلَمَكَ وَأَكْرَمَكَ وَأَعْظَمَ عَفْوِكَ! أَمَّا هَذِهِ فَوَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ فِي النَّفْسِ مِنْهَا شَيْئًا حَتَّى الْآنَ، فَقَالَ الْعَبَّاسُ: وَيْحَكَ! أَسْلِمْ قَبْلَ أَنْ تُضْرَبَ عُنُقُكَ فَشَهِدَ شَهَادَةَ الْحَقِّ، فَقَالَ: أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ، وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ. وَظَاهِرُ كَلَامِ ابْنِ عُقْبَةَ وَمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عُمَرَ فِي مَكَانٍ آخَرَ إِنَّ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ قَالَ: أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يَعْرِضَ ذَلِكَ عَلَيْهِ أَحَدٌ. قَالَ: قَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ، وَحَكِيمُ بْنُ حِزَامٍ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ جِئْتَ بِأَوْبَاشِ النَّاسِ مَنْ يَعْرِفُ وَمَنْ لَا يَعْرِفُ إِلَى أَهْلِكَ وَعَشِيرَتِكَ! فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «أَنْتُمْ أَظْلَمُ وَأَفْجَرُ، قَدْ غَدَرْتُمْ بِعَهْدِ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ، وَظَاهَرْتُمْ عَلَى بَنِي كَعْبٍ بِالْإِثْمِ وَالْعُدْوَانِ فِي حَرَمِ اللَّهِ - تَعَالَى - وَأَمْنِهِ” فَقَالَ حَكِيمٌ وَأَبُو سُفْيَانَ: صَدَقْتَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ: ثُمَّ قَالَا: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ!! لَوْ كُنْتَ جَعَلْتَ جَدَّكَ وَمَكِيدَتَكَ لِهَوَازِنَ، فَهُمْ أَبْعَدُ رَحِمًا، وَأَشَدُّ عَدَاوَةً لَكَ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: «إِنِّي لَأَرْجُو مِنْ رَبِّي أَنْ يَجْمَعَ لِي ذَلِكَ كُلَّهُ. فَتْحَ مَكَّةَ، وَإِعْزَازَ الْإِسْلَامِ بِهَا، وَهَزِيمَةَ هَوَازِنَ، وَغَنِيمَةَ أَمْوَالِهِمْ وَذَرَارِيِّهِمْ، فَإِنِّي أَرْغَبُ إِلَى اللَّهِ - تَعَالَى - فِي ذَلِكَ “. قَالَ ابْنُ عُقْبَةَ: قَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ، وَحَكِيمُ بْنُ حِزَامٍ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ادْعُ النَّاسَ بِالْأَمَانِ، أَرَأَيْتَ إِنِ اعْتَزَلَتْ قُرَيْشٌ وَكَفَّتْ أَيْدِيهَا آمِنُونَ هُمْ ؟ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ «نَعَمْ” قَالَ الْعَبَّاسٍ، قُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ!! قَدْ عَرَفْتَ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ وَجْهَ الشَّرَفِ وَالْفَخْرِ، فَاجْعَلْ لَهُ شَيْئًا. وَعِنْدَ ابْنِ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ عَنْ أَبِي سَلَمَةَ، وَيَحْيَى بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ: أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ إِنَّ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ رَجُلٌ يُحِبُّ السَّمَاعَ، يَعْنِي الشَّرَفَ - انْتَهَى. فَقَالَ «مَنْ دَخَلَ دَارَ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ” فَقَالَ: وَمَا تَسَعُ دَارِي ؟ زَادَ ابْنُ عُقْبَةَ «وَمَنْ دَخَلَ دَارَ حَكِيمِ بْنِ حِزَامٍ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ” وَدَارُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ بِأَعْلَى مَكَّةَ، وَدَارُ حَكِيمٍ بِأَسْفَلِهَا «وَمَنْ أَغْلَقَ بَابَهُ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ، وَمَنْ دَخَلَ الْمَسْجِدَ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ” فَقَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ: وَمَا يَسَعُ الْمَسْجِدُ ؟ قَالَ: «وَمَنْ أَغْلَقَ بَابَهُ فَهُوَ آمِنٌ فَقَالَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ: هَذِهِ وَاسِعَةٌ. قَالَ الْقَاضِي أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْعَرَبِيِّ - رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى - إِنَّمَا أَنْكَرَ الْعَبَّاسُ عَلَى أَبِي سُفْيَانَ ذِكْرَ الْمُلْكِ مُجَرَّدًا مِنَ النُّبُوَّةِ، مَعَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ فِي أَوَّلِ دُخُولِهِ الْإِسْلَامَ، وَإِلَّا فَجَائِزٌ أَنْ يُسَمَّى مِثْلَ هَذَا مُلْكًا وَإِنْ كَانَ لِنَبِيٍّ، فَقَدْ قَالَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى فِي دَاوُدَ وَشَدَدْنَا مُلْكَهُ [ص 20] وَقَالَ سُلَيْمَانُ وَهَبْ لِي مُلْكًا لا يَنْبَغِي لأَحَدٍ مِنْ بَعْدِي [ص 35] غَيْرَ أَنَّ الْكَرَاهَةَ أَظْهَرُ فِي تَسْمِيَةِ حَالِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مَلِكًا، لِمَا جَاءَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ: إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ خُيِّرَ بَيْنَ أَنْ يَكُونَ نَبِيًّا عَبْدًا، أَوْ نَبِيًّا مَلِكًا، فَالْتَفَتَ إِلَى جِبْرِيلَ، فَأَشَارَ إِلَيْهِ أَنْ تَوَاضَعَ، فَقَالَ: بَلْ نَبِيًّا عَبْدًا، أَشْبَعُ يَوْمًا وَأَجُوعُ يَوْمًا”. وَإِنْكَارُ الْعَبَّاسِ عَلَى أَبِي سُفْيَانَ يُقَوِّي هَذَا الْمَعْنَى، وَأَمْرُ الْخُلَفَاءِ الْأَرْبَعَةِ بَعْدَهُ أَيْضًا يَكْرَهُ أَنْ يُسَمَّى مَلِكًا، لِقَوْلِهِ - ﷺ «تَكُونُ بَعْدِي خُلَفَاءُ، ثُمَّ تَكُونُ أُمَرَاءُ، ثُمَّ يَكُونُ مُلُوكٌ، ثُمَّ يَكُونُ جَبَابِرَةٌ”.
Translation
✧ His ﷺ being informed at night that Abū Sufyān was in the Arāk and his order to seize him Al-Ṭabarānī narrated from Abū Laylā ؓ who said: We were with the Messenger of God ﷺ at Marr al-Ẓahrān, and he said: "Abū Sufyān is in the Arāk, so seize him." We entered and seized him. Ibn ʿUqbah said: While they, meaning Abū Sufyān, and Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām and Budayl b. Warqāʾ were thus, they were unaware until a group took them, whom the Messenger of God ﷺ had sent as scouts for him. They seized the nose-ropes of their camels and said: "Who are you?" They said: "This is the Messenger of God ﷺ and his companions." Abū Sufyān said: "Have you heard of the like of this army? They have descended upon the livers of a people who knew nothing of them." Ibn Abī Shaybah narrated from Abū Salamah and Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ḥāṭib – may God Almighty have mercy on them both – who said: Abū Sufyān and his companions were seized, and the guard of the Messenger of God ﷺ was a group of the Anṣār. ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ was on guard that night. They brought them to him and said: "We have brought you a group whom we seized from the people of Makkah." ʿUmar said, laughing at them: "By God, if you had brought me Abū Sufyān, you would have added nothing." They said: "By God, we have brought you Abū Sufyān." He said: "Detain him." So they detained him until morning. Then he went with him to the Messenger of God ﷺ. Ibn ʿUqbah said: When the guard brought in Abū Sufyān and his two companions, al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib met them and granted them protection. Ibn Abī Shaybah narrated from ʿIkrimah: When the guard seized Abū Sufyān, he said: "Direct me to al-ʿAbbās." Al-ʿAbbās came and he told him the news, and he went with him to the Messenger of God ﷺ. Isḥāq b. Rāhawayh narrated – with a sound chain from Ibn ʿAbbās ؓ – that when the Messenger of God ﷺ encamped at Marr al-Ẓahrān, al-ʿAbbās's soul softened for the people of Makkah, and he said: "O morning of Quraysh! By God, if the Messenger of God ﷺ enters it by force before they come to him and seek safety from him before he enters it upon them by force, it will be the ruin of Quraysh to the end of time." Al-ʿAbbās said: So I took the Messenger of God's ﷺ gray mule and mounted it, and I said: I seek a firewood gatherer, or an owner of milk, or someone with a need who will come to Makkah and inform them of the location of the Messenger of God ﷺ so that they come out to him and seek safety from him before he enters it upon them by force. By God, while I was in the Arāk seeking what I had gone out for, I heard the speech of Abū Sufyān and Budayl b. Warqāʾ, as they were talking back and forth, and Abū Sufyān was saying: "I have never seen fires like tonight or an army!" Budayl b. Warqāʾ said: "These, by God, are Khuzāʿah, stirred up by war." Abū Sufyān said: "Khuzāʿah is too few and too lowly for these to be their fires and their army." Al-ʿAbbās said: I recognized the voice of Abū Sufyān, and I said: "O Abū Ḥanẓalah." He recognized my voice and said: "At your service, O Abū al-Faḍl! What is the matter, may my father and mother be your ransom!!" And he recognized my voice. I said: "Woe to you!! This is the Messenger of God ﷺ with ten thousand." He said: "O morning of Quraysh! By God, may my father and mother be your ransom, what do you command me? Is there any device?" I said: "Yes, mount behind this mule, and I will take you to the Messenger of God ﷺ and seek safety for you from him. For by God, if he gets hold of you without the Messenger of God ﷺ, you will surely be killed." So he mounted behind me, and his two companions returned – thus in the ḥadīth of Ibn ʿAbbās. In the version of Ibn Isḥāq and Muḥammad b. ʿUmar: they returned. Ibn ʿUqbah and Muḥammad b. ʿUmar mentioned in another place: that they did not return, and that al-ʿAbbās brought them to the Messenger of God ﷺ. End. Al-ʿAbbās said: I came with Abū Sufyān. Whenever I passed by a fire of the Muslims' fires, they said: "Who is this?" When they saw the mule of the Messenger of God ﷺ with me upon it, they said: "The uncle of the Messenger of God ﷺ on his mule." Until I passed by the fire of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ. When he saw me, he stood up and said: "Who is this?" I said: "Al-ʿAbbās." He went to look and saw Abū Sufyān behind me. He said: "O enemy of God!! Praise be to God who has enabled us against you without any compact or covenant." Then he went out hastening toward the Messenger of God ﷺ, and the mule galloped and outstripped him as a slow animal outstrips a slow man. We gathered at the door of the Messenger of God's ﷺ tent. I dismounted from the mule and entered upon the Messenger of God ﷺ, and ʿUmar entered after me. ʿUmar said: "O Messenger of God!! This is Abū Sufyān. God has enabled us against him without any compact or covenant, so let me strike his neck." He said: I said: "O Messenger of God, I have granted him protection." Then I clung to the Messenger of God ﷺ and took hold of his head, and I said: "By God, no man shall speak privately with him tonight without me." When ʿUmar kept insisting about his matter, I said: "Gently, O ʿUmar. By God, if he were one of the men of Banū ʿAdī b. Kaʿb, you would not say this. But you know that he is one of the men of Banū ʿAbd Manāf." He said: "Gently, O ʿAbbās – and in one wording: O Abū al-Faḍl – for by God, your Islam on the day you became Muslim was dearer to me than the Islam of al-Khaṭṭāb, had he become Muslim. And there is nothing in me except that I know that your Islam was dearer to the Messenger of God ﷺ than the Islam of al-Khaṭṭāb, had he become Muslim." Ibn ʿUqbah and Muḥammad b. ʿUmar mentioned in another place: Al-ʿAbbās said: I said: "O Messenger of God!! Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb, Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām, and Budayl b. Warqāʾ – I have granted them protection, and they are entering upon you." The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Bring them in." So they entered upon him, and they stayed with him most of the night. The Messenger of God ﷺ questioned them and called them to Islam. They said: "We bear witness that there is no god but God." The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Bear witness that there is no god but God and that I am the Messenger of God." Budayl and Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām bore witness, and Abū Sufyān said: "I do not know that. By God, there is still something in the soul about this, so leave it for later." In the version of Abū Shaybah from Abū Salamah and Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ḥāṭib: It was said to Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām: "Give allegiance." He said: "I give you allegiance, and I will not fall except standing." The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "As for from our side, you will not fall except standing." End. It was said to Abū Sufyān that, and he said: "What shall I do with al-Lāt and al-ʿUzzā?" ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb said – while he was outside the tent: "Defecate on them. By God, if you were outside the tent, you would not have said it." Abū Sufyān said: "Who is this?" They said: "ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb." Al-ʿAbbās said: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Take him, O ʿAbbās, to your camp, and when morning comes, bring him to me." He said: So I took him to my camp. In the version of Ibn ʿUqbah and Muḥammad b. ʿUmar: When the dawn call to prayer was made, the whole army responded, that is, they answered the caller. Abū Sufyān was startled by their call to prayer and said: "What are these doing?" Al-ʿAbbās said: I said: "Prayer." He said: "How many times do they pray?" I said: "Five prayers in the day and night." Then he saw them receiving the water of the Messenger of God's ﷺ ablution, and he said: "I have never seen a king like today, not the king of Kisrā nor Caesar." Al-ʿAbbās said: When the Messenger of God ﷺ prayed the morning prayer, I went with him. In the version of Ibn ʿUqbah and Muḥammad b. ʿUmar: Abū Sufyān asked al-ʿAbbās about entering upon the Messenger of God ﷺ. In the version of Ibn Abī Shaybah from Abū Salamah and Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Ḥāṭib: When morning came, the Muslims rose to their purification. Abū Sufyān said: "O Abū al-Faḍl!! Has anything been commanded against me?" He said: "No, but they have risen to prayer." Al-ʿAbbās ordered him, so he performed ablution, and he went with him to the Messenger of God ﷺ. When the Messenger of God ﷺ entered the prayer, he said the takbīr and the people said the takbīr, then he bowed and they bowed, then he rose and they rose, then he prostrated and they prostrated. Abū Sufyān said: "I have never seen obedience like today. A people gathered from here and there, and neither the nobles of Persia nor the Byzantines with the horns are more obedient to him than they are. O Abū al-Faḍl, your nephew has, by God, become great in kingship." Al-ʿAbbās said: "He is not a king, but it is prophethood." He said: "Or that." Al-ʿAbbās said: When the Messenger of God ﷺ finished, he said: "O Abū Sufyān! Is it not time for you to know that there is no god but God?!" He said: "May my father and mother be your ransom!! How forbearing you are, how generous, how great your pardon! If there were a god with God, he would have availed me something by now. I sought the help of my god, and you sought the help of your God, and by God, I have never met you a single time except that you were aided against me. So if my god were true and your God false, I would have defeated you." He said: "Woe to you, O Abū Sufyān! Is it not time for you to know that I am the Messenger of God?" He said: "May my father and mother be your ransom, how forbearing you are, how generous, how great your pardon! As for this, by God, there is still something in the soul about it until now." Al-ʿAbbās said: "Woe to you! Become Muslim before your neck is struck." So he bore witness of the truth and said: "I bear witness that there is no god but God, and I bear witness that Muḥammad is the Messenger of God." The apparent wording of Ibn ʿUqbah and Muḥammad b. ʿUmar in another place is that Abū Sufyān said: "I bear witness that there is no god but God and I bear witness that Muḥammad is the Messenger of God," without anyone presenting that to him. He said: Abū Sufyān and Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām said: "O Messenger of God, you have come with the rabble of the people, those who know and those who do not know, against your family and your clan!" The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "You are more unjust and more wicked. You broke the treaty of al-Ḥudaybiyah and supported the Banū Kaʿb with sin and aggression in the sanctuary of God – exalted – and His security." Ḥakīm and Abū Sufyān said: "You have spoken the truth, O Messenger of God." Then they said: "O Messenger of God!! If only you had directed your effort and your stratagem against Hawāzin, for they are more distant in kinship and more severe in enmity to you." The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "I hope from my Lord that He will gather for me all of that: the conquest of Makkah, the strengthening of Islam through it, the defeat of Hawāzin, and the taking of their wealth and their offspring as spoils. For I desire that from God – exalted." Ibn ʿUqbah said: Abū Sufyān and Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām said: "O Messenger of God, call the people to safety. Consider: if Quraysh withdraws and withholds its hands, will they be safe?" The Messenger of God ﷺ said: "Yes." Al-ʿAbbās said: I said: "O Messenger of God!! You know Abū Sufyān's love of honor and pride, so give him something." In the version of Ibn Abī Shaybah from Abū Salamah and Yaḥyā b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān: Abū Bakr said: "O Messenger of God, Abū Sufyān is a man who loves to be heard of, meaning honor." End. He said: "Whoever enters the house of Abū Sufyān is safe." He said: "And what can my house contain?" Ibn ʿUqbah added: "And whoever enters the house of Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām is safe." The house of Abū Sufyān is in upper Makkah and the house of Ḥakīm in lower Makkah. "And whoever closes his door is safe, and whoever enters the mosque is safe." Abū Sufyān said: "And what can the mosque contain?" He said: "And whoever closes his door is safe." Abū Sufyān said: "This is ample." Al-Qāḍī Abū Bakr b. al-ʿArabī – may God Almighty have mercy on him – said: Al-ʿAbbās only objected to Abū Sufyān's mention of kingship stripped of prophethood, even though he was at the beginning of his entry into Islam. Otherwise, it is permissible to call such a thing kingship even if it belongs to a prophet, for God – glorified and exalted – said about David: And We strengthened his kingdom [Ṣād:20], and Solomon said: Grant me a kingdom such as shall not belong to anyone after me [Ṣād:35]. However, the dislike is more apparent in calling the state of the Prophet ﷺ kingship, because of what came in the ḥadīth: The Prophet ﷺ was given the choice between being a prophet-servant or a prophet-king, and he looked at Gabriel, who indicated to him to be humble, so he said: "Rather a prophet-servant: I eat my fill one day and go hungry one day." And al-ʿAbbās's objection to Abū Sufyān strengthens this meaning. Likewise the matter of the four caliphs after him also disliked being called kings, because of his ﷺ saying: "After me there will be caliphs, then there will be commanders, then there will be kings, then there will be tyrants."
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