34. The coming of the command to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ concerning fighting

1. Sirat Ibn Hisham 545No grade recorded

   نُزُولُ الْأَمْرِ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي الْقِتَالِ بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ. قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ هِشَامٍ، قَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا زِيَادُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ الْبُكَائِيُّ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إسْحَاقَ الْمُطَّلِبِيِّ: وَكَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَبْلَ بَيْعَةِ الْعَقَبَةِ لَمْ يُؤْذَنْ لَهُ فِي الْحَرْبِ وَلَمْ تُحَلَّلْ لَهُ الدِّمَاءُ، إنَّمَا يُؤْمَرُ بِالدُّعَاءِ إلَى اللَّهِ وَالصَّبْرِ عَلَى الْأَذَى، وَالصُّفْحِ عَنْ الْجَاهِلِ وَكَانَتْ قُرَيْشٌ قَدْ اضْطَهَدَتْ مَنْ اتَّبَعَهُ مِنْ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ حَتَّى فَتَنُوهُمْ عَنْ دِينِهِمْ وَنَفَوْهُمْ مِنْ بِلَادِهِمْ، فَهُمْ مِنْ بَيْنِ مَفْتُونٍ فِي دِينِهِ، وَمِنْ بَيْنِ مُعَذَّبٍ فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ، وَبَيْنِ هَارِبٍ فِي الْبِلَادِ فِرَارًا مِنْهُمْ، مِنْهُمْ مَنْ بِأَرْضِ الْحَبَشَةِ، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، وَفِي كُلٍّ وَجْهٌ؛ فَلَمَّا عَتَتْ قُرَيْشٌ عَلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَرَدُّوا عَلَيْهِ مَا أَرَادَهُمْ بِهِ مِنْ الْكَرَامَةِ، وَكَذَّبُوا نَبِيَّهُ ﷺ، وَعَذَّبُوا وَنَفَوْا مَنْ عَبَدَهُ وَوَحَّدَهُ وَصَدَّقَ نَبِيَّهُ، وَاعْتَصَمَ بِدِينِهِ، أَذِنَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لِرَسُولِهِ ﷺ فِي الْقِتَالِ وَالِانْتِصَارِ مِمَّنْ ظَلَمَهُمْ وَبَغَى عَلَيْهِمْ، فَكَانَتْ أَوَّلُ آيَةٍ أُنْزِلَتْ فِي إذْنِهِ لَهُ فِي الْحَرْبِ، وَإِحْلَالِهِ لَهُ الدِّمَاءَ وَالْقِتَالَ، لِمَنْ بَغَى عَلَيْهِمْ، فِيمَا بَلَغَنِي عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ وَغَيْرِهِ مِنْ الْعُلَمَاءِ، قَوْلُ اللَّهِ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى: أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُوا مِنْ دِيَارِهِمْ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ إِلَّا أَنْ يَقُولُوا رَبُّنَا اللَّهُ وَلَوْلَا دَفْعُ اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُمْ بِبَعْضٍ لَهُدِّمَتْ صَوَامِعُ وَبِيَعٌ وَصَلَوَاتٌ وَمَسَاجِدُ يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا اسْمُ اللَّهِ كَثِيرًا وَلَيَنْصُرَنَّ اللَّهُ مَنْ يَنْصُرُهُ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَقَوِيٌّ عَزِيزٌ الَّذِينَ إِنْ مَكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَلِلَّهِ عَاقِبَةُ الْأُمُورِ -: أَيْ أَنِّي إنَّمَا أَحْلَلْتُ لَهُمْ الْقِتَالَ لِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُوا، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمْ ذَنْبٌ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ النَّاسِ، إلَّا أَنَّ يَعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ، وَأَنَّهُمْ إذَا ظَهَرُوا أَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ، وَآتَوْا الزَّكَاةَ، وَأَمَرُوا بِالْمَعْرُوفِ، وَنَهَوْا عَنْ الْمُنْكَرِ. يَعْنِي النَّبِيَّ ﷺ وَأَصْحَابَهُ ؓ أَجْمَعِينَ، ثُمَّ أَنَزَلَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى عَلَيْهِ: وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لَا تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ أَيْ حَتَّى لَا يُفْتَنَ مُؤْمِنٌ عَنْ دِينِهِ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ لِلَّهِ أَيْ حَتَّى يُعْبَدَ اللَّهُ، لَا يَعْبُدُ مَعَهُ غَيْرُهُ.

   ✧ The coming of the command to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ concerning fighting In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful. He said: Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Malik b. Hishām narrated to us; he said: Ziyād b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Bakkāʾī narrated to us, from Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-Muṭṭalibī: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ, before the pledge at al-ʿAqabah, had not been permitted to wage war, nor had bloodshed been made lawful for him. He was only commanded to call to Allah and to endure injury and to overlook the ignorant. The Quraysh had persecuted those of the Emigrants who followed him until they tempted them away from their religion, and expelled them from their lands. Among them were those who were tried in their religion, those tormented at their hands, and those fleeing in the land, escaping from them—some in the land of Abyssinia, some in al-Madinah, and in every direction. When the Quraysh became arrogant toward Allah, mighty and glorious, rejecting what He intended for them of honour, and belied His Prophet ﷺ, and tormented and expelled those who worshipped Him and declared His oneness and believed His Prophet and held fast to His religion, Allah, mighty and glorious, permitted His Messenger ﷺ to fight and to take retribution from those who wronged them and transgressed against them. The first verse revealed granting him permission for war, and making lawful for him bloodshed and fighting those who transgressed against them, according to what has reached me from ʿUrwah b. al-Zubayr and other scholars, is the saying of Allah, blessed and exalted: "Permission is given to those who are fought, because they have been wronged—and surely Allah is able to help them—those who have been expelled from their homes without right, only because they say: Our Lord is Allah. Had Allah not driven back some people by others, cloisters, churches, synagogues, and mosques in which Allah's name is much remembered would have been destroyed. Allah will surely help those who help Him—surely Allah is strong, mighty—those who, if We establish them in the land, perform the prayer, give the alms, command the right, forbid the wrong. To Allah belongs the outcome of affairs." That is: I have only made fighting lawful for them because they were wronged, and they had no sin between them and the people except that they worshipped Allah, and that if they prevail they will perform the prayer, give the alms, command the right, and forbid the wrong—meaning the Prophet ﷺ and all his Companions ؓ. Then Allah, blessed and exalted, revealed to him: "Fight them until there is no more persecution—that is, until no believer is tempted away from his religion—and the religion is for Allah—that is, until Allah alone is worshipped, and none other is worshipped beside Him."