Sirat Ibn Hisham 1507
[ نُزُولُ بَرَاءَةٍ فِي نَقْضِ مَا بَيْنَ الرَّسُولِ وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ ] وَنَزَلَتْ بَرَاءَةٌ فِي نَقْضِ مَا بَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَبَيْنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ مِنْ الْعَهْدِ، الَّذِي كَانُوا عَلَيْهِ فِيمَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَهُمْ: أَنْ لَا يُصَدَّ عَنْ الْبَيْتِ أَحَدٌ جَاءَهُ، وَلَا يَخَافُ أَحَدٌ فِي الشَّهْرِ الْحِرَامِ. وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ عَهْدًا عَامًّا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ النَّاسِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ، وَكَانَتْ بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ عُهُودٌ بَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَبَيْنَ قَبَائِلَ مِنْ الْعَرَبِ خَصَائِصَ، إلَى آجَالٍ مُسَمَّاةٍ، فَنَزَلَتْ فِيهِ وَفِيمَنْ تَخَلَّفَ مِنْ الْمُنَافِقِينَ عَنْهُ فِي تَبُوكَ وَفِي قَوْلِ مَنْ قَالَ مِنْهُمْ، فَكَشَفَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِيهَا سَرَائِرَ أَقْوَامٍ كَانُوا يَسْتَخْفُونَ بِغَيْرِ مَا يُظْهِرُونَ، مِنْهُمْ مَنْ سَمَّى لَنَا، وَمِنْهُمْ مَنْ لَمْ يُسَمَّ لَنَا، فَقَالَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: بَرَاءَةٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ إِلَى الَّذِينَ عَاهَدْتُمْ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَيْ لِأَهْلِ الْعَهْدِ الْعَامِّ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ فَسِيحُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ أَرْبَعَةَ أَشْهُرٍ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّكُمْ غَيْرُ مُعْجِزِي اللَّهِ وَأَنَّ اللَّهَ مُخْزِي الْكَافِرِينَ وَأَذَانٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ إِلَى النَّاسِ يَوْمَ الْحَجِّ الْأَكْبَرِ أَنَّ اللَّهَ بَرِيءٌ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَرَسُولُهُ أَيْ بَعْدَ هَذِهِ الْحِجَّةِ فَإِنْ تُبْتُمْ فَهُوَ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ وَإِنْ تَوَلَّيْتُمْ فَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّكُمْ غَيْرُ مُعْجِزِي اللَّهِ وَبَشِّرِ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بِعَذَابٍ أَلِيمٍ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ عَاهَدْتُمْ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَيْ الْعَهْدَ الْخَاصَّ إلَى الْأَجَلِ الْمُسَمَّى ثُمَّ لَمْ يَنْقُصُوكُمْ شَيْئًا وَلَمْ يُظَاهِرُوا عَلَيْكُمْ أَحَدًا فَأَتِمُّوا إِلَيْهِمْ عَهْدَهُمْ إِلَى مُدَّتِهِمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُتَّقِينَ فَإِذَا انْسَلَخَ الْأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ يَعْنِي الْأَرْبَعَةَ الَّتِي ضَرَبَ لَهُمْ أَجَلًا فَاقْتُلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدْتُمُوهُمْ وَخُذُوهُمْ وَاحْصُرُوهُمْ وَاقْعُدُوا لَهُمْ كُلَّ مَرْصَدٍ فَإِنْ تَابُوا وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ فَخَلُّوا سَبِيلَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ وَإِنْ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَيْ مِنْ هَؤُلَاءِ الَّذِينَ أَمَرْتُكَ بِقَتْلِهِمْ اسْتَجَارَكَ فَأَجِرْهُ حَتَّى يَسْمَعَ كَلَامَ اللَّهِ ثُمَّ أَبْلِغْهُ مَأْمَنَهُ ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ. ثُمَّ قَالَ: كَيْفَ يَكُونُ لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا هُمْ وَأَنْتُمْ عَلَى الْعَهْدِ الْعَامِّ أَنْ لَا يُخِيفُوكُمْ وَلَا يُخِيفُوهُمْ فِي الْحُرْمَةِ، وَلَا فِي الشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ عَهْدٌ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ وَعِنْدَ رَسُولِهِ إِلَّا الَّذِينَ عَاهَدْتُمْ عِنْدَ الْمَسْجِدِ الْحَرَامِ وَهِيَ قَبَائِلُ مِنْ بَنِي بَكْرٍ الَّذِينَ كَانُوا دَخَلُوا فِي عَقْدِ قُرَيْشٍ وَعَهْدِهِمْ يَوْمَ الْحُدَيْبِيَةِ، إلَى الْمُدَّةِ الَّتِي كَانَتْ بَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَبَيْنَ قُرَيْشٍ، فَلَمْ يَكُنْ نَقَضَهَا إلَّا هَذَا الْحَيُّ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ، وَهِيَ الدِّيلُ مِنْ بَنِي بَكْرِ بْنِ وَائِلٍ، الَّذِينَ كَانُوا دَخَلُوا فِي عَقْدِ قُرَيْشٍ وَعَهْدِهِمْ. فَأُمِرَ بِإِتْمَامِ الْعَهْدِ لِمَنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ نَقَضَ مِنْ بَنِي بَكْرٍ إلَى مُدَّتِهِ فَمَا اسْتَقَامُوا لَكُمْ فَاسْتَقِيمُوا لَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ يُحِبُّ الْمُتَّقِينَ. ثُمَّ قَالَ تَعَالَى: كَيْفَ وَإِنْ يَظْهَرُوا عَلَيْكُمْ أَيْ الْمُشْرِكُونَ الَّذِينَ لَا عَهْدَ لَهُمْ إلَى مُدَّةٍ مِنْ أَهْلِ الشِّرْكِ الْعَامِّ لَا يَرْقُبُوا فِيكُمْ إِلًّا وَلَا ذِمَّةً. [ تَفْسِيرُ ابْنِ هِشَامٍ لِبَعْضِ الْغَرِيبِ ] قَالَ ابْنُ هِشَامٍ: الْإِلُّ: الْحِلْفُ. قَالَ أَوْسُ بْنُ حَجَرٍ، أَحَدُ بَنِي أُسَيِّدِ بْنِ عَمْرِو بْنِ تَمِيمٍ: لَوْلَا بَنُو مَالِكٍ وَالْإِلُّ مَرْقَبَةٌ وَمَالِكٌ فِيهِمْ الْآلَاءُ وَالشَّرَفُ وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي قَصِيدَةٍ لَهُ. وَجَمَعَهُ: آلَالَ، قَالَ الشَّاعِرُ: فَلَا إلٌّ مِنْ الْآلَالِ بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكُمْ فَلَا تَأْلُنَّ جُهْدًا وَالذِّمَّةُ: الْعَهْدُ. قَالَ الْأَجْدَعُ بْنُ مَالِكٍ الْهَمْدَانِيُّ، وَهُوَ أَبُو مَسْرُوقِ بْنِ الْأَجْدَعِ الْفَقِيهُ: وَكَانَ عَلَيْنَا ذِمَّةٌ أَنْ تُجَاوِزُوا مِنْ الْأَرْضِ مَعْرُوفًا إلَيْنَا وَمُنْكَرًا وَهَذَا الْبَيْتُ فِي ثَلَاثَةِ أَبْيَاتٍ لَهُ، وَجَمْعُهَا: ذِمَمٌ. يُرْضُونَكُمْ بِأَفْوَاهِهِمْ وَتَأْبَى قُلُوبُهُمْ وَأَكْثَرُهُمْ فَاسِقُونَ اشْتَرَوْا بِآيَاتِ اللَّهِ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا فَصَدُّوا عَنْ سَبِيلِهِ إِنَّهُمْ سَاءَ مَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ لَا يَرْقُبُونَ فِي مُؤْمِنٍ إِلًّا وَلَا ذِمَّةً وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْمُعْتَدُونَ أَيْ قَدْ اعْتَدَوْا عَلَيْكُمْ فَإِنْ تَابُوا وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ فَإِخْوَانُكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ وَنُفَصِّلُ الْآيَاتِ لِقَوْمٍ يَعْلَمُونَ
Translation
✧ [The revelation of Barāʾah concerning the annulment of what was between the Messenger and the polytheists] And Barāʾah was revealed concerning the annulment of what was between the Messenger of God ﷺ and the polytheists of the treaty that they were upon between him and them: that no one who came to the House should be turned away from it, and no one should fear in the sacred month. That was a general treaty between him and the people of polytheism, and between that there were specific treaties between the Messenger of God ﷺ and tribes of the Arabs, until named terms. So it was revealed concerning it, and concerning those of the hypocrites who stayed behind from it at Tabūk, and concerning the saying of those of them who spoke, and God Most High uncovered in it the secrets of peoples who were concealing other than what they showed. Among them are those whom He named to us, and among them are those whom He did not name to us. So He said, exalted and glorious: "A declaration of immunity from God and His Messenger to those of the polytheists with whom you have made a treaty" (Q 9:1), that is, to the people of the general treaty from the people of polytheism. "So travel freely in the land for four months, and know that you cannot frustrate God, and that God will disgrace the disbelievers" (Q 9:2). "And an announcement from God and His Messenger to the people on the day of the greater pilgrimage that God is quit of the polytheists, and His Messenger" (Q 9:3), that is, after this pilgrimage. "So if you repent, it is better for you; but if you turn away, then know that you cannot frustrate God. And give tidings to those who disbelieve of a painful punishment" (Q 9:3). "Except those of the polytheists with whom you have made a treaty" (Q 9:4), that is, the specific treaty to the named term, "then they have not failed you in anything, and have not supported anyone against you; so complete to them their treaty until their term. Indeed, God loves the God-fearing" (Q 9:4). "Then when the sacred months have passed" (Q 9:5), meaning the four for which He set them a term, "kill the polytheists wherever you find them, and take them, and besiege them, and lie in wait for them at every ambush. But if they repent, and perform the prayer, and give the alms, then let them go their way. Indeed, God is forgiving, merciful" (Q 9:5). "And if any one of the polytheists" (Q 9:6), that is, of those whom I commanded you to kill, "seeks your protection, then grant him protection until he hears the word of God, then convey him to his place of safety. That is because they are a people who do not know" (Q 9:6). Then He said: "How can there be for the polytheists" who were, they and you, upon the general treaty, that they should not frighten you nor you frighten them in the sacredness, nor in the sacred month, "a treaty with God and with His Messenger? Except those with whom you made a treaty at the Sacred Mosque" (Q 9:7), and they are tribes of Banū Bakr who had entered into the pact of Quraysh and their treaty on the day of Ḥudaybiyah, until the term that was between the Messenger of God ﷺ and Quraysh. And none broke it except this clan of Quraysh, and it is al-Dīl of Banū Bakr b. Wāʾil, who had entered into the pact of Quraysh and their treaty. So he was commanded to complete the treaty for those of Banū Bakr who had not broken it until its term. "So as long as they are upright to you, be upright to them. Indeed, God loves the God-fearing" (Q 9:7). Then He said, exalted: "How? And if they prevail over you" (Q 9:8), that is, the polytheists who have no treaty until a term from the people of general polytheism, "they will not observe toward you any bond or any covenant." [Ibn Hishām's explanation of some rare words] Ibn Hishām said: al-ill: the alliance. Aws b. Ḥajar, one of Banū Usayyid b. ʿAmr b. Tamīm, said: "Were it not for Banū Mālik and the alliance, there is a watchtower, and Mālik, in them are blessings and nobility." And this verse is in an ode of his. And its plural: ālāl. The poet said: "So there is no bond among the bonds between me and you, so do not spare any effort." And al-dhimmah: the covenant. Al-Ajdaʿ b. Mālik al-Hamdānī, and he is Abū Masrūq b. al-Ajdaʿ the jurist, said: "And there was upon us a covenant that you should pass from the land a known thing to us and a detested one." And this verse is in three verses of his, and its plural: dhimam. "They please you with their mouths, but their hearts refuse, and most of them are transgressors. They have sold the signs of God for a small price, and have turned from His way. Indeed, evil is what they used to do. They do not observe toward a believer any bond or any covenant, and those are the transgressors" (Q 9:8-10), that is, they have transgressed against you. "But if they repent, and perform the prayer, and give the alms, then they are your brothers in religion. And We detail the signs for a people who know" (Q 9:11).
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.