Tarikh (al-Tabari) 1063
The Expedition of Uḥud
غَزْوَةُ أُحُدٍ فِي شَهْرِ شَوَّالٍ مِنَ السَّنَةِ الثَّالِثَةِ لِلْهِجْرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ عَلَى صَاحِبِهَا أَفْضَلُ الصَّلَاةِ وَأَتَمُّ التَّسْلِيمِ وَقَعَتْ غَزْوَةُ أُحُدٍ عِنْدَ هَذَا الْجَبَلِ الَّذِي أَخْبَرَ عَنْ فَضْلِهِ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَقَالَ: "جَبَلٌ يُحِبُّنَا وَنُحِبُّهُ". فَإِنَّ قُرَيْشًا بَعْدَمَا رَجَعَتْ مِنْ بَدْرٍ وَقَدْ مُنِيَتْ بِقَتْلِ أَشْرَافِهَا قَامَ فِيهِمْ أَبْنَاؤُهُمْ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَعَلَى رَأْسِهِمْ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بْنُ حَرْبٍ مُحَرِّضِينَ عَلَى غَزْوِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ سَائِلِينَ قُرَيْشًا أَنْ تُعِينَهُمْ بِمَالِ الْعِيرِ الَّتِي كَانَتْ قَدْ أَفْلَتَتْ فِي غَزْوَةِ بَدْرٍ لِيُدْرِكُوا ثَأْرَهُمْ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ. خُرُوجُ قُرَيْشٍ: فَخَرَجَتْ قُرَيْشٌ بِحَدِّهَا وَحَدِيدِهَا وَأَحَابِيشِهَا مَعَهُمْ نِسَاؤُهُمْ، وَقَدْ تَعَبَّأَتْ قُرَيْشٌ بِجَيْشٍ قِوَامُهُ ثَلَاثَةُ آلَافِ رَجُلٍ وَمِائَتَيْ فَرَسٍ عَلَى مَيْمَنَتِهِمْ خَالِدُ بْنُ الْوَلِيدِ وَعَلَى مَيْسَرَتِهِمْ عِكْرِمَةُ بْنُ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، وَقَدْ خَرَجَ مَعَهُمْ أَبُو عَامِرٍ الْفَاسِقُ وَهُوَ أَبُو حَنْظَلَةَ الصَّحَابِيُّ الْجَلِيلُ غَسِيلُ الْمَلَائِكَةِ، وَكَانَ قَدْ فَارَقَ الْمَدِينَةَ بَعْدَ انْتِشَارِ الْإِسْلَامِ فِيهَا، وَجَاءَ مَعَ قُرَيْشٍ مُحَادًّا لِلَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ. وَقَدْ كَانَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ يُحَرِّضُ بَنِي عَبْدِ الدَّارِ ذَاكِرًا لَهُمْ مَا كَانَ مِنْ وِلَايَتِهِمُ اللِّوَاءِ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ وَانْهِزَامِهِمْ، وَقَدْ رَدُّوا عَلَيْهِ بِمَا يُطَمْئِنُهُ، وَكَانَتْ زَوْجَتُهُ هِنْدُ تُحَرِّضُ أَيْضًا، وَكَذَلِكَ النِّسْوَةُ كُنَّ يُحَرِّضْنَ الْجَيْشَ بِالشِّعْرِ. رُؤْيَا رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَخُرُوجُهُ لِلْقِتَالِ: فِي هَذِهِ الْأَثْنَاءِ كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَدْ رَأَى فِي نَوْمِهِ أَنَّ بَقَرًا لَهُ تُذْبَحُ وَرَأَى ثَلْمًا فِي ذُبَابَةِ سَيْفِهِ وَرَأَى أَنَّهُ أَدْخَلَ يَدَهُ فِي دِرْعٍ حَصِينَةٍ. فَأَوَّلَهَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِأَنَّ نَفَرًا مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ يُقْتَلُونَ وَأَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ يُقْتَلُ وَأَمَّا الدِّرْعُ الْحَصِينَةُ فَقَدْ أَوَّلَهَا بِالْمَدِينَةِ. فَاسْتَشَارَ أَصْحَابَهُ وَكَانَ رَأْيُهُ ﷺ الْبَقَاءَ فِي الْمَدِينَةِ وَالدِّفَاعَ عَنْهَا حَيْثُ إِنَّهُمْ أَعْلَمُ بِدُرُوبِهَا مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، وَقَدْ وَافَقَ هَذَا الرَّأْيَ هَوَى عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ أُبَيِّ ابْنِ سَلُولٍ رَأْسِ النِّفَاقِ، إِلَّا أَنَّ نَفَرًا مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ الَّذِينَ فَاتَهُمْ فَضْلُ بَدْرٍ أَلَحُّوا عَلَى الْخُرُوجِ، فَدَخَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَلَبِسَ لَأْمَةَ (مَلَابِسَ) الْحَرْبِ فَعَاتَبَ الصَّحَابَةُ بَعْضُهُمْ بَعْضًا وَرَأَوْا أَنَّهُمْ قَدْ أَكْرَهُوا النَّبِيَّ ﷺ عَلَى الْخُرُوجِ وَذَكَرُوا ذَلِكَ لَهُ فَقَالَ ﷺ: "مَا يَنْبَغِي لِنَبِيٍّ إِذَا أَخَذَ لَأْمَةَ الْحَرْبِ وَأَذِنَ بِالْخُرُوجِ إِلَى الْعَدُوِّ، أَنْ يَرْجِعَ حَتَّى يُقَاتِلَ". فَخَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِالْجَيْشِ وَفِي الطَّرِيقِ انْخَذَلَ عَنْهُ الْمُنَافِقُونَ بِقُرَابَةِ ثُلْثِ الْجَيْشِ، وَخَطَبَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي أَصْحَابِهِ وَجَعَلَ عَلَى الرُّمَاةِ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ جُبَيْرٍ وَكَانُوا خَمْسِينَ وَأَمَرَهُمْ بِالدَّفْعِ عَنْ ظَهْرِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَأَلَّا يَبْرَحُوا مَكَانَهُمْ حَتَّى وَلَوْ تَخَطَّفَ الْجَيْشَ الطَّيْرُ فِي الْمَعْرَكَةِ حَتَّى يُرْسِلَ إِلَيْهِمْ، وَأَعْطَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أَبَا دُجَانَةَ سَيْفًا عَلَى أَنْ يَفِيَ بِحَقِّهِ وَهُوَ أَنْ يَضْرِبَ بِهِ ضَرْبًا شَدِيدًا، وَقَدْ أَجَازَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بَعْضَ صِغَارِ الصَّحَابَةِ مِمَّنْ بَلَغَ الْخَامِسَةَ عَشْرَةَ وَكَانَ شِعَارُ الصَّحَابَةِ: أَمِتْ أَمِتْ. ذِكْرُ مَا لَقِيَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي أُحُدٍ: دَارَتْ رَحَى الْمَعْرَكَةِ وَكَانَتِ الْكَرَّةُ فِي أَوَّلِ الْأَمْرِ عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَتَّى إِنَّهُمْ قَدْ وَلَّوْا لَا يَلْوُونَ عَلَى شَيْءٍ وَذَهَبَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ يَتْبَعُونَهُمْ قَتْلًا وَإِجْهَازًا عَلَى الْجَرْحَى، إِلَّا أَنَّ الرُّمَاةَ الَّذِينَ حَذَّرَهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مِنْ تَرْكِ مَوَاقِعِهِمْ قَدْ تَرَكُوهَا طَمَعًا فِي الْمَغْنَمِ بَعْدَ ظَنِّهِمْ أَنَّ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَدِ انْهَزَمُوا فَانْكَشَفَ ظَهْرُ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَالْتَفَّ خَيْلٌ لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ وَدَارَتِ الدَّائِرَةُ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَكَانَ الْبَلَاءُ وَالتَّمْحِيصُ، فَقُتِلَ عَدَدٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ رِضْوَانُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأُصِيبَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَكُسِرَتْ رَبَاعِيَّتُهُ وَشُجَّ فِي وَجْهِهِ وَجُرِحَتْ شَفَتُهُ ﷺ، حَتَّى أُشِيعَ مَقْتَلُهُ ﷺ فَخَارَتْ قُوَى بَعْضِ الصَّحَابَةِ وَقَوِيَتْ عَزِيمَةُ آخَرِينَ مِنْهُمْ أَنَسُ بْنُ النَّضْرِ، فَقَامَ يُحَفِّزُ الصَّحَابَةَ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: قُومُوا فَمُوتُوا عَلَى مَا مَاتَ عَلَيْهِ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَتَبَرَّأَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَاعْتَذَرَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَقَامَ فَقَاتَلَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ فَمَا عُرِفَ إِلَّا بِبَنَانِهِ، وَقَدْ أُصِيبَ أَيْضًا فِيهَا مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ: حَمْزَةُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ قَتَلَهُ وَحْشِيُّ بْنُ حَرْبٍ، وَمَثَّلَتْ بِجُثَّتِهِ هِنْدُ بِنْتُ عُتْبَةَ، وَمِمَّنْ أُصِيبَ مُصْعَبُ بْنُ عُمَيْرٍ وَسَعْدُ بْنُ الرَّبِيعِ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ حَرَامٍ أَبُو جَابِرٍ، وَحَنْظَلَةُ غَسِيلُ الْمَلَائِكَةِ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ جَحْشٍ وَزِيَادُ بْنُ السَّكَنِ وَغَيْرُهُمْ مِنَ الصَّحْبِ الْكِرَامِ، وَفِيهَا أَيْضًا قُتِلَ قَزْمَانُ عَلَى النِّفَاقِ فَقَدْ خَرَجَ حَمِيَّةً وَلَمَّا أُصِيبَ لَمْ يَتَحَمَّلْ فَقَتَلَ نَفْسَهُ، وَلَقَدْ ضَرَبَ عَدَدٌ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ أَرْوَعَ الْأَمْثِلَةِ فِي التَّضْحِيَةِ وَالْفِدَاءِ مِنْهُمْ: أَبُو دُجَانَةَ فَقَدِ انْحَنَى عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ يَفْدِيهِ وَوَقَعَ النَّبْلُ فِي ظَهْرِهِ حَتَّى كَثُرَ فِي ظَهْرِهِ، وَقَاتَلَ قَتَادَةُ حَتَّى خَرَجَتْ عَيْنُهُ فَرَدَّهَا لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ، وَقَاتَلَ أَبُو طَلْحَةَ حَتَّى شُلَّتْ يَدُهُ، وَقَاتَلَتْ أُمُّ عِمَارَةَ نَسِيبَةُ بِنْتُ كَعْبٍ بَيْنَ يَدَيِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَكَانَتْ عَائِشَةُ وَأُمُّ سُلَيْمٍ ؓ يَسْقِينَ وَيُدَاوِينَ الْجَرْحَى. وَلَقَدْ حَزِنَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى قَتْلِ حَمْزَةَ حُزْنًا كَبِيرًا حَتَّى إِنَّهُ أَخْبَرَ لِيُمَثِّلَنَّ بِالْمُشْرِكِينَ ثُمَّ نَهَى عَنِ الْمُثْلَةِ وَامْتَثَلَ لِأَمْرِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى بِالصَّبْرِ. وَقَدِ انْحَازَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بَعْدَ إِصَابَتِهِ إِلَى شِعْبٍ فِي الْجَبَلِ وَجَاءَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ مُفَاخِرًا اعْلُ هُبَلَ فَرَدَّ عَلَيْهِ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بَلِ اللَّهُ أَعْلَى وَأَجَلُّ فَاسْتَخْبَرَ هَلْ قُتِلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَرَدَّ عَلَيْهِ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بِأَنَّهُ سَالِمًا بِحَمْدِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى يَسْمَعُ كَلَامَهُ، وَقَدْ تَوَاعَدَ لِلِّقَاءِ الْعَامِ الْقَابِلِ عِنْدَ بَدْرٍ وَقَبِلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ ذَلِكَ. وَقَدْ دَفَنَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ قَتْلَى أُحُدٍ بِأَرْضِ الْمَعْرَكَةِ حَيْثُ دَفَنَ كُلَّ مُتَصَافِيَيْنِ فِي قَبْرٍ وَاحِدٍ لِكَثْرَةِ الْقَتْلَى، فَدَفَنَ حَمْزَةَ وَعَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ جَحْشٍ فِي قَبْرٍ وَاحِدٍ، وَدَفَنَ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْجُمُوحِ وَعَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ حَرَامٍ فِي قَبْرٍ وَاحِدٍ، وَقَدْ كَانَ مَجْمُوعُ مَنْ قُتِلَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي أُحُدٍ قُرَابَةَ السَّبْعِينَ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْأَثْنَاءِ وَرَغْمَ الْجِرَاحِ انْتَهَضَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ مِمَّنْ قَاتَلَ فِي أُحُدٍ لِمُطَارَدَةِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ لِيَعْلَمَ مُشْرِكُو قُرَيْشٍ وَالْعَرَبُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَضْعَفْ وَلَمْ يَهِنْ فَخَرَجَ إِلَى حَمْرَاءِ الْأَسَدِ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ قَتَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أُبَيَّ بْنَ خَلَفٍ بِحَرْبَةٍ، وَقُتِلَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَبُو عَزَّةَ الشَّاعِرُ وَمُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ الْمُغِيرَةَ. وَمِمَّا وَقَعَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ أَنَّ نَفَرًا مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ رِضْوَانُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِمْ فَرُّوا إِلَّا أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ قَدْ عَفَا عَنْهُمْ وَأَنْزَلَ فِي ذَلِكَ قُرْآنًا يُتْلَى إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ فَقَالَ سُبْحَانَهُ: إِنَّ الَّذِينَ تَوَلَّوْا مِنْكُمْ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ إِنَّمَا اسْتَزَلَّهُمُ الشَّيْطَانُ بِبَعْضِ مَا كَسَبُوا وَلَقَدْ عَفَا اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهُ غَفُورٌ حَلِيمٌ [آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 155].
Translation
✧ The Expedition of Uḥud In the month of Shawwāl of the third year of the Prophetic Hijrah—upon its bearer be the most excellent prayers and the most complete salutations—the expedition of Uḥud took place at this mountain of whose excellence the Prophet ﷺ informed, saying: "A mountain that loves us and we love it." For after Quraysh returned from Badr, having suffered the killing of their nobles, their sons among the polytheists rose up among them, headed by Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb, inciting to raid the Prophet ﷺ and asking Quraysh to aid them with the wealth of the caravan that had escaped in the expedition of Badr, so that they might attain their vengeance upon the Muslims. The going forth of Quraysh: So Quraysh went forth with their full might and iron, along with their allies, accompanied by their women. Quraysh had arrayed an army of three thousand men and two hundred horses; on their right wing was Khālid b. al-Walīd and on their left wing ʿIkrimah b. Abī Jahl. With them went forth Abū ʿĀmir the reprobate, who was the father of the noble Companion Ḥanẓalah, the one washed by the angels; he had departed Madinah after the spread of Islam there, and came with Quraysh opposing Allah and His Messenger. Abū Sufyān had been inciting the Banū ʿAbd al-Dār, reminding them of their bearing of the standard on the day of Badr and their defeat. They replied to him with what reassured him. His wife Hind was also inciting, and likewise the women were inciting the army with poetry. The dream of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and his going out to fight: In the meantime, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had seen in his sleep that some cows of his were being slaughtered, and he saw a notch in the edge of his sword, and he saw that he had inserted his hand into a strong coat of mail. The Prophet ﷺ interpreted it as meaning that a group of his Companions would be killed and that a man of his household would be killed; as for the strong coat of mail, he interpreted it as Madinah. He consulted his Companions. His opinion ﷺ was to remain in Madinah and defend it, since they were more knowing of its alleys than the polytheists. This opinion coincided with the inclination of ʿAbd Allāh b. Ubayy b. Salūl, the head of hypocrisy. However, a group of Companions who had missed the merit of Badr insisted on going out. The Prophet ﷺ entered and donned his armor (war garments). The Companions reproached one another and saw that they had compelled the Prophet ﷺ to go out, and they mentioned that to him. He ﷺ said: "It is not fitting for a prophet, when he has donned his war armor and given permission to go out to the enemy, to return until he fights." The Prophet ﷺ went out with the army, and on the way about a third of the army deserted him with the hypocrites. The Prophet ﷺ addressed his Companions, placed ʿAbd Allāh b. Jubayr in command of the archers—they were fifty—and ordered them to defend the rear of the Muslims and not to leave their position even if the birds snatched away the army in the battle, until he sent word to them. The Prophet ﷺ gave Abū Dujānah a sword on condition that he fulfill its due, which was to strike with it a mighty striking. The Prophet ﷺ permitted some of the young Companions who had reached the age of fifteen, and the watchword of the Companions was: "Amit! Amit!" (Die! Die!). Account of what befell the Prophet ﷺ at Uḥud: The millstone of battle turned. At first the rout was upon the polytheists, so that they turned and fled without pausing for anything. The Muslims went after them killing and finishing off the wounded. But the archers whom the Prophet ﷺ had warned against leaving their posts left them, greedy for booty after supposing that the polytheists had been defeated. Thus the rear of the Muslims was exposed, and cavalry of the polytheists wheeled around, and the turn of fortune came upon the Muslims, and there was trial and purification. A number of the Companions, ؓ, were killed. The Prophet ﷺ was wounded, his incisor was broken, he was struck on the face, and his lip was wounded ﷺ, until word spread that he had been killed ﷺ. The strength of some of the Companions failed, while the determination of others was strengthened, among them Anas b. al-Naḍr, who rose up rousing the Companions, saying: "Arise and die upon what the Prophet ﷺ died upon!" He disavowed the polytheists, excused himself before the Muslims, rose, and fought until he was killed; he was not recognized except by his fingertips. Among the Companions also wounded in it were: Ḥamzah b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, killed by Waḥshī b. Ḥarb, and Hind bt. ʿUtbah mutilated his corpse. Among those wounded were Muṣʿab b. ʿUmayr, Saʿd b. al-Rabīʿ, ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥarām the father of Jābir, Ḥanẓalah the one washed by the angels, ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaḥsh, Ziyād b. al-Sakan, and others of the noble Companions. In it also Quzmān was killed upon hypocrisy—he went out out of zeal and, when he was wounded, could not endure it and killed himself. A number of Companions struck the most splendid examples of sacrifice and ransom, among them: Abū Dujānah, who bent over the Prophet ﷺ to shield him, and arrows fell upon his back until they became many in his back. Qatādah fought until his eye protruded, and the Prophet ﷺ restored it for him. Abū Ṭalḥah fought until his hand was paralyzed. Umm ʿImārah, Nusaybah bt. Kaʿb, fought before the Prophet ﷺ. ʿĀʾishah and Umm Sulaym ؓ gave water and tended the wounded. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ grieved greatly over the killing of Ḥamzah, to the point that he declared he would mutilate the polytheists, then he forbade mutilation and complied with the command of Allah Almighty by patience. After being wounded, the Prophet ﷺ withdrew to a mountain pass. Abū Sufyān came boasting: "Exalted be Hubal!" The Muslims replied: "Rather Allah is more exalted and more majestic!" He inquired whether the Prophet ﷺ had been killed. The Muslims replied that he was safe, by the praise of Allah Almighty, and hearing his words. They appointed to meet the following year at Badr, and the Prophet ﷺ accepted that. The Prophet ﷺ buried the slain of Uḥud in the ground of the battlefield, burying every two who had been close companions in one grave because of the number of slain. Thus he buried Ḥamzah and ʿAbd Allāh b. Jaḥsh in one grave, and buried ʿAmr b. al-Jamūḥ and ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥarām in one grave. The total number of Muslims killed at Uḥud was about seventy. In the meantime, despite his wounds, the Prophet ﷺ rose with those Muslims who had fought at Uḥud to pursue the polytheists, so that the polytheists of Quraysh and the Arabs would know that he had not weakened or faltered; so he went out to Ḥamrāʾ al-Asad. In this expedition the Prophet ﷺ killed Ubayy b. Khalaf with a spear. Among the polytheists killed were Abū ʿAzzah the poet and Muʿāwiyah b. al-Mughīrah. Among what occurred in this expedition was that a few of the Companions, ؓ, fled, but Allah, Mighty and Majestic, pardoned them, and He sent down concerning that Qurʾan that is recited until the Day of Resurrection. He, glorified be He, said: "Indeed, those of you who turned back on the day the two hosts met—it was Satan who caused them to slip because of some of what they had earned; and Allah has already pardoned them. Indeed Allah is Forgiving, Forbearing" [Āl ʿImrān: 155].
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