Tarikh (al-Tabari) 334
The story of ʿĪsā b. Maryam (peace be upon him)
بَابُ بَيَانِ أَنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى مُنَزَّهٌ عَنِ الْوَلَدِ قَالَ تَعَالَى فِي آخِرِ هَذِهِ السُّورَةِ: وَقَالُوا اتَّخَذَ الرَّحْمَنُ وَلَدًا لَقَدْ جِئْتُمْ شَيْئًا إِدًّا أَيْ شَيْئًا عَظِيمًا، وَمُنْكَرًا مِنَ الْقَوْلِ وَزُورًا. تَكَادُ السَّمَاوَاتُ يَتَفَطَّرْنَ مِنْهُ وَتَنْشَقُّ الْأَرْضُ وَتَخِرُّ الْجِبَالُ هَدًّا أَنْ دَعَوْا لِلرَّحْمَنِ وَلَدًا وَمَا يَنْبَغِي لِلرَّحْمَنِ أَنْ يَتَّخِذَ وَلَدًا إِنْ كُلُّ مَنْ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ إِلَّا آتِي الرَّحْمَنِ عَبْدًا لَقَدْ أَحْصَاهُمْ وَعَدَّهُمْ عَدًّا وَكُلُّهُمْ آتِيهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فَرْدًا فَبَيِّنَ أَنَّهُ تَعَالَى لَا يَنْبَغِي لَهُ الْوَلَدُ ; لِأَنَّهُ خَالِقُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَمَالِكُهُ، وَكُلُّ شَيْءٍ فَقِيرٌ إِلَيْهِ، خَاضِعٌ ذَلِيلٌ لَدَيْهِ، وَجَمِيعُ سُكَّانِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ عَبِيدُهُ، وَهُوَ رَبُّهُمْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ، وَلَا رَبَّ سِوَاهُ، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَجَعَلُوا لِلَّهِ شُرَكَاءَ الْجِنَّ وَخَلَقَهُمْ وَخَرَقُوا لَهُ بَنِينَ وَبَنَاتٍ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى عَمَّا يَصِفُونَ بَدِيعُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ أَنَّى يَكُونُ لَهُ وَلَدٌ وَلَمْ تَكُنْ لَهُ صَاحِبَةٌ وَخَلَقَ كُلَّ شَيْءٍ وَهُوَ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيمٌ ذَلِكُمُ اللَّهُ رَبُّكُمْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ خَالِقُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ فَاعْبُدُوهُ وَهُوَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَكِيلٌ لَا تُدْرِكُهُ الْأَبْصَارُ وَهُوَ يُدْرِكُ الْأَبْصَارَ وَهُوَ اللَّطِيفُ الْخَبِيرُ [ الْأَنْعَامِ: 100 - 103 ]. فَبَيَّنَ أَنَّهُ خَالِقُ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ، فَكَيْفَ يَكُونُ لَهُ وَلَدٌ، وَالْوَلَدُ لَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا بَيْنَ شَيْئَيْنِ مُتَنَاسِبَيْنِ! وَاللَّهُ تَعَالَى لَا نَظِيرَ لَهُ، وَلَا شَبِيهَ لَهُ، وَلَا عَدِيلَ لَهُ، وَلَا صَاحِبَةَ لَهُ، فَلَا يَكُونُ لَهُ وَلَدٌ، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ اللَّهُ الصَّمَدُ لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌ [ الْإِخْلَاصِ: 1 - 4 ]. فَتَقَرَّرَ أَنَّهُ " الْأَحَدُ " الَّذِي لَا نَظِيرَ لَهُ فِي ذَاتِهِ، وَلَا فِي صِفَاتِهِ، وَلَا فِي أَفْعَالِهِ الصَّمَدُ وَهُوَ السَّيِّدُ الَّذِي كَمُلَ فِي عِلْمِهِ وَحِكْمَتِهِ وَرَحْمَتِهِ، وَجَمِيعِ صِفَاتِهِ. لَمْ يَلِدْ أَيْ: لَمْ يُوجَدْ مِنْهُ وَلَدٌ. وَلَمْ يُولَدْ أَيْ: وَلَمْ يَتَوَلَّدْ عَنْ شَيْءٍ قَبْلَهُ. وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌ أَيْ: وَلَيْسَ لَهُ عِدْلٌ وَلَا مُكَافِئٌ وَلَا مُسَاوٍ، فَقَطَعَ النَّظِيرَ الْمُدَانِيَ وَالْأَعْلَى وَالْمُسَاوِيَ ; فَانْتَفَى أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ، إِذْ لَا يَكُونُ الْوَلَدُ إِلَّا مُتَوَلِّدًا بَيْنَ شَيْئَيْنِ مُتَعَادِلَيْنِ أَوْ مُتَقَارِبَيْنِ، وَتَعَالَى اللَّهُ عَنْ ذَلِكَ عُلُوًّا كَبِيرًا. وَقَالَ تَبَارَكَ وَتَعَالَى وَتَقَدَّسَ: يَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ لَا تَغْلُوا فِي دِينِكُمْ وَلَا تَقُولُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ إِلَّا الْحَقَّ إِنَّمَا الْمَسِيحُ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ وَكَلِمَتُهُ أَلْقَاهَا إِلَى مَرْيَمَ وَرُوحٌ مِنْهُ فَآمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرُسُلِهِ وَلَا تَقُولُوا ثَلَاثَةٌ انْتَهُوا خَيْرًا لَكُمْ إِنَّمَا اللَّهُ إِلَهٌ وَاحِدٌ سُبْحَانَهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ لَهُ وَلَدٌ لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَكَفَى بِاللَّهِ وَكِيلًا لَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفَ الْمَسِيحُ أَنْ يَكُونَ عَبْدًا لِلَّهِ وَلَا الْمَلَائِكَةُ الْمُقَرَّبُونَ وَمَنْ يَسْتَنْكِفْ عَنْ عِبَادَتِهِ وَيَسْتَكْبِرْ فَسَيَحْشُرُهُمْ إِلَيْهِ جَمِيعًا فَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ فَيُوَفِّيهِمْ أُجُورَهُمْ وَيَزِيدُهُمْ مِنْ فَضْلِهِ وَأَمَّا الَّذِينَ اسْتَنْكَفُوا وَاسْتَكْبَرُوا فَيُعَذِّبُهُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا وَلَا يَجِدُونَ لَهُمْ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ وَلِيًّا وَلَا نَصِيرًا [ النِّسَاءِ: 171 - 173 ]. يَنْهَى تَعَالَى أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ وَمَنْ شَابَهَهُمْ، عَنِ الْغُلُوِّ وَالْإِطْرَاءِ فِي الدِّينِ، وَهُوَ مُجَاوَزَةُ الْحَدِّ ; فَالنَّصَارَى - لَعَنَهُمُ اللَّهُ - غَلَوْا وَأَطْرَوُا الْمَسِيحَ حَتَّى جَاوَزُوا الْحَدَّ، فَكَانَ الْوَاجِبُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَنْ يَعْتَقِدُوا أَنَّهُ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ وَرَسُولُهُ، وَابْنُ أَمَتِهِ الْعَذْرَاءِ الْبَتُولِ، الَّتِي أَحْصَنَتْ فَرْجَهَا، فَبَعَثَ اللَّهُ الْمَلَكَ جِبْرِيلَ إِلَيْهَا، فَنَفَخَ فِيهَا عَنْ أَمْرِ اللَّهِ نَفْخَةً حَمَلَتْ مِنْهَا بِوَلَدِهَا عِيسَى عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَالَّذِي اتَّصَلَ بِهَا مِنَ الْمَلَكِ هِيَ الرُّوحُ الْمُضَافَةُ إِلَى اللَّهِ إِضَافَةَ تَشْرِيفٍ وَتَكْرِيمٍ، وَهِيَ مَخْلُوقَةٌ مِنْ مَخْلُوقَاتِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى، كَمَا يُقَالُ: بَيْتُ اللَّهِ، وَنَاقَةُ اللَّهِ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ، وَكَذَا: رُوحُ اللَّهِ، أُضِيفَتْ إِلَيْهِ تَشْرِيفًا لَهَا وَتَكْرِيمًا، وَسُمِّيَ عِيسَى بِهَا ; لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ بِهَا مِنْ غَيْرِ أَبٍ، وَهِيَ الْكَلِمَةُ أَيْضًا الَّتِي عَنْهَا خُلِقَ، وَبِسَبَبِهَا وُجِدَ، كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: إِنَّ مَثَلَ عِيسَى عِنْدَ اللَّهِ كَمَثَلِ آدَمَ خَلَقَهُ مِنْ تُرَابٍ ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ [ آلِ عِمْرَانَ: 59 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَقَالُوا اتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ وَلَدًا سُبْحَانَهُ بَلْ لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ كُلٌّ لَهُ قَانِتُونَ بَدِيعُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَإِذَا قَضَى أَمْرًا فَإِنَّمَا يَقُولُ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ [ الْبَقَرَةِ: 116، 117 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ عُزَيْرٌ ابْنُ اللَّهِ وَقَالَتِ النَّصَارَى الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ اللَّهِ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُهُمْ بِأَفْوَاهِهِمْ يُضَاهِئُونَ قَوْلَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ قَبْلُ قَاتَلَهُمُ اللَّهُ أَنَّى يُؤْفَكُونَ [ التَّوْبَةِ: 30 ]. فَأَخْبَرَ تَعَالَى أَنَّ الْيَهُودَ وَالنَّصَارَى، عَلَيْهِمْ لَعَائِنُ اللَّهِ، كُلٌّ مِنْ الْفَرِيقَيْنِ ادَّعَوْا عَلَى اللَّهِ شَطَطًا، وَزَعَمُوا أَنَّ لَهُ وَلَدًا، تَعَالَى اللَّهُ عَمَّا يَقُولُونَ عُلُوًّا كَبِيرًا، وَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّهُمْ لَيْسَ لَهُمْ مُسْتَنَدٌ فِيمَا زَعَمُوهُ، وَلَا فِيمَا ائْتَفَكُوهُ، إِلَّا مُجَرَّدُ الْقَوْلِ وَمُشَابَهَةُ مَنْ سَبَقَهُمْ إِلَى هَذِهِ الْمَقَالَةِ الضَّالَّةِ، تَشَابَهَتْ قُلُوبُهُمْ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْفَلَاسِفَةَ - عَلَيْهِمْ لَعْنَةُ اللَّهِ - زَعَمُوا أَنَّ الْعَقْلَ الْأَوَّلَ صَدَرَ عَنْ وَاجِبِ الْوُجُودِ، الَّذِي يُعَبِّرُونَ عَنْهُ بِعِلَّةِ الْعِلَلِ، وَالْمَبْدَأِ الْأَوَّلِ، وَأَنَّهُ صَدَرَ عَنِ الْعَقْلِ الْأَوَّلِ عَقْلٌ ثَانٍ، وَنَفْسٌ وَفَلَكٌ، ثُمَّ صَدَرَ عَنِ الثَّانِي كَذَلِكَ، حَتَّى تَنَاهَتِ الْعُقُولُ إِلَى عَشَرَةٍ، وَالنُّفُوسُ إِلَى تِسْعَةٍ، وَالْأَفْلَاكُ إِلَى تِسْعَةٍ، بِاعْتِبَارَاتٍ فَاسِدَةٍ ذَكَرُوهَا، وَاخْتِيَارَاتٍ بَارِدَةٍ أَوْرَدُوهَا، وَلِبَسْطِ الْكَلَامِ مَعَهُمْ، وَبَيَانِ جَهْلِهِمْ وَقِلَّةِ عَقْلِهِمْ، مَوْضِعٌ آخَرُ. وَهَكَذَا طَوَائِفُ مِنْ مُشْرِكِي الْعَرَبِ ; زَعَمُوا لِجَهْلِهِمْ أَنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ بَنَاتُ اللَّهِ، وَأَنَّهُ صَاهَرَ سَرَوَاتِ الْجِنِّ فَتَوَلَّدَ مِنْهُمَا الْمَلَائِكَةُ، تَعَالَى اللَّهُ عَمَّا يَقُولُونَ، وَتَنَزَّهَ عَمَّا يُشْرِكُونَ كَمَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَجَعَلُوا الْمَلَائِكَةَ الَّذِينَ هُمْ عِبَادُ الرَّحْمَنِ إِنَاثًا أَشَهِدُوا خَلْقَهُمْ سَتُكْتَبُ شَهَادَتُهُمْ وَيُسْأَلُونَ [ الزُّخْرُفِ: 19 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: فَاسْتَفْتِهِمْ أَلِرَبِّكَ الْبَنَاتُ وَلَهُمُ الْبَنُونَ أَمْ خَلَقْنَا الْمَلَائِكَةَ إِنَاثًا وَهُمْ شَاهِدُونَ أَلَا إِنَّهُمْ مِنْ إِفْكِهِمْ لَيَقُولُونَ وَلَدَ اللَّهُ وَإِنَّهُمْ لَكَاذِبُونَ أَصْطَفَى الْبَنَاتِ عَلَى الْبَنِينَ مَا لَكُمْ كَيْفَ تَحْكُمُونَ أَفَلَا تَذَكَّرُونَ أَمْ لَكُمْ سُلْطَانٌ مُبِينٌ فَأْتُوا بِكِتَابِكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ صَادِقِينَ وَجَعَلُوا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْجِنَّةِ نَسَبًا وَلَقَدْ عَلِمَتِ الْجِنَّةُ إِنَّهُمْ لَمُحْضَرُونَ سُبْحَانَ اللَّهِ عَمَّا يَصِفُونَ إِلَّا عِبَادَ اللَّهِ الْمُخْلَصِينَ [ الصَّافَّاتِ: 149 - 160 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَقَالُوا اتَّخَذَ الرَّحْمَنُ وَلَدًا سُبْحَانَهُ بَلْ عِبَادٌ مُكْرَمُونَ لَا يَسْبِقُونَهُ بِالْقَوْلِ وَهُمْ بِأَمْرِهِ يَعْمَلُونَ يَعْلَمُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمَا خَلْفَهُمْ وَلَا يَشْفَعُونَ إِلَّا لِمَنِ ارْتَضَى وَهُمْ مِنْ خَشْيَتِهِ مُشْفِقُونَ وَمَنْ يَقُلْ مِنْهُمْ إِنِّي إِلَهٌ مِنْ دُونِهِ فَذَلِكَ نَجْزِيهِ جَهَنَّمَ كَذَلِكَ نَجْزِي الظَّالِمِينَ [ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ: 26 - 29 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى فِي أَوَّلِ سُورَةِ " الْكَهْفِ "، وَهِيَ مَكِّيَّةٌ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي أَنْزَلَ عَلَى عَبْدِهِ الْكِتَابَ وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْ لَهُ عِوَجَا قَيِّمًا لِيُنْذِرَ بَأْسًا شَدِيدًا مِنْ لَدُنْهُ وَيُبَشِّرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ الَّذِينَ يَعْمَلُونَ الصَّالِحَاتِ أَنَّ لَهُمْ أَجْرًا حَسَنًا مَاكِثِينَ فِيهِ أَبَدًا وَيُنْذِرَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا اتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ وَلَدًا مَا لَهُمْ بِهِ مِنْ عِلْمٍ وَلَا لِآبَائِهِمْ كَبُرَتْ كَلِمَةً تَخْرُجُ مِنْ أَفْوَاهِهِمْ إِنْ يَقُولُونَ إِلَّا كَذِبًا [ الْكَهْفِ: 1 - 5 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: قَالُوا اتَّخَذَ اللَّهُ وَلَدًا سُبْحَانَهُ هُوَ الْغَنِيُّ لَهُ مَا فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَمَا فِي الْأَرْضِ إِنْ عِنْدَكُمْ مِنْ سُلْطَانٍ بِهَذَا أَتَقُولُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ قُلْ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ لَا يُفْلِحُونَ مَتَاعٌ فِي الدُّنْيَا ثُمَّ إِلَيْنَا مَرْجِعُهُمْ ثُمَّ نُذِيقُهُمُ الْعَذَابَ الشَّدِيدَ بِمَا كَانُوا يَكْفُرُونَ [ يُونُسَ: 68 - 70 ]. فَهَذِهِ الْآيَاتُ الْمَكِّيَاتُ الْكَرِيمَاتُ تَشْمَلُ الرَّدَّ عَلَى سَائِرِ فِرَقِ الْكَفَرَةِ ; مِنَ الْفَلَاسِفَةِ وَمُشْرِكِي الْعَرَبِ وَالْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى، الَّذِينَ ادَّعَوْا وَزَعَمُوا بِلَا عِلْمٍ، أَنَّ لِلَّهِ وَلَدًا، سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى عَمَّا يَقُولُ الظَّالِمُونَ الْمُعْتَدُونَ عُلُوًّا كَبِيرًا. وَلَمَّا كَانَتِ النَّصَارَى، عَلَيْهِمْ لَعَائِنُ اللَّهِ الْمُتَتَابِعَةُ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ، مِنْ أَشْهَرِ مَنْ قَالَ بِهَذِهِ الْمَقَالَةِ، ذُكِرُوا فِي الْقُرْآنِ كَثِيرًا ; لِلرَّدِّ عَلَيْهِمْ وَبَيَانِ تَنَاقُضِهِمْ، وَقِلَّةِ عِلْمِهِمْ، وَكَثْرَةِ جَهْلِهِمْ، وَقَدْ تَنَوَّعَتْ أَقْوَالُهُمْ فِي كُفْرِهِمْ ; وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْبَاطِلَ كَثِيرُ التَّشَعُّبِ وَالِاخْتِلَافِ وَالتَّنَاقُضِ، وَأَمَّا الْحَقُّ فَلَا يَخْتَلِفُ وَلَا يَضْطَرِبُ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: وَلَوْ كَانَ مِنْ عِنْدِ غَيْرِ اللَّهِ لَوَجَدُوا فِيهِ اخْتِلَافًا كَثِيرًا [ النِّسَاءِ: 82 ]. فَدَلَّ عَلَى أَنَّ الْحَقَّ يَتَّحِدُ وَيَتَّفِقُ، وَالْبَاطِلَ يَخْتَلِفُ وَيَضْطَرِبُ. فَطَائِفَةٌ مِنْ ضُلَّالِهِمْ وَجُهَّالِهِمْ زَعَمُوا أَنَّ الْمَسِيحَ هُوَ اللَّهُ . تَعَالَى اللَّهُ، وَطَائِفَةٌ قَالُوا: هُوَ ابْنُ اللَّهِ، عَزَّ اللَّهُ. وَطَائِفَةٌ قَالُوا: هُوَ ثَالِثُ ثَلَاثَةٍ. جَلَّ اللَّهُ. قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى فِي أَوَّلِ سُورَةِ " الْمَائِدَةِ ": لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ قُلْ فَمَنْ يَمْلِكُ مِنَ اللَّهِ شَيْئًا إِنْ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُهْلِكَ الْمَسِيحَ ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ وَأُمَّهُ وَمَنْ فِي الْأَرْضِ جَمِيعًا وَلِلَّهِ مُلْكُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا يَخْلُقُ مَا يَشَاءُ وَاللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ [ الْمَائِدَةِ: 17 ]. فَأَخْبَرَ تَعَالَى عَنْ كُفْرِهِمْ وَجَهْلِهِمْ، وَبَيَّنَ أَنَّهُ الْخَالِقُ الْقَادِرُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ، الْمُتَصَرِّفُ فِي كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَأَنَّهُ رَبُّ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَمَلِيكُهُ وَإِلَهُهُ. وَقَالَ فِي أَوَاخِرِهَا: لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ هُوَ الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ وَقَالَ الْمَسِيحُ يَا بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكُمْ إِنَّهُ مَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَقَدْ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ الْجَنَّةَ وَمَأْوَاهُ النَّارُ وَمَا لِلظَّالِمِينَ مِنْ أَنْصَارٍ لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ ثَالِثُ ثَلَاثَةٍ وَمَا مِنْ إِلَهٍ إِلَّا إِلَهٌ وَاحِدٌ وَإِنْ لَمْ يَنْتَهُوا عَمَّا يَقُولُونَ لَيَمَسَّنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ أَفَلَا يَتُوبُونَ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَيَسْتَغْفِرُونَهُ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ مَا الْمَسِيحُ ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ إِلَّا رَسُولٌ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ الرُّسُلُ وَأُمُّهُ صِدِّيقَةٌ كَانَا يَأْكُلَانِ الطَّعَامَ انْظُرْ كَيْفَ نُبَيِّنُ لَهُمُ الْآيَاتِ ثُمَّ انْظُرْ أَنَّى يُؤْفَكُونَ [ الْمَائِدَةِ: 72 - 75 ]. حَكَمَ تَعَالَى بِكُفْرِهِمْ شَرْعًا وَقَدَرًا، وَأَخْبَرَ أَنَّ هَذَا صَدَرَ مِنْهُمْ، مَعَ أَنَّ الرَّسُولَ إِلَيْهِمْ، وَهُوَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ، قَدْ بَيَّنَ لَهُمْ أَنَّهُ عَبْدٌ مَرْبُوبٌ مَخْلُوقٌ، مُصَوَّرٌ فِي الرَّحِمِ، دَاعٍ إِلَى عِبَادَةِ اللَّهِ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَتَوَعَّدَهُمْ عَلَى خِلَافِ ذَلِكَ بِالنَّارِ، وَعَدَمِ الْفَوْزِ بِدَارِ الْقَرَارِ، وَالْخِزْيِ فِي الدَّارِ الْآخِرَةِ، وَالْهَوَانِ وَالْعَارِ، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ: إِنَّهُ مَنْ يُشْرِكْ بِاللَّهِ فَقَدْ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ الْجَنَّةَ وَمَأْوَاهُ النَّارُ وَمَا لِلظَّالِمِينَ مِنْ أَنْصَارٍ القول بالأقانيم الثلاثة الأب والابن والكلمة ثُمَّ قَالَ: لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ ثَالِثُ ثَلَاثَةٍ وَمَا مِنْ إِلَهٍ إِلَّا إِلَهٌ وَاحِدٌ قَالَ ابْنُ جَرِيرٍ وَغَيْرُهُ: الْمُرَادُ بِذَلِكَ قَوْلُهُمْ بِالْأَقَانِيمِ الثَّلَاثَةِ: أُقْنُومُ الْأَبِ، وَأُقْنُومُ الِابْنِ، وَأُقْنُومُ الْكَلِمَةِ الْمُنْبَثِقَةِ مِنَ الْأَبِ إِلَى الِابْنِ، عَلَى اخْتِلَافِهِمْ فِي ذَلِكَ مَا بَيْنَ الْمَلَكِيَّةِ وَالْيَعْقُوبِيَّةِ وَالنَّسْطُورِيَّةِ، عَلَيْهِمْ لَعَائِنُ اللَّهِ، كَمَا سَنُبَيِّنُ كَيْفِيَّةَ اخْتِلَافِهِمْ فِي ذَلِكَ، وَمَجَامِعَهُمُ الثَّلَاثَةَ فِي زَمَنِ قُسْطَنْطِينَ بْنِ قَسْطَسَ، وَذَلِكَ بَعْدَ الْمَسِيحِ بِثَلَاثِمِائَةِ سَنَةٍ، وَقَبْلَ الْبَعْثَةِ الْمُحَمَّدِيَّةِ بِثَلَاثِمِائَةِ سَنَةٍ، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ تَعَالَى: وَمَا مِنْ إِلَهٍ إِلَّا إِلَهٌ وَاحِدٌ أَيْ: وَمَا مِنْ إِلَهٍ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَلَا نَظِيرَ لَهُ، وَلَا كُفْءَ لَهُ، وَلَا صَاحِبَةَ لَهُ وَلَا وَلَدَ، ثُمَّ تَوَعَدَهُمْ وَتَهَدَّدَهُمْ فَقَالَ: وَإِنْ لَمْ يَنْتَهُوا عَمَّا يَقُولُونَ لَيَمَسَّنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ ثُمَّ دَعَاهُمْ بِرَحْمَتِهِ وَلُطْفِهِ إِلَى التَّوْبَةِ وَالِاسْتِغْفَارِ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأُمُورِ الْكِبَارِ، وَالْعَظَائِمِ الَّتِي تُوجِبُ النَّارَ، فَقَالَ: أَفَلَا يَتُوبُونَ إِلَى اللَّهِ وَيَسْتَغْفِرُونَهُ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَحِيمٌ حال المسيح وأمه وأنه عبد رسول وأمه صديقة ثُمَّ بَيَّنَ حَالَ الْمَسِيحِ وَأُمِّهِ، وَأَنَّهُ عَبْدٌ رَسُولٌ، وَأُمُّهُ صِدِّيقَةٌ ، أَيْ لَيْسَتْ بِفَاجِرَةٍ، كَمَا يَقُولُهُ الْيَهُودُ، لَعَنَهُمُ اللَّهُ. وَفِيهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّهَا لَيْسَتْ بِنَبِيَّةٍ، كَمَا زَعَمَهُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ عُلَمَائِنَا. وَقَوْلُهُ: كَانَا يَأْكُلَانِ الطَّعَامَ كِنَايَةٌ عَنْ خُرُوجِهِ مِنْهُمَا، كَمَا يَخْرُجُ مِنْ غَيْرِهِمَا، أَيْ: وَمَنْ كَانَ بِهَذِهِ الْمَثَابَةِ، كَيْفَ يَكُونُ إِلَهًا ؟! تَعَالَى اللَّهُ عَنْ قَوْلِهِمْ وَجَهْلِهِمْ عُلُوًّا كَبِيرًا. وَقَالَ السُّدِّيُّ وَغَيْرُهُ: الْمُرَادُ بِقَوْلِهِ: لَقَدْ كَفَرَ الَّذِينَ قَالُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ ثَالِثُ ثَلَاثَةٍ زَعْمُهُمْ فِي عِيسَى وَأُمِّهِ أَنَّهُمَا إِلَهَانِ مَعَ اللَّهِ ; يَعْنِي كَمَا بَيَّنَ تَعَالَى كُفْرَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ بِقَوْلِهِ فِي آخِرِ هَذِهِ السُّورَةِ الْكَرِيمَةِ: وَإِذْ قَالَ اللَّهُ يَا عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ ءَأَنْتَ قُلْتَ لِلنَّاسِ اتَّخِذُونِي وَأُمِّيَ إِلَهَيْنِ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ قَالَ سُبْحَانَكَ مَا يَكُونُ لِي أَنْ أَقُولَ مَا لَيْسَ لِي بِحَقٍّ إِنْ كُنْتُ قُلْتُهُ فَقَدْ عَلِمْتَهُ تَعْلَمُ مَا فِي نَفْسِي وَلَا أَعْلَمُ مَا فِي نَفْسِكَ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ عَلَّامُ الْغُيُوبِ مَا قُلْتُ لَهُمْ إِلَّا مَا أَمَرْتَنِي بِهِ أَنِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكُمْ وَكُنْتُ عَلَيْهِمْ شَهِيدًا مَا دُمْتُ فِيهِمْ فَلَمَّا تَوَفَّيْتَنِي كُنْتَ أَنْتَ الرَّقِيبَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَنْتَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ إِنْ تُعَذِّبْهُمْ فَإِنَّهُمْ عِبَادُكَ وَإِنْ تَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ فَإِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ [ الْمَائِدَةِ: 116 - 118 ]. يُخْبِرُ تَعَالَى أَنَّهُ يَسْأَلُ عِيسَى ابْنَ مَرْيَمَ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ، عَلَى سَبِيلِ الْإِكْرَامِ لَهُ وَالتَّقْرِيعِ وَالتَّوْبِيخِ لِعَابِدِيهِ، مِمَّنْ كَذَبَ عَلَيْهِ وَافْتَرَى وَزَعَمَ أَنَّهُ ابْنُ اللَّهِ، أَوْ أَنَّهُ اللَّهُ، أَوْ أَنَّهُ شَرِيكُهُ، تَعَالَى اللَّهُ عَمَّا يَقُولُونَ، فَيَسْأَلُهُ وَهُوَ يَعْلَمُ أَنَّهُ لَمْ يَقَعْ مِنْهُ مَا يَسْأَلُهُ عَنْهُ، وَلَكِنْ لِتَوْبِيخِ مَنْ كَذَبَ عَلَيْهِ، فَيَقُولُ لَهُ: ءَأَنْتَ قُلْتَ لِلنَّاسِ اتَّخِذُونِي وَأُمِّيَ إِلَهَيْنِ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ قَالَ سُبْحَانَكَ أَيْ: تَعَالَيْتَ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَعَكَ شَرِيكٌ. مَا يَكُونُ لِي أَنْ أَقُولَ مَا لَيْسَ لِي بِحَقٍّ أَيْ: لَيْسَ هَذَا يَسْتَحِقُّهُ أَحَدٌ سِوَاكَ. إِنْ كُنْتُ قُلْتُهُ فَقَدْ عَلِمْتَهُ تَعْلَمُ مَا فِي نَفْسِي وَلَا أَعْلَمُ مَا فِي نَفْسِكَ إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ عَلَّامُ الْغُيُوبِ وَهَذَا تَأَدُّبٌ عَظِيمٌ فِي الْخِطَابِ وَالْجَوَابِ. مَا قُلْتُ لَهُمْ إِلَّا مَا أَمَرْتَنِي بِهِ حِينَ أَرْسَلْتَنِي إِلَيْهِمْ، وَأَنْزَلْتَ عَلَيَّ الْكِتَابَ الَّذِي كَانَ يُتْلَى عَلَيْهِمْ، ثُمَّ فَسَّرَ مَا قَالَ لَهُمْ بِقَوْلِهِ: أَنِ اعْبُدُوا اللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبَّكُمْ أَيْ خَالِقِي وَخَالِقُكُمْ، وَرَازِقِي وَرَازِقُكُمْ. وَكُنْتُ عَلَيْهِمْ شَهِيدًا مَا دُمْتُ فِيهِمْ فَلَمَّا تَوَفَّيْتَنِي أَيْ: رَفَعْتَنِي إِلَيْكَ حِينَ أَرَادُوا قَتْلِي وَصَلْبِي، فَرَحِمْتَنِي وَخَلَّصْتَنِي مِنْهُمْ، وَأَلْقَيْتَ شَبَهِي عَلَى أَحَدِهِمْ، حَتَّى انْتَقَمُوا مِنْهُ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ ذَلِكَ. كُنْتَ أَنْتَ الرَّقِيبَ عَلَيْهِمْ وَأَنْتَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ شَهِيدٌ ثُمَّ قَالَ عَلَى وَجْهِ التَّفْوِيضِ إِلَى الرَّبِّ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، وَالتَّبَرِّي مِنْ أَهْلِ النَّصْرَانِيَّةِ: إِنْ تُعَذِّبْهُمْ فَإِنَّهُمْ عِبَادُكَ أَيْ: وَهُمْ يَسْتَحِقُّونَ ذَلِكَ. وَإِنْ تَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ فَإِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ، وَهَذَا التَّفْوِيضُ وَالْإِسْنَادُ إِلَى الْمَشِيئَةِ بِالشَّرْطِ، لَا يَقْتَضِي وُقُوعَ ذَلِكَ، وَلِهَذَا قَالَ: فَإِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ وَلَمْ يَقُلْ: الْغَفُورُ الرَّحِيمُ. وَقَدْ ذَكَرْنَا فِي " التَّفْسِيرِ " مَا رَوَاهُ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ، عَنْ أَبِي ذَرٍّ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ، قَامَ بِهَذِهِ الْآيَةِ الْكَرِيمَةِ لَيْلَةً حَتَّى أَصْبَحَ: إِنْ تُعَذِّبْهُمْ فَإِنَّهُمْ عِبَادُكَ وَإِنْ تَغْفِرْ لَهُمْ فَإِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ وَقَالَ: إِنِّي سَأَلْتُ رَبِّي عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الشَّفَاعَةَ لِأُمَّتِي فَأَعْطَانِيهَا، وَهِيَ نَائِلَةٌ، إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ، لِمَنْ لَا يُشْرِكُ بِاللَّهِ شَيْئًا وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَمَا خَلَقْنَا السَّمَاءَ وَالْأَرْضَ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا لَاعِبِينَ لَوْ أَرَدْنَا أَنْ نَتَّخِذَ لَهْوًا لَاتَّخَذْنَاهُ مِنْ لَدُنَّا إِنْ كُنَّا فَاعِلِينَ بَلْ نَقْذِفُ بِالْحَقِّ عَلَى الْبَاطِلِ فَيَدْمَغُهُ فَإِذَا هُوَ زَاهِقٌ وَلَكُمُ الْوَيْلُ مِمَّا تَصِفُونَ وَلَهُ مَنْ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَنْ عِنْدَهُ لَا يَسْتَكْبِرُونَ عَنْ عِبَادَتِهِ وَلَا يَسْتَحْسِرُونَ يُسَبِّحُونَ اللَّيْلَ وَالنَّهَارَ لَا يَفْتُرُونَ [ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ: 16 - 20 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: لَوْ أَرَادَ اللَّهُ أَنْ يَتَّخِذَ وَلَدًا لَاصْطَفَى مِمَّا يَخْلُقُ مَا يَشَاءُ سُبْحَانَهُ هُوَ اللَّهُ الْوَاحِدُ الْقَهَّارُ خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ بِالْحَقِّ يُكَوِّرُ اللَّيْلَ عَلَى النَّهَارِ وَيُكَوِّرُ النَّهَارَ عَلَى اللَّيْلِ وَسَخَّرَ الشَّمْسَ وَالْقَمَرَ كُلٌّ يَجْرِي لِأَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى أَلَا هُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الْغَفَّارُ [ الزُّمَرِ: 4، 5 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: قُلْ إِنْ كَانَ لِلرَّحْمَنِ وَلَدٌ فَأَنَا أَوَّلُ الْعَابِدِينَ سُبْحَانَ رَبِّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ رَبِّ الْعَرْشِ عَمَّا يَصِفُونَ [ الزُّخْرُفِ: 81، 82 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: وَقُلِ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي لَمْ يَتَّخِذْ وَلَدًا وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ شَرِيكٌ فِي الْمُلْكِ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ وَلِيٌّ مِنَ الذُّلِّ وَكَبِّرْهُ تَكْبِيرًا [ الْإِسْرَاءِ: 111 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: قُلْ هُوَ اللَّهُ أَحَدٌ اللَّهُ الصَّمَدُ لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌ. وَثَبَتَ فِي " الصَّحِيحِ " عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: يَقُولُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: شَتَمَنِي ابْنُ آدَمَ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ ذَلِكَ ; يَزْعُمُ أَنَّ لِي وَلَدًا، وَأَنَا الْأَحَدُ الصَّمَدُ، الَّذِي لَمَّ أَلِدْ وَلَمْ أُولَدْ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لِي كُفُوًا أَحَدٌ وَفِي " الصَّحِيحِ " أَيْضًا، عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا أَحَدَ أَصْبَرُ عَلَى أَذًى سَمِعَهُ مِنَ اللَّهِ ; إِنَّهُمْ يَجْعَلُونَ لَهُ وَلَدًا، وَهُوَ يَرْزُقُهُمْ وَيُعَافِيهِمْ وَلَكِنْ ثَبَتَ فِي " الصَّحِيحِ " أَيْضًا، عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَيُمْلِي لِلظَّالِمِ، حَتَّى إِذَا أَخَذَهُ لَمْ يُفْلِتْهُ ثُمَّ قَرَأَ: وَكَذَلِكَ أَخْذُ رَبِّكَ إِذَا أَخَذَ الْقُرَى وَهِيَ ظَالِمَةٌ إِنَّ أَخْذَهُ أَلِيمٌ شَدِيدٌ [ هُودٍ: 102 ]. وَهَكَذَا قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: وَكَأَيِّنْ مِنْ قَرْيَةٍ أَمْلَيْتُ لَهَا وَهِيَ ظَالِمَةٌ ثُمَّ أَخَذْتُهَا وَإِلَيَّ الْمَصِيرُ [ الْحَجِّ: 48 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: نُمَتِّعُهُمْ قَلِيلًا ثُمَّ نَضْطَرُّهُمْ إِلَى عَذَابٍ غَلِيظٍ [ لُقْمَانٍ: 24 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: قُلْ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ لَا يُفْلِحُونَ مَتَاعٌ فِي الدُّنْيَا ثُمَّ إِلَيْنَا مَرْجِعُهُمْ ثُمَّ نُذِيقُهُمُ الْعَذَابَ الشَّدِيدَ بِمَا كَانُوا يَكْفُرُونَ [ يُونُسَ: 69، 70 ]. وَقَالَ تَعَالَى: فَمَهِّلِ الْكَافِرِينَ أَمْهِلْهُمْ رُوَيْدًا [ الطَّارِقِ: 17 ].
Translation
✧ Chapter: Explaining that God, Exalted be He, is far above having a child He, Exalted be He, said at the end of this surah: "And they say, 'The Most Merciful has taken a son.' You have done an atrocious thing. The heavens almost rupture therefrom and the earth splits open and the mountains collapse in devastation that they attribute to the Most Merciful a son. And it is not appropriate for the Most Merciful that He should take a son. There is no one in the heavens and earth but that he comes to the Most Merciful as a servant. He has enumerated them and counted them a [full] counting. And all of them are coming to Him on the Day of Resurrection alone." [Maryam: 88–95] Thus He made clear that it is not befitting for Him, Exalted be He, to have a child, because He is the Creator of everything and its Owner, and everything is in need of Him, submissive and lowly before Him. All the inhabitants of the heavens and the earth are His servants, and He is their Lord. There is no god but He, and no lord other than Him. As He, Exalted be He, said: "But they have attributed to God partners—the jinn—while He created them, and they have fabricated for Him sons and daughters without knowledge. Exalted is He and high above what they describe. [He is] Originator of the heavens and the earth. How could He have a son when He has no companion and He created all things? And He is, of all things, Knowing. That is God, your Lord; there is no deity except Him, Creator of all things, so worship Him. And He is Disposer of all things. Vision perceives Him not, but He perceives [all] vision; and He is the Subtle, the Acquainted" [al-Anʿām: 100–103]. Thus He made clear that He is the Creator of everything, so how could He have a son, when a son comes only between two mutually corresponding things? And God, Exalted be He, has no equal, no likeness, no parallel, and no companion; therefore He can have no son. As He, Exalted be He, said: "Say, 'He is God, [who is] One. God, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born, nor is there to Him any equivalent'" [al-Ikhlāṣ: 1–4]. Thus it is established that He is "the One" who has no equal in His essence, nor in His attributes, nor in His actions. "The Eternal Refuge"—and He is the Master who is perfect in His knowledge, His wisdom, His mercy, and all His attributes. "He neither begets"—that is, no child comes into existence from Him; "nor is born"—that is, He is not generated from anything before Him; "nor is there to Him any equivalent"—that is, He has no match, no equal, no peer. Thus He cut off any likeness, whether lower, higher, or equal; so it is inconceivable that He should have a son, since a son comes only as something generated between two things that are equal or similar. And God is far exalted above that, with great exaltation. And He, Blessed and Exalted and Sanctified be He, said: "O People of the Scripture, do not go to excess in your religion and do not say about God except the truth. The Messiah, ʿĪsā the son of Maryam, was but a messenger of God and His word which He directed to Maryam and a spirit from Him. So believe in God and His messengers and do not say, 'Three'; desist—it is better for you. Indeed, God is but one God. Exalted is He above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And sufficient is God as Disposer of affairs. Never would the Messiah disdain to be a servant of God, nor would the angels near [to Him]. And whoever disdains His worship and is arrogant—He will gather them to Himself all together. And as for those who believed and did righteous deeds, He will give them in full their rewards and grant them extra from His bounty. But as for those who disdained and were arrogant, He will punish them with a painful punishment, and they will not find for themselves besides God any protector or helper" [al-Nisāʾ: 171–173]. He, Exalted be He, forbids the People of the Scripture and those who resemble them from excess and exaggeration in religion, which is going beyond the limit. The Christians—may God curse them—went to excess and praised the Messiah until they overstepped the limit. What was obligatory upon them was to believe that he is the servant of God and His messenger, and the son of His handmaiden, the virgin, the pure one who guarded her chastity. God sent the angel Jibrīl to her, and he breathed into her, by the command of God, a breath by which she conceived her son ʿĪsā ﷺ. The one that reached her from the angel is the spirit attributed to God as an attribution of honor and glorification; and it is a creature among the creatures of God, Exalted be He, just as one says "the house of God," "the she-camel of God," "the servant of God," and likewise "the spirit of God"—it is attributed to Him to honor and glorify it. And ʿĪsā was named by it because he came into being through it without a father. And it is also "the word" by which he was created and through which he came into existence. As He, Exalted be He, said: "Indeed, the example of ʿĪsā to God is like that of Adam. He created him from dust; then He said to him, 'Be,' and he was" [Āl ʿImrān: 59]. And He, Exalted be He, said: "And they say, 'God has taken a son.' Exalted is He! Rather, to Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and the earth. All are devoutly obedient to Him. Originator of the heavens and the earth. When He decrees a matter, He only says to it, 'Be,' and it is" [al-Baqarah: 116–117]. And He, Exalted be He, said: "The Jews say, 'ʿUzayr is the son of God,' and the Christians say, 'The Messiah is the son of God.' That is their statement from their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved before. May God destroy them; how are they deluded?" [al-Tawbah: 30]. So He, Exalted be He, informed that the Jews and the Christians—upon them be the curses of God—each of the two groups made an outrageous claim about God and asserted that He has a son. God is far exalted above what they say, with great exaltation. And He informed that they have no support for what they claim or for the lie they fabricate except mere speech and imitation of those who preceded them in this misguided statement. Their hearts are alike. That is because the philosophers—may the curse of God be upon them—claimed that the First Intellect emanated from the Necessary Existent, which they call the Cause of causes and the First Principle; and that from the First Intellect there emanated a second intellect, a soul, and a sphere; then from the second likewise, until the intellects reached ten, the souls nine, and the spheres nine, according to corrupt considerations they mentioned and feeble choices they adduced. But a full discussion with them and a demonstration of their ignorance and weak intellect belongs to another place. Likewise, groups of the Arab polytheists, in their ignorance, claimed that the angels are the daughters of God and that He married the noble ones of the jinn, and from the two of them the angels were born. God is exalted above what they say and sanctified above what they associate. As He, Exalted be He, said: "And they make the angels, who are servants of the Most Merciful, females. Did they witness their creation? Their testimony will be recorded, and they will be questioned" [al-Zukhruf: 19]. And He, Exalted be He, said: "So ask them, [O Muḥammad], 'Does your Lord have daughters while they have sons? Or did We create the angels as females while they were witnesses?' Unquestionably, it is out of their falsehood that they say, 'God has begotten,' and indeed, they are liars. Has He chosen daughters over sons? What is [wrong] with you? How do you judge? Then will you not be reminded? Or do you have a clear authority? Then produce your scripture, if you should be truthful. And they have made between Him and the jinn a lineage, but the jinn know that they will [truly] be brought [before Him]. Exalted is God above what they describe, except the sincere servants of God" [al-Ṣāffāt: 149–160]. And He, Exalted be He, said: "And they say, 'The Most Merciful has taken a son.' Exalted is He! Rather, they are but honored servants. They cannot precede Him in word, and they act by His command. He knows what is [presently] before them and what will be after them, and they cannot intercede except on behalf of one whom He approves. And they, from fear of Him, are apprehensive. And whoever of them should say, 'Indeed, I am a god besides Him'—that one We would recompense with Hell. Thus do We recompense the wrongdoers" [al-Anbiyāʾ: 26–29]. And He, Exalted be He, said at the beginning of Surah "al-Kahf," which is Makkan: "[All] praise is [due] to God, who has sent down upon His Servant the Book and has not made therein any deviance. [He has made it] straight, to warn of severe punishment from Him and to give good tidings to the believers who do righteous deeds that they will have a good reward, abiding therein forever, and to warn those who say, 'God has taken a son.' They have no knowledge of it, nor had their fathers. Grave is the word that comes out of their mouths; they speak not except a lie" [al-Kahf: 1–5]. And He, Exalted be He, said: "They say, 'God has taken a son.' Exalted is He! He is the Self-Sufficient. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth. You have no authority for this. Do you say about God that which you do not know? Say, 'Indeed, those who invent falsehood about God will not succeed.' [For them is brief] enjoyment in this world; then to Us is their return; then We will make them taste the severe punishment because they used to disbelieve" [Yūnus: 68–70]. These noble Makkan verses encompass the refutation of all the groups of disbelievers—the philosophers, the Arab polytheists, the Jews, and the Christians—who claimed and asserted, without knowledge, that God has a son. Exalted is He, and high above what the wrongdoers and transgressors say, with great exaltation. Since the Christians—upon them be the successive curses of God until the Day of Resurrection—were among the most famous of those who uttered this statement, they are mentioned often in the Qurʾān, in order to refute them and demonstrate their contradictions, their lack of knowledge, and their abundant ignorance. Their statements in their disbelief were diverse, because falsehood is full of branching, disagreement, and contradiction, whereas truth does not differ or waver. God, Exalted be He, said: "If it had been from [any] other than God, they would have found within it much contradiction" [al-Nisāʾ: 82]. This indicates that truth is unified and consistent, while falsehood differs and wavers. A group of their misguided and ignorant ones claimed that the Messiah is God—exalted is God above that; a group said he is the son of God—mighty is God above that; a group said he is the third of three—glorified is God. God, Exalted be He, said at the beginning of Surah "al-Māʾidah": "They have certainly disbelieved who say, 'God is the Messiah, the son of Maryam.' Say, 'Then who could prevent God at all if He had intended to destroy the Messiah, the son of Maryam, or his mother or everyone on the earth?' And to God belongs the dominion of the heavens and the earth and whatever is between them. He creates what He wills, and God is over all things competent" [al-Māʾidah: 17]. He, Exalted be He, informed of their disbelief and ignorance, and made clear that He is the Creator, the One capable over everything, the Disposer of everything, and that He is the Lord of everything, its Owner, and its God. And He said at the end of it: "They have certainly disbelieved who say, 'God is the Messiah, the son of Maryam,' while the Messiah has said, 'O Children of Israel, worship God, my Lord and your Lord.' Indeed, he who associates others with God—God has forbidden him Paradise, and his refuge is the Fire. And there are not for the wrongdoers any helpers. They have certainly disbelieved who say, 'God is the third of three.' And there is no god except one God. And if they do not desist from what they are saying, there will surely afflict the disbelievers among them a painful punishment. So will they not repent to God and seek His forgiveness? And God is Forgiving and Merciful. The Messiah, son of Maryam, was not but a messenger; messengers had passed on before him. And his mother was a supporter of truth. They both used to eat food. Look how We make clear to them the signs; then look how they are deluded" [al-Māʾidah: 72–75]. He, Exalted be He, judged them to be disbelievers both in the divine law and in the divine decree, and He informed that this issued from them, even though the messenger sent to them—namely ʿĪsā b. Maryam—had made clear to them that he was a servant, a lorded-over creature, formed in the womb, calling to the worship of God alone with no partner, and he threatened them with the Fire for opposing that, with failure to attain the abode of permanence, and with disgrace in the Hereafter, humiliation, and shame. For this reason he said: "Indeed, he who associates others with God—God has forbidden him Paradise, and his refuge is the Fire. And there are not for the wrongdoers any helpers." The doctrine of the three hypostases: the Father, the Son, and the Word Then He said: "They have certainly disbelieved who say, 'God is the third of three.' And there is no god except one God." Ibn Jarīr and others said: What is meant by that is their doctrine of the three hypostases: the hypostasis of the Father, the hypostasis of the Son, and the hypostasis of the Word that proceeds from the Father to the Son, according to their differences over that among the Melkites, the Jacobites, and the Nestorians—may the curses of God be upon them—as we shall explain the manner of their disagreement over that and their three councils in the time of Constantine b. Qusṭas, which was three hundred years after the Messiah and three hundred years before the Muḥammadan mission. For this reason He, Exalted be He, said: "And there is no god except one God"—that is, there is no god except God alone, with no partner, no equal, no peer, no companion, and no son. Then He threatened and warned them, saying: "And if they do not desist from what they are saying, there will surely afflict the disbelievers among them a painful punishment." Then He called them, by His mercy and kindness, to repentance and seeking forgiveness from these grave matters and enormities that necessitate the Fire, saying: "So will they not repent to God and seek His forgiveness? And God is Forgiving and Merciful." The condition of the Messiah and his mother: that he is a servant and messenger, and his mother a woman of truth Then He clarified the state of the Messiah and his mother, and that he is a servant and messenger, and his mother is a truthful one (ṣiddīqah), that is, not an unchaste woman as the Jews—may Allah curse them—say. In this is evidence that she is not a prophetess, as a group of our scholars claimed. And His saying: "They both used to eat food" is a metonym for the emission from them both, just as it occurs from others besides them, meaning: and whoever is of this description, how can he be a god?! Exalted is Allah above their saying and their ignorance, with great exaltedness. Al-Suddī and others said: The intended meaning of His saying: "They have certainly disbelieved who say, 'Allah is the third of three'" is their claim regarding ʿĪsā and his mother that they are two gods besides Allah; meaning, as He, Exalted, has clarified their disbelief in that by His saying at the end of this noble surah: "And [beware the Day] when Allah will say, 'O ʿĪsā, son of Maryam, did you say to the people, "Take me and my mother as deities besides Allah?"' He will say, 'Exalted are You! It was not for me to say that to which I have no right. If I had said it, You would have known it. You know what is within myself, and I do not know what is within Yourself. Indeed, it is You who is Knower of the unseen. I said not to them except what You commanded me—to worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord. And I was a witness over them as long as I was among them; but when You took me up, You were the Observer over them, and You are, over all things, Witness. If You should punish them—indeed they are Your servants; but if You forgive them—indeed it is You who is the Exalted in Might, the Wise.'" [Al-Māʾidah: 116–118]. He, Exalted, informs that He will ask ʿĪsā b. Maryam on the Day of Resurrection, by way of honoring him and rebuking and censuring his worshippers, from those who lied about him and fabricated and claimed that he is the son of Allah, or that he is Allah, or that he is His partner—exalted is Allah above what they say. So He asks him, while He knows that nothing of what He asks about occurred from him, but in order to rebuke those who lied about him. So He says to him: "Did you say to the people, 'Take me and my mother as deities besides Allah?'" He says: "Exalted are You!"—meaning, You are far above having a partner with You. "It was not for me to say that to which I have no right"—meaning, no one deserves this except You. "If I had said it, You would have known it. You know what is within myself, and I do not know what is within Yourself. Indeed, it is You who is Knower of the unseen." This is great propriety in address and response. "I said not to them except what You commanded me"—when You sent me to them and revealed to me the Book that was recited to them. Then He explained what he said to them by His saying: "to worship Allah, my Lord and your Lord"—meaning my Creator and your Creator, my Provider and your Provider. "And I was a witness over them as long as I was among them; but when You took me up"—meaning, You raised me to You when they intended to kill me and crucify me, so You had mercy on me and delivered me from them, and You cast my likeness upon one of them, until they took vengeance on him. So when that happened, "You were the Observer over them, and You are, over all things, Witness." Then he said, by way of delegation to the Lord, Mighty and Majestic, and disavowal of the people of Christianity: "If You should punish them—indeed they are Your servants"—meaning, and they deserve that. "But if You forgive them—indeed it is You who is the Exalted in Might, the Wise." This delegation and attribution to the will with the condition does not necessitate the occurrence of that. For this reason he said: "For indeed it is You who is the Exalted in Might, the Wise," and did not say: "the Forgiving, the Merciful." We have mentioned in "Al-Tafsīr" what Imam Aḥmad narrated from Abū Dharr that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ stood with this noble verse throughout a night until morning: "If You should punish them—indeed they are Your servants; but if You forgive them—indeed it is You who is the Exalted in Might, the Wise." And he said: "I asked my Lord, Mighty and Majestic, for intercession for my community, and He granted it to me, and it is attainable, if Allah wills, for whoever does not associate anything with Allah." And He, Exalted, said: "And We did not create the heaven and earth and that between them in play. Had We intended to take a diversion, We could have taken it from what is with Us—if [indeed] We were to do so. Rather, We dash the truth upon falsehood, and it destroys it, and thereupon it departs. And for you is destruction from that which you describe. To Him belongs whoever is in the heavens and the earth. And those near Him are not prevented by arrogance from His worship, nor do they tire. They exalt [Him] night and day [and] do not slacken." [Al-Anbiyāʾ: 16–20]. And He, Exalted, said: "If Allah had intended to take a son, He could have chosen from what He creates whatever He willed. Exalted is He! He is Allah, the One, the Prevailing. He created the heavens and earth in truth. He wraps the night over the day and wraps the day over the night and has subjected the sun and the moon, each running [its course] for a specified term. Unquestionably, He is the Exalted in Might, the Perpetual Forgiver." [Al-Zumar: 4–5]. And He, Exalted, said: "Say, [O Muḥammad], 'If the Most Merciful had a son, then I would be the first of [his] worshippers.' Exalted is the Lord of the heavens and the earth, Lord of the Throne, above what they describe." [Al-Zukhruf: 81–82]. And He, Exalted, said: "And say, 'Praise to Allah, who has not taken a son and has had no partner in [His] dominion and has no [need of a] protector out of weakness; and glorify Him with [great] glorification.'" [Al-Isrāʾ: 111]. And He, Exalted, said: "Say, 'He is Allah, [who is] One, Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born, nor is there to Him any equivalent.'" And it has been established in "Al-Ṣaḥīḥ" from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ that he said: "Allah, Exalted, says: 'The son of Ādam reviled Me, and he had no right to do so; he claims that I have a son, while I am the One, the Eternal Refuge, who did not beget and was not begotten, and there is none equivalent to Me.'" And in "Al-Ṣaḥīḥ" also, from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, that he said: "No one is more patient than Allah concerning harm he hears; they attribute to Him a son, while He provides for them and grants them well-being." But it has been established in "Al-Ṣaḥīḥ" also, from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, that he said: "Indeed Allah grants respite to the wrongdoer, until when He seizes him, He will not let him escape." Then he recited: "And thus is the seizure of your Lord when He seizes the cities while they are wrongdoers. Indeed, His seizure is painful and severe." [Hūd: 102]. And likewise His, Exalted, saying: "And how many a city did I give respite to while it was unjust; then I seized it, and to Me is the [final] destination." [Al-Ḥajj: 48]. And He, Exalted, said: "We grant them enjoyment for a little while, then We compel them to a massive punishment." [Luqmān: 24]. And He, Exalted, said: "Say, 'Indeed, those who invent falsehood about Allah will not succeed.' [It is but] a brief enjoyment in this world; then to Us is their return; then We will make them taste the severe punishment because they used to disbelieve." [Yūnus: 69–70]. And He, Exalted, said: "So allow time for the disbelievers; leave them awhile." [Al-Ṭāriq: 17].
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.