Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1127
The Expedition of Uḥud
ذِكْرُ مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ فِي أُحُدٍ مِنْ الْقُرْآنِ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إسْحَاقَ الْمُطَّلِبِيِّ، قَالَ: فَكَانَ مِمَّا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى فِي يَوْمِ أُحُدٍ مِنْ الْقُرْآنِ سِتُّونَ آيَةً مِنْ آلِ عِمْرَانَ، فِيهَا صِفَةُ مَا كَانَ فِي يَوْمِهِمْ ذَلِكَ، وَمُعَاتَبَةُ مَنْ عَاتَبَ مِنْهُمْ، يَقُولُ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى لِنَبِيِّهِ ﷺ: وَإِذْ غَدَوْتَ مِنْ أَهْلِكَ تُبَوِّئُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مَقَاعِدَ لِلْقِتَالِ وَاللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: تُبَوِّئُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ: تَتَّخِذُ لَهُمْ مَقَاعِدَ وَمَنَازِلَ. قَالَ الْكُمَيْتُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ: لَيْتَنِي كُنْتُ قَبْلَهُ قَدْ تَبَوَّأْتُ مَضْجَعَا وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي أَبْيَاتٍ لَهُ. أَيْ سَمِيعٌ بِمَا تَقُولُونَ، عَلِيمٌ بِمَا تُخْفُونَ. وقَالَ مُوسَى بْنُ عُقْبَةَ: وَأَخَذَ الْمُنَافِقُونَ، عِنْدَ بُكَاءِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فِي الْمَكْرِ وَالتَّفْرِيقِ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَتَحْزِينِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَظَهَرَ غِشُّ الْيَهُودِ وَفَارَتِ الْمَدِينَةُ بِالنِّفَاقِ فَوْرَ الْمِرْجَلِ، وَقَالَتِ: الْيَهُودُ لَوْ كَانَ نَبِيًّا مَا ظَهَرُوا عَلَيْهِ، وَلَا أُصِيبَ مِنْهُ مَا أُصِيبَ، وَلَكِنَّهُ طَالِبُ مُلْكٍ ; تَكُونُ لَهُ الدَّوْلَةُ وَعَلَيْهِ. وَقَالَ الْمُنَافِقُونَ مِثْلَ قَوْلِهِمْ، وَقَالُوا لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ: لَوْ كُنْتُمْ أَطَعْتُمُونَا مَا أَصَابَكُمُ الَّذِينَ أَصَابُوا مِنْكُمْ. فَأَنْزِلُ اللَّهُ الْقُرْآنَ فِي طَاعَةِ مَنْ أَطَاعَ وَنِفَاقِ مَنْ نَافَقَ، وَتَعْزِيَةِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ; يَعْنِي فِيمَنْ قُتِلَ مِنْهُمْ، فَقَالَ: وَإِذْ غَدَوْتَ مِنْ أَهْلِكَ تُبَوِّئُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مَقَاعِدَ لِلْقِتَالِ وَاللَّهُ سَمِيعٌ عَلِيمٌ [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ 121 ] الْآيَاتِ كُلَّهَا إِذْ هَمَّتْ طَائِفَتَانِ مِنْكُمْ أَنْ تَفْشَلَا أَنْ تَتَخَاذَلَا، وَالطَّائِفَتَانِ: بَنُو سَلَمَةَ بْنِ جُشَمِ بْنِ الْخَزْرَجِ، وَبَنُو حَارِثَةَ بْنِ النَّبِيتُ مِنْ الْأَوْسِ، وَهُمَا الْجَنَاحَانِ يَقُولُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَاللَّهُ وَلِيُّهُمَا أَيْ الْمُدَافِعُ عَنْهُمَا مَا هَمَّتَا بِهِ مِنْ فَشَلِهِمَا، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ إنَّمَا كَانَ ذَلِكَ مِنْهُمَا عَنْ ضَعْفٍ وَوَهَنٍ أَصَابَهُمَا غَيْرَ شَكٍّ فِي دِينِهِمَا، فَتَوَلَّى دَفْعَ ذَلِكَ عَنْهُمَا بِرَحْمَتِهِ وَعَائِدَتِهِ، حَتَّى سَلِمَتَا مِنْ وُهُونِهِمَا وَضَعْفِهِمَا، وَلَحِقَتَا بِنَبِيِّهِمَا ﷺ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: حَدَّثَنِي رَجُلٌ مِنْ الْأَسْدِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ، قَالَ: قَالَتْ الطَّائِفَتَانِ: مَا نُحِبُّ أَنَّا لَمْ نَهُمَّ بِمَا هَمَمْنَا بِهِ، لَتَوَلَّى اللَّهُ إيَّانَا فِي ذَلِكَ قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: يَقُولُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَعَلَى اللَّهِ فَلْيَتَوَكَّلِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ أَيْ مَنْ كَانَ بِهِ ضَعْفٌ مِنْ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فَلْيَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَيَّ، وَلْيَسْتَعِنْ بِي، أُعِنْهُ عَلَى أَمْرِهِ، وَأُدَافِعْ عَنْهُ، حَتَّى أَبْلُغَ بِهِ، وَأَدْفَعَ عَنْهُ، وَأُقَوِّيَهُ عَلَى نِيَّتِهِ. وَلَقَدْ نَصَرَكُمُ اللَّهُ بِبَدْرٍ وَأَنْتُمْ أَذِلَّةٌ فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ أَيْ فَاتَّقُونِي، فَإِنَّهُ شُكْرُ نِعْمَتِي. وَلَقَدْ نَصَرَكُمُ اللَّهُ بِبَدْرٍ وَأَنْتُمْ أَقَلُّ عَدَدًا وَأَضْعَفُ قُوَّةً إِذْ تَقُولُ لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَلَنْ يَكْفِيَكُمْ أَنْ يُمِدَّكُمْ رَبُّكُمْ بِثَلَاثَةِ آلَافٍ مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ مُنْزَلِينَ بَلَى إِنْ تَصْبِرُوا وَتَتَّقُوا وَيَأْتُوكُمْ مِنْ فَوْرِهِمْ هَذَا يُمْدِدْكُمْ رَبُّكُمْ بِخَمْسَةِ آلَافٍ مِنَ الْمَلَائِكَةِ مُسَوِّمِينَ أَيْ إنْ تَصْبِرُوا لِعَدُوِّي، وَتُطِيعُوا أَمْرِي، وَيَأْتُوكُمْ مِنْ وَجْهِهِمْ هَذَا، أُمِدُّكُمْ بِخَمْسَةِ آلَافٍ مِنْ الْمَلَائِكَةِ مُسَوِّمِينَ. [ تَفْسِيرُ ابْنِ هِشَامٍ لِبَعْضِ الْغَرِيبِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: مُسَوِّمِينَ: مُعْلَمِينَ. بَلَغَنَا عَنْ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ الْبَصْرِيِّ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: أَعْلَمُوا عَلَى أَذْنَابِ خَيْلِهِمْ وَنَوَاصِيهَا بِصُوفِ أَبْيَضَ فَأَمَّا ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ فَقَالَ: كَانَتْ سِيمَاهُمْ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ عَمَائِمَ بِيضًا. وَقَدْ ذَكَرْتُ ذَلِكَ فِي حَدِيثِ بَدْرٍ. وَالسِّيمَا: الْعَلَامَةُ. وَفِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: سِيمَاهُمْ فِي وُجُوهِهِمْ مِنْ أَثَرِ السُّجُودِ: أَيْ عَلَامَتُهُمْ. وَ حِجَارَةً مِنْ سِجِّيلٍ مَنْضُودٍ مُسَوَّمَةً يَقُولُ: مُعْلَمَةً. بَلَغَنَا عَنْ الْحَسَنِ بْنِ أَبِي الْحَسَنِ الْبَصْرِيِّ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: عَلَيْهَا عَلَامَةٌ، أَنَّهَا لَيْسَتْ مِنْ حِجَارَةِ الدُّنْيَا، وَأَنَّهَا مِنْ حِجَارَةِ الْعَذَابِ. قَالَ رُؤْبَةُ بْنُ الْعَجَّاجِ: فَالْآنَ تُبْلَى بِي الْجِيَادُ السَّهَمُ وَلَا تُجَارِينِي إذَا مَا سَوَّمُوا وَشَخَصَتْ أَبْصَارُهُمْ وَأَجْذَمُوا أَجْذَمُوا بِالذَّالِ الْمُعْجَمَةِ: أَيْ أَسْرَعُوا، وَأَجْدَمُوا بِالدَّالِ الْمُهْمَلَةِ: أَقْطَعُوا ). وَهَذِهِ الْأَبْيَاتُ فِي أُرْجُوزَةٍ لَهُ. وَالْمُسَوَّمَةُ ( أَيْضًا ): الْمَرْعِيَّةُ. وَفِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى: وَالْخَيْلِ الْمُسَوَّمَةِ و شَجَرٌ فِيهِ تُسِيمُونَ تَقُولُ الْعَرَبُ: سَوَّمَ خَيْلَهُ وَإِبِلَهُ، وَأَسَامَهَا: إذَا رَعَاهَا. قَالَ الْكُمَيْتُ بْنُ زَيْدٍ: رَاعِيًا كَانَ مُسْجِحًا فَفَقَدْنَاهُ وَفَقْدُ الْمُسِيمِ هُلْكُ السَّوَامِ قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: مُسْجِحًا: سَلِسُ السِّيَاسَةِ مُحْسِنٌ ( إلَى الْغَنَمِ ). وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. وَمَا جَعَلَهُ اللَّهُ إِلَّا بُشْرَى لَكُمْ وَلِتَطْمَئِنَّ قُلُوبُكُمْ بِهِ وَمَا النَّصْرُ إِلَّا مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ الْعَزِيزِ الْحَكِيمِ أَيْ مَا سَمَّيْتُ لَكُمْ مَنْ سَمَّيْتُ مِنْ جُنُودِ مَلَائِكَتِي إلَّا بُشْرَى لَكُمْ، وَلِتَطْمَئِنَّ قُلُوبُكُمْ بِهِ، لِمَا أَعْرِفُ مِنْ ضَعْفِكُمْ، وَمَا النَّصْرُ إلَّا مِنْ عِنْدِي، لِسُلْطَانِي وَقُدْرَتِي، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْعِزَّ وَالْحُكْمَ إلَيَّ، لَا إلَى أَحَدٍ مِنْ خَلْقِي. ثُمَّ قَالَ: لِيَقْطَعَ طَرَفًا مِنَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا أَوْ يَكْبِتَهُمْ فَيَنْقَلِبُوا خَائِبِينَ أَيْ لِيَقْطَعَ طَرَفًا مِنْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ بِقَتْلٍ يَنْتَقِمُ بِهِ مِنْهُمْ أَوْ يَرُدَّهُمْ خَائِبِينَ: أَيْ وَيَرْجِعُ مَنْ بَقِيَ مِنْهُمْ فَلًّا خَائِبِينَ، لَمْ يَنَالُوا شَيْئًا مِمَّا كَانُوا يَأْمُلُونَ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: يَكْبِتُهُمْ: يَغُمُّهُمْ أَشَدَّ الْغَمِّ، وَيَمْنَعُهُمْ مَا أَرَادُوا. قَالَ ذُو الرُّمَّةِ: مَا أَنْسَ مِنْ شَجَنٍ لَا أَنْسَ مَوْقِفَنَا فِي حَيْرَةٍ بَيْنَ مَسْرُورٍ وَمَكْبُوتِ وَيَكْبِتُهُمْ ( أَيْضًا ): يَصْرَعُهُمْ لِوُجُوهِهِمْ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ قَالَ لِمُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ: لَيْسَ لَكَ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ شَيْءٌ أَوْ يَتُوبَ عَلَيْهِمْ أَوْ يُعَذِّبَهُمْ فَإِنَّهُمْ ظَالِمُونَ: أَيْ لَيْسَ لَكَ مِنْ الْحُكْمِ شَيْءٌ فِي عِبَادِي، إلَّا مَا أَمَرْتُكَ بِهِ فِيهِمْ، أَوْ أَتُوبُ عَلَيْهِمْ بِرَحْمَتِي، فَإِنْ شِئْتُ فَعَلْتُ، أَوْ أُعَذِّبُهُمْ بِذُنُوبِهِمْ فَبِحَقِّي فَإِنَّهُمْ ظَالِمُونَ: أَيْ قَدْ اسْتَوْجَبُوا ذَلِكَ بِمَعْصِيَتِهِمْ إيَّايَ وَاَللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ: أَيْ يَغْفِرُ الذَّنْبَ وَيَرْحَمُ الْعِبَادَ، عَلَى مَا فِيهِمْ. [ ذِكْرُ مَا أَصَابَهُمْ وَتَعْزِيَتُهُمْ عَنْهُ ] ثُمَّ اسْتَقْبَلَ ذِكْرَ الْمُصِيبَةِ الَّتِي نَزَلَتْ بِهِمْ، وَالْبَلَاءَ الَّذِي أَصَابَهُمْ، وَالتَّمْحِيصَ لِمَا كَانَ فِيهِمْ، وَاِتِّخَاذَهُ الشُّهَدَاءَ مِنْهُمْ، فَقَالَ: تَعْزِيَةً لَهُمْ، وَتَعْرِيفًا لَهُمْ فِيمَا صَنَعُوا، وَفِيمَا هُوَ صَانِعٌ بِهِمْ: قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِكُمْ سُنَنٌ فَسِيرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ فَانْظُروا كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الْمُكَذِّبِينَ أَيْ قَدْ مَضَتْ مِنِّي وَقَائِعُ نِقْمَةٍ فِي أَهْلِ التَّكْذِيبِ لِرُسُلِي وَالشِّرْكِ بِي: عَادٍ وَثَمُودَ وَقَوْمِ لُوطٍ وَأَصْحَابِ مَدْيَنَ، فَرَأَوْا مَثُلَاتٍ قَدْ مَضَتْ مِنِّي فِيهِمْ، وَلِمَنْ هُوَ عَلَى مِثْلِ مَا هُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنِّي، فَإِنِّي أَمْلَيْتُ لَهُمْ: أَيْ لِئَلَّا يَظُنُّوا أَنَّ نِقْمَتِي انْقَطَعَتْ عَنْ عَدُوِّكُمْ وَعَدُوِّي، لِلدَّوْلَةِ الَّتِي أَدْلَتْهُمْ بِهَا عَلَيْكُمْ، لِيَبْتَلِيَكُمْ بِذَلِكَ، لِيُعَلِّمَكُمْ مَا عِنْدَكُمْ. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: هَذَا بَيَانٌ لِلنَّاسِ وَهُدًى وَمَوْعِظَةٌ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ أَيْ هَذَا تَفْسِيرٌ لِلنَّاسِ إنْ قَبِلُوا الْهُدَى وَهُدًى وَمَوْعِظَةٌ: أَيْ نُورٌ وَأَدَبٌ لِلْمُتَّقِينَ أَيْ لِمَنْ أَطَاعَنِي وَعَرَفَ أَمْرِي. وَلَا تَهِنُوا وَلَا تَحْزَنُوا أَيْ لَا تَضْعُفُوا وَلَا تَبْتَئِسُوا عَلَى مَا أَصَابَكُمْ، وَأَنْتُمُ الْأَعْلَوْنَ أَيْ لَكُمْ تَكُونُ الْعَاقِبَةُ وَالظُّهُورُ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ أَيْ إنْ كُنْتُمْ صَدَّقْتُمْ نَبِيِّي بِمَا جَاءَكُمْ بِهِ عَنِّي. إِنْ يَمْسَسْكُمْ قَرْحٌ فَقَدْ مَسَّ الْقَوْمَ قَرْحٌ مِثْلُهُ أَيْ جِرَاحُ مِثْلُهَا، وَتِلْكَ الْأَيَّامُ نُدَاوِلُهَا بَيْنَ النَّاسِ أَيْ نُصَرِّفُهَا بَيْنَ النَّاسِ لِلْبَلَاءِ وَالتَّمْحِيصِ وَلِيَعْلَمَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَيَتَّخِذَ مِنْكُمْ شُهَدَاءَ وَاللَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ الظَّالِمِينَ أَيْ لِيُمَيِّزَ بَيْنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُنَافِقِينَ، وَلِيُكْرِمَ مَنْ أَكْرَمَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْإِيمَانِ بِالشَّهَادَةِ وَاللَّهُ لَا يُحِبُّ الظَّالِمِينَ أَيْ الْمُنَافِقِينَ الَّذِينَ يُظْهِرُونَ بِأَلْسِنَتِهِمْ الطَّاعَةَ وَقُلُوبُهُمْ مُصِرَّةٌ عَلَى الْمَعْصِيَةِ وَلِيُمَحِّصَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَيْ يَخْتَبِرَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا حَتَّى يُخَلِّصَهُمْ بِالْبَلَاءِ الَّذِي نَزَلَ بِهِمْ، وَكَيْفَ صَبْرُهُمْ وَيَقِينُهُمْ وَيَمْحَقَ الْكَافِرِينَ أَيْ يُبْطِلَ مِنْ الْمُنَافِقِينَ قَوْلَهُمْ بِأَلْسِنَتِهِمْ مَا لَيْسَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ، حَتَّى يَظْهَرَ مِنْهُمْ كُفْرُهُمْ الَّذِي يَسْتَتِرُونَ بِهِ. [ دَعْوَةُ الْجَنَّةِ لِلْمُجَاهِدِينَ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: أَمْ حَسِبْتُمْ أَنْ تَدْخُلُوا الْجَنَّةَ وَلَمَّا يَعْلَمِ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا مِنْكُمْ وَيَعْلَمَ الصَّابِرِينَ أَيْ حَسِبْتُمْ أَنْ تَدْخُلُوا الْجَنَّةَ، فَتُصِيبُوا مِنْ ثَوَابِي الْكَرَامَةَ، وَلَمْ أَخْتَبِرْكُمْ بِالشِّدَّةِ، وَأَبْتَلِيَكُمْ بِالْمَكَارِهِ، حَتَّى أَعْلَمَ صِدْقَ ذَلِكَ مِنْكُمْ بِالْإِيمَانِ بِي، وَالصَّبْرَ عَلَى مَا أَصَابَكُمْ فِيَّ، وَلَقَدْ كُنْتُمْ تَمَنَّوْنَ الشَّهَادَةَ عَلَى الَّذِي أَنْتُمْ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ الْحَقِّ قَبْلَ أَنْ تَلْقَوْا عَدُوَّكُمْ، يَعْنِي الَّذِينَ اسْتَنْهَضُوا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ إلَى خُرُوجِهِ بِهِمْ إلَى عَدُوِّهِمْ، لِمَا فَاتَهُمْ مِنْ حُضُورِ الْيَوْمِ الَّذِي كَانَ قَبْلَهُ بِبَدْرٍ، وَرَغْبَةً فِي الشَّهَادَةِ الَّتِي فَاتَتْهُمْ بِهَا، فَقَالَ: وَلَقَدْ كُنْتُمْ تَمَنَّوْنَ الْمَوْتَ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ تَلْقَوْهُ يَقُولُ: فَقَدْ رَأَيْتُمُوهُ وَأَنْتُمْ تَنْظُرُونَ أَيْ الْمَوْتُ بِالسُّيُوفِ فِي أَيْدِي الرِّجَالِ قَدْ خُلِّيَ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ تَنْظُرُونَ إلَيْهِمْ، ثُمَّ صَدَّهُمْ عَنْكُمْ. وَمَا مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ أَفَإِنْ مَاتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ انْقَلَبْتُمْ عَلَى أَعْقَابِكُمْ وَمَنْ يَنْقَلِبْ عَلَى عَقِبَيْهِ فَلَنْ يَضُرَّ اللَّهَ شَيْئًا وَسَيَجْزِي اللَّهُ الشَّاكِرِينَ أَيْ لِقَوْلِ النَّاسِ: قُتِلَ مُحَمَّدٌ ﷺ، وَانْهِزَامُهُمْ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ، وَانْصِرَافُهُمْ عَنْ عَدُوِّهِمْ أَفَإِنْ مَاتَ أَوْ قُتِلَ رَجَعْتُمْ عَنْ دِينِكُمْ كُفَّارًا كَمَا كُنْتُمْ، وَتَرَكْتُمْ جِهَادَ عَدُوِّكُمْ، وَكِتَابَ اللَّهِ. وَمَا خَلَّفَ نَبِيُّهُ ﷺ مِنْ دِينِهِ مَعَكُمْ وَعِنْدَكُمْ، وَقَدْ بَيَّنَ لَكُمْ فِيمَا جَاءَكُمْ بِهِ عَنِّي أَنَّهُ مَيِّتٌ وَمُفَارِقُكُمْ، وَمَنْ يَنْقَلِبْ عَلَى عَقِبَيْهِ أَيْ يَرْجِعُ عَنْ دِينِهِ فَلَنْ يَضُرَّ اللَّهَ شَيْئًا أَيْ لَيْسَ يُنْقِصُ ذَلِكَ عِزَّ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى وَلَا مُلْكَهُ وَلَا سُلْطَانَهُ وَلَا قُدْرَتَهُ، وَسَيَجْزِي اللَّهُ الشَّاكِرِينَ: أَيْ مَنْ أَطَاعَهُ وَعَمِلَ بِأَمْرِهِ. [ ذِكْرُهُ أَنَّ الْمَوْتَ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَمَا كَانَ لِنَفْسٍ أَنْ تَمُوتَ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ كِتَابًا مُؤَجَّلًا أَيْ أَنَّ لِمُحَمَّدِ ﷺ أَجَلًا هُوَ بَالِغُهُ، فَإِذَا أَذِنَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي ذَلِكَ كَانَ. وَمَنْ يُرِدْ ثَوَابَ الدُّنْيَا نُؤْتِهِ مِنْهَا وَمَنْ يُرِدْ ثَوَابَ الْآخِرَةِ نُؤْتِهِ مِنْهَا وَسَنَجْزِي الشَّاكِرِينَ أَيْ مَنْ كَانَ مِنْكُمْ يُرِيدُ الدُّنْيَا، لَيْسَتْ لَهُ رَغْبَةٌ فِي الْآخِرَةِ، نُؤْتِهِ مِنْهَا مَا قُسِمَ لَهُ مِنْ رِزْقٍ، وَلَا يَعْدُوهُ فِيهَا، وَلَيْسَ لَهُ فِي الْآخِرَةِ مِنْ حَظٍّ وَمَنْ يُرِدْ ثَوَابَ الْآخِرَةِ نُؤْتِهِ مِنْهَا مَا وُعِدَ بِهِ، مَعَ مَا يُجْزَى عَلَيْهِ مِنْ رِزْقِهِ فِي دُنْيَاهُ، وَذَلِكَ جَزَاءُ الشَّاكِرِينَ، أَيْ الْمُتَّقِينَ. [ ذِكْرُ شَجَاعَةِ الْمُجَاهِدِينَ مِنْ قَبْلُ مَعَ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَكَأَيِّنْ مِنْ نَبِيٍّ قَاتَلَ مَعَهُ رِبِّيُّونَ كَثِيرٌ فَمَا وَهَنُوا لِمَا أَصَابَهُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَمَا ضَعُفُوا وَمَا اسْتَكَانُوا وَاللَّهُ يُحِبُّ الصَّابِرِينَ أَيْ وَكَأَيِّنْ مِنْ نَبِيٍّ أَصَابَهُ الْقَتْلُ، وَمَعَهُ رِبِّيُّونَ كَثِيرٌ: أَيْ جَمَاعَةٌ، فَمَا وَهَنُوا لِفَقْدِ نَبِيِّهِمْ وَمَا ضَعُفُوا عَنْ عَدُوِّهِمْ، وَمَا اسْتَكَانُوا لِمَا أَصَابَهُمْ فِي الْجِهَادِ عَنْ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى وَعَنْ دِينِهِمْ، وَذَلِكَ الصَّبْرُ، وَاَللَّهُ يُحِبُّ الصَّابِرِينَ وَمَا كَانَ قَوْلَهُمْ إِلَّا أَنْ قَالُوا رَبَّنَا اغْفِرْ لَنَا ذُنُوبَنَا وَإِسْرَافَنَا فِي أَمْرِنَا وَثَبِّتْ أَقْدَامَنَا وَانْصُرْنَا عَلَى الْقَوْمِ الْكَافِرِينَ [ تَفْسِيرُ ابْنِ هِشَامٍ لِبَعْضِ الْغَرِيبِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَاحِدُ الرِّبِّيِّينَ: رِبِّيٌّ؛ وَقَوْلُهُمْ: الرِّبَابُ، لِوَلَدِ عَبْدِ مَنَاةَ بْنِ أَدِّ بْنِ طَانِجَةَ بْنِ إلْيَاسَ، وَلِضَبَّةَ، لِأَنَّهُمْ تَجَمَّعُوا وَتَحَالَفُوا، مِنْ هَذَا، يُرِيدُونَ الْجَمَاعَاتِ. وَوَاحِدَةُ الرِّبَابِ: رِبَّةٌ ( وَرِبَابَةٌ ) وَهِيَ جَمَاعَاتُ قِدَاحٍ أَوْ عِصِيٍّ وَنَحْوِهَا، فَشَبَّهُوهَا بِهَا. قَالَ أَبُو ذُؤَيْبٍ الْهُذَلِيُّ: وَكَأَنَّهُنَّ رِبَابَةٌ وَكَأَنَّهُ يَسَرٌ يَفِيصُ عَلَى الْقِدَاحِ وَيَصْدَعُ وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي أَبْيَاتٍ لَهُ. وَقَالَ أُمَيَّةُ بْنُ أَبِي الصَّلْتِ: حَوْلَ شَيَاطِينِهِمْ أَبَابِيلُ رِبِّيُّونَ شَدُّوا سَنَوَّرًا مَدْسُورَا وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ: قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: وَالرِّبَابَةُ ( أَيْضًا ): الْخِرْقَةُ الَّتِي تُلَفُّ فِيهَا الْقِدَاحُ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: والسَّنَوَّرُ: الدُّرُوعُ. وَالدُّسُرُ، هِيَ الْمَسَامِيرُ الَّتِي فِي الْحِلَقِ، يَقُولُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَحَمَلْنَاهُ عَلَى ذَاتِ أَلْوَاحٍ وَدُسُرٍ قَالَ الشَّاعِرُ، وَهُوَ أَبُو الْأَخْزَرِ الْحِمَّانِيُّ، مِنْ تَمِيمٍ: دَسْرًا بِأَطْرَافِ الْقَنَا الْمُقَوَّمِ قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: أَيْ فَقُولُوا مِثْلَ مَا قَالُوا، وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا ذَلِكَ بِذُنُوبِ مِنْكُمْ، وَاسْتَغْفِرُوهُ كَمَا اسْتَغْفَرُوهُ، وَامْضُوا عَلَى دِينِكُمْ كَمَا مَضَوْا عَلَى دِينِهِمْ، وَلَا تَرْتَدُّوا عَلَى أَعْقَابِكُمْ رَاجِعِينَ، وَاسْأَلُوهُ كَمَا سَأَلُوهُ أَنْ يُثَبِّتَ أَقْدَامَكُمْ، وَاسْتَنْصِرُوهُ كَمَا اسْتَنْصَرُوهُ عَلَى الْقَوْمِ الْكَافِرِينَ، فَكُلُّ هَذَا مِنْ قَوْلِهِمْ قَدْ كَانَ؛ وَقَدْ قُتِلَ نَبِيُّهُمْ، فَلَمْ يَفْعَلُوا كَمَا فَعَلْتُمْ، فَآتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ ثَوَابَ الدُّنْيَا بِالظُّهُورِ عَلَى عَدُوِّهِمْ، وَحُسْنَ ثَوَابِ الْآخِرَةِ وَمَا وَعَدَ اللَّهُ فِيهَا، وَاللَّهُ يُحِبُّ الْمُحْسِنِينَ [ تَحْذِيرُهُ إيَّاهُمْ مِنْ إطَاعَةِ الْكُفَّارِ ] يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ تُطِيعُوا الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا يَرُدُّوكُمْ عَلَى أَعْقَابِكُمْ فَتَنْقَلِبُوا خَاسِرِينَ أَيْ عَنْ عَدُوِّكُمْ، فَتَذْهَبُ دُنْيَاكُمْ وآخِرَتُكُمْ بَلِ اللَّهُ مَوْلَاكُمْ وَهُوَ خَيْرُ النَّاصِرِينَ فَإِنْ كَانَ مَا تَقُولُونَ بِأَلْسِنَتِكُمْ صِدْقًا فِي قُلُوبِكُمْ فَاعْتَصِمُوا بِهِ، وَلَا تَسْتَنْصِرُوا بِغَيْرِهِ، وَلَا تَرْجِعُوا عَلَى أَعْقَابِكُمْ مُرْتَدِّينَ عَنْ دِينِهِ. سَنُلْقِي فِي قُلُوبِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا الرُّعْبَ أَيْ الَّذِي بِهِ كُنْتُ أَنْصُرُكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ بِمَا أَشْرَكُوا بِي مَا لَمْ أَجْعَلْ لَهُمْ مِنْ حُجَّةٍ، أَيْ فَلَا تَظُنُّوا أَنَّ لَهُمْ عَاقِبَةَ نَصْرٍ وَلَا ظُهُورٍ عَلَيْكُمْ مَا اعْتَصَمْتُمْ بِي، وَاتَّبَعْتُمْ أَمْرِي، لِلْمُصِيبَةِ الَّتِي أَصَابَتْكُمْ مِنْهُمْ بِذُنُوبٍ قَدَّمْتُمُوهَا لِأَنْفُسِكُمْ، خَالَفْتُمْ بِهَا أَمْرِي لِلْمَعْصِيَةِ، وَعَصَيْتُمْ بِهَا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ. وَلَقَدْ صَدَقَكُمُ اللَّهُ وَعْدَهُ إِذْ تَحُسُّونَهُمْ بِإِذْنِهِ حَتَّى إِذَا فَشِلْتُمْ وَتَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ وَعَصَيْتُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا أَرَاكُمْ مَا تُحِبُّونَ مِنْكُمْ مَنْ يُرِيدُ الدُّنْيَا وَمِنْكُمْ مَنْ يُرِيدُ الْآخِرَةَ ثُمَّ صَرَفَكُمْ عَنْهُمْ لِيَبْتَلِيَكُمْ وَلَقَدْ عَفَا عَنْكُمْ وَاللَّهُ ذُو فَضْلٍ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَيْ وَقَدْ وَفَّيْتُ لَكُمْ بِمَا وَعَدْتُكُمْ مِنْ النَّصْرِ عَلَى عَدُوِّكُمْ، إذْ تُحِسُّونَهُمْ بِالسُّيُوفِ، أَيْ الْقَتْلِ، بِإِذْنِي وَتَسْلِيطِي أَيْدِيكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَكَفَّى أَيْدِيَهُمْ عَنْكُمْ. قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: الْحَسُّ: الِاسْتِئْصَالُ: يُقَالُ: حَسَسْتُ الشَّيْءَ: أَيْ اسْتَأْصَلْتُهُ بِالسَّيْفِ وَغَيْرِهِ. قَالَ جَرِيرٌ: تَحُسُّهُمْ السُّيُوفُ كَمَا تَسَامَى حَرِيقُ النَّارِ فِي الْأَجَمِ الْحَصِيدِ وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. وَقَالَ رُؤْبَةُ بْنُ الْعَجَّاجِ إذَا شَكَوْنَا سَنَةً حَسُوسا تَأْكُلُ بَعْدَ الْأَخْضَرِ الْيَبِيسَا وَهَذَانِ الْبَيْتَانِ فِي أُرْجُوزَةٍ لَهُ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: حَتَّى إِذَا فَشِلْتُمْ أَيْ تَخَاذَلْتُمْ وَتَنَازَعْتُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ أَيْ اخْتَلَفْتُمْ فِي أَمْرِي، أَيْ تَرَكْتُمْ أَمْرَ نَبِيِّكُمْ وَمَا عَهِدَ إلَيْكُمْ، يَعْنِي الرُّمَاةَوَعَصَيْتُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا أَرَاكُمْ مَا تُحِبُّونَ أَيْ الْفَتْحُ، لَا شَكَّ فِيهِ، وَهَزِيمَةُ الْقَوْمِ عَنْ نِسَائِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ، مِنْكُمْ مَنْ يُرِيدُ الدُّنْيَا أَيْ الَّذِينَ أَرَادُوا النَّهْبَ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَتَرْكَ مَا أُمِرُوا بِهِ مِنْ الطَّاعَةِ الَّتِي عَلَيْهَا ثَوَابُ الْآخِرَةِ وَمِنْكُمْ مَنْ يُرِيدُ الْآخِرَةَ أَيْ الَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا فِي اللَّهِ، وَلَمْ يُخَالِفُوا إلَى مَا نُهُوا عَنْهُ، لِعَرَضٍ مِنْ الدُّنْيَا، رَغْبَةً فِيهَا، رَجَاءَ مَا عِنْدِ اللَّهِ مِنْ حُسْنِ ثَوَابِهِ فِي الْآخِرَةِ؛ أَيْ الَّذِينَ جَاهَدُوا فِي الدِّينِ وَلَمْ يُخَالِفُوا إلَى مَا نُهُوا عَنْهُ، لِعَرَضِ مِنْ الدُّنْيَا، لِيَخْتَبِرَكُمْ، وَذَلِكَ بِبَعْضِ ذُنُوبِكُمْ، وَلَقَدْ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَنْ عَظِيمِ ذَلِكَ، أَنْ لَا يُهْلِكَكُمْ بِمَا أَتَيْتُمْ مِنْ مَعْصِيَةِ نَبِيِّكُمْ، وَلَكِنِّي عُدْتُ بِفَضْلِي عَلَيْكُمْ، وَكَذَلِكَ مَنَّ اللَّهُ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَنْ عَاقَبَ بِبَعْضِ الذُّنُوبِ فِي عَاجِلِ الدُّنْيَا أَدَبًا وَمَوْعِظَةً، فَإِنَّهُ غَيْرُ مُسْتَأْصِلٍ لِكُلِّ مَا فِيهِمْ مِنْ الْحَقِّ لَهُ عَلَيْهِمْ، بِمَا أَصَابُوا مِنْ مَعْصِيَتِهِ، رَحْمَةً لَهُمْ، وَعَائِدَةً عَلَيْهِمْ، لِمَا فِيهِمْ مِنْ الْإِيمَانِ. [ تَأْنِيبُهُ إيَّاهُمْ لِفِرَارِهِمْ عَنْ نَبِيِّهِمْ ] ثُمَّ أَنَّبَهُمْ بِالْفِرَارِ عَنْ نَبِيِّهِمْ ﷺ، وَهُمْ يُدْعَوْنَ لَا يَعْطِفُونَ عَلَيْهِ لِدُعَائِهِ إيَّاهُمْ، فَقَالَ: إِذْ تُصْعِدُونَ وَلَا تَلْوُونَ عَلَى أَحَدٍ وَالرَّسُولُ يَدْعُوكُمْ فِي أُخْرَاكُمْ فَأَثَابَكُمْ غَمًّا بِغَمٍّ لِكَيْلَا تَحْزَنُوا عَلَى مَا فَاتَكُمْ وَلَا مَا أَصَابَكُمْ أَيْ كَرْبًا بَعْدَ كَرْبٍ، بِقَتْلِ مَنْ قُتِلَ مِنْ إخْوَانِكُمْ، وَعُلُوِّ عَدُوِّكُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ، وَبِمَا وَقَعَ فِي أَنْفُسِكُمْ مِنْ قَوْلِ مَنْ قَالَ: قُتِلَ نَبِيُّكُمْ، فَكَانَ ذَلِكَ مِمَّا تَتَابَعَ عَلَيْكُمْ غَمًّا بِغَمٍّ؛ لِكَيْلَا تَحْزَنُوا عَلَى مَا فَاتَكُمْ مِنْ ظُهُورِكُمْ عَلَى عَدُوِّكُمْ، بَعْدَ أَنْ رَأَيْتُمُوهُ بِأَعْيُنِكُمْ، وَلَا مَا أَصَابَكُمْ مِنْ قَتْلِ إخْوَانِكُمْ، حَتَّى فَرَّجْتُ ذَلِكَ الْكَرْبَ عَنْكُمْ وَاَللَّهُ خَبِيرٌ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ. وَكَانَ الَّذِي فَرَّجَ اللَّهُ بِهِ عَنْهُمْ مَا كَانُوا فِيهِ مِنْ الْكَرْبِ وَالْغَمِّ الَّذِي أَصَابَهُمْ، أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ رَدَّ عَنْهُمْ كِذْبَةَ الشَّيْطَانِ بِقَتْلِ نَبِيِّهِمْ ﷺ، فَلَمَّا رَأَوْا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَيًّا بَيْنَ أَظْهُرِهِمْ، هَانَ عَلَيْهِمْ مَا فَاتَهُمْ مِنْ الْقَوْمِ بَعْدَ الظُّهُورِ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَالْمُصِيبَةُ الَّتِي أَصَابَتْهُمْ فِي إخْوَانِهِمْ، حِينَ صَرَفَ اللَّهُ الْقَتْلَ عَنْ نَبِيِّهِمْ ﷺ. ثُمَّ أَنْزَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ الْغَمِّ أَمَنَةً نُعَاسًا يَغْشَى طَائِفَةً مِنْكُمْ وَطَائِفَةٌ قَدْ أَهَمَّتْهُمْ أَنْفُسُهُمْ يَظُنُّونَ بِاللَّهِ غَيْرَ الْحَقِّ ظَنَّ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ يَقُولُونَ هَلْ لَنَا مِنَ الْأَمْرِ مِنْ شَيْءٍ قُلْ إِنَّ الْأَمْرَ كُلَّهُ لِلَّهِ يُخْفُونَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ مَا لَا يُبْدُونَ لَكَ يَقُولُونَ لَوْ كَانَ لَنَا مِنَ الْأَمْرِ شَيْءٌ مَا قُتِلْنَا هَاهُنَا قُلْ لَوْ كُنْتُمْ فِي بُيُوتِكُمْ لَبَرَزَ الَّذِينَ كُتِبَ عَلَيْهِمُ الْقَتْلُ إِلَى مَضَاجِعِهِمْ وَلِيَبْتَلِيَ اللَّهُ مَا فِي صُدُورِكُمْ وَلِيُمَحِّصَ مَا فِي قُلُوبِكُمْ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ النُّعَاسَ أَمَنَةً مِنْهُ عَلَى أَهْلِ الْيَقِينِ بِهِ، فَهُمْ نِيَامٌ لَا يَخَافُونَ، وَأَهْلُ النِّفَاقِ قَدْ أَهَمَّتْهُمْ أَنْفُسُهُمْ، يَظُنُّونَ بِاَللَّهِ غَيْرَ الْحَقِّ ظَنَّ الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ، تَخَوُّفَ الْقَتْلِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُمْ لَا يَرْجُونَ عَاقِبَةً، فَذَكَرَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ تَلَاوُمَهُمْ وَحَسْرَتَهُمْ عَلَى مَا أَصَابَهُمْ. ثُمَّ قَالَ اللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ لِنَبِيِّهِ ﷺ: قُلْ لَوْ كُنْتُمْ فِي بُيُوتِكُمْ لَمْ تَحْضُرُوا هَذَا الْمَوْطِنَ الَّذِي أَظْهَرَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ مِنْكُمْ مَا أَظْهَرَ مِنْ سَرَائِرِكُمْ لَبَرَزَ لَأَخْرَجَ الَّذِينَ كُتِبَ عَلَيْهِمْ الْقَتْلُ إلَى مَضَاجِعِهِمْ إلَى مَوْطِنٍ غَيْرِهِ يُصْرَعُونَ فِيهِ، حَتَّى يُبْتَلَى بِهِ مَا فِي صُدُورِهِمْ وَلِيُمَحِّصَ مَا فِي قُلُوبِكُمْ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ بِذَاتِ الصُّدُورِ أَيْ لَا يَخْفَى عَلَيْهِ مَا فِي صُدُورِهِمْ مِمَّا اسْتَخْفَوْا بِهِ مِنْكُمْ. [ تَحْذِيرُهُمْ أَنْ يَكُونُوا مِمَّنْ يَخْشَوْنَ الْمَوْتَ فِي اللَّهِ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ: يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَكُونُوا كَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا وَقَالُوا لِإِخْوَانِهِمْ إِذَا ضَرَبُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ أَوْ كَانُوا غُزًّى لَوْ كَانُوا عِنْدَنَا مَا مَاتُوا وَمَا قُتِلُوا لِيَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ ذَلِكَ حَسْرَةً فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ وَاللَّهُ يُحْيِي وَيُمِيتُ وَاللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ بَصِيرٌ أَيْ لَا تَكُونُوا كَالْمُنَافِقِينَ الَّذِينَ يَنْهَوْنَ إخْوَانَهُمْ عَنْ الْجِهَادِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، وَالضَّرْبِ فِي الْأَرْضِ فِي طَاعَةِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَطَاعَةِ رَسُولِهِ ﷺ، وَيَقُولُونَ إذَا مَاتُوا أَوْ قُتِلُوا: لَوْ أَطَاعُونَا مَا مَاتُوا وَمَا قُتِلُوا لِيَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ ذَلِكَ حَسْرَةً فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ لِقِلَّةِ الْيَقِينِ بِرَبِّهِمْ، وَاللَّهُ يُحْيِي وَيُمِيتُ أَيْ يُعَجِّلُ مَا يَشَاءُ وَيُؤَخِّرُ مَا يَشَاءُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مِنْ آجَالِهِمْ بِقُدْرَتِهِ. قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَلَئِنْ قُتِلْتُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ أَوْ مُتُّمْ لَمَغْفِرَةٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَرَحْمَةٌ خَيْرٌ مِمَّا يَجْمَعُونَ أَيْ إنَّ الْمَوْتَ لَكَائِنٌ لَا بُدَّ مِنْهُ، فَمَوْتٌ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، أَوْ قَتْلٌ، خَيْرٌ لَوْ عَلِمُوا وَأَيْقَنُوا مِمَّا يَجْمَعُونَ مِنْ الدُّنْيَا الَّتِي لَهَا يَتَأَخَّرُونَ عَنْ الْجِهَادِ، تَخَوُّفَ الْمَوْتِ وَالْقَتْلِ لِمَا جَمَعُوا مِنْ زَهْرَةِ الدُّنْيَا زَهَادَةً فِي الْآخِرَةِ وَلَئِنْ مُتُّمْ أَوْ قُتِلْتُمْ أَيُّ ذَلِكَ كَانَ لَإِلَى اللَّهِ تُحْشَرُونَ أَيْ أَنَّ إلَى اللَّهِ الْمَرْجِعَ، فَلَا تَغُرَّنَّكُمْ الدُّنْيَا، وَلَا تَغْتَرُّوا بِهَا، وَلْيَكُنْ الْجِهَادُ وَمَا رَغَّبَكُمْ اللَّهُ فِيهِ مِنْ ثَوَابِهِ آثَرَ عِنْدَكُمْ مِنْهَا. [ ذِكْرُهُ رَحْمَةَ الرَّسُولِ عَلَيْهِمْ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: فَبِمَا رَحْمَةٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ لِنْتَ لَهُمْ وَلَوْ كُنْتَ فَظًّا غَلِيظَ الْقَلْبِ لَانْفَضُّوا مِنْ حَوْلِكَ أَيْ لَتَرَكُوكَ فَاعْفُ عَنْهُمْ أَيْ فَتَجَاوَزْ عَنْهُمْ وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ وَشَاوِرْهُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ فَإِذَا عَزَمْتَ فَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُتَوَكِّلِينَ فَذَكَرَ لِنَبِيِّهِ ﷺ لِينَهُ لَهُمْ، وَصَبْرَهُ عَلَيْهِمْ، لِضَعْفِهِمْ، وَقِلَّةِ صَبْرِهِمْ عَلَى الْغِلْظَةِ لَوْ كَانَتْ مِنْهُ عَلَيْهِمْ فِي كُلِّ مَا خَالَفُوا عَنْهُ مِمَّا افْتَرَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ طَاعَةِ نَبِيِّهِمْ ﷺ. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: فَاعْفُ عَنْهُمْ أَيْ تَجَاوَزْ عَنْهُمْ، وَاسْتَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ ذُنُوبَهُمْ، مَنْ قَارَفَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْإِيمَانِ مِنْهُمْ وَشَاوِرْهُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ أَيْ لِتُرِيهِمْ أَنَّكَ تَسْمَعُ مِنْهُمْ، وَتَسْتَعِينُ بِهِمْ، وَإِنْ كُنْتُ غَنِيًّا عَنْهُمْ، تَأَلُّفًا لَهُمْ بِذَلِكَ عَلَى دِينِهِمْ فَإِذَا عَزَمْتَ أَيْ عَلَى أَمْرٍ جَاءَكَ مِنِّي وَأَمْرٍ مِنْ دِينِكَ فِي جِهَادِ عَدُوِّكَ لَا يُصْلِحُكَ وَلَا يُصْلِحُهُمْ إلَّا ذَلِكَ، فَامْضِ عَلَى مَا أُمِرْتَ بِهِ، عَلَى خِلَافِ مَنْ خَالَفَكَ، وَمُوَافَقَةِ مَنْ وَافَقَكَ، وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ، أَيْ ارْضَ بِهِ مِنْ الْعِبَادِ، إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُتَوَكِّلِينَ إِنْ يَنْصُرْكُمُ اللَّهُ فَلَا غَالِبَ لَكُمْ وَإِنْ يَخْذُلْكُمْ فَمَنْ ذَا الَّذِي يَنْصُرُكُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ أَيْ لِئَلَّا تَتْرُكَ أَمْرِي لِلنَّاسِ، وَارْفُضْ أَمْرَ النَّاسِ إلَى أَمْرِي، وَعَلَى اللَّهِ لَا عَلَى النَّاسِ، فَلْيَتَوَكَّلِ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ [ مَا نَزَلَ فِي الْغُلُولِ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ: وَمَا كَانَ لِنَبِيٍّ أَنْ يَغُلَّ وَمَنْ يَغْلُلْ يَأْتِ بِمَا غَلَّ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ ثُمَّ تُوَفَّى كُلُّ نَفْسٍ مَا كَسَبَتْ وَهُمْ لَا يُظْلَمُونَ أَيْ مَا كَانَ لِنَبِيٍّ أَنْ يَكْتُمَ النَّاسَ مَا بَعَثَهُ اللَّهُ بِهِ إلَيْهِمْ، عَنْ رَهْبَةٍ مِنْ النَّاسِ وَلَا رَغْبَةٍ، وَمَنْ يَفْعَلْ ذَلِكَ يَأْتِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ بِهِ، ثُمَّ يُجْزَى بِكَسْبِهِ، غَيْرَ مَظْلُومٍ وَلَا مُعْتَدًى عَلَيْهِ أَفَمَنِ اتَّبَعَ رِضْوَانَ اللَّهِ عَلَى مَا أَحَبَّ النَّاسُ أَوْ سَخِطُوا كَمَنْ بَاءَ بِسَخَطٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ لِرِضَا النَّاسِ أَوْ لِسَخَطِهِمْ. يَقُولُ: أَفَمَنْ كَانَ عَلَى طَاعَتِي، فَثَوَابُهُ الْجَنَّةُ وَرِضْوَانٌ مِنْ اللَّهِ كَمَنْ بَاءَ بِسَخَطٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَاسْتَوْجَبَ سَخَطَهُ، فَكَانَ مَأْوَاهُ جَهَنَّمَ وَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ، أَسَوَاءٌ الْمِثْلَانِ فَاعْرِفُوا. هُمْ دَرَجَاتٌ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ بَصِيرٌ بِمَا يَعْمَلُونَ لِكُلٍّ دَرَجَاتٌ مِمَّا عَمِلُوا فِي الْجَنَّةِ وَالنَّارِ: أَيْ إنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَخْفَى عَلَيْهِ أَهْلُ طَاعَتِهِ مِنْ أَهْلِ مَعْصِيَتِهِ. [ ذِكْرُهُ الْمُصِيبَةَ الَّتِي أَصَابَتْهُمْ ] ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ الْمُصِيبَةَ الَّتِي أَصَابَتْهُمْ، فَقَالَ: أَوَلَمَّا أَصَابَتْكُمْ مُصِيبَةٌ قَدْ أَصَبْتُمْ مِثْلَيْهَا قُلْتُمْ أَنَّى هَذَا قُلْ هُوَ مِنْ عِنْدِ أَنْفُسِكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ أَيْ إنْ تَكُ قَدْ أَصَابَتْكُمْ مُصِيبَةٌ فِي إخْوَانِكُمْ بِذُنُوبِكُمْ فَقَدْ أَصَبْتُمْ مِثْلَيْهَا قَبْلُ مِنْ عَدُوِّكُمْ، فِي الْيَوْمِ الَّذِي كَانَ قَبْلَهُ بِبَدْرِ، قَتْلًا وَأَسْرًا وَنَسِيتُمْ مَعْصِيَتَكُمْ وَخِلَافَكُمْ عَمَّا أَمَرَكُمْ بِهِ نَبِيُّكُمْ ﷺ، أَنْتُمْ أَحْلَلْتُمْ ذَلِكَ بِأَنْفُسِكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ أَيْ إنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى مَا أَرَادَ بِعِبَادِهِ مِنْ نِقْمَةٍ أَوْ عَفْوٍ قَدِيرٌ وَمَا أَصَابَكُمْ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ فَبِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ وَلِيَعْلَمَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَيْ مَا أَصَابَكُمْ حِينَ الْتَقَيْتُمْ أَنْتُمْ وَعَدُوُّكُمْ فَبِإِذْنِي، كَانَ ذَلِكَ حِينَ فَعَلْتُمْ مَا فَعَلْتُمْ بَعْدَ أَنْ جَاءَكُمْ نَصْرِي، وَصَدَقَتْكُمْ وَعْدِي، لِيُمَيِّزَ بَيْنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُنَافِقِينَ، وَلِيَعْلَمَ الَّذِينَ نَافَقُوا مِنْكُمْ: أَيْ لِيُظْهِرَ مَا فِيهِمْ. وَقِيلَ لَهُمْ تَعَالَوْا قَاتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ أَوِ ادْفَعُوا يَعْنِي عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ أُبَيٍّ وَأَصْحَابَهُ الَّذِينَ رَجَعُوا عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، حِينَ سَارَ إلَى عَدُوِّهِ مِنْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ بِأُحُدِ، وَقَوْلَهُمْ: لَوْ نَعْلَمُ أَنَّكُمْ تُقَاتِلُونَ لَسِرْنَا مَعَكُمْ، وَلَدَفَعْنَا عَنْكُمْ، وَلَكِنَّا لَا نَظُنُّ أَنَّهُ يَكُونُ قِتَالٌ. فَأَظْهَرَ مِنْهُمْ مَا كَانُوا يُخْفُونَ فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ. يَقُولُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: هُمْ لِلْكُفْرِ يَوْمَئِذٍ أَقْرَبُ مِنْهُمْ لِلْإِيمَانِ يَقُولُونَ بِأَفْواهِهِمْ مَا لَيْسَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ أَيْ يُظْهِرُونَ لَكَ الْإِيمَانَ وَلَيْسَ فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِمَا يَكْتُمُونَ أَيْ مَا يُخْفُونَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا لِإِخْوَانِهِمْ الَّذِينَ أُصِيبُوا مَعَكُمْ مِنْ عَشَائِرِهِمْ وَقَوْمِهِمْ: لَوْ أَطَاعُونَا مَا قُتِلُوا قُلْ فَادْرَءُوا عَنْ أَنْفُسِكُمُ الْمَوْتَ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ أَيْ أَنَّهُ لَا بُدَّ مِنْ الْمَوْتِ، فَإِنْ اسْتَطَعْتُمْ أَنْ تَدْفَعُوهُ عَنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ فَافْعَلُوا، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُمْ إنَّمَا نَافَقُوا وَتَرَكُوا الْجِهَادَ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، حِرْصًا عَلَى الْبَقَاءِ فِي الدُّنْيَا، وَفِرَارًا مِنْ الْمَوْتِ. [ التَّرْغِيبُ فِي الْجِهَادِ ] ثُمَّ قَالَ لِنَبِيِّهِ ﷺ، يُرَغِّبُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ فِي الْجِهَادِ، وَيُهَوِّنُ عَلَيْهِمْ الْقَتْلَ: وَلَا تَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ قُتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ أَمْوَاتًا بَلْ أَحْيَاءٌ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِمْ يُرْزَقُونَ فَرِحِينَ بِمَا آتَاهُمُ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَيَسْتَبْشِرُونَ بِالَّذِينَ لَمْ يَلْحَقُوا بِهِمْ مِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ أَلَّا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ أَيْ لَا تَظُنَّنَّ الَّذِينَ قُتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ أَمْوَاتًا: أَيْ قَدْ أَحْيَيْتهمْ، فَهُمْ عِنْدِي يُرْزَقُونَ فِي رَوْحِ الْجَنَّةِ وَفَضْلِهَا، مَسْرُورِينَ بِمَا آتَاهُمْ اللَّهُ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ عَلَى جِهَادِهِمْ عَنْهُ. وَيَسْتَبْشِرُونَ بِالَّذِينَ لَمْ يَلْحَقُوا بِهِمْ مِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ أَيْ وَيُسَرُّونَ بِلُحُوقِ مَنْ لَحِقَهُمْ مِنْ إخْوَانِهِمْ عَلَى مَا مَضَوْا عَلَيْهِ مِنْ جِهَادِهِمْ، لِيَشْرَكُوهُمْ فِيمَا هُمْ فِيهِ مِنْ ثَوَابِ اللَّهِ الَّذِي أَعْطَاهُمْ، قَدْ أَذْهَبَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ الْخَوْفَ وَالْحَزَنَ. يَقُولُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: يَسْتَبْشِرُونَ بِنِعْمَةٍ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَفَضْلٍ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُضِيعُ أَجْرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ لِمَا عَايَنُوا مِنْ وَفَاءِ الْمَوْعُودِ وَعَظِيمِ الثَّوَابِ.
Translation
✧ Mention of what God revealed concerning Uḥud from the Qurʾān. On the authority of Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-Muṭṭalibī, who said: Among what God, blessed and exalted is He, revealed concerning the day of Uḥud from the Qurʾān were sixty verses of Āl ʿImrān, containing a description of what took place on that day of theirs, and a rebuke of those of them whom He rebuked. God, blessed and exalted is He, says to His Prophet ﷺ: “And [remember] when you went forth from your household to assign the believers their positions for battle—and God is hearing, knowing” [Q 3:121]. Ibn Hishām said: “You assign the believers their positions” means you prepare for them positions and stations. Al-Kumayt b. Zayd said: Would that I had before him already taken up a resting place This verse is among some of his verses. That is, “He hears what you say and knows what you conceal.” Mūsā b. ʿUqbah said: The hypocrites, at the time of the Muslims’ weeping, took to scheming and trying to drive people away from the Messenger of God ﷺ and to grieve the Muslims. The treachery of the Jews came into the open, and Madinah boiled with hypocrisy like a cauldron boils. The Jews said: “If he were a prophet, they would not have gotten the better of him, nor would he have suffered what he suffered. Rather, he is a seeker of kingship; dominion may be for him and against him.” The hypocrites said the like of their words, and they said to the Muslims: “If you had obeyed us, those who struck you down would not have struck you down.” So God sent down the Qurʾān concerning the obedience of those who obey, the hypocrisy of those who act hypocritically, and the consolation of the Muslims—meaning for those of them who were killed. He said: “And [remember] when you went forth from your household to assign the believers their positions for battle—and God is hearing, knowing” [Q 3:121]—all the verses up to “when two parties among you were on the point of losing heart” [Q 3:122], meaning falling into mutual desertion. The two parties were the Banū Salamah b. Jusham b. al-Khazraj and the Banū Ḥārithah b. al-Nabīt of the Aws; they were the two wings. God, exalted is He, says: “And God was their protector” [Q 3:122], meaning the One who defended them from the failure of heart they were on the point of, because that arose from them only out of weakness and faintness that befell them, not out of any doubt in their religion. So He undertook to ward that off from them by His mercy and His kindness, until they were saved from their faintness and weakness and caught up with their Prophet ﷺ. Ibn Hishām said: A man of the Asad, one of the people of knowledge, related to me, saying: The two parties said: “We would not like it that we had not been on the point of doing what we were on the point of doing, so that God might take charge of us in that matter.” Ibn Isḥāq said: God, exalted is He, says: “And upon God let the believers rely” [Q 3:122], meaning whoever among the believers has weakness, let him rely upon Me and seek My help; I will help him in his affair and defend him, until I bring him to his goal, ward off from him, and strengthen him in his intention. “And God already gave you victory at Badr while you were few; so fear God that you may be grateful” [Q 3:123], meaning fear Me, for that is gratitude for My favor. “And God already gave you victory at Badr” when you were fewer in number and weaker in strength, “when you said to the believers, ‘Is it not enough for you that your Lord should reinforce you with three thousand angels sent down?’” [Q 3:124]. “Yes, if you are patient and fear God and they come upon you in this their rush, your Lord will reinforce you with five thousand angels, marked” [Q 3:125], meaning if you are patient in the face of My enemy and obey My command, and they come upon you from this their direction, I will reinforce you with five thousand angels, marked. [Ibn Hishām’s explanation of some rare words] Ibn Hishām said: “Marked” means distinguished with markings. It has reached us from al-Ḥasan b. Abī al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī that he said: They marked the tails and forelocks of their horses with white wool. As for Ibn Isḥāq, he said: Their distinguishing mark on the day of Badr was white turbans. I have mentioned that in the account of Badr. Al-sīmā means the distinguishing mark. In the Book of God, mighty and glorious is He: “Their mark is on their faces from the trace of prostration” [Q 48:29], meaning their distinguishing mark. And “stones of baked clay, piled up, marked” [Q 51:33–34], he says: marked. It has reached us from al-Ḥasan b. Abī al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī that he said: Upon them is a mark showing that they are not of the stones of this world, but of the stones of punishment. Ruʾbah b. al-ʿAjjāj said: Now the swift, slender horses are tested by me And they do not outrun me when they are marked And their eyes stared fixedly and they hastened “Ajdhamū” with the dotted dhāl means they hastened; “ajdamū” with the undotted dāl means they cut off. These verses are in a rajaz poem of his. “Marked” also means pastured. In the Book of God, exalted is He: “and horses marked” [Q 3:14] and “and trees wherein you pasture” [Q 16:10]. The Arabs say: “sawwama his horses and camels” and “asāmahā” when he pastured them. Al-Kumayt b. Zayd said: A shepherd he was, gentle in his care, and we lost him And the loss of the one who pastures is the ruin of the pastured herd Ibn Hishām said: “Musjiḥan” means easy in management, doing good to the flock. This verse is in an ode of his. “And God made it not except as good tidings for you and that your hearts might be assured thereby; and victory is only from God, the Mighty, the Wise” [Q 3:126], meaning I named to you only those of the hosts of My angels whom I named as good tidings for you, and that your hearts might be assured thereby, because of what I know of your weakness. And victory is only from Me, by My authority and My power, for might and judgment belong to Me, not to any of My creatures. Then He said: “That He might cut off a part of those who disbelieve or suppress them, so that they turn back disappointed” [Q 3:127], meaning that He might cut off a part of the polytheists by killing through which He exacts vengeance upon them, or turn them back disappointed—meaning the remnant of them returns routed and disappointed, not attaining anything of what they had hoped. Ibn Hishām said: “Yakbituhum” means He afflicts them with the most intense grief and prevents them from what they wanted. Dhū al-Rummah said: What I forget of longing I do not forget, not our halting place, in confusion between one glad and one suppressed. “Yakbituhum” also means He throws them down on their faces. Ibn Isḥāq said: Then He said to Muḥammad, the Messenger of God ﷺ: “You have no part in the matter, whether He relents toward them or punishes them, for they are wrongdoers” [Q 3:128], meaning you have no part of judgment concerning My servants, except what I command you regarding them. Either I relent toward them by My mercy, if I will, I do so, or I punish them for their sins, for by My right, they are wrongdoers—meaning they have deserved that by their disobedience to Me. “And God is forgiving, merciful” [Q 3:129], meaning He forgives sin and has mercy on servants, despite what is in them. [Mention of what befell them and their consolation for it] Then He turned to the mention of the affliction that came down upon them, the trial that befell them, and the purging of what was in them, and His taking martyrs from among them. He said, as consolation to them and to inform them of what they had done and what He would do with them: “Ways of life have passed away before you; so travel in the land and see how was the end of those who denied” [Q 3:137], meaning there have passed from Me acts of vengeance against the people who denied My messengers and associated partners with Me: ʿĀd, Thamūd, the people of Lūṭ, and the companions of Madyan. They saw exemplary punishments that had passed from Me among them, and for whoever is upon the like of what they are upon of that from Me. I granted them respite—meaning so that they should not think that My vengeance has ceased against your enemy and Mine, because of the turn of fortune by which they gained advantage over you, in order to test you thereby, to teach you what is in you. Then He, exalted is He, said: “This is a clear statement to the people and a guidance and an admonition to the God-fearing” [Q 3:138], meaning this is an explanation for the people if they accept guidance, and a guidance and an admonition—meaning a light and a discipline for the God-fearing, meaning for those who obey Me and know My command. “And do not weaken and do not grieve” [Q 3:139], meaning do not grow weak and do not be sorrowful over what befell you, “while you are superior” [Q 3:139], meaning to you belongs the final outcome and victory, “if you are believers” [Q 3:139], meaning if you have affirmed My Prophet in what he brought you from Me. “If a wound touches you, a like wound has already touched the people” [Q 3:140], meaning wounds like it. “And these days We alternate among the people” [Q 3:140], meaning We turn them among the people for trial and purging, “and that God may know those who believe and take martyrs from among you; and God does not love the wrongdoers” [Q 3:140], meaning to distinguish between the believers and the hypocrites, and to honor those of the people of faith whom He honors with martyrdom. “And God does not love the wrongdoers” [Q 3:140], meaning the hypocrites who show obedience with their tongues while their hearts persist in disobedience. “And that God may purge those who believe” [Q 3:141], meaning He tests those who believe so that He may purify them through the trial that descended upon them, and how their patience and certainty are. “And that He may efface the disbelievers” [Q 3:141], meaning He nullifies the speech of the hypocrites with their tongues that is not in their hearts, until their disbelief, which they conceal, appears from them. [The call of Paradise to the mujāhidūn] Then He, exalted is He, said: “Or did you suppose that you would enter Paradise while God has not yet known those among you who strove and known the patient?” [Q 3:142], meaning did you suppose that you would enter Paradise and attain the honor of My reward while I have not tested you with hardship and tried you with adversities, until I know the truth of that from you through faith in Me and patience over what befell you for My sake? “And you had been longing for martyrdom” for the truth you were upon, “before you met your enemy” [Q 3:143], meaning those who urged the Messenger of God ﷺ to go out with them against their enemy, because they had missed being present on the previous day at Badr, and out of desire for the martyrdom they had missed there. So He said: “And you had been longing for death before you met it” [Q 3:143]; He says: “then you saw it while you were looking on” [Q 3:143], meaning death by the swords in the hands of men, after the way had been opened between you and them while you were looking at them. Then He turned them away from you. “And Muḥammad is only a messenger; messengers have passed away before him. If he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heels? And whoever turns back on his heels will not harm God at all; and God will reward the grateful” [Q 3:144], meaning concerning the people’s saying that Muḥammad ﷺ had been killed, and their rout at that moment, and their turning away from their enemy. “If he dies or is killed,” will you turn back from your religion as disbelievers as you were before, and abandon striving against your enemy and the Book of God and what His Prophet ﷺ left behind of His religion among you and with you, when he has made clear to you in what he brought you from Me that he will die and part from you? “And whoever turns back on his heels,” meaning returns from his religion, “will not harm God at all” [Q 3:144], meaning that does not diminish the might of God, exalted is He, nor His dominion, nor His authority, nor His power. “And God will reward the grateful” [Q 3:144], meaning whoever obeys Him and acts according to His command. [His mention that death is by God’s permission] Then He said: “And no soul can die except by God’s permission, at a term decreed” [Q 3:145], meaning that for Muḥammad ﷺ there is a term he will reach, and when God, mighty and glorious is He, gives permission in that, it occurs. “And whoever desires the reward of this world, We will give him thereof, and whoever desires the reward of the Hereafter, We will give him thereof; and We will reward the grateful” [Q 3:145], meaning whoever among you desires this world, having no desire for the Hereafter, We will give him thereof what is apportioned for him of provision, and he will not exceed it therein, and he will have no share in the Hereafter. “And whoever desires the reward of the Hereafter, We will give him thereof” what he was promised, along with what he is rewarded of his provision in this world. That is the reward of the grateful, meaning the God-fearing. [Mention of the courage of the mujāhidūn of old with the prophets] Then He said: “And how many a prophet with whom fought many godly men; they did not weaken for what befell them in the way of God, nor did they grow faint, nor did they humble themselves; and God loves the patient” [Q 3:146], meaning how many a prophet suffered killing, and with him were many godly men—meaning a host—and they did not weaken at the loss of their prophet, nor grow faint before their enemy, nor humble themselves for what befell them in striving for God, exalted is He, and for their religion. That is patience, and God loves the patient. “And their words were only that they said: ‘Our Lord, forgive us our sins and our excess in our affair, and make firm our feet, and give us victory over the disbelieving people’” [Q 3:147]. [Ibn Hishām’s explanation of some rare words] Ibn Hishām said: The singular of ribbiyyūn is ribbī. Their saying al-ribāb for the descendants of ʿAbd Manāt b. Udd b. Ṭābijah b. Ilyās and for Ḍabbah, because they gathered together and formed an alliance, derives from this; they mean groups. The singular of al-ribāb is ribbah (and ribābah), which means bundles of arrows or sticks or the like, so they likened them to those. Abū Dhuʾayb al-Hudhalī said: As if they were a bundle of arrows, and he was A gambler who draws forth upon the arrows and splits This verse is among some of his verses. Umayyah b. Abī al-Ṣalt said: Around their devils were flocks of godly men Who girded on closely woven coats of mail This verse is in an ode of his. Ibn Hishām said: Al-ribābah also means the cloth in which arrows are wrapped. Ibn Hishām said: Al-sannawwar means coats of mail. Al-dusur are the nails that are in the rings. God, mighty and glorious is He, says: “And We carried him upon [a ship] of planks and nails” [Q 54:13]. The poet—Abū al-Akhzar al-Ḥimmānī of Tamīm—said: Driving with the tips of the straightened spears Ibn Isḥāq said: That is, say the like of what they said, and know that what befell you was because of sins of yours, and ask His forgiveness as they asked His forgiveness, and go on in your religion as they went on in their religion, and do not turn back on your heels retreating. And ask Him, as they asked Him, to make firm your feet and to grant you victory over the disbelieving people, as they sought victory over the disbelieving people. All of that was from their saying, and their prophet had been killed, yet they did not do as you did. So God gave them the reward of this world by victory over their enemy and the fair reward of the Hereafter and what God promised therein. “And God loves the doers of good” [Q 3:148]. [His warning them against obeying the disbelievers] “O you who believe, if you obey those who disbelieve, they will turn you back on your heels, and you will turn back losers” [Q 3:149], meaning from your enemy, and your world and your Hereafter will be lost. “Rather, God is your protector, and He is the best of helpers” [Q 3:150]. So if what you say with your tongues is true in your hearts, then hold fast to Him, and do not seek help from other than Him, and do not turn back on your heels, turning back from His religion. “We will cast terror into the hearts of those who disbelieve” [Q 3:151], meaning that by which I used to give you victory over them, because they associated with Me what I gave them no warrant for. That is, do not think that they will have the final outcome of victory or triumph over you as long as you hold fast to Me and follow My command, because of the affliction that befell you from them through sins you committed against yourselves, by which you opposed My command in disobedience and thereby disobeyed the Prophet ﷺ. “And God has indeed fulfilled His promise to you when you were cutting them down by His permission, until when you lost heart and disputed about the matter and disobeyed after He had shown you what you love. Among you are some who desire this world, and among you are some who desire the Hereafter. Then He turned you away from them to test you; and He has pardoned you. And God is gracious to the believers” [Q 3:152], meaning I fulfilled for you what I promised you of victory over your enemy, when you were cutting them down with swords, meaning killing, by My permission and My giving your hands power over them, and He restrained their hands from you. Ibn Hishām said: Al-ḥass means extermination. It is said: “ḥasastu al-shayʾ,” meaning I exterminated it with the sword or otherwise. Jarīr said: The swords cut them down as a fire spreads Through a thicket of reaped stubble This verse is in an ode of his. Ruʾbah b. al-ʿAjjāj also said When we complain of a barren year, meaning that which consumes after the green the dry. These two verses are in a rajaz poem of his. Ibn Isḥāq said: “Until you lost heart,” that is, you became cowardly and disputed about the matter, meaning you differed concerning my command, that is, you abandoned the command of your Prophet and what he had enjoined upon you—he means the archers—“and disobeyed after He had shown you what you love,” that is, the victory, there is no doubt about it, and the rout of the people from their women and their property. “Among you are some who desire this world,” that is, those who desired plunder in this world and abandoned the obedience they were commanded, upon which lies the reward of the Hereafter. “And among you are some who desire the Hereafter,” that is, those who strove for God and did not turn aside to what they were forbidden, for a fleeting good of this world, out of desire for it, hoping for what is with God of the excellence of His reward in the Hereafter; that is, those who strove in the religion and did not turn aside to what they were forbidden, for a fleeting good of this world. “That He might try you,” and that was because of some of your sins, “and God has pardoned much of it,” that He would not destroy you for the disobedience you committed against your Prophet, but I returned with My bounty upon you. Thus God bestowed favor upon the believers, in that He punished some sins in the immediate life of this world as a discipline and admonition; for He does not uproot all the right He holds over them because of the disobedience they committed, out of mercy to them and as a benefit to them, because of the faith that is in them. [His rebuking them for fleeing from their Prophet] Then He rebuked them for fleeing from their Prophet ﷺ while they were being called, not turning aside to him because of his call to them. He said: “When you were climbing up and did not turn aside for anyone, while the Messenger was calling you from behind you, so He repaid you with grief upon grief, that you might not sorrow over what eluded you or what befell you,” that is, distress after distress: by the killing of those of your brothers who were killed, and the triumph of your enemy over you, and by what occurred in your minds from the saying of those who said, “Your Prophet has been killed.” That was among what followed upon you as grief upon grief; “that you might not sorrow over what eluded you” of your victory over your enemy, after you had seen it with your own eyes, “or what befell you” of the killing of your brothers, until I relieved that distress from you. “And God is aware of what you do.” The thing by which God relieved them from the distress and grief that had befallen them was that God, Mighty and Majestic, repelled from them the false report of Satan concerning the killing of their Prophet ﷺ. When they saw the Messenger of God ﷺ alive among them, what had escaped them of victory over the people after having overcome them, and the calamity that had befallen them among their brothers, became light upon them, when God turned the killing away from their Prophet ﷺ. Then He said: “Then He sent down upon you, after the grief, security—a slumber overcoming a party of you, while another party were anxious about themselves, thinking of God other than the truth, the thought of ignorance, saying, ‘Is there anything for us in the matter?’ Say, ‘The matter belongs entirely to God.’ They conceal in themselves what they do not reveal to you. They say, ‘If we had any part in the matter, we would not have been killed here.’ Say, ‘Even if you had been in your houses, those for whom killing was decreed would have gone forth to their places of death,’ and that God might test what is in your breasts and purify what is in your hearts; and God knows the secrets of the breasts.” God sent down slumber as a security from Him upon the people of certainty in Him, and so they slept without fear. The people of hypocrisy were anxious about themselves, thinking of God other than the truth, the thought of ignorance, fearing death; for they do not hope for a final outcome. God, Mighty and Majestic, mentioned their mutual reproach and their regret over what had befallen them. Then God, Glorified be He, said to His Prophet ﷺ: “Say, ‘Even if you had been in your houses,’ you would not have attended this place where God brought to light from you what He brought to light of your hidden secrets, ‘those for whom killing was decreed would have gone forth,’ would have come out ‘to their places of death,’ to another place where they would be slain, so that He might test thereby what is in their breasts and purify what is in your hearts. And God knows the secrets of the breasts,” that is, nothing is hidden from Him of what is in their breasts, of what they conceal from you. [Warning them against being among those who fear death in the cause of God] Then He said: “O you who believe, do not be like those who disbelieve and say of their brothers when they travel in the land or go forth on raids, ‘If they had been with us, they would not have died or been killed,’ so that God may make that a regret in their hearts. And God gives life and causes death, and God sees what you do,” that is, do not be like the hypocrites who forbid their brothers from striving in the way of God and from traveling in the land in obedience to God, Mighty and Majestic, and obedience to His Messenger ﷺ, and who say when they die or are killed, “If they had obeyed us, they would not have died or been killed,” so that God may make that a regret in their hearts, because of their little certainty in their Lord. “And God gives life and causes death,” that is, He hastens what He wills and delays what He wills of that from their appointed terms, by His power. He, Exalted be He, said: “And if you are killed in the way of God or die, forgiveness from God and mercy are better than what they amass,” that is, death is inevitable and must come; so death in the way of God, or being killed, is better, if they only knew and were certain, than what they amass of this world, for the sake of which they hold back from striving, fearing death and killing because of what they have gathered of the flower of this world, out of asceticism in the Hereafter. “And if you die or are killed, to God you shall be gathered,” that is, to God is the return, so let not this world beguile you, nor be deceived by it, and let striving and what God has made desirable to you of its reward be dearer to you than it. [His mention of the Messenger's mercy toward them] Then He, Blessed and Exalted be He, said: “It was by a mercy from God that you were gentle with them; had you been harsh and hard-hearted, they would have dispersed from around you,” that is, they would have left you. “So pardon them and ask forgiveness for them and consult them in the matter; and when you have resolved, then rely upon God. Indeed, God loves those who rely upon Him.” He mentioned to His Prophet ﷺ his gentleness toward them and his patience with them, because of their weakness and their little patience for harshness, had it come from him upon them, in all that they opposed him of what was obligatory upon them of obedience to their Prophet ﷺ. Then He, Blessed and Exalted be He, said: “So pardon them,” that is, overlook them, “and ask forgiveness for them” for their sins, for those of the believers among them who committed them. “And consult them in the matter,” that is, to show them that you listen to them and seek their assistance, even though you are without need of them, winning their hearts thereby to their religion. “And when you have resolved,” that is, upon a matter that comes to you from Me and a matter of your religion in striving against your enemy, which nothing but that can set right for you and for them, then proceed in what you have been commanded, in opposition to those who oppose you and in agreement with those who agree with you, “and rely upon God,” that is, be content with Him instead of the servants. “Indeed, God loves those who rely upon Him. If God helps you, none can overcome you; and if He forsakes you, who is there who can help you after Him?” That is, do not leave My command for the people, and cast aside the command of the people for My command; and upon God, not upon the people, “let the believers rely.” [What was revealed concerning misappropriation of spoils] Then He said: “It is not for a prophet to misappropriate, and whoever misappropriates will bring what he misappropriated on the Day of Resurrection; then every soul will be paid in full what it earned, and they will not be wronged,” that is, it is not for a prophet to conceal from the people what God sent him with, out of fear of the people or desire for them; and whoever does that will bring it on the Day of Resurrection, then he will be recompensed for what he earned, neither wronged nor transgressed against. “Is one who follows the good pleasure of God, whether people love it or hate it, like one who earns displeasure from God for the sake of pleasing people or displeasing them?” He says: Is one who is upon obedience to Me, whose reward is Paradise and good pleasure from God, like one who earns displeasure from God and makes himself deserving of His wrath, whose abode is Hell, an evil destination? Are the two equals alike? So know. “They are degrees with God, and God sees what they do.” For each are degrees of what they did, in Paradise and in the Fire; that is, God does not overlook the people of obedience to Him among the people of disobedience to Him. [His mention of the calamity that befell them] Then He mentioned the calamity that befell them and said: “When a calamity befell you, although you had inflicted twice as much, you said, ‘How is this?’ Say, ‘It is from yourselves. Indeed, God has power over all things,’” that is, if a calamity has befallen you among your brothers because of your sins, you had previously inflicted twice as much upon your enemy on the day before it at Badr, in killing and taking captives, and you forgot your disobedience and your opposition to what your Prophet ﷺ commanded you. You brought this upon yourselves. “Indeed, God has power over all things,” that is, God has power over what He wills for His servants, whether retribution or pardon. “And what befell you on the day the two hosts met was by God's permission, and that He might know the believers,” that is, what befell you when you and your enemy met was by My permission. That happened when you did what you did, after My help came to you and My promise proved true to you, so that He might distinguish between the believers and the hypocrites, and “that He might know those who acted hypocritically among you,” that is, to bring to light what was in them. “And it was said to them, ‘Come, fight in the way of God, or defend.’” He means ʿAbd Allāh b. Ubayy and his companions who turned back from the Messenger of God ﷺ when he marched against his enemy from the polytheists at Uḥud, and their saying: “If we knew that you would fight, we would go with you and defend you, but we do not think there will be any fighting.” So He brought forth from them what they concealed in themselves. God, Mighty and Majestic, says: “They were nearer that day to unbelief than to faith; they say with their mouths what is not in their hearts,” that is, they show you faith while it is not in their hearts. “And God knows best what they conceal,” that is, what they hide. “Those who said of their brothers, of their clansmen and people who were struck down with you, ‘If they had obeyed us, they would not have been killed.’ Say, ‘Then avert death from yourselves, if you are truthful,’” that is, death is inevitable, and if you are able to ward it off from yourselves, then do so. That is because they acted hypocritically and abandoned striving in the way of God only out of eagerness to remain in this world and flight from death. [Encouragement to strive] Then He said to His Prophet ﷺ, encouraging the believers to strive and making light of killing for them: “And do not reckon those who have been killed in the way of God as dead; rather, they are alive with their Lord, provided for, rejoicing in what God has given them of His bounty, and they receive good tidings of those who have not yet joined them from behind them, that no fear shall be upon them, nor shall they grieve,” that is, do not think that those who have been killed in the way of God are dead; indeed, I have given them life, and they are with Me, provided for in the rest and bounty of Paradise, rejoicing in what God has given them of His bounty for their striving for His sake. “And they receive good tidings of those who have not yet joined them from behind them,” that is, they rejoice at the joining of those of their brothers who follow them upon the striving on which they went forth, so that they may share with them in what they are in of the reward of God which He has given them. God has removed fear and grief from them. God, Exalted be He, says: “They receive good tidings of a favor from God and bounty, and that God does not waste the reward of the believers,” because of what they witnessed of the fulfillment of the promise and the greatness of the reward.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording. Ask what scholars say about its grade