Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1236
The Expedition of Banu Qurayzah in the Year Five
ذِكْرُ نَقْضِ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ الْعَهْدَ الَّذِي بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ لَمَّا نَزَلَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ فِيمَا ذُكِرَ، خَرَجَ عَدُوُّ اللَّهِ حُيَيُّ بْنُ أَخْطَبَ النَّضْرِيُّ حَتَّى أَتَى كَعْبَ بْنَ أَسَدٍ الْقُرَظِيَّ صَاحِبَ عَقْدِ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ وَعَهْدِهِمْ، وَكَانَ قَدْ وَادَعَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى قَوْمِهِ، وَعَاهَدَهُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ، فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ كَعْبٌ بِحُيَيٍّ أَغْلَقَ دُونَهُ بَابَ حِصْنِهِ، فَاسْتَأْذَنَ عَلَيْهِ، فَأَبَى أَنْ يَفْتَحَ لَهُ، فَنَادَاهُ حُيَيٌّ: وَيْحَكَ يَا كَعْبُ ! افْتَحْ، قَالَ: وَيْحَكَ يَا حُيَيُّ ! إِنَّكَ امْرُؤٌ مَشْؤُومٌ، وَإِنِّي قَدْ عَاهَدْتُ مُحَمَّدًا، فَلَسْتُ بِنَاقِضٍ مَا بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَهُ، وَلَمْ أَرَ مِنْهُ إِلَّا صِدْقًا وَوَفَاءً. قَالَ: وَيْحَكَ ! افْتَحْ لِي أُكَلِّمْكَ، قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ مَا أَنَا بِفَاعِلٍ، قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ، إِنْ أَغْلَقْتَ دُونِي إِلَّا خَوْفًا عَلَى جَشِيشَتِكَ أَنْ آكُلَ مَعَكَ مِنْهَا. فَأَحْفَظَ الرَّجُلُ، فَفَتَحَ لَهُ، فَقَالَ: وَيْحَكَ يَا كَعْبُ ! جِئْتُكَ بِعِزِّ الدَّهْرِ، وَبَحْرٍ طَامٍ، جِئْتُكَ بِقُرَيْشٍ عَلَى قَادَتِهَا وَسَادَتِهَا حَتَّى أَنْزَلْتُهُمْ بِمُجْتَمِعِ الْأَسْيَالِ مِنْ رُومَةَ، وَبِغَطَفَانَ عَلَى قَادَتِهَا وَسَادَتِهَا حَتَّى أَنْزَلَتْهُمْ بِذَنْبِ نَقْمَى إِلَى جَانِبِ أُحُدٍ، قَدْ عَاقَدُونِي وَعَاهَدُونِي عَلَى أَلَّا يَبْرَحُوا حَتَّى نَسْتَأْصِلَ مُحَمَّدًا وَمَنْ مَعَهُ. قَالَ لَهُ كَعْبٌ: جِئْتَنِي وَاللَّهِ بِذُلِّ الدَّهْرِ وَبِجَهَامٍ قَدْ أُهْرِقَ مَاؤُهُ، فَهُوَ يُرْعِدُ وَيَبْرُقُ، وَلَيْسَ فِيهِ شَيْءٌ، وَيْحَكَ يَا حُيَيُّ ! خَلِّنِي وَمَا أَنَا عَلَيْهِ، فَإِنِّي لَمْ أَرَ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ إِلَّا صِدْقًا وَوَفَاءً. فَلَمْ يَزَلْ حُيَيٌّ بِكَعْبٍ يَفْتِلُهُ فِي الذُّرْوَةِ وَالْغَارِبِ حَتَّى سَمَحَ لَهُ عَلَى أَنْ أَعْطَاهُ عَهْدًا وَمِيثَاقًا: لَئِنْ رَجَعَتْ قُرَيْشٌ وَغَطَفَانُ وَلَمْ يُصِيبُوا مُحَمَّدًا أَنْ أَدْخُلَ مَعَكَ فِي حِصْنِكَ حَتَّى يُصِيبَنِي مَا أَصَابَكَ، فَنَقَضَ كَعْبُ بْنُ أَسَدٍ عَهْدَهُ وَبَرِئَ مِمَّا كَانَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ . وَوَعَظَهُمْ عَمْرُو بْنُ سُعْدَى وَخَوَّفَهُمْ سُوءَ فَعَالِهِمْ، وَذَكَّرَهُمْ مِيثَاقَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَعَهْدَهُ، وَقَالَ لَهُمْ: إِذَا لَمْ تَنْصُرُوهُ فَاتْرُكُوهُ وَعِدُوهُ، فَأَبَوْا. وَخَرَجَ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنْ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ بَنُو سَعْنَةَ: أَسَدٌ وَأُسَيْدٌ وَثَعْلَبَةُ فَكَانُوا مَعَهُ، وَأَسْلَمُوا. وَأَمَرَ كَعْبُ بْنُ أَسَدٍ حُيَيَّ بْنَ أَخْطَبَ أَنْ يَأْخُذَ لَهُمْ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ وَغَطَفَانَ رَهَائِنَ تَكُونُ عِنْدَهُمْ. فَبَلَغَ عُمْرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ خَبَرُ نَقْضِ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ الْعَهْدَ، فَأَعْلَمَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِخَبَرِهِمْ، فَبَعَثَ سَعْدَ بْنَ مُعَاذٍ، وَسَعْدَ بْنَ عُبَادَةَ وَهُمَا سَيِّدَا قَوْمِهِمَا، وَمَعَهُمَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ رَوَاحَةَ وَخَوَّاتُ بْنُ جُبَيْرٍ- زَادَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُمَرَ: وَأُسَيْدُ بْنُ حُضَيْرٍ- فَقَالَ: انْطَلِقُوا حَتَّى تَنْظُرُوا أَحَقٌّ مَا بَلَغَنَا عَنْ هَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمِ أَمْ لَا، فَإِنْ كَانَ حَقًّا فَالْحَنُوا إِلَيَّ لَحْنًا أَعْرِفُهُ وَلَا تَفُتُّوا فِي أَعْضَادِ النَّاسِ، وَإِنْ كَانُوا عَلَى الْوَفَاءِ فِيمَا بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُمْ فَاجْهَرُوا بِهِ لِلنَّاسِ. فَخَرَجُوا حَتَّى أَتَوْهُمْ فَوَجَدُوهُمْ قَدْ نَقَضُوا الْعَهْدَ، فَنَاشَدُوهُمُ اللَّهَ وَالْعَهْدَ الَّذِي كَانَ بَيْنَهُمْ أَنْ يَرْجِعُوا إِلَى مَا كَانُوا عَلَيْهِ قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ، قَبْلَ أَنْ يَلْتَحِمَ الْأَمْرُ، وَلَا يُطِيعُوا حُيَيَّ بْنَ أَخْطَبَ، فَقَالَ كَعْبٌ: لَا نَرُدُّهُ أَبَدًا، قَدْ قَطَعَتْهُ كَمَا قَطَعْتُ هَذَا الْقُبَالَ- لِقُبَالِ نَعْلِهِ- وَقَالَ: مَنْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ( ﷺ ) ؟ لَا عَهْدَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُ. فَشَاتَمَهُمْ سَعْدُ بْنُ عُبَادَةَ، وَقَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: إِنَّهُ سَعْدُ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ- وَشَاتَمُوهُ وَكَانَ رَجُلًا فِيهِ حِدَّةٌ، فَقَالَ لَهُ سَعْدُ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ- أَوْ سَعْدُ بْنُ عُبَادَةَ إِنْ كَانَ الْأَوَّلُ سَعْدَ بْنَ مُعَاذٍ-: دَعْ عَنْكَ مُشَاتَمَتَهُمْ، فَمَا بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَهُمْ أَرْبَى مِنَ الْمُشَاتَمَةِ. وَقَالَ أُسَيْدُ بْنُ حُضَيْرٍ لِكَعْبٍ: أَتَسُبُّ سَيِّدَكَ يَا عَدُوَّ اللَّهِ مَا أَنْتَ لَهُ بِكُفْءٍ يَا ابْنَ الْيَهُودِيَّةِ، وَلَتُوَلِّيَنَّ قُرَيْشٌ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ مُنْهَزِمِينَ، وَتَتْرُكُكَ فِي عُقْرِ دَارِكَ فَنَسِيرُ إِلَيْكَ، فَنُنْزِلُكَ مِنْ جُحْرِكَ هَذَا عَلَى حُكْمِنَا. وَرَجَعُوا إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَالَ سَعْدُ بْنُ عُبَادَةَ: عَضَلُ وَالْقَارَةُ، يَعْنِي كَغَدْرِ عَضَلٍ وَالْقَارَةِ بِأَصْحَابِ الرَّجِيعِ. وَسَكَتَ الْبَاقُونَ، ثُمَّ جَلَسُوا. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: أَبْشِرُوا يَا مَعْشَرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ بِنَصْرِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى وَعَوْنِهِ، إِنِّي لَأَرْجُو أَنْ أَطُوفَ بِالْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ وَآخُذَ الْمِفْتَاحَ، وَلْيَهْلْكَنَّ كِسْرَى وَقَيْصَرُ وَلَتُنْفِقُنَّ أَمْوَالَهُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ. يَقُولُ ذَلِكَ حِينَ رَأَى مَا بِالْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنَ الْكَرْبِ. قَالَ ابْنُ عُقْبَةَ: ثُمَّ تَقَنَّعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِثَوْبِهِ حِينَ جَاءَهُ الْخَبَرُ عَنْ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ، فَاضْطَجَعَ وَمَكَثَ طَوِيلًا، وَانْتَهَى الْخَبَرُ إِلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِنَقْضِ بَنِي قُرَيْظَةَ الْعَهْدَ، فَاشْتَدَّ الْخَوْفُ وَعَظُمَ الْبَلَاءُ، وَخِيفَ عَلَى الذَّرِارِيِّ وَالنِّسَاءِ.
Translation
✧ Mention of Banū Qurayẓah breaking the treaty that was between them and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ When the polytheists encamped, as has been mentioned, the enemy of Allah, Ḥuyayy b. Akhṭab al-Naḍarī, went out until he came to Kaʿb b. Asad al-Quraẓī, the holder of Banū Qurayẓah's pact and their treaty. He had made peace with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on behalf of his people and covenanted with him over that. When Kaʿb heard of Ḥuyayy, he shut the gate of his fortress before him. Ḥuyayy asked permission to enter, but Kaʿb refused to open for him. Ḥuyayy called out to him: "Woe to you, O Kaʿb! Open up." Kaʿb said: "Woe to you, O Ḥuyayy! You are an ill-omened man. I have covenanted with Muḥammad, and I will not break what is between me and him. I have seen nothing from him but truthfulness and fidelity." Ḥuyayy said: "Woe to you! Open for me so I can speak with you." Kaʿb said: "By Allah, I will not do it." Ḥuyayy said: "By Allah, you have shut me out only out of fear for your barley-gruel, that I might eat some of it with you." This angered the man, so he opened for him. Ḥuyayy said: "Woe to you, O Kaʿb! I have brought you the glory of the age and a surging sea. I have brought you Quraysh with their leaders and chiefs until I encamped them at the meeting-place of the torrents from Rūmah, and Ghatafān with their leaders and chiefs until they encamped at Dhanab Naqmā beside Uḥud. They have covenanted with me and pledged to me that they will not depart until we exterminate Muḥammad and those with him." Kaʿb said to him: "By Allah, you have brought me the disgrace of the age, and a rainless cloud whose water has been poured out, so it thunders and lightnings but has nothing in it. Woe to you, O Ḥuyayy! Leave me and what I am upon, for I have seen nothing from Muḥammad except truthfulness and fidelity." Ḥuyayy kept working on Kaʿb, twisting him at the forelock and the withers, until he yielded to him, on condition that Ḥuyayy gave him a covenant and compact: if Quraysh and Ghatafān returned without having struck Muḥammad, he would enter his fortress with him so that whatever befell him would befall Ḥuyayy. So Kaʿb b. Asad broke his treaty and absolved himself of what was between him and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. ʿAmr b. Suʿdā admonished them and warned them of the evil of their deed, reminding them of the Messenger of Allah's ﷺ compact and covenant. He said to them: "If you will not help him, then leave him and be his enemy." But they refused. From Banū Qurayẓah, the Banū Saʿnah—Asad, Usayd, and Thaʿlabah—went out to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and were with him, and they became Muslims. Kaʿb b. Asad ordered Ḥuyayy b. Akhṭab to take hostages from Quraysh and Ghatafān to be held by them. News of Banū Qurayẓah's breaking of the treaty reached ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, and he informed the Messenger of Allah ﷺ of their news. The Prophet sent Saʿd b. Muʿādh and Saʿd b. ʿUbādah—the two chiefs of their people—along with ʿAbd Allāh b. Rawāḥah and Khawwāt b. Jubayr—Muḥammad b. ʿUmar added: and Usayd b. Ḥuḍayr—and said: "Go and see whether what has reached us about these people is true or not. If it is true, then speak to me in a covert way that I will recognize, and do not weaken the people's resolve. If they are keeping faith with what is between us and them, then proclaim it openly to the people." They went out until they came to them, and found that they had indeed broken the treaty. They adjured them by Allah and by the pact that had been between them to return to what they had been upon before, before the matter became entangled, and not to obey Ḥuyayy b. Akhṭab. Kaʿb said: "We will never restore it. I have cut it as I cut this shoe-lace"—referring to the lace of his sandal. He said: "Who is the Messenger of Allah ﷺ? There is no treaty between us and him." Saʿd b. ʿUbādah insulted them—Ibn Isḥāq said it was Saʿd b. Muʿādh—and they insulted him, for he was a man of sharp temper. Saʿd b. Muʿādh—or Saʿd b. ʿUbādah, if the former was Saʿd b. Muʿādh—said to him: "Leave off insulting them, for what is between us and them is greater than insults." Usayd b. Ḥuḍayr said to Kaʿb: "Do you insult your master, O enemy of Allah? You are no match for him, O son of a Jewess. By Allah's will, Quraysh will turn back defeated and leave you in the midst of your abode, and we will march upon you and bring you out of this burrow of yours to submit to our judgment." They returned to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and Saʿd b. ʿUbādah said: "ʿAḍal and al-Qārah"—meaning, like the treachery of ʿAḍal and al-Qārah toward the companions of al-Rajīʿ. The rest remained silent; then they sat down. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Rejoice, O company of believers, in the help of Allah Almighty and His aid. I hope to circumambulate the Ancient House and take the key, and Kisrā and Caesar shall surely perish, and you shall spend their wealth in the path of Allah." He said this when he saw the distress that had befallen the Muslims. Ibn ʿUqbah said: Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ covered himself with his garment when the news about Banū Qurayẓah came to him, and he lay down and remained for a long time. The news of Banū Qurayẓah's breaking of the treaty reached the Muslims, and fear intensified and the tribulation grew great, and there was fear for the children and the women.
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