Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1338
The Expedition of Khaybar
غَزْوَةُ خَيْبَرَ وَقَعَتْ غَزْوَةُ خَيْبَرَ فِي سَنَةِ سَبْعٍ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ، وَقَدْ خَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ إِلَيْهَا غَادِيًا مَعَ أَصْحَابِهِ وَقَدِ انْتَدَبَ لَهَا مَنْ خَرَجَ مَعَهُ فِي الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ وَأَمَّا مَنْ تَخَلَّفَ عَنِ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ فَاشْتَرَطَ لَهُمُ الْخُرُوجَ رَغْبَةً فِي الْجِهَادِ مِنْ غَيْرِ غَنِيمَةٍ، وَكَانَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ قَدْ وَعَدَهُ إِيَّاهَا، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ نُمَيْلَةَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ اللَّيْثِيَّ ؓ، وَدَفَعَ الرَّايَةَ إِلَى عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ؓ، وَكَانَتْ بَيْضَاءَ، وَأَخْرَجَ مَعَهُ أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أُمُّ سَلَمَةَ ؓ. وَلَمَّا عَزَمَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ الْخُرُوجَ لِخَبِيرَ شَقَّ ذَلِكَ عَلَى يَهُودِ الْمَدِينَةِ فَظَلُّوا يَرْجُفُونَ بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِأَنَّ قِتَالَ خَيْبَرَ لَيْسَ كَقِتَالِ الْأَعْرَابِ، وَمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ دَيْنٌ مِنْهُمْ عَلَى مُسْلِمٍ لَزِمَهُ وَظَلَّ يُطَالِبُهُ بِهِ. وَفِي أَثْنَاءِ مَسِيرِ الْجَيْشِ حَدَا بِهِمْ عَامِرُ بْنُ الْأَكْوَعِ وَارْتَجَزَ بِأَبْيَاتٍ فَلَمَّا سَمِعَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ دَعَا لَهُ بِالرَّحْمَةِ أَوِ الْمَغْفِرَةِ، فَاسْتُشْهِدَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ حَيْثُ رَجَعَ عَلَيْهِ سَيْفُهُ أَثْنَاءَ الْقِتَالِ فَجُرِحَ وَمَاتَ، وَسَأَلَهُ سَلَمَةُ بْنُ الْأَكْوَعِ عَنْ عَامِرٍ فَقَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: إِنَّهُ لَشَهِيدٌ، وَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ، فَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ الْمُسْلِمُونَ وَقَدْ سَارَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي الْأَوْدِيَةِ وَنَزَلَ عَلَى وَادٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ الرَّجِيعُ مِنْ قِبَلِ الشَّامِ لِيَحُولَ بَيْنَ خَيْبَرَ وَبَيْنَ حُلَفَائِهِمْ مِنْ غَطَفَانَ. وَلَمَّا اقْتَرَبَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مِنْ خَيْبَرَ دَعَا أَنْ يَرْزُقَهُ اللَّهُ خَيْرَهَا وَخَيْرَ أَهْلِهَا وَتَعَوَّذَ مِنْ شَرِّهَا وَشَرِّ أَهْلِهَا، وَكَانَ قَدِ انْتَهَى إِلَى خَيْبَرَ لَيْلًا فَلَمْ يَطْرُقْهَا حَتَّى الصَّبَاحَ فَلَمَّا لَمْ يَسْمَعْ آذَانًا سَارَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَخَرَجَ الْيَهُودُ بِمَكَاتِلِهِمْ وَفُؤُوسِهِمْ إِلَى أَعْمَالِهِمْ فَلَمَّا رَأَوُا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ رَجَعُوا إِلَى حُصُونِهِمْ هَارِبِينَ، وَتَحَصَّنُوا بِهَا، وَقَدْ أَشَارَ الْحُبَابُ بْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنْ يَبْتَعِدَ عَنِ الْحُصُونِ حَتَّى لَا يُصِيبُهُ نَبْلُ أَهْلِ النَّطَاةِ، وَأَخَذَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِرَأْيِهِ. وَاتَّخَذَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ رَايَةً سَوْدَاءَ تُسَمَّى الْعُقَابُ وَحَمَلَهَا الْحُبَابُ بْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ، وَاللِّوَاءُ أَبْيَضُ وَكَانَ يَحْمِلُهُ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ؓ، وَشِعَارُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَوْمَئِذٍ: "يَا مَنْصُورُ أَمِتْ أَمِتْ". وَبَدَأَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِفَتْحِ الْحُصُونِ وَكَانَ أَوَّلُ حِصْنٍ فُتِحَ حِصْنُ نَاعِمٍ وَاسْتُشْهِدَ عِنْدَهُ مَحْمُودُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ، ثُمَّ أَخَذَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي حِصَارِ حِصْنٍ تِلْوَ الْآخَرِ حَتَّى فَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ جَمِيعَ الْحُصُونِ، فَفَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ حِصْنَ الصَّعْبِ بْنِ مُعَاذِ بْنِ النَّطَاةِ، ثُمَّ حِصْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ، ثُمَّ حُصُونَ الشِّقِّ ثُمَّ حُصُونَ الْكَتِيبَةِ وَأَعْظَمُ حُصُونِهَا الْقَمُوصُ وَكَانَ حِصْنًا مَنِيعًا تَنَاوَبَ عَلَيْهِ الصَّحَابَةُ حَتَّى قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: لَأُعْطِيَنَّ الرَّايَةَ غَدًا رَجُلًا يَفْتَحُ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ، لَيْسَ بِفَرَّارٍ، يُحِبُّ اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ، يَأْخُذُهَا عَنْوَةً فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ دَعَا عَلِيًّا ؓ فَأَعْطَاهُ الرَّايَةَ وَكَانَ يَشْتَكِي رَمَدًا فِي عَيْنَيْهِ فَمَسْحَهُمَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِيَدَيْهِ فَبَرِئَ، وَقَاتَلَهُمْ حَتَّى فَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ ؓ. وَكَانَتْ صَفِيَّةُ بِنْتُ حُيَيٍّ أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ؓ فِي حِصْنُ الْقَمُوصِ فَأَخَذَهَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَأَعْتَقَهَا وَتَزَوَّجَهَا وَكَانَتْ قَدْ رَأَتْ رُؤْيَا بِذَلِكَ. وَقُتِلَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ عَدَدٌ مِنْ أَعْلَامِ يَهُودَ مِنْهُمْ: الْحَارِثُ، وَأَخُوهُ مَرْحَبًا قَتَلَهُ عَلِيٌّ ؓ، وَعَامِرٌ، وَيَاسِرٌ. ثُمَّ انْتَقَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَى حِصْنٍ الْوَطِيحِ وَالسَّلَالِمِ، فَحَاصَرَهُمَا حَتَّى نَزَلَا عَلَى الصُّلْحِ، عَلَى حَقْنِ دِمَاءِ مَنْ فِي الْحِصْنِ مِنَ الْمُقَاتَلَةِ وَالذُّرِّيَّةِ، وَيُخَلُّونَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ أَرَاضِيهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ، فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَبَرِئَتْ مِنْكُمْ ذِمَّةُ اللَّهِ وَذِمَّةُ رَسُولِهِ إِنْ كَتَمْتُمُونِي شَيْئًا فَقَتَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ كِنَانَةَ وَالرَّبِيعَ لَمَّا كَتَمَاهُ مَالَهُمَا، فَاسْتَخْرَجَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَانْتَقَضَ عَهْدَهُمَا بِذَلِكَ. وَقَدْ سَأَلَتْ يَهُودُ خَيْبَرَ أَنْ يُصَالِحَهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَلَى أَرْضِ خَيْبَرَ يَزْرَعُونَهَا لَهُ وَيُصْلِحُونَهَا عَلَى أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُمُ الشِّطْرُ مِنْ كُلِّ زَرْعٍ وَنَخْلٍ وَشَيْءٍ مَا بَدَا لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. وَلَمَّا هَدَأَتِ الْحَرْبُ أَهَدَتْ زَيْنَبُ بِنْتُ الْحَارِثِ امْرَأَةُ سَلَّامِ بْنِ مِشْكَمٍ، شَاةً مَسْمُومَةً إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَأُخْبِرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِأَمْرِ الشَّاةِ وَكَانَ قَدْ أَكَلَ شَيْئًا مِنْهَا وَمَعَهُ بِشْرُ بْنُ الْبَرَاءِ بْنِ مَعْرُورٍ، فَمَاتَ مِنْهَا بِشْرٌ وَاحْتَجَمَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مِنْهَا عَلَى الْكَاهِلِ، وَظَلَّ يُعَاوِدُهُ أَثَرُهَا الْمَرَّةَ بَعْدَ الْأُخْرَى حَتَّى وَفَاتِهِ ﷺ. وَقَدْ فَتَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَى نَبِيِّهِ بِمَغَانِمَ كَثِيرَةٍ يَوْمَ خَيْبَرَ فَقَسَّمَهَا، وَقَدِمَ جَعْفَرٌ وَأَصْحَابُهُ مِنَ الْحَبَشَةِ فَأَسْهَمَ لَهُمْ فِيهَا وَقَدِمَ أَبُو هُرَيْرَةَ مَعَ ثَمَانِينَ بَيْتٍ مِنْ أَوْسٍ مُسْلِمِينَ، فَأَشْرَكَهُمْ فِي سَهْمِ خَيْبَرَ أَيْضًا حَتَّى رَضَخَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ لِلنِّسَاءِ وَالْعَبِيدِ مِنَ الْفَيْءِ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ نَهَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ عَنْ أَكْلِ الْحُمُرِ الْأَهْلِيَّةِ، وَنِكَاحِ الْمُتْعَةِ، وَفِيهَا أَخْدَمَ أَبُو طَلْحَةَ أَنَسَ بْنَ مَالِكٍ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ. وَاسْتُشْهِدَ فِيهَا عَدَدٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ مِنْهُمْ: مَحْمُودُ بْنُ مَسْلَمَةَ وَبِشْرُ بْنُ الْبَرَاءِ بْنِ مَعْرُورٍ، وَعَامِرُ بْنُ الْأَكْوَعِ، وَأَسْلَمَ الْأَسْوَدُ الرَّاعِي الْحَبَشِيُّ مِنْ أَهْلِ خَيْبَرَ أَسْلَمَ فِيهَا وَقُتِلَ يَوْمَئِذٍ. وَبَعْدَ انْصِرَافِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ مِنْ خَيْبَرَ عَرَّجَ عَلَى وَادِي الْقُرَى وَدَعَا أَهْلَهَا إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ فَأَبَوْا عَلَيْهِ فَفَتَحَهَا اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَغْنَمَهُ أَمْوَالَهُمْ. وَعَادَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ بَعْدَ أَنْ مَكَثَ فِي فَتْحِ خَيْبَرَ سِتَّةَ أَشْهُرٍ مُؤَيَّدًا مَنْصُورًا وَلِلَّهِ الْحَمْدُ.
Translation
✧ The Expedition of Khaybar The Expedition of Khaybar took place in the year seven of the Hijrah. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ set out to it in the morning with his Companions. He had assigned for it those who had gone out with him to Ḥudaybiyyah. As for those who had stayed behind from Ḥudaybiyyah, he stipulated for them the going out in desire for jihād without spoils. Allah, glorified be He, had promised it to him. He appointed Numaylah b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Laythī ؓ over Madinah, gave the banner to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib ؓ, and it was white. He took out with him the Mother of the Believers Umm Salamah ؓ. When the Prophet ﷺ resolved to go out to Khaybar, that distressed the Jews of Madinah, and they kept agitating the believers with the claim that fighting Khaybar was not like fighting the Bedouins. Whoever had a debt from them owed by a Muslim, it became binding, and he kept demanding it from him. During the army's march, ʿĀmir b. al-Akwaʿ sang to them and chanted verses. When the Prophet ﷺ heard him, he supplicated for mercy or forgiveness for him. He was martyred in this expedition when his sword recoiled upon him during the fighting, wounding him and he died. Salamah b. al-Akwaʿ asked him about ʿĀmir, and the Prophet ﷺ said: "Indeed he is a martyr," and he prayed over him, so the Muslims prayed over him. The Prophet ﷺ marched through the valleys and encamped at a valley called al-Rajīʿ from the direction of Syria, to interpose between Khaybar and their allies from Ghaṭafān. When the Prophet ﷺ drew near to Khaybar, he supplicated that Allah grant him its good and the good of its people, and sought refuge from its evil and the evil of its people. He had reached Khaybar at night and did not raid it until morning. When he did not hear any call to prayer, he marched against them. The Jews came out with their baskets and axes to their work; when they saw the Prophet ﷺ they returned to their fortresses fleeing and fortified themselves in them. Al-Ḥubāb b. al-Mundhir advised the Prophet ﷺ to keep away from the fortresses so that the arrows of the people of al-Naṭāh would not strike him, and the Prophet ﷺ took his advice. The Prophet ﷺ took a black banner called al-ʿUqāb and al-Ḥubāb b. al-Mundhir carried it, and the standard was white and ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib ؓ carried it. The war cry of the Muslims that day was: "O Victorious One, kill, kill." The Prophet ﷺ began with the conquest of the fortresses. The first fortress to be conquered was the fortress of Nāʿim, at which Maḥmūd b. Maslamah was martyred. Then the Prophet ﷺ proceeded with the siege of fortress after fortress until Allah granted him conquest of all the fortresses. Allah granted them the fortress of al-Ṣaʿb b. Muʿādh b. al-Naṭāh, then the fortress of al-Zubayr, then the fortresses of al-Shiqq, then the fortresses of al-Katībah, the greatest of whose fortresses was al-Qamūṣ. It was an impregnable fortress which the Companions took turns assaulting until the Prophet ﷺ said: "I shall surely give the banner tomorrow to a man through whom Allah will grant victory, who is not one to flee, who loves Allah and His Messenger, and who will take it by force." When morning came, the Prophet ﷺ called ʿAlī ؓ and gave him the banner. He was complaining of ophthalmia in his eyes, and the Prophet ﷺ wiped them with his hands and he was cured. He fought them until Allah granted victory through him ؓ. Ṣafiyyah bt. Ḥuyayy, the Mother of the Believers ؓ, was in the fortress of al-Qamūṣ. The Prophet ﷺ took her, manumitted her, and married her, and she had seen a dream to that effect. A number of notable Jews were killed in this expedition, among them: al-Ḥārith and his brother Marḥab, whom ʿAlī ؓ killed, and ʿĀmir and Yāsir. Then the Prophet ﷺ moved to the fortress of al-Waṭīḥ and al-Salālim, and besieged them until they surrendered on terms of sparing the lives of the fighting men and children in the fortress, and that they would leave between him and their lands and properties. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "And the protection of Allah and the protection of His Messenger is absolved from you if you conceal anything from me." The Prophet ﷺ killed Kinānah and al-Rabīʿ when they concealed their property from him, and the Prophet ﷺ extracted it, and their pact was thereby nullified. The Jews of Khaybar asked the Prophet ﷺ to make peace with them over the land of Khaybar, that they would cultivate it for him and tend it, on condition that they would have half of every crop, palm, and thing, as it seemed good to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. When the war subsided, Zaynab bt. al-Ḥārith, the wife of Sallām b. Mishkam, sent a poisoned ewe to the Prophet ﷺ. The Prophet ﷺ was informed of the matter of the ewe, and he had eaten some of it, and with him was Bishr b. al-Barāʾ b. Maʿrūr. Bishr died from it, and the Prophet ﷺ was cupped for it on the withers, and its effect kept returning to him time after time until his death ﷺ. Allah granted His Prophet abundant spoils on the day of Khaybar, and he distributed them. Jaʿfar and his companions arrived from Abyssinia and he allotted shares to them in them. Abū Hurayrah arrived with eighty households of Aws Muslims, and he included them in the share of Khaybar as well, until the Prophet ﷺ gave something to the women and slaves from the booty. In this expedition, the Prophet ﷺ forbade eating domestic donkeys and temporary marriage, and in it Abū Ṭalḥah gave Anas b. Mālik as a servant to the Prophet ﷺ. A number of Companions were martyred in it, among them: Maḥmūd b. Maslamah, Bishr b. al-Barāʾ b. Maʿrūr, and ʿĀmir b. al-Akwaʿ. Al-Aswad, the Abyssinian shepherd of the people of Khaybar, embraced Islam in it and was killed that day. After the Prophet ﷺ departed from Khaybar, he turned aside to Wādī al-Qurā and called its people to Islam, but they refused him, so Allah granted him conquest over them and made their properties spoils for him. The Prophet ﷺ returned to Madinah after he had remained in the conquest of Khaybar for six months, aided and victorious, and to Allah belongs praise.
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