Tarikh (al-Tabari) 902
Some matters that occurred between the Messenger ﷺ and the Jews, Christians, and hypocrites in al-Madinah al-Munawwarah
رَوَى ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، وَابْنُ جَرِيرٍ، وَابْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ، وَابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، وَابْنُ جَرِيرٍ عَنِ السُّدِّيِّ، وَابْنُ جَرِيرٍ عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقَ ؓ دَخَلَ بَيْتَ الْمِدْرَاسِ بَعْدَ نُزُولِ قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: مَنْ ذَا الَّذِي يُقْرِضُ اللَّهَ قَرْضًا حَسَنًا [الْبَقَرَةِ 245] فَوَجَدَ يَهُودَ قَدِ اجْتَمَعُوا إِلَى رَجُلٍ مِنْهُمْ يُقَالُ لَهُ فِنْحَاصُ [بْنُ عَازُورَاءَ] وَكَانَ مِنْ عُلَمَائِهِمْ وَأَحْبَارِهِمْ. فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: وَيْلَكَ يَا فِنْحَاصُ: "اتَّقِ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَأَسْلِمْ، فَوَاللَّهِ إِنَّكَ لَتَعْلَمُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ قَدْ جَاءَكُمْ بِالْحَقِّ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ تَجِدُونَهُ مَكْتُوبًا عِنْدَكُمْ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ". فَقَالَ فِنْحَاصُ لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ: "وَاللَّهِ يَا أَبَا بَكْرٍ مَا بِنَا إِلَى اللَّهِ مِنْ فَقْرٍ، وَإِنَّهُ إِلَيْنَا لَفَقِيرٌ، وَمَا نَتَضَرَّعُ إِلَيْهِ كَمَا يَتَضَرَّعُ إِلَيْنَا، وَإِنَّا عَنْهُ لَأَغْنِيَاءُ [وَمَا هُوَ عَنَّا بِغَنِيٍّ] وَلَوْ كَانَ عَنَّا غَنِيًّا مَا اسْتَقْرَضَ مِنَّا أَمْوَالَنَا كَمَا يَزْعُمُ صَاحِبُكُمْ، يَنْهَاكُمْ عَنِ الرِّبَا وَيُعْطِينَاهُ، وَلَوْ كَانَ عَنَّا غَنِيًّا مَا أَعْطَانَا الرِّبَا". فَغَضِبَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ فَضَرَبَ وَجْهَ فِنْحَاصَ ضَرْبَةً شَدِيدَةً وَقَالَ: "وَالَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ لَوْلَا الْعَهْدُ الَّذِي بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَكَ لَضَرَبْتُ عُنُقَكَ أَيْ عَدُوَّ اللَّهِ". فَذَهَبَ فِنْحَاصُ إِلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ فَقَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ، انْظُرْ مَا فَعَلَ بِي صَاحِبُكَ. فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ: "مَا حَمَلَكَ عَلَى مَا صَنَعْتَ" ؟ فَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ: يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ [إِنَّ عَدُوَّ اللَّهِ] قَالَ قَوْلًا عَظِيمًا، إِنَّهُ زَعَمَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فَقِيرٌ وَأَنَّهُمْ عَنْهُ أَغْنِيَاءُ، فَلَمَّا قَالَ ذَلِكَ غَضِبْتُ لِلَّهِ مِمَّا قَالَ فَضَرَبْتُ وَجْهَهُ. فَجَحَدَ ذَلِكَ فِنْحَاصُ، وَقَالَ: مَا قُلْتُ ذَلِكَ. فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِيمَا قَالَ فِنْحَاصُ [رَدًّا عَلَيْهِ] وَتَصْدِيقًا لِأَبِي بَكْرٍ ؓ: لَقَدْ سَمِعَ اللَّهُ قَوْلَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهُ فَقِيرٌ وَنَحْنُ أَغْنِيَاءُ سَنَكْتُبُ مَا قَالُوا وَقَتْلَهُمُ الأَنْبِيَاءَ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ وَنَقُولُ ذُوقُوا عَذَابَ الْحَرِيقِ [آلِ عِمْرَانَ 181] وَنَزَلَ فِي أَبِي بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقِ، وَمَا بَلَغَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ فِي الْغَضَبِ: وَلَتَسْمَعُنَّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ مِنَ قَبْلِكُمْ وَمِنَ الَّذِينَ أَشْرَكُوا أَذًى كَثِيرًا وَإِنْ تَصْبِرُوا وَتَتَّقُوا فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ مِنَ عَزْمِ الأُمُورِ [آلِ عِمْرَانَ 186]. وَرَوَى ابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ، وَأَبُو الشَّيْخِ عَنِ السُّدِّيِّ فِي قَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: إِذْ قَالُوا مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَى بَشَرٍ مِنْ شَيْءٍ، قُلْ مِنْ أَنْزَلَ الْكِتَابَ الَّذِي جَاءَ بِهِ مُوسَى [الْأَنْعَامِ 91]. قَالَ فِنْحَاصُ الْيَهُودِيُّ: مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ مِنْ شَيْءٍ. قَالَ السُّدِّيُّ: وَالْمَشْهُورُ أَنَّهَا نَزَلَتْ فِي مَالِكِ بْنِ الضَّيْفِ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ، وَابْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ عَنْ عِكْرِمَةَ فِي الْآيَةِ قَالَ: نَزَلَتْ فِي مَالِكِ بْنِ الضَّيْفِ. وَرَوَى ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَابْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ وَابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ، وَابْنُ جَرِيرٍ عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ كَعْبٍ الْقُرَظِيِّ قَالَ: جَاءَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْيَهُودِ يُقَالُ لَهُ مَالِكُ بْنُ الضَّيْفِ، وَمَعَهُ جَمَاعَةٌ، فَخَاصَمَ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: فَقَالُوا: يَا أَبَا الْقَاسِمِ، أَلَا تَأْتِنَا بِكِتَابٍ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ كَمَا جَاءَ بِهِ مُوسَى أَلْوَاحًا. فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: يَسْأَلُكَ أَهْلُ الْكِتَابِ أَنْ تُنَزِّلَ عَلَيْهِمْ كِتَابًا مِنَ السَّمَاءِ فَقَدْ سَأَلُوا مُوسَى أَكْبَرَ مِنَ ذَلِكَ فَقَالُوا أَرِنَا اللَّهَ جَهْرَةً فَأَخَذَتْهُمُ الصَّاعِقَةُ بِظُلْمِهِمْ ثُمَّ اتَّخَذُوا الْعِجْلَ مِنَ بَعْدِ مَا جَاءَتْهُمُ الْبَيِّنَاتُ فَعَفَوْنَا عَنْ ذَلِكَ وَآتَيْنَا مُوسَى سُلْطَانًا مُبِينًا [النِّسَاءِ 153]. فَقَالَ لَهُ النَّبِيُّ ﷺ: "أَنْشُدُكَ بِالَّذِي أَنْزَلَ التَّوْرَاةَ عَلَى مُوسَى، أَمَا تَجِدُ فِي التَّوْرَاةِ أَنَّ اللَّهَ يَبْغَضُ الْحَبْرَ السَّمِينَ" ؟ وَكَانَ حَبْرًا سَمِينًا. فَغَضِبَ وَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَى بَشَرٍ مِنْ شَيْءٍ، فَقَالَ لَهُ أَصْحَابُهُ الَّذِينَ مَعَهُ: وَيْحَكَ! وَلَا عَلَى مُوسَى؟ فَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَلَى بَشَرٍ مِنْ شَيْءٍ، فَأَنْزَلَ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ [نَقْضًا لِقَوْلِهِمْ وَرَدًّا عَلَيْهِمْ]: وَمَا قَدَرُوا اللَّهَ حَقَّ قَدْرِهِ إِذْ قَالُوا مَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّهَ عَلَى بَشَرٍ مِنْ شَيْءٍ قُلْ مِنْ أَنْزَلَ الْكِتَابَ الَّذِي جَاءَ بِهِ مُوسَى نُورًا وَهُدًى لِلنَّاسِ تَجْعَلُونَهُ قَرَاطِيسَ تُبْدُونَهَا وَتُخْفُونَ كَثِيرًا وَعُلِّمْتُمْ مَا لَمْ تَعْلَمُوا أَنْتُمْ وَلا آبَاؤُكُمْ قُلْ اللَّهَ ثُمَّ ذَرْهُمْ فِي خَوْضِهِمْ يَلْعَبُونَ [الْأَنْعَامِ 91]. ثُمَّ قَالَ الله تعالى فِيمَا قَالَ فِنْحَاصُ وَالْأَحْبَارُ مَعَهُ مِنْ يَهُودَ: وَإِذْ أَخَذَ اللَّهُ مِيثَاقَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ لَتُبَيِّنُنَّهُ لِلنَّاسِ وَلَا تَكْتُمُونَهُ فَنَبَذُوهُ وَرَاءَ ظُهُورِهِمْ وَاشْتَرَوْا بِهِ ثَمَنًا قَلِيلًا فَبِئْسَ مَا يَشْتَرُونَ لَا تَحْسَبَنَّ الَّذِينَ يَفْرَحُونَ بِمَا أَتَوْا وَيُحِبُّونَ أَنْ يُحْمَدُوا بِمَا لَمْ يَفْعَلُوا فَلَا تَحْسَبَنَّهُمْ بِمَفَازَةٍ مِنَ الْعَذَابِ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ يَعْنِي فِنْحَاصَ، وَأَشْيَعَ وَأَشْبَاهَهُمَا مِنْ الْأَحْبَارِ، الَّذِينَ يَفْرَحُونَ بِمَا يُصِيبُونَ مِنْ الدُّنْيَا عَلَى مَا زَيَّنُوا لِلنَّاسِ مِنْ الضَّلَالَةِ، وَيُحِبُّونَ أَنْ يُحْمَدُوا بِمَا لَمْ يَفْعَلُوا، أَنْ يَقُولَ النَّاسُ: عُلَمَاءُ، وَلَيْسُوا بِأَهْلِ عِلْمٍ، لَمْ يَحْمِلُوهُمْ عَلَى هُدًى وَلَا حَقٍّ، وَيُحِبُّونَ أَنْ يَقُولَ النَّاسُ: قَدْ فَعَلُوا.
Translation
✧ Ibn Isḥāq, Ibn Jarīr, Ibn al-Mundhir, and Ibn Abī Ḥātim narrated from Ibn ʿAbbās; and Ibn Jarīr from al-Suddī; and Ibn Jarīr from ʿIkrimah that Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq ؓ entered the house of study (bayt al-midrās) after the revelation of His saying, Exalted is He: "Who is it that will lend Allah a goodly loan?" [al-Baqarah 245]. He found Jews gathered around a man of theirs called Finḥāṣ [b. ʿĀzūrāʾ], who was one of their scholars and rabbis. Abū Bakr said: "Woe to you, O Finḥāṣ: fear Allah, Mighty and Majestic, and submit. For by Allah, you know that Muḥammad is the Messenger of Allah, who has come to you with the truth from Allah, and you find him written in your scriptures in the Torah." Finḥāṣ, may Allah curse him, said: "By Allah, O Abū Bakr, we have no need of Allah; it is He who is in need of us. We do not humble ourselves to Him as He humbles Himself to us. We are rich beyond need of Him, [and He is not rich beyond need of us]. If He were rich beyond need of us, He would not ask us to lend Him our wealth, as your companion claims. He forbids you ribā (usury) yet gives it to us. If He were rich beyond need of us, He would not give us ribā." Abū Bakr became angry and struck Finḥāṣ's face with a severe blow, and said: "By the One in whose hand is my soul, were it not for the covenant between us and you, I would strike your neck, O enemy of Allah." Finḥāṣ went to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said: "O Muḥammad, see what your companion has done to me." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to Abū Bakr: "What made you do what you did?" Abū Bakr said: "O Messenger of Allah, [the enemy of Allah] said a terrible thing. He claimed that Allah, Mighty and Majestic, is poor and that they are rich beyond need of Him. When he said that, I became angry for the sake of Allah at what he said, so I struck his face." Finḥāṣ denied that, and said: "I did not say that." Then Allah, Exalted is He, revealed concerning what Finḥāṣ said [as a refutation of him] and in confirmation of Abū Bakr ؓ: "Allah has certainly heard the saying of those who said, 'Allah is poor and we are rich.' We shall record what they said and their killing of the prophets without right, and We shall say, 'Taste the punishment of the burning fire.'" [Āl ʿImrān 181]. And He revealed concerning Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq and the extent of his anger in that matter: "You will surely hear from those who were given the Scripture before you and from those who associate partners with Allah much abuse. But if you are patient and fear Allah, indeed that is of the matters of determination." [Āl ʿImrān 186]. Ibn Abī Ḥātim and Abū al-Shaykh narrated from al-Suddī concerning His saying, Exalted is He: "When they said, 'Allah has not sent down anything upon any human being.' Say, 'Who sent down the Scripture that Moses brought...'" [al-Anʿām 91]. He said: Finḥāṣ the Jew said: "Allah has not sent down anything upon Muḥammad." Al-Suddī said: "But the well-known view is that it was revealed concerning Mālik b. al-Ḍayf." Ibn Jarīr and Ibn al-Mundhir narrated from ʿIkrimah concerning the verse: he said: "It was revealed concerning Mālik b. al-Ḍayf." Ibn Jarīr, Ibn al-Mundhir, and Ibn Abī Ḥātim narrated from Saʿīd b. Jubayr; and Ibn Jarīr from Muḥammad b. Kaʿb al-Quraẓī: he said: "A man of the Jews named Mālik b. al-Ḍayf came with a group and disputed with the Prophet ﷺ." In another narration: "They said: 'O Abū al-Qāsim, will you not bring us a book from heaven as Moses brought tablets?' Then Allah, Mighty and Majestic, revealed: 'The People of the Scripture ask you to bring down to them a book from heaven. But they had asked Moses for even greater than that, and said, "Show us Allah outright," so the thunderbolt seized them for their wrongdoing. Then they took the calf [for worship] after clear proofs had come to them, and We pardoned that. And We gave Moses clear authority.'" [al-Nisāʾ 153]. The Prophet ﷺ said to him: "I adjure you by the One who sent down the Torah upon Moses: do you not find in the Torah that Allah hates the fat rabbi?" He was a fat rabbi. He became angry and said: "By Allah, Allah has not sent down anything upon any human being." His companions who were with him said: "Woe to you! Not even upon Moses?" He said: "By Allah, Allah has not sent down anything upon any human being." Then Allah, Mighty and Majestic, revealed [contradicting their statement and refuting them]: "They did not appraise Allah with true appraisal when they said, 'Allah has not sent down anything upon any human being.' Say, 'Who sent down the Scripture that Moses brought as a light and guidance for the people? You make it into pages, disclosing some and concealing much. And you were taught that which you knew not, neither you nor your fathers.' Say, 'Allah.' Then leave them to plunge in their vain discourse and play." [al-Anʿām 91]. Then Allah, Exalted is He, said concerning what Finḥāṣ and the rabbis with him among the Jews said: "And [recall] when Allah took a covenant from those who were given the Scripture, [saying], 'You must make it clear to the people and not conceal it.' But they threw it behind their backs and exchanged it for a small price. How evil is that which they purchase. Do not think that those who rejoice in what they have done and love to be praised for what they have not done—do not think they will escape the punishment; for them is a painful punishment." This means Finḥāṣ, Ashyaʿ, and their like among the rabbis who rejoice in what they obtain of worldly gain for having adorned misguidance for the people, and who love to be praised for what they have not done—that people say, "They are scholars," though they are not people of knowledge and have not guided people to guidance or truth—and who love that people say, "They have done."
Grades by grader
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