Tarikh (al-Tabari) 126
The story of Abraham the Friend (peace and blessings be upon him)
بِنَاءِ الْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ ثُمَّ أَمَرَ اللَّهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بِبِنَاءِ الْبَيْتِ الْحَرَامِ قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَإِذْ بَوَّأْنَا لِإِبْرَاهِيمَ مَكَانَ الْبَيْتِ أَنْ لَا تُشْرِكْ بِي شَيْئًا وَطَهِّرْ بَيْتِيَ لِلطَّائِفِينَ وَالْقَائِمِينَ وَالرُّكَّعِ السُّجُودِ وَأَذِّنْ فِي النَّاسِ بِالْحَجِّ يَأْتُوكَ رِجَالًا وَعَلَى كُلِّ ضَامِرٍ يَأْتِينَ مِنْ كُلِّ فَجٍّ عَمِيقٍ. [ الْحَجِّ: 26 - 27 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَيْتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِي بِبَكَّةَ مُبَارَكًا وَهُدًى لِلْعَالَمِينَ فِيهِ آيَاتٌ بَيِّنَاتٌ مَقَامُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَمَنْ دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا وَلِلَّهِ عَلَى النَّاسِ حِجُّ الْبَيْتِ مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ إِلَيْهِ سَبِيلًا وَمَنْ كَفَرَ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَنِيٌّ عَنِ الْعَالَمِينَ [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 96 - 97 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَإِذِ ابْتَلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ رَبُّهُ بِكَلِمَاتٍ فَأَتَمَّهُنَّ قَالَ إِنِّي جَاعِلُكَ لِلنَّاسِ إِمَامًا قَالَ وَمِنْ ذُرِّيَّتِي قَالَ لَا يَنَالُ عَهْدِي الظَّالِمِينَ وَإِذْ جَعَلْنَا الْبَيْتَ مَثَابَةً لِلنَّاسِ وَأَمْنًا وَاتَّخِذُوا مِنْ مَقَامِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ مُصَلًّى وَعَهِدْنَا إِلَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ أَنْ طَهِّرَا بَيْتِيَ لِلطَّائِفِينَ وَالْعَاكِفِينَ وَالرُّكَّعِ السُّجُودِ وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَذَا بَلَدًا آمِنًا وَارْزُقْ أَهْلَهُ مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ مَنْ آمَنَ مِنْهُمْ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ قَالَ وَمَنْ كَفَرَ فَأُمَتِّعُهُ قَلِيلًا ثُمَّ أَضْطَرُّهُ إِلَى عَذَابِ النَّارِ وَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ وَإِذْ يَرْفَعُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ الْقَوَاعِدَ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ وَإِسْمَاعِيلُ رَبَّنَا تَقَبَّلْ مِنَّا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ رَبَّنَا وَاجْعَلْنَا مُسْلِمَيْنِ لَكَ وَمِنْ ذُرِّيَّتِنَا أُمَّةً مُسْلِمَةً لَكَ وَأَرِنَا مَنَاسِكَنَا وَتُبْ عَلَيْنَا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ رَبَّنَا وَابْعَثْ فِيهِمْ رَسُولًا مِنْهُمْ يَتْلُو عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتِكَ وَيُعَلِّمُهُمُ الْكِتَابَ وَالْحِكْمَةَ وَيُزَكِّيهِمْ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 124 - 129 ]. يَذْكُرُ تَعَالَى عَنْ عَبْدِهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَصَفِيِّهِ وَخَلِيلِهِ، إِمَامِ الْحُنَفَاءِ، وَوَالِدِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ عَلَيْهِ أَفْضَلُ صَلَاةٍ وَتَسْلِيمٍ، أَنَّهُ بَنَى الْبَيْتَ الْعَتِيقَ الَّذِي هُوَ أَوَّلُ مَسْجِدٍ وُضِعَ لِعُمُومِ النَّاسِ يَعْبُدُونَ اللَّهَ فِيهِ، وَبَوَّأَهُ اللَّهُ مَكَانَهُ أَيْ أَرْشَدَهُ إِلَيْهِ وَدَلَّهُ عَلَيْهِ،وَقَدْ قَدَّمْنَا فِي صِفَةِ خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ أَنَّ الْكَعْبَةَ بِحِيَالِ الْبَيْتِ الْمَعْمُورِ بِحَيْثُ أَنَّهُ لَوْ سَقَطَ لَسَقَطَ عَلَيْهَا، وَكَذَلِكَ مَعَابِدُ السَّمَاوَاتِ السَّبْعِ، كَمَا قَالَ بَعْضُ السَّلَفِ: إِنَّ فِي كُلِّ سَمَاءٍ بَيْتًا يَعْبُدُ اللَّهَ فِيهِ أَهْلُ كُلِّ سَمَاءٍ وَهُوَ فِيهَا كَالْكَعْبَةِ لِأَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ فَأَمَرَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ أَنْ يَبْنِيَ لَهُ بَيْتًا يَكُونُ لِأَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ كَتِلْكَ الْمَعَابِدِ لِمَلَائِكَةِ السَّمَاءِ، وَأَرْشَدَهُ اللَّهُ إِلَى مَكَانِ الْبَيْتِ الْمُهَيَّأِ لَهُ الْمُعَيَّنِ لِذَلِكَ مُنْذُ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ، كَمَا ثَبَتَ فِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ إِنَّ هَذَا الْبَلَدَ حَرَّمَهُ اللَّهُ يَوْمَ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ فَهُوَ حَرَامٌ بِحُرْمَةِ اللَّهِ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ. وَلَمْ يَجِئْ فِي خَبَرٍ صَحِيحٍ عَنْ مَعْصُومٍ أَنَّ الْبَيْتَ كَانَ مَبْنِيًّا قَبْلَ الْخَلِيلِ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ وَمَنْ تَمَسَّكَ فِي هَذَا بِقَوْلِهِ: مَكَانَ الْبَيْتِ فَلَيْسَ بِنَاهِضٍ وَلَا ظَاهِرٍ؛ لِأَنَّ الْمُرَادَ مَكَانُهُ الْمُقَدَّرُ فِي عِلْمِ اللَّهِ، الْمُقَدَّرُ فِي قَدَرِهِ، الْمُعَظَّمُ عِنْدَ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ مَوْضِعُهُ مِنْ لَدُنْ آدَمَ إِلَى زَمَانِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَا أَنَّ آدَمَ نَصَبَ عَلَيْهِ قُبَّةً، وَأَنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ قَالُوا لَهُ: قَدْ طُفْنَا قَبْلَكَ بِهَذَا الْبَيْتِ. وَأَنَّ السَّفِينَةَ طَافَتْ بِهِ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا أَوْ نَحْوَ ذَلِكَ، وَلَكِنْ كُلُّ هَذِهِ الْأَخْبَارِ عَنْ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، وَقَدْ قَرَّرْنَا أَنَّهَا لَا تُصَدَّقُ وَلَا تُكَذَّبُ فَلَا يُحْتَجُّ بِهَا، فَأَمَّا إِنْ رَدَّهَا الْحَقُّ فَهِيَ مَرْدُودَةٌ، وَقَدْ قَالَ اللَّهُ: إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَيْتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِي بِبَكَّةَ مُبَارَكًا وَهُدًى لِلْعَالَمِينَ. أَيْ أَوَّلُ بَيْتٍ وُضِعَ لِعُمُومِ النَّاسِ لِلْبَرَكَةِ وَالْهُدَى الْبَيْتُ الَّذِي بِبَكَّةَ قِيلَ: مَكَّةُ. وَقِيلَ: مَحَلَّةُ الْكَعْبَةِ فِيهِ آيَاتٌ بَيِّنَاتٌ. أَيْ عَلَى أَنَّهُ بِنَاءُ الْخَلِيلِ وَالِدِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ وَإِمَامِ الْحُنَفَاءِ مِنْ وَلَدِهِ الَّذِينَ يَقْتَدُونَ بِهِ. وَيَتَمَسَّكُونَ بِسُنَّتِهِ؛ وَلِهَذَا قَالَ: مَقَامُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ أَيِ: الْحَجَرُ الَّذِي كَانَ يَقِفُ عَلَيْهِ قَائِمًا لَمَّا ارْتَفَعَ الْبِنَاءُ عَنْ قَامَتِهِ فَوَضَعَ لَهُ وَلَدُهُ هَذَا الْحَجَرَ الْمَشْهُورَ لِيَرْتَفِعَ عَلَيْهِ لَمَّا تَعَالَى الْبِنَاءُ وَعَظُمَ الْفِنَاءُ، كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ فِي حَدِيثِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ الطَّوِيلِ، وقِيلَ: لما أَمَرَ اللَّهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بِبِنَاءِ الْبَيْتِ الْحَرَامِ، ضَاقَ بِذَلِكَ ذَرْعًا فَأَرْسَلَ اللَّهُ السَّكِينَةَ، وَهِيَ رِيحٌ خَجُوجُ، وَهِيَ اللَّيِّنَةُ الْهُبُوبِ، لَهَا رَأْسَانِ، فَسَارَ مَعَهَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ حَتَّى انْتَهَتْ إِلَى مَوْضِعِ الْبَيْتِ فَتَطَوَّتْ عَلَيْهِ كَطَيِّ الْحُجْفَةِ، فَأُمِرَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ أَنْ يَبْنِيَ حَيْثُ تَسْتَقِرُّ السَّكِينَةُ، فَبَنَى إِبْرَاهِيمُ. وَقِيلَ: أَرْسَلَ اللَّهُ مِثْلَ الْغَمَامَةِ لَهُ رَأْسٌ فَكَلَّمَهُ وَقَالَ: يَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ، ابْنِ عَلَى ظِلِّي، أَوْ عَلَى قَدْرِي، وَلَا تَزِدْ، وَلَا تَنْقُصْ، فَبَنَى. وَهَذَانَ الْقَوْلَانِ نُقِلَا عَنْ عَلِيٍّ. وَقَالَ السُّدِّيُّ: الَّذِي دَلَّهُ عَلَى مَوْضِعِ الْبَيْتِ هُوَ جَبْرَائِيلُ. فَسَارَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ إِلَى مَكَّةَ، فَلَمَّا وَصَلَهَا وَجَدَ إِسْمَاعِيلَ يُصْلِحُ نَبْلًا لَهُ وَرَاءَ زَمْزَمَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: يَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ، إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ أَمَرَنِي أَنْ أَبْنِيَ لَهُ بَيْتًا. قَالَ إِسْمَاعِيلُ: فَأَطِعْ رَبَّكَ. فَقَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ: قَدْ أَمَرَكَ أَنْ تُعِينَنِي عَلَى بِنَائِهِ. قَالَ: إِذَنْ أَفْعَلُ. فَقَامَ مَعَهُ فَجَعَلَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ يَبْنِيهِ، وَإِسْمَاعِيلُ يُنَاوِلُهُ الْحِجَارَةَ. ثُمَّ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ لِإِسْمَاعِيلَ: إِيتِنِي بِحَجَرٍ حَسَنٍ أَضَعُهُ عَلَى الرُّكْنِ فَيَكُونَ لِلنَّاسِ عَلَمًا. فَنَادَاهُ أَبُو قُبَيْسٍ: إِنَّ لَكَ عِنْدِي وَدِيعَةً، وَقِيلَ: بَلْ جَبْرَائِيلُ أَخْبَرَهُ بِالْحَجَرِ الْأَسْوَدِ، فَأَخَذَهُ وَوَضَعَهُ مَوْضِعَهُ، وَكَانَا كُلَمَّا بَنَيَا دَعَوَا اللَّهَ: رَبَّنَا تَقَبَّلْ مِنَّا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ. فَلَمَّا ارْتَفَعَ الْبُنْيَانُ وَضَعُفَ الشَّيْخُ عَنْ رَفْعِ الْحِجَارَةِ قَامَ عَلَى حَجَرٍ، وَهُوَ مَقَامُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، فَجَعَلَ يُنَاوِلُهُ، فَلَمَّا فَرَغَ مِنْ بِنَاءِ الْبَيْتِ أَمَرَهُ اللَّهُ أَنْ يُؤَذِّنَ فِي النَّاسِ بِالْحَجِّ، فَقَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ: يَا رَبِّ، وَمَا يَبْلُغُ صَوْتِي ؟ قَالَ: أَذِّنْ وَعَلَيَّ الْبَلَاغُ. فَنَادَى: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ كَتَبَ عَلَيْكَمُ الْحَجَّ إِلَى الْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ ! فَسَمِعَهُ مَا بَيْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا مِنْ أَصْلَابِ الرِّجَالِ، وَأَرْحَامِ النِّسَاءِ، فَأَجَابَهُ مَنْ آمَنَ مِمَّنْ سَبَقَ فِي عِلْمِ اللَّهِ أَنْ يَحُجَّ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ، فَأُجِيبَ لَبَّيْكَ لَبَّيْكَ ! ثُمَّ خَرَجَ بِإِسْمَاعِيلَ مَعَهُ إِلَى التَّرْوِيَةِ فَنَزَلَ بِهِ مِنًى، وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَصَلَّى بِهِمُ الظُّهْرَ، وَالْعَصْرَ، وَالْمَغْرِبَ، وَالْعِشَاءَ الْآخِرَةَ، ثُمَّ بَاتَ حَتَّى أَصْبَحَ، فَصَلَّى بِهِمُ الْفَجْرَ، ثُمَّ سَارَ إِلَى عَرَفَةَ، فَأَقَامَ بِهِمْ هُنَاكَ حَتَّى إِذَا مَالَتِ الشَّمْسُ جَمَعَ بَيْنَ الصَّلَاتَيْنِ الظُّهْرِ، وَالْعَصْرِ، ثُمَّ رَاحَ بِهِمْ إِلَى الْمَوْقِفِ مِنْ عَرَفَةَ الَّذِي يَقِفُ عَلَيْهِ الْإِمَامُ، فَوَقَفَ بِهِ عَلَى الْأَرَاكِ، فَلَمَّا غَرَبَتِ الشَّمْسُ دَفَعَ بِهِ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ حَتَّى أَتَى الْمُزْدَلِفَةَ، فَجَمَعَ بِهَا الصَّلَاتَيْنِ الْمَغْرِبَ، وَالْعِشَاءَ الْآخِرَةَ، ثُمَّ بَاتَ بِهَا وَمَنْ مَعَهُ، حَتَّى إِذَا طَلَعَ الْفَجْرُ صَلَّى الْغَدَاةَ، ثُمَّ وَقَفَ عَلَى قُزَحَ حَتَّى إِذَا أَسْفَرَ دَفَعَ بِهِ وَبِمَنْ مَعَهُ يُرِيهِ، وَيُعَلِّمُهُ كَيْفَ يَصْنَعُ، حَتَّى رَمَى الْجَمْرَةَ، وَأَرَاهُ الْمَنْحَرَ، ثُمَّ نَحَرَ وَحَلَقَ، وَأَرَاهُ كَيْفَ يَطُوفُ، ثُمَّ عَادَ بِهِ إِلَى مِنًى لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ رَمْيُ الْجِمَارِ حَتَّى فَرَغَ مِنَ الْحَجِّ. وَرُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ أَنَّ جَبْرَائِيلَ هُوَ الَّذِي أَرَى إِبْرَاهِيمَ كَيْفَ يَحُجُّ، وَرَوَاهُ عَنْهُ ابْنُ عُمَرَ. وَلَمْ يَزَلِ الْبَيْتُ عَلَى مَا بَنَاهُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ - عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ - إِلَى أَنْ هَدَمَتْهُ قُرَيْشٌ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ مِنْ مَوْلِدِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ. تأخير مقام إبراهيم عن البيت في عهد عمر بن الخطاب ؓ وَقَدْ كَانَ هَذَا الْحَجَرُ مُلْصَقًا بِحَائِطِ الْكَعْبَةِ عَلَى مَا كَانَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ قَدِيمِ الزَّمَانِ إِلَى أَيَّامِ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ فَأَخَّرَهُ عَنِ الْبَيْتِ قَلِيلًا لِئَلَّا يَشْغَلَ الْمُصَلُّونَ عِنْدَهُ الطَّائِفِينَ بِالْبَيْتِ، وَاتَّبَعَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؓ فِي هَذَا، فَإِنَّهُ قَدْ وَافَقَهُ رَبُّهُ فِي أَشْيَاءَ مِنْهَا؛ فِي قَوْلِهِ لِرَسُولِهِ ﷺ: لَوِ اتَّخَذْنَا مِنْ مَقَامِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ مُصَلًّى. فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ وَاتَّخِذُوا مِنْ مَقَامِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ مُصَلًّى وَقَدْ كَانَتْ آثَارُ قَدَمَيِ الْخَلِيلِ بَاقِيَةً فِي الصَّخْرَةِ إِلَى أَوَّلِ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَقَدْ قَالَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ فِي قَصِيدَتِهِ اللَّامِيَّةِ الْمَشْهُورَةِ: وَثَوْرٍ وَمَنْ أَرْسَى ثَبِيرًا مَكَانَهُ وَرَاقٍ لِيَرْقَى فِي حِرَاءَ وَنَازِلِ وَبِالْبَيْتِ حَقِّ الْبَيْتِ مِنْ بَطْنِ مَكَّةَ وَبِاللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَيْسَ بِغَافِلِ وَبِالْحَجَرِ الْمُسْوَدِّ إِذْ يَمْسَحُونَهُ إِذَا اكْتَنَفُوهُ بِالضُّحَى وَالْأَصَائِلِ وَمَوْطِئُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ فِي الصَّخْرِ رَطْبَةٌ عَلَى قَدَمَيْهِ حَافِيًا غَيْرَ نَاعِلِ يَعْنِي أَنَّ رِجْلَهُ الْكَرِيمَةَ غَاصَتْ فِي الصَّخْرَةِ فَصَارَتْ عَلَى قَدْرِ قَدَمِهِ حَافِيَةً لَا مُنْتَعِلَةً؛ وَلِهَذَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَإِذْ يَرْفَعُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ الْقَوَاعِدَ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ وَإِسْمَاعِيلُ. أَيْ فِي حَالِ قَوْلِهِمَا: رَبَّنَا تَقَبَّلْ مِنَّا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ. فَهُمَا فِي غَايَةِ الْإِخْلَاصِ وَالطَّاعَةِ لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَهُمَا يَسْأَلَانِ مِنَ اللَّهِ السَّمِيعِ الْعَلِيمِ أَنْ يَتَقَبَّلَ مِنْهُمَا مَا هُمَا فِيهِ مِنَ الطَّاعَةِ الْعَظِيمَةِ وَالسَّعْيِ الْمَشْكُورِ رَبَّنَا وَاجْعَلْنَا مُسْلِمَيْنِ لَكَ وَمِنْ ذُرِّيَّتِنَا أُمَّةً مُسْلِمَةً لَكَ وَأَرِنَا مَنَاسِكَنَا وَتُبْ عَلَيْنَا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ التَّوَّابُ الرَّحِيمُ. دعوة إبراهيم عليه السلام لأهل مكة وَالْمَقْصُودُ أَنَّ الْخَلِيلَ بَنَى أَشْرَفَ الْمَسَاجِدِ فِي أَشْرَفِ الْبِقَاعِ فِي وَادٍ غَيْرِ ذِي زَرْعٍ، وَدَعَا لِأَهْلِهَا بِالْبَرَكَةِ، وَأَنْ يُرْزَقُوا مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ مَعَ قِلَّةِ الْمِيَاهِ، وَعَدَمِ الْأَشْجَارِ وَالزُّرُوعِ وَالثِّمَارِ، وَأَنْ يَجْعَلَهُ حَرَمًا مُحَرَّمًا وَأَمْنًا مُحَتَّمًا، فَاسْتَجَابَ اللَّهُ - وَلَهُ الْحَمْدُ - لَهُ مَسْأَلَتَهُ، وَلَبَّى دَعْوَتَهُ وَأَتَاهُ طِلْبَتَهُ، فَقَالَ تَعَالَى: أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّا جَعَلْنَا حَرَمًا آمِنًا وَيُتَخَطَّفُ النَّاسُ مِنْ حَوْلِهِمْ [ الْعَنْكَبُوتِ: 67 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: أَوَلَمْ نُمَكِّنْ لَهُمْ حَرَمًا آمِنًا يُجْبَى إِلَيْهِ ثَمَرَاتُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ رِزْقًا مِنْ لَدُنَّا [ الْقِصَصِ: 57 ]. وَسَأَلَ اللَّهَ أَنْ يَبْعَثَ فِيهِمْ رَسُولًا مِنْهُمْ أَيْ مِنْ جِنْسِهِمْ وَعَلَى لُغَتِهِمُ الْفَصِيحَةِ الْبَلِيغَةِ النَّصِيحَةِ لِتَتِمَّ عَلَيْهِمُ النِّعْمَتَانِ الدُّنْيَوِيَّةُ وَالدِّينِيَّةُ، بِسَعَادَةِ الْأُولَى وَالْآخِرَةِ، وَقَدِ اسْتَجَابَ اللَّهُ لَهُ فَبَعَثَ فِيهِمْ رَسُولًا، وَأَيَّ رَسُولٍ، خَتَمَ بِهِ أَنْبِيَاءَهُ وَرُسُلَهُ، وَأَكْمَلَ لَهُ مِنَ الدِّينِ مَا لَمْ يُؤْتِ أَحَدًا قَبْلَهُ، وَعَمَّ بِدَعْوَتِهِ أَهْلَ الْأَرْضِ عَلَى اخْتِلَافِ أَجْنَاسِهِمْ وَلُغَاتِهِمْ وَصِفَاتِهِمْ فِي سَائِرِ الْأَقْطَارِ وَالْأَمْصَارِ وَالْأَعْصَارِ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ كَانَ هَذَا مِنْ خَصَائِصِهِ مِنْ بَيْنِ سَائِرِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ لِشَرَفِهِ فِي نَفْسِهِ، وَكَمَالِ مَا أُرْسِلَ بِهِ، وَشَرَفِ بُقْعَتِهِ، وَفَصَاحَةِ لُغَتِهِ، وَكَمَالِ شَفَقَتِهِ عَلَى أُمَّتِهِ، وَلُطْفِهِ وَرَحْمَتِهِ، وَكِرِيمِ مَحْتِدِهِ، وَعَظِيمِ مَوْلِدِهِ، وَطِيبِ مَصْدَرِهِ وَمَوْرِدِهِ؛ وَلِهَذَا اسْتَحَقَّ إِبْرَاهِيمُ الْخَلِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ إِذْ كَانَ بَانِيَ كَعْبَةِ أَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ أَنْ يَكُونُ مَنْصِبُهُ وَمَحَلُّهُ وَمَوْضِعُهُ فِي مَنَازِلِ السَّمَاوَاتِ، وَرَفِيعِ الدَّرَجَاتِ عِنْدَ الْبَيْتِ الْمَعْمُورِ الَّذِي هُوَ كَعْبَةُ أَهْلِ السَّمَاءِ السَّابِعَةِ الْمُبَارَكِ الْمَبْرُورِ الَّذِي يَدْخُلُهُ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ سَبْعُونَ أَلْفًا مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ يَتَعَبَّدُونَ فِيهِ، ثُمَّ لَا يَعُودُونَ إِلَيْهِ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْبَعْثِ وَالنُّشُورِ، وقَالَ السُّدِّيُّ: لَمَّا أَمَرَ اللَّهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْمَاعِيلَ أَنْ يَبْنِيَا الْبَيْتَ، ثُمَّ لَمْ يَدْرِيَا أَيْنَ مَكَانُهُ حَتَّى بَعَثَ اللَّهُ رِيحًا يُقَالُ لَهُ الْخَجُوجُ لَهَا جَنَاحَانِ وَرَأْسٌ فِي صُورَةِ حَيَّةٍ، فَكَنَسَتْ لَهُمَا مَا حَوْلَ الْكَعْبَةِ عَنْ أَسَاسِ الْبَيْتِ الْأَوَّلِ، وَأَتْبَعَاهَا بِالْمَعَاوِلِ يَحْفِرَانِ حَتَّى وَضَعَا الْأَسَاسَ، وَذَلِكَ حَيْثُ يَقُولُ تَعَالَى: وَإِذْ بَوَّأْنَا لِإِبْرَاهِيمَ مَكَانَ الْبَيْتِ [ الْحَجِّ: 26 ]. فَلَمَّا بَلَغَا الْقَوَاعِدَ بَنَيَا الرُّكْنَ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ لِإِسْمَاعِيلَ: يَا بُنَيَّ اطْلُبْ لِي حَجَرًا حَسَنًا أَضَعُهُ هَاهُنَا قَالَ: يَا أَبَتِ إِنِّي كَسْلَانُ تَعِبٌ. قَالَ: عَلَيَّ ذَلِكَ. فَانْطَلَقَ وَجَاءَهُ جِبْرِيلُ بِالْحَجَرِ الْأَسْوَدِ مِنَ الْهِنْدِ، وَكَانَ يَاقُوتَةً بَيْضَاءَ مِثْلَ الثَّغَامَةِ، وَكَانَ آدَمُ هَبَطَ بِهِ مِنَ الْجَنَّةِ فَاسْوَدَّ مِنْ خَطَايَا النَّاسِ، فَجَاءَهُ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بِحَجَرٍ فَوَجَدَهُ عِنْدَ الرُّكْنِ، فَقَالَ: يَا أَبَتِ مَنْ جَاءَكَ بِهَذَا ؟ قَالَ: جَاءَ بِهِ مَنْ هُوَ أَنْشَطُ مِنْكَ. فَبَنَيَا، وَهُمَا يَدْعُوَانِ اللَّهَ: رَبَّنَا تَقَبَّلْ مِنَّا إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ. وَذَكَرَ ابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ أَنَّهُ بَنَاهُ مِنْ خَمْسَةِ أَجْبُلٍ، وَأَنَّ ذَا الْقَرْنَيْنِ - وَكَانَ مَلِكَ الْأَرْضِ إِذْ ذَاكَ - مَرَّ بِهِمَا وَهُمَا يَبْنِيَانِهِ، فَقَالَ: مَنْ أَمَرَكُمَا بِهَذَا ؟ فَقَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ: اللَّهُ أَمَرَنَا بِهِ. فَقَالَ: وَمَا يُدْرِينِي بِمَا تَقُولُ ؟ فَشَهِدَتْ خَمْسَةُ أَكْبُشٍ أَنَّهُ أَمَرَهُ بِذَلِكَ فَآمَنَ وَصَدَّقَ. وَذَكَرَ الْأَزْرَقِيُّ أَنَّهُ طَافَ مَعَ الْخَلِيلِ بِالْبَيْتِ. وَقَدْ كَانَتْ عَلَى بِنَاءِ الْخَلِيلِ مُدَّةً طَوِيلَةً إعادة بناء قريش للكعبة ثُمَّ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بَنَتْهَا قُرَيْشٌ فَقَصُرَتْ بِهَا عَنْ قَوَاعِدِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ مِنْ جِهَةِ الشَّمَالِ مِمَّا يَلِي الشَّامَ عَلَى مَا هِيَ عَلَيْهِ الْيَوْمَ، وَفِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ مِنْ حَدِيثِ مَالِكٍ، بسنده عَنْ عَائِشَةَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: أَلَمْ تَرَيْ أَنَّ قَوْمَكِ لَمَّا بَنَوُا الْكَعْبَةَ اقْتَصَرُوا عَنْ قَوَاعِدِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ. فَقُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ أَلَا تَرُدُّهَا عَلَى قَوَاعِدِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ ؟ فَقَالَ: لَوْلَا حِدْثَانُ قَوْمِكِ - وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: لَوْلَا أَنَّ قَوْمَكِ حَدِيثُو عَهْدٍ بِجَاهِلِيَّةٍ. أَوْ قَالَ: بِكُفْرٍ - لَأَنْفَقْتُ كَنْزَ الْكَعْبَةِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، وَلَجَعَلْتُ بَابَهَا بِالْأَرْضِ، وَلَأَدْخَلْتُ فِيهَا الْحِجْرَ. وَقَدْ بَنَاهَا ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ فِي أَيَّامِهِ عَلَى مَا أَشَارَ إِلَيْهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَسْبَمَا أَخْبَرَتْهُ خَالَتُهُ عَائِشَةُ أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَنْهُ، فَلَمَّا قَتَلَهُ الْحَجَّاجُ فِي سَنَةِ ثَلَاثٍ وَسَبْعِينَ كَتَبَ إِلَى عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ مَرْوَانَ الْخَلِيفَةِ إِذْ ذَاكَ، فَاعْتَقَدُوا أَنَّ ابْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ إِنَّمَا صَنَعَ ذَلِكَ مِنْ تِلْقَاءِ نَفْسِهِ، فَأَمَرَ بِرَدِّهَا إِلَى مَا كَانَتْ عَلَيْهِ فَنَقَضُوا الْحَائِطَ الشَّامِيَّ وَأَخْرَجُوا مِنْهَا الْحِجْرَ، ثُمَّ سَدُّوا الْحَائِطَ وَرَدَمُوا الْأَحْجَارَ فِي جَوْفِ الْكَعْبَةِ فَارْتَفَعَ بَابُهَا الشَّرْقِيُّ وَسَدُّوا الْغَرْبِيَّ بِالْكُلِّيَّةِ، كَمَا هُوَ مُشَاهَدٌ إِلَى الْيَوْمِ، ثُمَّ لَمَّا بَلَغَهُمْ أَنَّ ابْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ إِنَّمَا فَعَلَ هَذَا لَمَّا أَخْبَرَتْهُ عَائِشَةُ أُمُّ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ نَدِمُوا عَلَى مَا فَعَلُوا وَتَأَسَّفُوا أَنْ لَوْ كَانُوا تَرَكُوهُ وَمَا تَوَلَّى مِنْ ذَلِكَ، ثُمَّ لَمَّا كَانَ فِي زَمَنِ الْمَهْدِيِّ بْنِ الْمَنْصُورِ اسْتَشَارَ الْإِمَامَ مَالِكَ بْنَ أَنَسٍ فِي رَدِّهَا عَلَى الصِّفَةِ الَّتِي بَنَاهَا ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: إِنِّي أَخْشَى أَنْ يَتَّخِذَهَا الْمُلُوكُ لُعْبَةً، يَعْنِي كُلَّمَا جَاءَ مَلِكٌ بَنَاهَا عَلَى الصِّفَةِ الَّتِي يُرِيدُ فَاسْتَقَرَّ الْأَمْرُ عَلَى مَا هِيَ عَلَيْهِ الْيَوْمَ.
Translation
✧ BUILDING THE ANCIENT HOUSE Then God commanded Abraham to build the Sacred House. God Almighty said: And when We assigned to Abraham the place of the House, saying, “Do not associate anything with Me, and purify My House for those who circumambulate, and those who stand, and those who bow and prostrate. And proclaim the Pilgrimage among the people; they will come to you on foot and on every lean camel, coming from every deep ravine.” [al-Ḥajj: 26–27]. And He Almighty said: Indeed the first House appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah, blessed and a guidance for the worlds. In it are clear signs, the Station of Abraham, and whoever enters it is secure; and God owes upon mankind the Pilgrimage to the House for whoever is able to find a way to it; and whoever disbelieves, then God is independent of the worlds [Āl ʿImrān: 96–97]. And He Almighty said: And when his Lord tested Abraham with words, and he fulfilled them. He said, “Indeed I am making you a leader for mankind.” He said, “And of my offspring?” He said, “My covenant does not extend to the wrongdoers.” And when We made the House a place of return and security for mankind, and “Take the Station of Abraham as a place of prayer.” And We charged Abraham and Ishmael, saying, “Purify My House for those who circumambulate, and those who seclude themselves, and those who bow and prostrate.” And when Abraham said, “My Lord, make this a secure city, and provide its people with fruits, whoever of them believes in God and the Last Day.” He said, “And whoever disbelieves, I will grant him enjoyment for a little while, then I will compel him to the punishment of the Fire, and evil is the destination.” And when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House, and Ishmael, “Our Lord, accept from us; indeed You are the Hearing, the Knowing. Our Lord, make us submissive to You, and of our offspring a community submissive to You, and show us our rites, and turn to us; indeed You are the Relenting, the Merciful. Our Lord, and raise up among them a Messenger from among them who will recite to them Your verses and teach them the Book and wisdom and purify them; indeed You are the Mighty, the Wise” [al-Baqarah: 124–129]. He Almighty mentions of His servant, messenger, chosen one, and intimate friend, the imam of the upright, and father of the prophets, upon him be the best prayer and salutation, that he built the Ancient House which is the first mosque appointed for all people to worship God in it. God assigned its place to him, that is, He directed him to it and pointed it out to him. We have already mentioned in describing the creation of the heavens that the Kaʿbah is aligned with the Much-Frequented House such that if it were to fall, it would fall upon it, and likewise the sanctuaries of the seven heavens, as some of the early scholars said: in every heaven there is a house in which the people of that heaven worship God, and it is to them like the Kaʿbah for the people of the earth. So God Almighty commanded Abraham, ﷺ, to build for Him a house that would be for the people of the earth like those sanctuaries for the angels of heaven. God directed him to the place of the House prepared for it, designated for that since He created the heavens and the earth, as is established in the two Ṣaḥīḥs: “This land was made sacred by God on the day He created the heavens and the earth, so it is sacred by God’s sanctity until the Day of Resurrection.” No sound report from an infallible source states that the House was built before the Friend, ﷺ. Whoever seizes upon His saying “the place of the House” as evidence for this has no firm or apparent argument, because the meaning is its place as determined in God’s knowledge, determined in His decree, its location honored before the prophets from the time of Adam to the time of Abraham. We have mentioned that Adam set up a tent over it, and that the angels said to him, “We circumambulated this House before you,” and that the Ark circumambulated it for forty days or so. But all of these reports are from the Children of Israel, and we have established that they are neither to be believed nor disbelieved, so they are not to be used as proof. However, if the truth rejects them, they are rejected. God said: Indeed the first House appointed for mankind was that at Bakkah, blessed and a guidance for the worlds. That is, the first House appointed for all people for blessing and guidance is the House at Bakkah. It is said: Makkah. And it is said: the area of the Kaʿbah. In it are clear signs. That is, it points to the fact that it is the building of the Friend and father of the prophets after him and imam of the upright among his descendants who follow him and hold fast to his way. For this reason He said: the Station of Abraham, meaning the stone upon which he would stand when the building rose above his height, so his son placed for him this famous stone to rise upon it when the building grew tall and the courtyard widened, as mentioned earlier in the long ḥadīth of Ibn ʿAbbās. It is also said: when God commanded Abraham to build the Sacred House, he was distressed by that, so God sent the Sakīnah, which is a wind called khajūj, a soft-blowing wind, with two heads. Abraham went with it until it stopped at the place of the House, and it coiled upon it like the coiling of a shield. Abraham was then commanded to build where the Sakīnah settled, and so he built. It is also said: God sent something like a cloud with a head, and it spoke to him, saying, “O Abraham, build upon my shadow, or upon my measure, and do not add or subtract.” So he built. These two statements are transmitted from ʿAlī. Al-Suddī said: the one who directed him to the place of the House was Gabriel. So Abraham journeyed to Makkah. When he arrived, he found Ishmael mending arrows for himself behind Zamzam. He said to him, “O Ishmael, God has commanded me to build a House for Him.” Ishmael said, “Obey your Lord.” Abraham said, “He has commanded you to help me in building it.” He said, “Then I will do so.” He rose with him, and Abraham began building while Ishmael handed him stones. Then Abraham said to Ishmael, “Bring me a good stone that I may place on the corner, so it will be a marker for people.” Abū Qubays called out to him, “You have a trust with me.” It is also said that Gabriel informed him of the Black Stone, so he took it and placed it in its place. Whenever they built, they would call upon God: “Our Lord, accept from us; indeed You are the Hearing, the Knowing.” When the building rose and the old man grew too weak to lift stones, he stood on a stone, which is the Station of Abraham, and Ishmael handed them to him. When he completed building the House, God commanded him to proclaim the Pilgrimage among the people. Abraham said, “O Lord, how far will my voice reach?” He said, “Proclaim, and upon Me is the conveyance.” So he called out, “O people, God has prescribed the Pilgrimage to the Ancient House upon you!” Everyone between heaven and earth heard him, and all loins of men and wombs of women, and those among them who believed and were predestined in God’s knowledge to perform the Pilgrimage until the Day of Resurrection answered him, saying, “Labbayka, labbayka!” Then he went out with Ishmael and those Muslims with him to al-Tarwiyah, and he stopped with them at Minā. He prayed with them the noon, afternoon, sunset, and late evening prayers, then spent the night until morning. He prayed the dawn prayer with them, then went to ʿArafah. He stayed with them there until the sun declined, and he combined the two prayers, noon and afternoon. Then he went with them to the standing place at ʿArafah where the imam stands, and he stood with them at al-Arāk. When the sun set, he pushed on with them until he came to al-Muzdalifah, where he combined the two prayers, sunset and late evening. Then he spent the night there with them until dawn broke. He prayed the morning prayer, then stood at Quzaḥ until it grew light. Then he pushed on with them while showing him and teaching him what to do, until he stoned the Jamrah. He showed him the place of sacrifice, then he sacrificed and shaved. He showed him how to circumambulate, then returned with him to Minā to show him how to stone the Jamarāt, until he completed the Pilgrimage. It is narrated from the Prophet ﷺ that Gabriel is the one who showed Abraham how to perform the Pilgrimage, and Ibn ʿUmar narrated it from him. The House remained as Abraham built it, ﷺ, until Quraysh demolished it in the year thirty-five from the birth of the Prophet ﷺ. Relocating the Station of Abraham away from the House in the era of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ This stone remained attached to the wall of the Kaʿbah as it had been from ancient times until the days of ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ, who moved it a little away from the House so that those praying at it would not obstruct those circumambulating the House. ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb ؓ was followed in this, for his Lord agreed with him in several matters, including his saying to God’s Messenger ﷺ: “If only we took the Station of Abraham as a place of prayer.” Then God revealed: And take the Station of Abraham as a place of prayer. The traces of the Friend’s two feet remained visible in the rock until early Islam. Abū Ṭālib said in his famous lāmiyyah poem: And by Thawr and by Him who fixed Thabīr in its place And by one climbing to climb in Ḥirāʾ and descending And by the House, the right of the House from the belly of Makkah And by God, indeed God is not heedless And by the black stone when they wipe it When they surround it in the forenoon and evenings And the footprint of Abraham in the rock, moist Upon his two feet, barefoot, not sandaled He means that his noble foot sank into the rock so that it became the size of his bare foot, not shod. For this reason God Almighty said: And when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House, and Ishmael. That is, in the state of their saying: “Our Lord, accept from us; indeed You are the Hearing, the Knowing.” They were in the utmost sincerity and obedience to God Almighty, and they asked God, the Hearing, the Knowing, to accept from them the great obedience and thankful effort they were engaged in: Our Lord, make us submissive to You, and of our offspring a community submissive to You, and show us our rites, and turn to us; indeed You are the Relenting, the Merciful. The supplication of Abraham, ﷺ, for the people of Makkah The point is that the Friend built the noblest mosque in the noblest spot, in a valley without cultivation. He supplicated for its people for blessing and that they be provided with fruits despite the scarcity of water and the absence of trees, crops, and fruits, and that He make it a sacred sanctuary and a secure place. God, to Whom belongs praise, answered his request, responded to his call, and fulfilled his wish. He Almighty said: Have they not seen that We made it a secure sanctuary while people are snatched away around them [al-ʿAnkabūt: 67]. And He Almighty said: Have We not established for them a secure sanctuary to which the fruits of all things are brought as provision from Us [al-Qaṣaṣ: 57]. He asked God to raise up among them a Messenger from among them, that is, of their kind and in their eloquent, persuasive, sincere language, so that the two blessings, worldly and religious, might be completed upon them, with happiness in this world and the Hereafter. God answered him and sent among them a Messenger—and what a Messenger—with whom He sealed His prophets and messengers, completed for him of the religion what He had not given anyone before him, and made his call encompass the people of the earth despite their different kinds, languages, and attributes in all regions, cities, and eras until the Day of Resurrection. This was among his special characteristics among all the prophets, because of his own nobility, the perfection of what he was sent with, the honor of his location, the eloquence of his language, the perfection of his compassion for his ummah, his gentleness and mercy, his noble lineage, the greatness of his birth, and the purity of his origin and source. For this reason Abraham the Friend, ﷺ, deserved, since he was the builder of the Kaʿbah of the people of the earth, that his rank, position, and place be in the stations of the heavens and the lofty degrees at the Much-Frequented House, which is the Kaʿbah of the people of the seventh heaven, blessed and accepted, which seventy thousand angels enter every day to worship, and they do not return to it until the Day of Resurrection and rising. Al-Suddī said: When God commanded Abraham and Ishmael to build the House, they did not know where its place was until God sent a wind called al-khajūj, with two wings and a head in the form of a snake. It swept away for them what was around the Kaʿbah from the foundation of the first House, and they followed it with picks, digging until they laid the foundation. That is where God Almighty says: And when We assigned to Abraham the place of the House [al-Ḥajj: 26]. When they reached the foundations, they built the corner. Abraham said to Ishmael, “O my son, seek for me a good stone that I may place here.” He said, “O my father, I am weary and tired.” He said, “That is upon me.” So he went off, and Gabriel brought him the Black Stone from India. It was a white sapphire like the thaghāmah plant, and Adam had brought it down from the Garden, but it turned black from the sins of people. Then Ishmael came with a stone and found it at the corner. He said, “O my father, who brought you this?” He said, “One more energetic than you brought it.” They built while calling upon God: “Our Lord, accept from us; indeed You are the Hearing, the Knowing.” Ibn Abī Ḥātim mentioned that he built it from five mountains, and that Dhū al-Qarnayn—who was king of the earth at that time—passed by them while they were building. He said, “Who commanded you to do this?” Abraham said, “God commanded us.” He said, “What will make me know that what you say is true?” Then five rams bore witness that He commanded him to do this, and he believed and accepted. Al-Azraqī mentioned that he circumambulated the House with the Friend. It remained on the Friend’s building for a long time The rebuilding of the Kaʿbah by Quraysh Then after that Quraysh rebuilt it, and it fell short of Abraham’s foundations on the northern side facing Syria, as it is today. In the two Ṣaḥīḥs, in the ḥadīth of Mālik, with his chain of transmission from ʿĀʾishah, that God’s Messenger ﷺ said: “Have you not seen that your people, when they built the Kaʿbah, fell short of Abraham’s foundations?” I said, “O Messenger of God, will you not restore it to Abraham’s foundations?” He said, “Were it not for the recentness of your people’s”—and in another narration: “Were it not that your people are recent in their jāhiliyyah”—or he said “in disbelief”—“I would have spent the treasure of the Kaʿbah in the way of God, and I would have placed its door at ground level, and I would have included the Ḥijr in it.” Ibn al-Zubayr, may God have mercy on him, rebuilt it in his days according to what God’s Messenger ﷺ indicated, as his maternal aunt ʿĀʾishah, Mother of the Believers, informed him. When al-Ḥajjāj killed him in the year seventy-three, he wrote to ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān, the caliph at that time, and they believed that Ibn al-Zubayr did this on his own initiative. So he ordered that it be restored to what it had been. They demolished the Syrian wall, removed the Ḥijr from it, then closed the wall and filled the stones into the interior of the Kaʿbah, so its eastern door was raised and they completely closed the western one, as is observed to this day. Then when it reached them that Ibn al-Zubayr did this only because ʿĀʾishah, Mother of the Believers, had informed him, they regretted what they had done and lamented that they had not left him and what he had undertaken. Then in the time of al-Mahdī b. al-Manṣūr, he consulted Imam Mālik b. Anas about restoring it to the form in which Ibn al-Zubayr built it. Mālik said to him, “I fear that kings will make it a plaything,” meaning that every time a king comes, he will build it in the form he wishes. So the matter remained as it is today.
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No grade is recorded for this wording.