Tarikh (al-Tabari) 114
The story of Abraham the Friend (peace and blessings be upon him)
هُوَ: إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ تَارِخِ بْنِ نَاحُورِ بْنِ سَارُوغِ بْنِ أَرْغُو بْنِ فَالِغِ بْنِ عَابِرِ بْنِ شَالِخِ بْنِ قَيْنَانَ بْنِ أَرْفَخْشِدِ بْنِ سَامِ بْنِ نُوحٍ. قَالَ الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ بَكَّارٍ: وَيَقُولُونَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ آزَرَ بْنِ النَّاحُورِ بْنِ الشَّارِغِ بْنِ الْقَاسِمِ، الَّذِي قَسَمَ الْأَرْضَ بَيْنَ أَهْلِهَا، ابْنِ يَعْبُرَ بْنِ السَّالِحِ بْنِ سَنَحَارِيبَ. وَاسْمُ أُمِّهِ نُونَا بِنْتُ كَرْنَبَا بْنِ كُوثَا مِنْ بَنِي أَرْفَخْشِدِ بْنِ سَامٍ. وَكَرْنْبَا هُوَ الَّذِي كَرَى نَهْرَ كُوثَا. وَحَكَى الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ فِي تَرْجَمَةِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الْخَلِيلِ مِنْ تَارِيخِهِ عَنْ إِسْحَاقَ بْنِ بِشْرٍ الْكَاهِلِيِّ صَاحِبِ كِتَابِ الْمُبْتَدَأِ أَنَّ اسْمَ أُمِّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ أُمَيْلَةُ وَكَانَ بَيْنَ الطُّوفَانِ وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ أَلْفُ سَنَةٍ وَتِسْعٌ وَتِسْعُونَ سَنَةً. وَقِيلَ: أَلْفٌ وَمِائَتَا سَنَةٍ وَثَلَاثٌ وَسِتُّونَ، وَذَلِكَ بَعْدَ خَلْقِ آدَمَ بِثَلَاثَةِ آلَافِ سَنَةٍ وَثَلَاثِمِائَةٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ سَنَةً. وَقَدْ رَوَى أَبُو أُمَامَةَ أَنَّ رَجُلًا سَأَلَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَقَالَ: كَمْ بَيْنَ نُوحٍ وِإْبَرَاهِيمَ ؟ فَقَالَ: عَشَرَةُ قُرُونٍ. عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ، قَالَ: كَانَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ الْخَلِيلُ يُكَنَّى أَبَا الْأَضْيَافِ . قَالُوا: وَلَمَّا كَانَ عُمُرُ تَارَخَ خَمْسًا وَسَبْعِينَ سَنَةً وُلِدَ لَهُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَنَاحُورُ، وَهَارَانُ، وَوُلِدَ لِهَارَانَ لُوطٌ. وَعِنْدَهُمْ أَنَّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ هُوَ الْأَوْسَطُ، وَأَنَّ هَارَانَ مَاتَ فِي حَيَاةِ أَبِيهِ فِي أَرْضِهِ الَّتِي وُلِدَ فِيهَا، وَهِيَ أَرْضُ الْكَلْدَانِيِّينَ يَعْنُونَ أَرْضَ بَابِلَ. المكان الذي ولد فيه إبراهيم وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِي الْمَكَانِ الَّذِي وُلِدَ فِيهِ، فَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: وُلِدَ فِي بَابِلَ مِنْ أَرْضِ السَّوَادِ، وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: بِالسَّوَادِ بِنَاحِيَةِ كُوثَى، وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: وَلَّدَ [بِالسُّوسِ] مِنْ أَرْضِ الْأَهْوَازِ. وَقِيلَ: كَانَ بِنَاحِيَةِ كَسْكَرَ ثُمَّ نَقَلَهُ أَبُوهُ إِلَى نَاحِيَةِ كُوثَى، وَهِيَ الْمَكَانُ الَّذِي كَانَ بِهِ نَمْرُودُ. وَقِيلَ: كَانَ مَوْلِدُهُ بِحَرَّانَ، وَلَكِنَّ أَبَاهُ نَقَلَهُ إِلَى أَرْضِ بَابِلَ. وَعَامَّةُ الْعُلَمَاءِ عَلَى أَنَّ الْخَلِيلَ وُلِدَ فِي عَهْدِ نَمْرُودُ بْنُ كَنْعَانَ بْنِ سَنَحَارِيبَ بْنِ نَمْرُودِ بْنِ كُوشِ بْنِ حَامٍ. وَكَانَ نَمْرُودُ هَذَا قَدْ مَلَكَ الشَّرْقَ وَالْغَرْبَ. وَبَعْضُ الْمُؤَرِّخِينَ يَقُولُ: نَمْرُودُ هَذَا هُوَ الضَّحَّاكُ، وَهُوَ الَّذِي أَرَادَ إِحْرَاقَ الْخَلِيلِ، قَالَ السُّدِّيُّ عَنْ أَشْيَاخِهِ: أَوَّلُ مَلِكٍ مَلَكَ الْأَرْضَ شَرْقَهَا وَغَرْبَهَا نَمْرُودُ بْنُ كَنْعَانَ . وَكَانَتِ الْمُلُوكُ الَّذِينَ مَلَكُوا الْأَرْضَ كُلَّهَا [أَرْبَعَةٌ:] نَمْرُودُ، وَسُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ دَاوُدَ، وَذُو الْقَرْنَيْنِ، وَنَصَّرُ . قَالَ الْعُلَمَاءُ بِالسِّيَرِ: لَمْ يَكُنْ بَيْنَ نُوحٍ وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ نَبِيٌّ إِلَّا هُودٌ وَصَالِحٌ، فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى إِظْهَارَ إِبْرَاهِيمَ قَالَ الْمُنَجِّمُونَ لِنُمْرُودَ: إِنَّا نَجِدُ فِي عِلْمِنَا أَنَّ غُلَامًا يُولَدُ فِي قَرْيَتِكَ هَذِهِ يُقَالُ لَهُ إِبْرَاهِيمُ يُفَارِقُ دِينَكُمْ وَيَكْسِرُ أَوْثَانَكُمْ فِي شَهْرِ كَذَا وَكَذَا مِنْ سَنَةِ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَلَمَّا دَخَلَتِ السَّنَةُ الْمَذْكُورَةُ بَعَثَ نَمْرُودُ إِلَى كُلِّ امْرَأَةٍ حَامِلَةٍ بِقَرْيَتِهِ فَحَبَسَهَا عِنْدَهُ وَلَمْ يَعْلَمْ بِحِمْلِ أَمِّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، فَجَعَلَ لَا يُولَدُ غُلَامٌ فِي ذَلِكَ الشَّهْرِ إِلَّا ذَبَحَهُ. فَلَّمَا وَجَدَتْ أَمُّ إِبْرَاهِيمَ الطَّلْقَ خَرَجَتْ لَيْلًا إِلَى مَغَارَةٍ ثُمَّ وَلَدَتْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ فِيهَا وَأَصْلَحَتْ مِنْ شَأْنِهِ ثُمَّ سَدَّتْ عَلَيْهِ الْمَغَارَةَ ثُمَّ رَجَعَتْ إِلَى بَيْتِهَا وَكَانَتْ تُطَالِعُهُ فِي الْمَغَارَةِ لِتَنْظُرَ مَا فَعَلَ، فَتَجِدُهُ يَمُصُّ إِبْهَامَهُ - قَدْ جَعَلَ اللَّهُ رِزْقَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ، وَكَانَ آزَرُ قَدْ سَأَلَهَا عَنْ حَمْلِهَا، فَقَالَتْ: وَلَدْتُ غُلَامًا فَمَاتَ فَسَكَتَ عَنْهَا. وَقِيلَ: بَلْ عَلِمَ آزَرُ بِوِلَادَةِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، وَكَتَمَهُ حَتَّى نَسِيَ الْمَلِكُ ذِكْرَ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ آزَرُ: إِنَّ لِيَ ابْنًا قَدْ خَبَّأْتُهُ أَفَتَخَافُونَ عَلَيْهِ الْمَلِكَ إِنْ أَنَا جِئْتُ بِهِ ؟ فَقَالُوا: لَا. فَانْطَلَقَ فَأَخْرَجَهُ مِنَ السَّرَبِ فَلَمَّا نَظَرَ إِلَى الدَّوَابِّ، وَإِلَى الْخَلْقِ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ رَأَى قَبْلَ ذَلِكَ غَيْرَ أَبِيهِ وَأُمِّهِ، جَعَلَ يَسْأَلُ أَبَاهُ عَمَّا يَرَاهُ، فَيَقُولُ أَبُوهُ: هَذَا بَعِيرٌ، أَوْ بَقَرَةٌ، أَوْ غَيْرَ ذَلِكَ. فَقَالَ: مَا لِهَؤُلَاءِ الْخَلْقِ بُدٌّ مِنْ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُمْ رَبٌّ ! وَكَانَ خُرُوجُهُ بَعْدَ غُرُوبِ الشَّمْسِ، فَرَفَعَ رَأْسَهُ إِلَى السَّمَاءِ فَإِذَا هُوَ بِالْكَوْكَبِ وَهُوَ الْمُشْتَرِي، فَقَالَ: ( هَذَا رَبِّي ). فَلَمْ يَلْبَثْ أَنْ غَابَ، فَقَالَ: ( لَا أُحِبُّ الْآفِلِينَ ). وَكَانَ خُرُوجُهُ فِي آخِرِ الشَّهْرِ فَلِهَذَا رَأَى الْكَوْكَبَ قَبْلَ الْقَمَرِ. وَقِيلَ: كَانَ تَفَكَّرَ وَعُمُرُهُ خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ شَهْرًا، قَالَ لِأُمِّهِ وَهُوَ فِي الْمَغَارَةِ أَخْرِجِينِي أَنْظُرْ، فَأَخْرَجَتْهُ عِشَاءً فَنَظَرَ فَرَأَى الْكَوْكَبَ وَتَفَكَّرَ فِي خَلْقِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَقَالَ فِي الْكَوْكَبِ مَا تَقَدَّمَ، فَلَمَّا رَأَى الْقَمَرَ بَازِغًا قَالَ هَذَا رَبِّي فَلَمَّا أَفَلَ قَالَ لَئِنْ لَمْ يَهْدِنِي رَبِّي لَأَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الضَّالِّينَ. فَلَمَّا جَاءَ النَّهَارُ وَطَلَعَتِ الشَّمْسُ رَأَى نُورًا أَعْظَمَ مِنْ كُلِّ مَا رَأَى فَقَالَ: هَذَا رَبِّي هَذَا أَكْبَرُ فَلَمَّا أَفَلَتْ قَالَ يَاقَوْمِ إِنِّي بَرِيءٌ مِمَّا تُشْرِكُونَ. ثُمَّ رَجَعَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ إِلَى أَبِيهِ وَقَدْ عَرَفَ رَبَّهُ وَبَرِئَ مِنْ دِينِ قَوْمِهِ إِلَّا أَنَّهُ لَمْ يُنَادِهِمْ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبَرَتْهُ أُمُّهُ بِمَا كَانَتْ صَنَعَتْ مِنْ كِتْمَانِ حَالِهِ، فَسَّرَهُ ذَلِكَ.
Translation
✧ He is Ibrāhīm b. Tārikh b. Nāḥūr b. Sārūgh b. Arghū b. Fāligh b. ʿĀbir b. Shālikh b. Qaynān b. Arfakhshid b. Sām b. Nūḥ. Al-Zubayr b. Bakkār said: They say Ibrāhīm b. Āzar b. al-Nāḥūr b. al-Shāriq b. al-Qāsim, the one who divided the earth among its people, son of Yaʿbur b. al-Sāliḥ b. Sanaḥārīb. His mother's name was Nūnā bt. Karnabā b. Kūthā, from the Banū Arfakhshid b. Sām. Karnabā was the one who dug the canal of Kūthā. Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir, in his history, in the biography of Ibrāhīm the Friend, related from Isḥāq b. Bishr al-Kāhilī, author of Kitāb al-Mubtadaʾ, that the name of Ibrāhīm's mother was Umaylah, and that between the flood and Ibrāhīm there were one thousand and ninety-nine years. It is also said: one thousand two hundred and sixty-three years, and that was three thousand three hundred and thirty years after the creation of Adam. Abū Umāmah narrated that a man asked the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, saying: How long was there between Nūḥ and Ibrāhīm? He said: Ten generations. From ʿIkrimah, he said: Ibrāhīm the Friend was nicknamed Abū al-Aḍyāf. They said: When the age of Tārakh was seventy-five years, Ibrāhīm ﷺ, Nāḥūr, and Hārān were born to him. To Hārān, Lūṭ was born. In their view, Ibrāhīm ﷺ was the middle one, and Hārān died during the lifetime of his father in his land where he was born, which is the land of the Chaldeans, meaning the land of Bābil. The place where Ibrāhīm was born They differed about the place where he was born. Some said: He was born in Bābil, in the land of al-Sawād. Others said: In al-Sawād, in the district of Kūthā. Others said: He was born [in al-Sūs] in the land of al-Ahwāz. It is also said: He was in the district of Kaskar, then his father moved him to the district of Kūthā, which is the place where Nimrūd was. It is also said: His birthplace was Ḥarrān, but his father moved him to the land of Bābil. The majority of scholars hold that the Friend was born in the era of Nimrūd b. Kanʿān b. Sanaḥārīb b. Nimrūd b. Kūsh b. Ḥām. This Nimrūd had ruled the east and the west. Some historians say: This Nimrūd is al-Ḍaḥḥāk, and he is the one who wanted to burn the Friend. Al-Suddī said, from his shaykhs: The first king to rule the earth, its east and west, was Nimrūd b. Kanʿān. The kings who ruled the whole earth were four: Nimrūd, Sulaymān b. Dāwūd, Dhū al-Qarnayn, and Naṣṣar. The scholars of biography said: Between Nūḥ and Ibrāhīm there was no prophet except Hūd and Ṣāliḥ. When Allah, exalted is He, willed to manifest Ibrāhīm, the astrologers said to Nimrūd: We find in our knowledge that a boy will be born in this village of yours, called Ibrāhīm, who will abandon your religion and break your idols in such-and-such a month of such-and-such a year. When that year came, Nimrūd sent for every pregnant woman in his village and detained her with him. He did not know of the pregnancy of Ibrāhīm's mother. Thus no boy was born in that month except that he slaughtered him. When Ibrāhīm's mother felt labor pains, she went out at night to a cave, where she gave birth to Ibrāhīm, attended to him, then closed the cave upon him and returned to her house. She used to check on him in the cave to see how he was. She would find him sucking his thumb — Allah had placed his sustenance in that. Āzar had asked her about her pregnancy, and she said: I gave birth to a boy, but he died, so he was silent about her. It is also said: Rather, Āzar knew of Ibrāhīm's birth and concealed it until the king forgot mention of that. Āzar said: I have a son whom I have hidden. Do you fear the king for him if I bring him? They said: No. He went and brought him out of the underground passage. When Ibrāhīm looked at the animals and creatures — and he had not seen before that anyone other than his father and mother — he began asking his father about what he saw. His father would say: This is a camel, or a cow, or other than that. He said: These creatures must have a lord! His coming out was after sunset, so he raised his head to the sky and saw a star, which was Jupiter. He said: "This is my lord." But it soon set, so he said: "I do not love those that set." His coming out was at the end of the month, which is why he saw the star before the moon. It is also said: He was reflecting at the age of fifteen months. He said to his mother while in the cave: Take me out so I may look. She took him out at night, and he looked and saw the star and reflected on the creation of the heavens and the earth, and he said about the star what has preceded. When he saw the moon rising, he said: This is my lord. But when it set, he said: If my Lord does not guide me, I will surely be among the people who go astray. When day came and the sun rose, he saw a light greater than all he had seen, so he said: This is my lord; this is greater. But when it set, he said: O my people, I am free of what you associate. Then Ibrāhīm returned to his father, having known his Lord and dissociated himself from the religion of his people, except that he did not proclaim that to them. His mother told him what she had done in concealing his situation, and that pleased him.
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