Tarikh (al-Tabari) 706
The sending of the Prophet ﷺ
ذِكْرُ ابْتِدَاءِ الْوَحْيِ إِلَى النَّبِيِّ - ﷺ قَالَتْ عَائِشَةُ - ؓ: كَانَ أَوَّلَ مَا ابْتُدِئَ بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ مِنَ الْوَحْيِ الرُّؤْيَا الصَّادِقَةُ، كَانَتْ تَجِيءُ مِثْلَ فَلَقِ الصُّبْحِ، ثُمَّ حُبِّبَ إِلَيْهِ الْخَلَاءُ، فَكَانَ بِغَارِ حِرَاءَ يَتَعَبَّدُ فِيهِ اللَّيَالِيَ ذَوَاتِ الْعَدَدِ، ثُمَّ يَرْجِعُ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ فَيَتَزَوَّدُ لِمِثْلِهَا، حَتَّى فَجْأَةِ الْحَقِّ، فَأَتَاهُ جِبْرَائِيلُ فَقَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ أَنْتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ. قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ - ﷺ: فَجَثَوْتُ لِرُكْبَتِي ثُمَّ رَجَعْتُ تَرْجُفُ بَوَادِرِي، فَدَخَلْتُ عَلَى خَدِيجَةَ فَقُلْتُ: زَمِّلُونِي زَمِّلُونِي ! ثُمَّ ذَهَبَ عَنِّي الرَّوْعُ، ثُمَّ أَتَانِي فَقَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ أَنْتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ. قَالَ: فَلَقَدْ هَمَمْتُ أَنْ أَطْرَحَ نَفْسِي مِنْ حَالِقٍ، فَتَبَدَّى لِي حِينَ هَمَمْتُ بِذَلِكَ فَقَالَ: يَا مُحَمَّدُ أَنَا جِبْرَائِيلُ وَأَنْتَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ، قَالَ: اقْرَأْ. قُلْتُ: وَمَا أَقْرَأُ ؟ قَالَ: فَأَخَذَنِي فَغَتَّنِي ثَلَاثَ مَرَّاتٍ حَتَّى بَلَغَ مِنِّي الْجَهْدُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: ( اقْرَأْ بِاسْمِ رَبِّكَ الَّذِي خَلَقَ )، فَقَرَأْتُ. فَأَتَيْتُ خَدِيجَةَ، فَقُلْتُ: لَقَدْ أَشْفَقْتُ عَلَى نَفْسِي، وَأَخْبَرْتُهَا خَبَرِي، فَقَالَتْ: أَبْشِرْ، فَوَاللَّهِ لَا يُخْزِيكَ اللَّهُ أَبَدًا، فَوَاللَّهِ إِنَّكَ لَتَصِلُ الرَّحِمَ، وَتَصْدُقُ الْحَدِيثَ، وَتُؤَدِّي الْأَمَانَةَ، وَتَحْمِلُ الْكَلَّ، وَتُقِرِي الضَّيْفَ، وَتُعِينُ عَلَى نَوَائِبِ الْحَقِّ، ثُمَّ انْطَلَقَتْ بِي إِلَى وَرَقَةَ بْنِ نَوْفَلٍ، وَهُوَ ابْنُ عَمِّهَا، وَكَانَ قَدْ تَنَصَّرَ، وَقَرَأَ الْكُتُبَ، وَسَمِعَ مِنْ أَهْلِ التَّوْرَاةِ وَالْإِنْجِيلِ، فَقَالَتْ: اسْمَعْ مِنِ ابْنِ أَخِيكَ. فَسَأَلَنِي فَأَخْبَرْتُهُ خَبَرِي. فَقَالَ: هَذَا النَّامُوسُ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ عَلَى مُوسَى بْنِ عِمْرَانَ، لَيْتَنِي كُنْتُ حَيًّا حِينَ يُخْرِجُكَ قَوْمُكَ. قُلْتُ: أَمُخْرِجِيَّ هُمْ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ، إِنَّهُ لَمْ يَجِئْ أَحَدٌ بِمِثْلِ مَا جِئْتَ بِهِ إِلَّا عُودِيَ، وَلَئِنْ أَدْرَكَنِي يَوْمُكَ لَأَنْصُرَنَّكَ نَصْرًا مُؤَزَّرًا. وَقَالَ وَرَقَةُ فِي ذَلِكَ أَشْعَارًا مِنْهَا قَوْلُهُ: يَا لِلرِّجَالِ وَصَرْفِ الدَّهْرِ وَالْقَدَرِ وَمَا لِشَيْءٍ قَضَاهُ اللَّهُ مِنْ غِيَرِ حَتَّى خَدِيجَةُ تَدْعُونِي لِأُخْبِرَهَا أَمْرًا أَرَاهُ سَيَأْتِي النَّاسَ مِنْ أُخَرِ وَخَبَّرَتْنِي بِأَمْرٍ قَدْ سَمِعْتُ بِهِ فِيمَا مَضَى مِنْ قَدِيمِ الدَّهْرِ وَالْعُصُرِ بِأَنَّ أَحْمَدَ يَأْتِيهِ وَيُخْبِرُهُ جِبْرِيلُ أَنَّكَ مَبْعُوثٌ إِلَى الْبَشَرِ فَقُلْتُ عَلَّ الَّذِي تَرْجِينَ يُنْجِزُهُ لَكِ الْإِلَهُ فَرَجِّي الْخَيْرَ وَانْتَظِرِي وَأَرْسِلِيهِ إِلَيْنَا كَيْ نُسَائِلَهُ عَنْ أَمْرِهِ مَا يَرَى فِي النَّوْمِ وَالسَّهَرِ فَقَالَ حِينَ أَتَانَا مَنْطِقًا عَجَبًا يَقِفُّ مِنْهُ أَعَالِي الْجِلْدِ وَالشَّعَرِ إِنِّي رَأَيْتُ أَمِينَ اللَّهِ وَاجَهَنِي فِي صُورَةٍ أُكْمِلَتْ مِنْ أَعْظَمِ الصُّوَرِ ثُمَّ اسْتَمَرَّ فَكَادَ الْخَوْفُ يُذْعِرُنِي مِمَّا يُسَلِّمُ مِنْ حَوْلِي مِنَ الشَّجَرِ فَقُلْتُ ظَنِّي وَمَا أَدْرِي أَيَصْدُقُنِي أَنْ سَوْفَ تُبْعَثُ تَتْلُو مُنْزَلَ السُّوَرِ وَسَوْفَ أُنْبِيكَ إِنْ أَعْلَنْتَ دَعْوَتَهُمْ مِنَ الْجِهَادِ بِلَا مَنٍّ وَلَا كَدِرِ. وَقَوْلُهُ: فَإِنْ يَكُ حَقًّا يَا خَدِيجَةُ فَاعْلَمِي حَدِيثُكِ إِيَّانَا فَأَحْمَدُ مُرْسَلُ وَجِبْرِيلُ يَأْتِيهِ وَمِيكَالُ مَعْهُمَا مِنَ اللَّهِ وَحْيٌ يَشْرَحُ الصَّدْرَ مُنْزَلُ يَفُوزُ بِهِ مَنْ فَازَ فِيهَا بِتَوْبَةٍ وَيَشْقَى بِهِ الْغَالِي الْقَوِيُّ الْمُضَلَّلُ فَرِيقَانِ مِنْهُمْ فِرْقَةٌ فِي جَنَانِهِ وَأُخْرَى بَأَحْوَازِ الْجَحِيمِ تُعَلَّلُ فَسُبْحَانَ مَنْ تَهْوِي الرِّيَاحُ بِأَمْرِهِ وَمَنْ هُوَ فِي الْأَيَّامِ مَا شَاءَ يَفْعَلُ وَمَنْ عَرْشُهُ فَوْقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ كُلِّهَا وَأَقْضَاؤُهُ فِي خَلْقِهِ لَا تُبَدَّلُ وقَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ابْتُدِئَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ بِالتَّنْزِيلِ فِي شَهْرِ رَمَضَانَ، بِقَوْلِ اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ الَّذِي أُنْزِلَ فِيهِ الْقُرْآنُ هُدًى لِلنَّاسِ وَبَيِّنَاتٍ مِنَ الْهُدَى وَالْفُرْقَانِ. وَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: إنَّا أَنْزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِمْ مِنْ كُلِّ أَمْرٍ سَلَامٌ هِيَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ وَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: حم وَالْكِتَابِ الْمُبِينِ إِنَّا أَنْزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةٍ مُبَارَكَةٍ إِنَّا كُنَّا مُنْذِرِينَ فِيهَا يُفْرَقُ كُلُّ أَمْرٍ حَكِيمٍ أَمْرًا مِنْ عِنْدِنَا إِنَّا كُنَّا مُرْسِلِينَ. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: إِنْ كُنْتُمْ آمَنْتُمْ بِاللَّهِ وَمَا أَنْزَلْنَا عَلَى عَبْدِنَا يَوْمَ الْفُرْقَانِ يَوْمَ الْتَقَى الْجَمْعَانِ وَذَلِكَ مُلْتَقَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَالْمُشْرِكِينَ بِبَدْرٍ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَحَدَّثَنِي أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَلِيِّ بْنِ حُسَيْنٍ: أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ الْتَقَى هُوَ وَالْمُشْرِكُونَ بِبَدْرٍ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ، صَبِيحَةَ سَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ مِنْ رَمَضَانَ. قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: ثُمَّ تَتَامَّ الْوَحْيُ إلَى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ بِاَللَّهِ مُصَّدِّقٌ بِمَا جَاءَهُ مِنْهُ، قَدْ قَبِلَهُ بِقَبُولِهِ، وَتَحَمَّلَ مِنْهُ مَا حَمَلَهُ عَلَى رِضَا الْعِبَادِ وَسَخَطِهِمْ، وَالنُّبُوَّةُ أَثْقَالٌ وَمُؤْنَةٌ، لَا يَحْمِلُهَا وَلَا يَسْتَطِيعُ بِهَا إلَّا أَهْلُ الْقُوَّةِ وَالْعَزْمِ مِنْ الرُّسُلِ بِعَوْنِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى وَتَوْفِيقِهِ، لَمَا يَلْقَوْنَ مِنْ النَّاسِ وَمَا يُرَدُّ عَلَيْهِمْ مِمَّا جَاءُوا بِهِ عَنْ اللَّهِ سُبْحَانِهِ وَتَعَالَى. قَالَ: فَمَضَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ عَلَى أَمْرِ اللَّهِ، عَلَى مَا يَلْقَى مِنْ قَوْمِهِ مِنْ الْخِلَافِ وَالْأَذَى.
Translation
✧ Mention of the beginning of revelation to the Prophet ﷺ ʿĀʾishah ؓ said: The first form of revelation with which the Messenger of Allah ﷺ was begun was the true dream; it used to come like the break of dawn. Then solitude was made dear to him, and he used to stay in the cave of Ḥirāʾ, devoting himself to worship there for nights of numerous count, then return to his family and provision himself for the like of them, until the truth came upon him suddenly. Gabriel came to him and said: O Muhammad, you are the Messenger of Allah. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: I knelt on my knees, then I went back with my shoulders trembling. I entered upon Khadījah and said: Wrap me up, wrap me up! Then the terror left me. Then he came to me and said: O Muhammad, you are the Messenger of Allah. He said: I had resolved to throw myself from a high cliff, but he appeared to me when I resolved that and said: O Muhammad, I am Gabriel and you are the Messenger of Allah. He said: Recite. I said: What shall I recite? He said: Then he took me and pressed me three times until I reached the utmost strain, then he said: (Recite in the name of your Lord who created), and I recited. I came to Khadījah and said: I feared for myself, and I told her my news. She said: Rejoice, for by Allah, Allah will never disgrace you. By Allah, you maintain ties of kinship, speak the truth, fulfill the trust, bear the burden, honor the guest, and aid in the calamities of truth. Then she went with me to Waraqah b. Nawfal, who was her paternal cousin. He had become a Christian, read the scriptures, and heard from the people of the Torah and the Gospel. She said: Listen to your nephew. He asked me and I told him my news. He said: This is the nāmūs that was sent down upon Moses b. ʿImrān. Would that I were alive when your people drive you out. I said: Will they drive me out? He said: Yes. No one has come with the like of what you have come with except that he was opposed, and if your day reaches me, I will support you with strong support. And Waraqah said about that verses, among them his saying: O for the men and the turns of time and fate, and for nothing that Allah has decreed of changes, until Khadījah calls me to tell her a matter I see will come to people from the last times. And she told me of a matter I had heard of in what has passed of ancient time and ages: that Aḥmad will have Gabriel come to him and tell him: You are sent to mankind. I said: Perhaps the God will fulfill for you what you hope, so hope for good and wait. And send him to us so that we may question him about his matter, what he sees in sleep and wakefulness. He said when he came to us a wondrous speech from which the upper parts of the skin and hair quiver: I saw the Trustworthy of Allah facing me in a form completed of the greatest forms. Then he continued and fear almost alarmed me from what he greeted of the trees around me. I said, my thought, and I do not know if he will confirm me, that you will be sent reciting the sent-down surahs. And I will tell you, if you proclaim their call, of striving without reproach or trouble. And his saying: If it is true, O Khadījah, then know that your talk to us is that Aḥmad is sent. And Gabriel comes to him and Michael with them, a revelation from Allah that expands the breast, sent down. Whoever wins in it by repentance gains, and by it the transgressing strong misled one is wretched. Two parties among them: one party in its garden, and another in the environs of the flame is occupied. Glorified be He at whose command the winds blow, and He who in days does whatever He wills. And He whose throne is above all the heavens, and His decrees in His creation are not changed. Ibn Isḥāq said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ was begun with the sending down in the month of Ramaḍān, by the word of Allah, Mighty and Majestic: The month of Ramaḍān in which the Qurʾān was sent down, a guidance for people and clear proofs of the guidance and the criterion. And Allah, Exalted is He, said: Indeed, We sent it down on the Night of Decree, and what will make you know what the Night of Decree is? The Night of Decree is better than a thousand months. The angels and the Spirit descend therein by the permission of their Lord for every matter. Peace it is until the break of dawn. And Allah, Exalted is He, said: Ḥā Mīm. By the clear Book, indeed, We sent it down on a blessed night. Indeed, We were warners. Therein every wise matter is made distinct, a command from Us. Indeed, We were senders. And He, Exalted is He, said: If you have believed in Allah and what We sent down upon Our servant on the Day of the Criterion, the day the two hosts met. And that is the meeting of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the polytheists at Badr. Ibn Isḥāq said: Abū Jaʿfar Muhammad b. ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn narrated to me that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and the polytheists met at Badr on Friday, the morning of the seventeenth of Ramaḍān. Ibn Isḥāq said: Then revelation came fully to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ while he was a believer in Allah, affirming what came to him from Him, accepting it with acceptance, and bearing from it what he bore for the approval and wrath of people. Prophethood is a burden and a hardship; none can bear it or be capable of it except the people of strength and resolve among the messengers, by the help of Allah, Exalted is He, and His success, because of what they meet from people and what is returned upon them of what they brought from Allah, Glorified and Exalted is He. He said: So the Messenger of Allah ﷺ went on upon the command of Allah, upon what he met from his people of opposition and harm.
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No grade is recorded for this wording.