Tarikh (al-Tabari) 956
The Great Expedition of Badr
غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ فِي السَّابِعَ عَشَرَ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ وَقَعَتْ غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ الْكُبْرَى يَوْمُ الْفُرْقَانِ الَّذِي الْتَقَى فِيهِ الْجَمْعَانِ فَفَرَّقَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ بَيْنَ الْحَقِّ وَالْبَاطِلِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ أَبَا سُفْيَانَ بْنَ حَرْبٍ كَانَ قَدْ خَرَجَ بِعِيرٍ لِقُرَيْشٍ فِيهَا جُلُّ أَمْوَالِهِمْ إِلَى الشَّامِ، فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ وَقَدْ نَدَبَ إِلَيْهَا أَصْحَابَهُ فَقَالَ ﷺ: هَذِهِ عِيرُ قُرَيْشٍ فِيهَا أَمْوَالُهُمْ فَاخْرُجُوا إِلَيْهَا لَعَلَّ اللَّهَ يُنَفِّلُكُمُوهَا وَكَانَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ يَتَحَسَّسُ الْخَبَرَ فَعَلِمَ بِخُرُوجِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ إِلَى الْعِيرِ فَاسْتَأْجَرَ ضَمْضَمَ بْنَ عَمْرٍو الْغِفَارِيَّ نَذِيرًا لِقُرَيْشٍ يَسْتَنْفِرُهُمْ لَيَسْتَنْقِذُوا أَمْوَالَهُمْ. وَكَانَتْ عَاتِكَةُ بِنْتُ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ قَدْ رَأَتْ فِي مَنَامِهَا نَذِيرًا صَرَخَ فِي قُرَيْشٍ أَنِ انْفَرُوا يَا آلَ غُدَرَ إِلَى مُصَارِعِكُمْ فِي ثَلَاثٍ، وَقَدْ حَدَّثَتْ بِهَا أَخَاهَا الْعَبَّاسَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ وَكَتَمَتْهَا إِيَّاهَا إِلَّا أَنَّهُ حَدَّثَ بِهَا وَفَشَى الْحَدِيثُ فِي قُرَيْشٍ وَقَدْ سَخِرُوا مِنْهَا فَلَمَّا مَرَّتْ ثَلَاثُ أَيَّامٍ جَاءَ ضَمْضَمُ بْنُ عَمْرٍو بِمِصْدَاقِ رُؤْيَا عَاتِكَةَ، فَفَزِعَتْ قُرَيْشٌ إِلَى التَّجْهِيزِ لِلْخُرُوجِ لِاسْتِنْقَاذِ الْعِيرِ. فَتَجَهَّزَتْ قُرَيْشٌ فِي ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ، وَكَانَتْ بَيْنَ رَجُلَيْنِ: خَارِجٍ بِنَفْسِهِ، أَوْ بَاعِثٍ أَحَدًا مَكَانَهُ، وَخَرَجَ مَعَهُمُ الْعَبَّاسُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ مُكْرَهًا. وَلَمَّا أَتَمَّتْ قُرَيْشٌ جِهَازَهَا وَهَمُّوا بِالْخُرُوجِ وَمَعَهُمُ الْقِيَانُ وَالدُّفُوفُ ذَكَرُوا مَا كَانَ بَيْنَهُمْ وَبَيْنَ بَنِي بَكْرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ مَنَاةَ بْنِ كِنَانَةَ مِنْ دِمَاءٍ، فَتَبَدَّى إِبْلِيسُ لَهُمْ فِي صُورَةِ سُرَاقَةَ بْنِ مَالِكٍ الْكِنَانِيِّ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: إِنِّي جَارٌ لَكُمْ مَنْ أَنْ تَأْتِيَكُمْ كِنَانَةُ بِشَيْءٍ تَكْرَهُونَهُ، فَخَرَجَتْ قُرَيْشٌ حِينَئِذٍ بَطَرًا وَرِيَاءً فِي أَلْفِ مُقَاتِلٍ يَصُدُّونَ عَنْ سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى. وَخَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بَعْدَ أَنِ اسْتَعْرَضَ أَصْحَابَهُ وَرَدَّ مَنِ اسْتَصْغَرَ سِنَّهُمْ مِثْلَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ وَأُسَامَةَ بْنِ زَيْدٍ وَغَيْرِهِمَا، فِي قُرَابَةِ ثَلَاثِمِائَةِ مُقَاتِلٍ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ ابْنَ أُمِّ مَكْتُومٍ عَلَى الصَّلَاةِ بِالنَّاسِ وَرَدَّ أَبَا لُبَابَةَ مِنَ الرَّوْحَاءِ وَاسْتَعْمَلَهُ عَلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، وَدَفَعَ لِوَاءَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ إِلَى مُصْعَبِ بْنِ عُمَيْرٍ، وَلِوَاءَ الْخَزْرَجِ مَعَ الْحُبَابِ بْنِ الْمُنْذِرِ، وَلِوَاءَ الْأَوْسِ مَعَ سَعْدِ بْنِ مُعَاذٍ، وَكَانَتْ لِلنَّبِيِّ ﷺ رَايَتَانِ سَوْدَاوَانِ إِحْدَاهُمَا مَعَ عَلِيٍّ ؓ، وَكَانَ مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَرَسَانِ فَقَطْ. وَبَيْنَمَا النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي طَرِيقِهِ عَلِمَ بِأَنَّ قُرَيْشًا قَدْ خَرَجَتْ لِلِقَائِهِ فَاسْتَشَارَ أَصْحَابَهُ فَقَامَ الْمِقْدَادُ فَقَالَ وَأَحْسَنَ، وَقَامَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ فَقَالَا وَأَحْسَنَا، وَظَلَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يَطْلُبُ أَنْ يُشِيرَ عَلَيْهِ أَصْحَابُهُ فَفَطِنَ سَعْدُ بْنُ مُعَاذٍ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ بِأَنَّهُمُ الْمَقْصُودُونَ بِالْمَشُورَةِ فَقَامَ فَقَالَ وَأَحْسَنَ فَكَانَ مِمَّا قَالَ: فَوَالَّذِي بَعَثَكَ بِالْحَقِّ لَوِ اسْتَعْرَضَتْ بِنَا هَذَا الْبَحْرَ لَخُضْنَاهُ مَعَكَ مَا تَخَلَّفَ مِنَّا رَجُلٌ وَاحِدٌ... إِلَى آخِرِ مَا قَالَ ؓ فَسُرَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ لِقَوْلِهِ وَبَشَّرَهُمْ بِأَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى وَعَدَهُ إِحْدَى الطَّائِفَتَيْنِ. وَلَمَّا عَلِمَ أَبُو سُفْيَانَ بِخُرُوجِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ خَالَفَ الطَّرِيقَ وَنَجَا بِالْعِيرِ وَأَرْسَلَ إِلَى قُرَيْشٍ بِأَنَّ الْعِيرَ قَدْ نَجَتْ فَقَامَ الْأَخْنَسُ بْنُ شَرِيقٍ وَخَطَبَ فِي بَنِي زُهْرَةَ بِالرُّجُوعِ فَرَجَعُوا مَعَهُ وَاغْتَبَطُوا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ بِرَأْيِهِ. وَتَقَدَّمَتْ قُرَيْشٌ وَتَقَدَّمَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ وَغَلَبَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَلَى الْمَاءِ فَنَزَلُوا عِنْدَ أَدْنَى مَاءٍ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ، وَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمُ الْمَطَرَ يُطَهِّرُهُمْ بِهِ وَيُذْهِبُ عَنْهُمْ رِجْسَ الشَّيْطَانِ وَوَبَالًا عَلَى الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَكَانَ الَّذِي أَشَارَ بِذَلِكَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ الْحُبَابُ بْنُ الْجَمُوحِ. وَكَانَتْ قُرَيْشٌ أَرْسَلَتْ عُمَيْرَ بْنَ وَهْبٍ الْجُمَحِيَّ لِيَحْذَرُوا أَصْحَابَ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَيَعْرِفَ مَا هُمْ عَلَيْهِ فَأَقْبَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ ثُمَّ رَجَعَ إِلَى قُرَيْشٍ فَكَانَ مِمَّا قَالَ: يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ مَا وَجَدْتُ شَيْئًا، إِلَّا أَنِّي وَجَدْتُ الْبَلَايَا تَحْمِلُ الْمَنَايَا نَوَاضِحَ يَثْرِبَ تَحْمِلُ الْمَوْتَ النَّاقِعَ، قَوْمٌ لَيْسَ مَعَهُمْ مَنَعَةُ مَلْجَأٍ إِلَّا سُيُوفُهُمْ وَاللَّهِ مَا أَرَى يُقْتَلُ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ حَتَّى يَقْتُلَ رَجُلًا مِنْكُمْ فَإِذَا أَصَابُوا مِنْكُمْ أَعْدَادَهُمْ فَمَا خَيْرُ الْعَيْشِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ. وَهُنَا دَبَّ شَيْءٌ مِنَ الْخِلَافِ بَيْنَ قُرَيْشٍ وَمَشَى حَكِيمُ بْنُ حِزَامٍ وَعُتْبَةُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ وَأَرَادُوا أَنْ يَعُودُوا بِالْقَوْمِ إِلَّا أَنَّ أَبَا جَهْلٍ أَصَرَّ عَلَى اللِّقَاءِ، وَقَدْ كَانَ فَخَرَجَ الْأَسْوَدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْأَسَدِ الْمَخْزُومِيُّ وَأَقْسَمَ أَنْ يَشْرَبَ مِنْ مَاءِ بَدْرٍ أَوْ يَمُوتَ دُونَهُ فَقَامَ إِلَيْهِ حَمْزَةُ فَقَتَلَهُ، وَبَدَأَتِ الْمُنَاوَشَاتُ فَقَتَلَ حَمْزَةُ شَيْبَةَ بْنَ رَبِيعَةَ وَقَتَلَ عَلِيٌّ الْوَلِيدَ بْنَ عُتْبَةَ وَاخْتَلَفَ عُبَيْدَةُ بْنُ الْحَارِثِ، وَعُتْبَةُ بْنُ رَبِيعَةَ ضَرْبَتَيْنِ فَقُطِعَتْ رِجْلُ عُبَيْدَةَ فَحَمَلَ حَمْزَةُ وَعَلِيٌّ عَلَى عُتْبَةَ فَقَتَلَاهُ وَاحْتَمَلَا عُبَيْدَةَ. وَقَدْ وَضَعَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ خُطَّةً وَاضِحَةً لِلْحَرْبِ فَقَالَ لِأَصْحَابِهِ: لَا تُقَاتِلُوا حَتَّى أُوذِنَكُمْ، وَإِنْ كَثَبُوكُمْ فَارْمُوهُمْ بِالنَّبْلِ، وَلَا تَسُلُّوا السُّيُوفَ حَتَّى يَغْشُوكُمْ وَاسْتَبِقُوا نَبْلَكُمْ وَظَلَّ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ يُنَاشِدُ رَبَّهُ مَا وَعَدَهُ مِنَ النَّصْرِ وَيَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنْ تَهْلِكْ هَذِهِ الْعِصَابَةَ الْيَوْمَ لَا تُعْبَدْ وَقَدْ نَزَلَ جِبْرِيلُ عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ بِالنَّصْرِ مِنَ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى. وَقَامَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ مُحَرِّضًا الْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَى الْقِتَالِ وَقَدْ ظَهَرَتْ مَعَادِنُ الرِّجَالِ وَضُرِبَتْ أَوَرِعُ الْأَمْثَالِ فِي الْفِدَاءِ وَكَانَ مِنْ هَؤُلَاءِ عُمَيْرُ بْنُ الْحُمَامِ لَمَّا قَالَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ قُومُوا إِلَى جَنَّةٍ عَرْضُهَا السَّمَوَاتُ وَالْأَرْضُ، وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَا يُقَاتِلُهُمُ الْيَوْمَ رَجُلٌ فَيُقْتَلُ صَابِرًا مُحْتَسِبًا مُقْبِلًا غَيْرَ مُدْبِرٍ إِلَّا أَدْخَلَهُ اللَّهُ الْجَنَّةَ فَقَالَ -كَمَا فِي صَحِيحِ مُسْلِمٍ وَغَيْرِهِ- عُمَيْرُ بْنُ الْحُمَامِ أَخُو بَنِي سَلِمَةَ وَفِي يَدِهِ تَمَرَاتٌ يَأْكُلُهُنَّ: بَخٍ بَخٍ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ، عَرْضُهَا السَّمَوَاتُ وَالْأَرْضُ ؟ ! قَالَ: «نَعَمْ». قَالَ: أَفَمَا بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَ أَنْ أَدْخُلَ الْجَنَّةَ إِلَّا أَنْ يَقْتُلَنِي هَؤُلَاءِ ؟ وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ قَالَ: لَئِنْ حَيِيتُ حَتَّى آكُلَ تَمَرَاتِي هَذِهِ إِنَّهَا لَحَيَاةٌ طَوِيلَةٌ، ثُمَّ قَذَفَ التَّمَرَاتِ مِنْ يَدِهِ، وَأَخَذَ سَيْفَهُ فَقَاتَلَ الْقَوْمَ حَتَّى قُتِلَ. وَرَمَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِكَفٍّ مِنَ الْحَصْبَاءِ وَقَالَ: شَاهَتِ الْوُجُوهُ، اللَّهُمَّ أَرْعِبْ قُلُوبَهُمْ، وَزَلْزِلْ أَقْدَامَهُمْ فَهَزَمَهُمُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى بَيْنَ فَارٍّ وَقَتِيلٍ وَأَسِيرٍ. وَقَدْ نَهَى النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ عَنْ قَتْلِ أَبِي الْبَخْتَرِيِّ بْنِ هِشَامٍ، إِلَّا أَنَّهُ قُتِلَ لِرَفْضِهِ تَرْكَ صَاحِبٍ لَهُ فَقَاتَلَ عَنْهُ حَتَّى قُتِلَ. وَفِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ قَتَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ أُمَيَّةَ بْنَ خَلَفٍ، وَقُتِلَ فِيهَا أَبُو جَهْلٍ قَتَلَهُ مُعَاذُ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْجَمُوحِ، وَمُعَاذُ بْنُ الْعَفْرَاءِ وَأَجْهَزَ عَلَيْهِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودٍ وَقَدْ فَرِحَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ لِمَقْتَلِهِ. وَقَدْ طَرَحَ مَنْ مَاتَ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ فِي قَلِيبِ بَدْرٍ إِلَّا أُمَيَّةَ بْنَ خَلَفٍ. وَقَدْ وَقَعَتْ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ آيَاتٌ مِنْهَا رَدُّ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ عَيْنَ قَتَادَةَ بْنِ النُّعْمَانِ، وَانْقِلَابُ الْعُرْجُونِ فِي يَدِ عُكَّاشَةَ بْنِ مِحْصَنٍ سَيْفًا. وَقَدْ أَرْسَلَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ زَيْدَ بْنَ حَارِثَةَ وَعَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ رَوَاحَةَ مُبَشِّرِينَ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ بِنَصْرِ اللَّهِ لَهُمْ فِي بَدْرٍ. وَقَدْ عَادَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ وَفِي طَرِيقِ عَوْدَتِهِ أَمَرَ بِقَتْلِ النَّضْرِ بْنِ الْحَارِثِ وَعُقْبَةَ بْنِ أَبِي مُعَيْطٍ. وَقَدْ وَصَلَ الْخَبَرُ إِلَى قُرَيْشٍ بِهَزِيمَتِهِمْ وَقَتْلِ كُبَرَائِهِمْ، فَعَمَّ النُّوَاحُ وَالْبُكَاءُ. كَمَا وَصَلَ الْخَبَرُ إِلَى النَّجَاشِيِّ فَفَرِحَ بِنَصْرِ اللَّهِ لِنَبِيِّهِ ﷺ. وَمِمَّا وَقَعَ فِي هَذِهِ الْغَزْوَةِ اخْتِلَافُ الصَّحَابَةِ حَوْلَ غَنَائِمَ بَدْرٍ لِمَنْ تَكُونُ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ قَوْلَهُ تَعَالَى: يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْأَنْفَالِ قُلِ الْأَنْفَالُ لِلَّهِ وَالرَّسُولِ فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَأَصْلِحُوا ذَاتَ بَيْنِكُمْ وَأَطِيعُوا اللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُ إِنَّ كُنْتُمْ مُؤْمِنِينَ [ الْأَنْفَالِ: 1 ]. كَمَا اخْتَلَفُوا فِي شَأْنِ الْأُسَارَى هَلْ يُقْتَلُونَ أَمْ يُفَادُونَ حِينَمَا شَاوَرَهُمُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ فَكَانَ رَأْيُ عُمَرَ ؓ أَنْ يُقْتَلُوا وَكَانَ رَأْيُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ ؓ أَنْ يُفَادُوا عَسَى أَنْ يُسْلِمُوا بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ وَقَدْ أَخَذَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِرَأْيِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ وَأَنَّ الْقُرْآنَ نَزَلَ مُوَافِقًا رَأْيَ عُمَرَ ؓ. وَقَدْ أَرْسَلَتْ قُرَيْشٌ فِي فِدَاءِ أَسْرَاهَا وَكَانَ فِي الْأَسْرَى الْعَبَّاسُ عَمُّ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ فَأَمَرَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِفِدَاءِ نَفْسِهِ وَبَعْضِ أَقَارِبِهِ كَمَا أَرْسَلَتْ زَيْنَبُ ؓ فِي فِدَاءِ زَوْجِهَا أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ، كَمَا أَعْطَى الْعَهْدَ أَنْ يُرْسِلَ زَيْنَبَ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَقَدْ فَعَلَ إِلَّا أَنَّهَا لَاقَتْ فِي سَبِيلِ ذَلِكَ مَشَقَّةً شَدِيدَةً. وَلَمَّا اشْتَدَّ الْأَمْرُ عَلَى كُفَّارِ قُرَيْشٍ تَعَاقَدَ صَفْوَانُ وَعُمَيْرُ بْنُ وَهْبٍ عَلَى قَتْلِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ وَقَدْ أَطْلَعَ اللَّهُ نَبِيَّهُ عَلَى مَا أَرَادُوا فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ عُمَيْرٌ وَأَخْبَرَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِمَا يَنْتَوِيهِ آمَنُهُ بِهِ وَصَدَّقَهُ كَمَا أَسْلَمَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ أَيْضًا أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ الرَّبِيعِ ؓ زَوْجِ زَيْنَبَ ؓ فَرَدَّهَا إِلَيْهِ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ بِنِكَاحِهَا الْأَوَّلِ.
Translation
✧ The Great Expedition of Badr On the seventeenth of Ramaḍān in the second year of the Hijrah, the Great Expedition of Badr took place, the Day of Furqān, on which the two parties met and Allah separated truth from falsehood therein. That was because Abū Sufyān b. Ḥarb had set out with a caravan belonging to Quraysh containing most of their wealth, heading to Syria. The Prophet ﷺ went out towards it, having called upon his companions for it, and said ﷺ: “This is the caravan of Quraysh, in it are their wealth, so go out to it; perhaps Allah will grant it to you as booty.” Abū Sufyān was seeking intelligence, and he learned of the Prophet’s ﷺ setting out towards the caravan, so he hired Ḍamḍam b. ʿAmr al-Ghifārī as a warner to Quraysh to rouse them to rescue their wealth. ʿĀtikah bt. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib had seen in her dream a warner who cried out among Quraysh: “Set out, O people of treachery, to your places of slaughter in three [days].” She related it to her brother al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, and she had kept it from him, but he spoke of it and the talk spread among Quraysh, who mocked her. When three days passed, Ḍamḍam b. ʿAmr came confirming ʿĀtikah’s vision, and Quraysh were alarmed and hastened to equip themselves to go out to rescue the caravan. Quraysh equipped themselves within three days, and they were divided between two kinds of men: one going out himself, or one sending someone in his place. Al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib went out with them under compulsion. When Quraysh completed their equipment and resolved to set out, with singing-girls and tambourines accompanying them, they remembered the blood feuds between them and Banū Bakr b. ʿAbd Manāh b. Kinānah. Then Iblīs appeared to them in the form of Surāqah b. Mālik al-Kinānī and said to them: “I am your protector against Kinānah bringing you anything you dislike.” So Quraysh then went out in arrogance and ostentation, in a thousand warriors, to bar from the path of Allah, the Exalted. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ went out after reviewing his companions and sending back those he deemed too young, such as ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar and Usāmah b. Zayd and others, with about three hundred warriors. He appointed Ibn Umm Maktūm over Madinah for leading the people in prayer, and he sent Abū Lubābah back from al-Rawḥāʾ and appointed him over Madinah. He gave the banner of the Emigrants to Muṣʿab b. ʿUmayr, the banner of the Khazraj to al-Ḥubāb b. al-Mundhir, and the banner of the Aws to Saʿd b. Muʿādh. The Prophet ﷺ had two black standards, one of them with ʿAlī ؓ, and the Muslims had only two horses. While the Prophet ﷺ was on his way, he learned that Quraysh had set out to meet him, so he consulted his companions. Al-Miqdād stood and spoke well, and Abū Bakr and ʿUmar stood and spoke well. The Prophet ﷺ kept seeking that his companions advise him, and Saʿd b. Muʿādh of the Anṣār realized that they were the ones meant by the consultation, so he stood and spoke well. Among what he said: “By the One who sent you with truth, if you were to lead us into this sea, we would plunge into it with you; not a single man among us would stay behind…” to the end of what he said ؓ. The Prophet ﷺ rejoiced at his words and gave them glad tidings that Allah, the Exalted, had promised him one of the two parties. When Abū Sufyān learned of the Prophet’s ﷺ setting out, he took a different route and escaped with the caravan, and sent word to Quraysh that the caravan had escaped. Al-Akhnas b. Sharīq stood and addressed Banū Zuhrah urging them to return, so they returned with him, and later they were pleased with his opinion. Quraysh advanced and the Muslims advanced, and the Muslims gained control of the water, so they camped at the nearest water to the polytheists. Allah sent down rain upon them to purify them and remove from them the filth of Satan, and as a calamity upon the polytheists. The one who suggested this to the Prophet ﷺ was al-Ḥubāb b. al-Jamūḥ. Quraysh had sent ʿUmayr b. Wahb al-Jumaḥī to warn the companions of the Prophet ﷺ and to find out their situation. He came towards them, then returned to Quraysh and said, among other things: “O assembly of Quraysh, I found nothing, except that I found camels of death carrying destinies: the water-camels of Yathrib carrying deadly death. A people who have no refuge or protection except their swords. By Allah, I do not think a man among them will be killed until he kills a man among you. If they kill as many of you as their number, then what good is life after that?” Here crept in some discord among Quraysh, and Ḥakīm b. Ḥizām and ʿUtbah b. Rabīʿah moved among them, wanting to bring the people back, but Abū Jahl insisted on the encounter. Then al-Aswad b. ʿAbd al-Asad al-Makhzūmī came out and swore that he would drink from the water of Badr or die before it, so Ḥamzah rose against him and killed him. Skirmishes began; Ḥamzah killed Shaybah b. Rabīʿah, and ʿAlī killed al-Walīd b. ʿUtbah. ʿUbaydah b. al-Ḥārith and ʿUtbah b. Rabīʿah exchanged two blows, and ʿUbaydah’s leg was cut, so Ḥamzah and ʿAlī attacked ʿUtbah and killed him, and carried ʿUbaydah away. The Prophet ﷺ set a clear plan for the battle, saying to his companions: “Do not fight until I give you the order. If they come close to you, shoot them with arrows, and do not draw swords until they are upon you, and conserve your arrows.” The Prophet ﷺ kept imploring his Lord for the victory He had promised him, saying: “O Allah, if this band perishes today, You will not be worshipped.” Jibrīl ﷺ descended with victory from Allah, the Exalted. The Prophet ﷺ stood urging the believers to fight, and the mettle of men showed, and the noblest examples of self-sacrifice were struck. Among them was ʿUmayr b. al-Ḥumām. When the Prophet ﷺ said: “Arise to a Garden whose width is the heavens and the earth,” and: “By the One in whose hand is my soul, no man fights them today and is killed, patient, seeking reward, advancing and not retreating, except that Allah enters him into Paradise,” ʿUmayr b. al-Ḥumām, of the clan of Banū Salimah, with dates in his hand that he was eating, said, as in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim and elsewhere: “Bah! Bah! O Messenger of Allah, its width is the heavens and the earth?!” He said: “Yes.” He said: “Then is there nothing between me and entering Paradise except that these men kill me?” In another narration, he said: “If I live until I eat these dates of mine, that would be a long life indeed.” Then he threw the dates from his hand, took his sword, and fought the people until he was killed. The Prophet ﷺ threw a handful of pebbles and said: “May the faces be ugly! O Allah, terrify their hearts and make their feet slip.” Then Allah, the Exalted, routed them, among those fleeing, killed, and taken captive. In this expedition, the Prophet ﷺ had forbidden the killing of Abū al-Bakhtarī b. Hishām, but he was killed because he refused to abandon a companion of his and fought in his defense until he was killed. In this expedition, the Prophet ﷺ killed Umayyah b. Khalaf, and Abū Jahl was killed; Muʿādh b. ʿAmr b. al-Jamūḥ and Muʿādh b. al-ʿAfrāʾ killed him, and ʿAbd Allāh b. Masʿūd finished him off. The Prophet ﷺ rejoiced at his killing. Those of the polytheists who died were thrown into the well of Badr, except Umayyah b. Khalaf. Signs occurred in this expedition, including the Prophet’s ﷺ restoring the eye of Qatādah b. al-Nuʿmān, and the stalk in the hand of ʿUkkāshah b. Miḥṣan turning into a sword. The Prophet ﷺ sent Zayd b. Ḥārithah and ʿAbd Allāh b. Rawāḥah as bearers of good tidings to Madinah of Allah’s victory for them at Badr. The Prophet ﷺ returned to Madinah, and on the way back he ordered the killing of al-Naḍr b. al-Ḥārith and ʿUqbah b. Abī Muʿayṭ. News reached Quraysh of their defeat and the killing of their leaders, and wailing and weeping spread among them. The news also reached the Najāshī, and he rejoiced at Allah’s victory for His Prophet ﷺ. Among what occurred in this expedition was the companions’ disagreement over the spoils of Badr, to whom they should belong. Then Allah revealed His saying, the Exalted: “They ask you about the spoils of war. Say: The spoils are for Allah and the Messenger. So fear Allah and set right that which is between you, and obey Allah and His Messenger, if you are believers” [al-Anfāl: 1]. They also differed over the matter of the captives, whether they should be killed or ransomed, when the Prophet ﷺ consulted them. ʿUmar’s ؓ opinion was that they should be killed, and Abū Bakr’s ؓ opinion was that they should be ransomed, in the hope that they might become Muslims afterwards. The Prophet ﷺ adopted Abū Bakr’s opinion, and the Qurʾān came down agreeing with ʿUmar’s opinion ؓ. Quraysh sent for the ransom of their captives, and among the captives was al-ʿAbbās, the uncle of the Prophet ﷺ. The Prophet ﷺ ordered him to ransom himself and some of his relatives. Zaynab ؓ also sent to ransom her husband Abū al-ʿĀṣ b. al-Rabīʿ, and he gave the covenant to send Zaynab to the Prophet ﷺ, which he did, but she encountered severe hardship on the way. When matters became difficult for the disbelievers of Quraysh, Ṣafwān and ʿUmayr b. Wahb made a pact to kill the Prophet ﷺ. Allah informed His Prophet of what they intended, and when ʿUmayr arrived, the Prophet ﷺ told him what he was planning, and he believed him and confirmed him. Likewise, Abū al-ʿĀṣ b. al-Rabīʿ ؓ, the husband of Zaynab ؓ, later became Muslim, and the Prophet ﷺ returned her to him under her first marriage.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.