Shu'ab al-Iman (al-Bayhaqi) 6817
✧ The sealing of the heart or the covering of rust
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أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الْحُسَيْنِ بْنُ بِشْرَانَ، أَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ الصَّفَّارُ، نا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ عَفَّانَ، نا ابْنُ نُمَيْرٍ، عَنِ الْأَعْمَشِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَبِي لَيْلَى، عَنْ حُذَيْفَةَ،
قَالَ: قِيلَ: يَا أَبَا عَبْدِ اللهِ أَكَفَرَ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ فِي يَوْمٍ وَاحِدٍ؟، قَالَ: " لَا، وَلَكِنْ عُرِضَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ فِتْنَةٌ فَأَبَوْا أَنْ يَرْكَبُوهَا، فَضُرِبُوا عَلَيْهَا حَتَّى رَكِبُوهَا، ثُمَّ عُرِضَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ أَكْبَرُ مِنْهَا، فَقَالُوا: لَا نَرْكَبُ هَذِهِ أَبَدًا، فَضُرِبُوا عَلَيْهَا حَتَّى رَكِبُوهَا، فَانْسَلَخُوا مِنْ دِينِهِمْ كَمَا يَنْسَلِخُ الرَّجُلُ مِنْ قَمِيصِهِ ". قَالَ أَحْمَدُ: " قَالَ أَصْحَابُنَا: وَالْخَتْمُ عَلَى الْقَلْبِ، وَالطَّبْعُ بِمَعْنًى وَاحِدٍ، وَمَنْ طُبِعَ عَلَى قَلْبِهِ فِي ذَنْبٍ لَمْ يَتُبْ مِنْهُ أَبَدًا، قَالَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: {إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَأَنْذَرْتَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تُنْذِرْهُمْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ} [البقرة: 6]، فَآيَسَ نَبِيَّهُ ﷺ مِنْ إِيمَانِهِمْ، وَأَشَارَ إِلَى سَبَبِ ذَلِكَ وَعِلَّتِهِ، فَقَالَ: {خَتَمَ اللهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ وَعَلَى سَمْعِهِمْ وَعَلَى أَبْصَارِهِمْ غِشَاوَةٌ} [البقرة: 7] وَمَعْنَى الْخَتْمِ التَّغْطِيَةُ عَلَى الشَّيْءِ، وَالِاسْتِيثَاقُ مِنْهُ حَتَّى لَا يَدْخُلَهُ شَيْءٌ، فَقَوْلُهُ: {خَتَمَ اللهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ} [البقرة: 7] أَيْ طَبَعَ اللهُ، وَالْخَاتَمُ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الطَّابَعِ، وَالْمَعْنَى: أَنَّهَا لَا تَعْقِلُ وَلَا تَعِي خَيْرًا، فَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّهُ حَالَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ الدَّوَاعِي إِلَى الْإِيمَانِ أَنْ يَخْلُصَ إِلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ، وَحَالَ بَيْنَ قُلُوبِهِمْ وَبَيْنَ إِبْصَارِ مَا فِي الْإِيمَانِ مِنَ الصَّوَابِ، فَدَلَّ ذَلِكَ عَلَى أَنَّ الْكَافِرَ مَطْبُوعٌ عَلَى قَلْبِهِ مُسْتَحِيلٌ وُجُودُ الْإِيمَانِ مِنْهُ، وَقَالَ: {أُولَئِكَ الَّذِينَ طَبَعَ اللهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ وَسَمْعِهِمْ وَأَبْصَارِهِمْ وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْغَافِلُونَ} [النحل: 108]، فَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّ الْمَطْبُوعَ عَلَيْهِ غَافِلٌ، وَوُجُودُ الْفِعْلِ الَّذِي شَرْطُهُ الِاخْتِيَارُ عَنِ الْغَافِلِ عَنْهُ غَيْرُ مُمْكِنٍ، وَأَصْلُ الطَّبْعِ فِي اللُّغَةِ مِنَ الْوَسَخِ وَالدَّنَسِ يَغْشَيَانِ السَّيْفَ، ثُمَّ يُسْتَعْمَلُ فِيمَا يُشْبِهُ الْوَسَخَ وَالدَّنَسَ مِنَ الْآثَامِ وَالْأَقْذَارِ وَغَيْرِهَا مِنَ الْمَقَابِحِ، وَالِاسْتِثْنَاءُ فِي قَوْلِهِ: {بَلْ طَبَعَ اللهُ عَلَيْهَا بِكُفْرِهِمْ فَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا} [النساء: 155] مِنْ جَمَاعَةِ الْيَهُودِ الَّذِينَ ابْتَدَأَتِ الْقَصَّةُ بِذِكْرِهِمْ لَا مِنَ الْمَطْبُوعِ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ، وَيَجُوزُ أَنْ يَكُونُوا مَأْمُورِينَ بِالْإِيمَانِ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ وُجُودُهُ مِنْهُمْ، فَقَدْ أَخْبَرَ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ عَنْ جَمَاعَةٍ مِنَ الْكُفَّارِ أَنَّهُمْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ، وَالْأَمْرُ بِالْإِيمَانِ غَيْرُ زَائِلٍ عَنْهُمْ، وَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّهُ أَوْحَى إِلَى نُوحٍ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، أَنَّهُ لَنْ يُؤْمِنَ مِنْ قَوْمِكَ إِلَّا مَنْ قَدْ آمَنَ، وَلِذَلِكَ غَرَّقَهُمْ، ثُمَّ لَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يُقَالَ: إِنَّ الْأَمْرَ بِالْإِيمَانِ زَالَ عَنْهُمْ، وَلَعَنَ إِبْلِيسَ وَجَعَلَهُ شَيْطَانًا، فَصَارَ مِمَّنْ لَا يُؤْمِنُ وَلَا يَتُوبُ أَبَدًا، وَلَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يُقَالَ: إِنَّ الْأَمْرَ بِالْإِيمَانِ وَالتَّوْبَةِ زَائِلٌ عَنْهُ، فَكَذَلِكَ الْمَطْبُوعُ عَلَى قَلْبِهِ، وَاللهُ أَعْلَمُ، وَهَكَذَا كُلُّهُ مَعْنَى قَوْلِ الْحَلِيمِيِّ وَغَيْرِهِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ "
Translation
Chain of narrators
machine translationAbū al-Ḥusayn b. Bishrān informed us, (he said) Ismāʿīl al-Ṣaffār informed us, (he said) al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī b. ʿAffān narrated to us, (he said) Ibn Numayr narrated to us, from al-Aʿmash, from ʿAbdullāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Laylā, from Ḥudhayfah,
Machine translation, not reviewed
He said: It was said: "O Abū ʿAbdillāh, did the Children of Israel disbelieve in a single day?" He said: "No, but a trial was presented to them and they refused to take it on, so they were beaten over it until they took it on. Then a greater one than it was presented to them, and they said: We will never take this one on. So they were beaten over it until they took it on, and they stripped themselves of their religion as a man strips himself of his shirt." Aḥmad said: "Our companions said: The sealing (khatm) upon the heart and the imprinting (ṭabʿ) are of one meaning, and whoever has his heart imprinted over a sin will never repent from it. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, said: {إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَأَنْذَرْتَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تُنْذِرْهُمْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ} [al-Baqarah: 6]. So He made His Prophet ﷺ despair of their faith, and pointed to the reason and cause of that, saying: {خَتَمَ اللهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ وَعَلَى سَمْعِهِمْ وَعَلَى أَبْصَارِهِمْ غِشَاوَةٌ} [al-Baqarah: 7]. The meaning of sealing is covering over a thing and making it secure so that nothing enters it. So His words {خَتَمَ اللهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ} [al-Baqarah: 7] mean: Allah has imprinted them. The seal is in the position of the imprint. The meaning is that they do not understand or retain any good. So He informed that He came between them and the motives toward faith reaching their hearts, and came between their hearts and seeing what is right in faith. This indicates that the disbeliever has his heart imprinted, and the existence of faith from him is impossible. And He said: {أُولَئِكَ الَّذِينَ طَبَعَ اللهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ وَسَمْعِهِمْ وَأَبْصَارِهِمْ وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْغَافِلُونَ} [al-Nahl: 108]. So He informed that the one who is imprinted is heedless, and the occurrence of an act whose condition is free choice from one heedless of it is not possible. The origin of imprinting (ṭabʿ) in the language is from the filth and rust that cover a sword, then it is used for what resembles filth and rust, such as sins, impurities and other vile things. The exception in His words: {بَلْ طَبَعَ اللهُ عَلَيْهَا بِكُفْرِهِمْ فَلَا يُؤْمِنُونَ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا} [al-Nisāʾ: 155] is from the group of Jews with whose mention the account began, not from those whose hearts are imprinted. It is permissible that they be commanded to believe, even though its occurrence from them is not possible. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, has informed about a group of disbelievers that they do not believe, yet the command to believe has not lifted from them. And He informed that He revealed to Nūḥ, peace be upon him, that none of your people will believe except those who have already believed, and for that He drowned them; yet it is not permissible to say that the command to believe was lifted from them. He cursed Iblīs and made him a devil, so he became one who will never believe nor repent, yet it is not permissible to say that the command to believe and repent was lifted from him. So it is likewise with the one whose heart is imprinted, and Allah knows best. This is all the meaning of the words of al-Ḥalīmī and others of the people of knowledge."
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