Tarikh (al-Tabari) 823
The polytheists' harm to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ after the death of Abu Talib and Khadijah, and what occurred regarding the journey to al-Ta'if
[ طَمَعُ الرَّسُولِ فِي إسْلَامِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَحَدِيثُ ذَلِكَ ] فَقَالَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ: وَاَللَّهِ يَا ابْنَ أَخِي، مَا رَأَيْتُكَ سَأَلْتَهُمْ شَطَطًا، قَالَ: فَلَمَّا قَالَهَا أَبُو طَالِبٍ طَمِعَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي إسْلَامِهِ، فَجَعَلَ يَقُولُ لَهُ: أَيْ عَمِّ، فَأَنْتَ فَقُلْهَا أَسْتَحِلَّ لَكَ بِهَا الشَّفَاعَةَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ. قَالَ: فَلَمَّا رَأَى حِرْصَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَيْهِ، قَالَ: يَا ابْنَ أَخِي، وَاَللَّهِ لَوْلَا مَخَافَةُ السُّبَّةِ عَلَيْكَ وَعَلَى بَنِي أَبِيكَ مِنْ بَعْدِي، وَأَنْ تَظُنَّ قُرَيْشٌ أَنِّي إنَّمَا قُلْتهَا جَزَعًا مِنْ الْمَوْتِ لَقُلْتهَا لَا أَقُولُهَا إلَّا لِأَسُرَّكَ بِهَا. قَالَ: فَلَمَّا تَقَارَبَ مِنْ أَبِي طَالِبٍ الْمَوْتُ قَالَ: نَظَرَ الْعَبَّاسُ إلَيْهِ يُحَرِّكُ شَفَتَيْهِ، قَالَ: فَأَصْغَى إلَيْهِ بِأُذُنِهِ، قَالَ: فَقَالَ يَا ابْنَ أَخِي. وَاَللَّهِ لَقَدْ قَالَ أَخِي الْكَلِمَةَ الَّتِي أَمَرْتَهُ أَنْ يَقُولَهَا، قَالَ: فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: لَمْ أَسْمَعْ فَصْلٌ قَدْ تَقَدَّمَ ذِكْرُ مَوْتِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، عَمِّ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَأَنَّهُ كَانَ نَاصِرًا لَهُ، وَقَائِمًا فِي صَفِّهِ، وَمُدَافِعًا عَنْهُ بِكُلِّ مَا يَقْدِرُ عَلَيْهِ; مِنْ نَفْسٍ، وَمَالٍ، وَفِعَالٍ، فَلَمَّا مَاتَ، اجْتَرَأَ سُفَهَاءُ قُرَيْشٍ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَنَالُوا مِنْهُ مَا لَمْ يَكُونُوا يَصِلُونَ إِلَيْهِ، وَلَا يَقْدِرُونَ عَلَيْهِ. كَمَا قَدْ رَوَاهُ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ، عَنِ الْحَاكِمِ، عَنِ الْأَصَمِّ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ الصَّغَانِيُّ، حَدَّثَنَا يُوسُفُ بْنُ بُهْلُولٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ إِدْرِيسَ، حَدَّثَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ، عَمَّنْ حَدَّثَهُ، عَنْ عُرْوَةَ بْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ، عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ جَعْفَرٍ، قَالَ: لَمَّا مَاتَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ، عَرَضَ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ سَفِيهٌ مِنْ سُفَهَاءِ قُرَيْشٍ، فَأَلْقَى عَلَيْهِ تُرَابًا ، فَرَجَعَ إِلَى بَيْتِهِ، فَأَتَتِ امْرَأَةٌ مِنْ بَنَاتِهِ تَمْسَحُ عَنْ وَجْهِهِ التُّرَابَ وَتَبْكِي، فَجَعَلَ يَقُولُ: " أَيْ بُنَيَّةُ، لَا تَبْكِينَ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ مَانِعٌ أَبَاكِ ". وَيَقُولُ مَا بَيْنَ ذَلِكَ: " مَا نَالَتْ قُرَيْشٌ شَيْئًا أَكْرَهُهُ حَتَّى مَاتَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ ". وَقَدْ رَوَاهُ زِيَادٌ الْبَكَّائِيُّ، عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ إِسْحَاقَ، عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ مُرْسَلًا. فَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَرَوَى الْبَيْهَقِيُّ أَيْضًا، عَنِ الْحَاكِمِ وَغَيْرِهِ، عَنِ الْأَصَمِّ، عَنْ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْجَبَّارِ، عَنْ يُونُسَ بْنِ بُكَيْرٍ، عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ، قَالَ: " مَا زَالَتْ قُرَيْشٌ كَاعِّينَ عَنِّي حَتَّى مَاتَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ ". ثُمَّ رَوَاهُ عَنِ الْحَاكِمِ، عَنِ الْأَصَمِّ، عَنْ عَبَّاسٍ الدُّورِيِّ، عَنْ يَحْيَى بْنِ مَعِينٍ، حَدَّثَنَا عُقْبَةُ الْمُجَدَّرُ، عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ عُرْوَةَ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، عَنْ عَائِشَةَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ ﷺ، قَالَ: " مَا زَالَتْ قُرَيْشٌ كَاعَّةً حَتَّى تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ ". وَقَدْ رَوَى الْحَافِظُ أَبُو الْفَرَجِ بْنُ الْجَوْزِيِّ بِسَنَدِهِ، عَنْ ثَعْلَبَةَ بْنِ صُعَيْرٍ وَحَكِيمِ بْنِ حِزَامٍ، أَنَّهُمَا قَالَا: لَمَّا تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ وَخَدِيجَةُ - وَكَانَ بَيْنَهُمَا شَهْرٌ وَخَمْسَةُ أَيَّامٍ - اجْتَمَعَتْ عَلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ مُصِيبَتَانِ، فَلَزِمَ بَيْتَهُ، وَأَقَلَّ الْخُرُوجَ، وَنَالَتْ مِنْهُ قُرَيْشٌ مَا لَمْ تَكُنْ تَنَالُ وَلَا تَطْمَعُ فِيهِ، فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ أَبَا لَهَبٍ، فَجَاءَهُ فَقَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ، امْضِ لِمَا أَرَدْتَ، وَمَا كُنْتَ صَانِعًا إِذْ كَانَ أَبُو طَالِبٍ حَيًّا فَاصْنَعْهُ، لَا وَاللَّاتِ، لَا يُوصَلُ إِلَيْكَ حَتَّى أَمُوتَ. وَسَبَّ ابْنُ الْغَيْطَلَةِ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ، فَأَقْبَلَ إِلَيْهِ أَبُو لَهَبٍ فَنَالَ مِنْهُ، فَوَلَّى يَصِيحُ: يَا مَعْشَرَ قُرَيْشٍ، صَبَأَ أَبُو عُتْبَةَ. فَأَقْبَلَتْ قُرَيْشٌ حَتَّى وَقَفُوا عَلَى أَبِي لَهَبٍ، فَقَالَ: مَا فَارَقْتُ دِينَ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ، وَلَكِنِّي أَمْنَعُ ابْنَ أَخِي أَنْ يُضَامَ حَتَّى يَمْضِيَ لِمَا يُرِيدُ. فَقَالُوا: قَدْ أَحْسَنْتَ، وَأَجْمَلْتَ، وَوَصَلْتَ الرَّحِمَ. فَمَكَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَذَلِكَ أَيَّامًا يَأْتِي وَيَذْهَبُ، لَا يَعْرِضُ لَهُ أَحَدٌ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ، وَهَابُوا أَبَا لَهَبٍ إِلَى أَنْ جَاءَ عُقْبَةُ بْنُ أَبِي مُعَيْطٍ وَأَبُو جَهْلٍ إِلَى أَبِي لَهَبٍ، فَقَالَا لَهُ: أَخْبَرَكَ ابْنُ أَخِيكَ أَيْنَ مَدْخَلُ أَبِيكَ ؟ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُو لَهَبٍ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ، أَيْنَ مَدْخَلُ عَبْدِ الْمُطَّلِبِ ؟ قَالَ: " مَعَ قَوْمِهِ ". فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِمَا، فَقَالَ: قَدْ سَأَلْتُهُ، فَقَالَ: مَعَ قَوْمِهِ. فَقَالَا: يَزْعُمُ أَنَّهُ فِي النَّارِ. فَقَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ، أَيَدْخُلُ عَبْدُ الْمُطَّلِبِ النَّارَ ؟ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ: " وَمَنْ مَاتَ عَلَى مَا مَاتَ عَلَيْهِ عَبْدُ الْمُطَّلِبِ دَخَلَ النَّارَ ". فَقَالَ أَبُو لَهَبٍ: - لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ - وَاللَّهِ لَا بَرِحْتُ لَكَ إِلَّا عَدُوًّا أَبَدًا، وَأَنْتَ تَزْعُمُ أَنَّ عَبْدَ الْمُطَّلِبِ فِي النَّارِ. وَاشْتَدَّ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ أَبُو لَهَبٍ وَسَائِرُ قُرَيْشٍ عَلَيْهِ قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ: وَكَانَ النَّفَرَ الَّذِينَ يُؤْذُونَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي بَيْتِهِ; أَبُو لَهَبٍ، وَالْحَكَمُ بْنُ أَبِي الْعَاصِ بْنِ أُمَيَّةَ، وَعُقْبَةُ بْنُ أَبِي مُعَيْطٍ، وَعَدِيُّ بْنُ الْحَمْرَاءِ، وَابْنُ الْأَصْدَاءِ الْهُذَلِيُّ، وَكَانُوا جِيرَانَهُ، لَمْ يُسْلِمْ مِنْهُمْ أَحَدٌ إِلَّا الْحَكَمُ بْنُ أَبِي الْعَاصِ، وَكَانَ أَحَدُهُمْ - فِيمَا ذُكِرَ لِي - يَطْرَحُ عَلَيْهِ رَحِمَ الشَّاةِ وَهُوَ يُصَلِّي، وَكَانَ أَحَدُهُمْ يَطْرَحُهَا فِي بُرْمَتِهِ إِذَا نُصِبَتْ لَهُ، حَتَّى اتَّخَذَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حِجْرًا يَسْتَتِرُ بِهِ مِنْهُمْ إِذَا صَلَّى، فَكَانَ إِذَا طَرَحُوا شَيْئًا مِنْ ذَلِكَ، يَحْمِلُهُ عَلَى عَوْدٍ ثُمَّ يَقِفُ بِهِ عَلَى بَابِهِ، ثُمَّ يَقُولُ: " يَا بَنِي عَبْدِ مُنَافٍ، أَيُّ جِوَارٍ هَذَا ؟ ". ثُمَّ يُلْقِيهِ فِي الطَّرِيقِ. قُلْتُ: وَعِنْدِي أَنَّ غَالِبَ مَا رُوِيَ مِمَّا تَقَدَّمَ - مِنْ طَرْحِهِمْ سَلَى الْجَزُورِ بَيْنَ كَتِفَيْهِ وَهُوَ يُصَلِّي كَمَا رَوَاهُ ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ، وَفِيهِ أَنَّ فَاطِمَةَ جَاءَتْ فَطَرَحَتْهُ عَنْهُ، وَأَقْبَلَتْ عَلَيْهِمْ فَشَتَمَتْهُمْ، ثُمَّ لَمَّا انْصَرَفَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ دَعَا عَلَى سَبْعَةٍ مِنْهُمْ كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ، وَكَذَلِكَ مَا أَخْبَرَ بِهِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ مِنْ خَنْقِهِمْ لَهُ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، خَنْقًا شَدِيدًا حَتَّى حَالَ دُونَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ، قَائِلًا: أَتَقْتُلُونَ رَجُلًا أَنْ يَقُولَ: رَبِّيَ اللَّهُ. وَكَذَلِكَ عَزْمُ أَبِي جَهْلٍ، لَعَنَهُ اللَّهُ، عَلَى أَنْ يَطَأَ عَلَى عُنُقِهِ وَهُوَ يُصَلِّي، فَحِيلَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ ذَلِكَ، وَمَا أَشْبَهَ ذَلِكَ - كَانَ بَعْدَ وَفَاةِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ، وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ، فَذِكْرُهَا هَاهُنَا أَنْسَبُ وَأَشْبَهُ.
Translation
✧ [The Messenger's hope for Abu Talib's Islam, and the account of that] Abu Talib said to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ: "By Allah, O son of my brother, I have not seen you ask them for anything excessive." He said: When Abu Talib said that, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ hoped for his Islam, and he began saying to him: "O my uncle, then say it, so that I may through it seek intercession for you on the Day of Resurrection." He said: When he saw the eagerness of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ for him, he said: "O son of my brother, by Allah, were it not for fear of disgrace for you and for the sons of your father after me, and that Quraysh would think that I only said it out of dread of death, I would say it; I would not say it except to please you by it." He said: When death drew near to Abu Talib, he said: Al-Abbas looked at him moving his lips. He said: So he inclined his ear to him. He said: Then he said: "O son of my brother, by Allah, my brother has said the word which you commanded him to say." He said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "I did not hear." Section The mention of the death of Abu Talib, the uncle of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, has preceded, and that he was a supporter of him, standing in his ranks, and defending him with everything he could—by himself, his wealth, and his deeds. When he died, the foolish ones among Quraysh grew bold against the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and they reached him with what they had not been able to reach or have power over before. As al-Bayhaqi narrated from al-Hakim, from al-Asamm: Muhammad b. Ishaq al-Saghani narrated to us, Yusuf b. Buhlul narrated to us, Abdullah b. Idris narrated to us, Muhammad b. Ishaq narrated to us, from someone who narrated to him, from Urwah b. al-Zubayr, from Abdullah b. Ja'far, who said: When Abu Talib died, a fool among the fools of Quraysh confronted the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and threw dust on him. He returned to his house, and one of his daughters came wiping the dust from his face and weeping. He began saying: "O my little daughter, do not weep, for Allah is the protector of your father." And he said in between that: "Quraysh did not attain anything hateful to me until Abu Talib died." Ziyad al-Bakka'i also narrated it from Muhammad b. Ishaq, from Hisham b. Urwah, from his father, as a mursal report. And Allah knows best. Al-Bayhaqi also narrated from al-Hakim and others, from al-Asamm, from Ahmad b. Abd al-Jabbar, from Yunus b. Bukayr, from Hisham b. Urwah, from his father, that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Quraysh did not cease being restrained from me until Abu Talib died." Then he narrated it from al-Hakim, from al-Asamm, from Abbas al-Duri, from Yahya b. Ma'in: Uqbah al-Mujaddar narrated to us, from Hisham b. Urwah, from his father, from Aishah, from the Prophet ﷺ, who said: "Quraysh did not cease being restrained until Abu Talib died." The Hafiz Abu al-Faraj b. al-Jawzi narrated with his chain from Tha'labah b. Su'ayr and Hakim b. Hizam that they both said: When Abu Talib and Khadijah died—and between them was a month and five days—two calamities came together upon the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He stayed in his house and went out less, and Quraysh reached him with what they had not been reaching or hoping for before. That reached Abu Lahab, so he came to him and said: "O Muhammad, proceed with what you want, and whatever you would have done when Abu Talib was alive, do it. No, by al-Lat, no one will reach you until I die." Ibn al-Ghaytalah reviled the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, so Abu Lahab approached him and attacked him. He turned away shouting: "O assembly of Quraysh, Abu Utbah has turned renegade." Quraysh came until they stood before Abu Lahab, and he said: "I have not left the religion of Abd al-Muttalib, but I protect my brother's son from being wronged until he proceeds with what he wants." They said: "You have done well, and acted kindly, and kept the ties of kinship." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ remained like that for days, coming and going, with none of Quraysh confronting him, and they feared Abu Lahab, until Uqbah b. Abi Mu'ayt and Abu Jahl came to Abu Lahab and said to him: "Has your brother's son told you where the entrance of your father is?" Abu Lahab said to him: "O Muhammad, where is the entrance of Abd al-Muttalib?" He said: "With his people." He went out to them and said: "I asked him, and he said: With his people." They said: "He claims that he is in the Fire." He said: "O Muhammad, will Abd al-Muttalib enter the Fire?" The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Whoever dies upon what Abd al-Muttalib died upon enters the Fire." Abu Lahab—may Allah curse him—said: "By Allah, I will not cease being an enemy to you forever, since you claim that Abd al-Muttalib is in the Fire." At that, Abu Lahab and the rest of Quraysh intensified against him. Ibn Ishaq said: The group who used to harm the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in his house were Abu Lahab, al-Hakam b. Abi al-As b. Umayyah, Uqbah b. Abi Mu'ayt, Adiyy b. al-Hamra', and Ibn al-Asda' al-Hudhali. They were his neighbors; none of them embraced Islam except al-Hakam b. Abi al-As. One of them—as was mentioned to me—would throw the womb of a sheep upon him while he was praying, and one of them would throw it into his cooking pot when it was set up for him, until the Messenger of Allah ﷺ took a stone to screen himself from them when he prayed. When they threw any of that, he would carry it on a stick, then stand with it at his door, then say: "O Banu Abd Manaf, what kind of neighborly protection is this?" Then he would cast it into the road. I say: In my view, most of what has been narrated previously—of their throwing the placenta of a slaughtered camel between his shoulders while he was praying, as Ibn Mas'ud narrated, and in which Fatimah came and removed it from him, and turned to them and reviled them, then when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ finished he supplicated against seven of them as preceded; and likewise what Abdullah b. Amr b. al-As reported of their choking him, ﷺ, with a severe choking until Abu Bakr al-Siddiq intervened, saying: "Would you kill a man because he says: My Lord is Allah?"; and likewise Abu Jahl's determination, may Allah curse him, to trample on his neck while he was praying, but he was prevented from that; and the like of that—was after the death of Abu Talib, and Allah knows best. Mentioning them here is more fitting and more appropriate.
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