Tarikh (al-Tabari) 3333
The Year 232 AH
ثُمَّ دَخَلَتْ سَنَةُ اثْنَتَيْنِ وَثَلَاثِينَ وَمِائَتَيْنِ ذِكْرُ الْحَرْبِ مَعَ بَنِي نُمَيْرٍ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ سَارَ بُغَا الْكَبِيرُ إِلَى بَنِي نُمَيْرٍ، فَأَوْقَعَ بِهِمْ. وَكَانَ سَبَبُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ عِمَارَةَ بْنَ عَقِيلِ بْنِ بِلَالِ بْنِ جَرِيرٍ الْخَطَفَى امْتَدَحَ الْوَاثِقَ بِقَصِيدَةٍ، فَدَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ، وَأَنْشَدَهُ، فَأَمَرَ لَهُ بِثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفَ دِرْهَمٍ، فَأَخْبَرَ الْوَاثِقَ بِإِفْسَادِ بَنِي نُمَيْرٍ فِي الْأَرْضِ، وَإِغَارَتِهِمْ عَلَى الْيَمَامَةِ وَمَا قَرُبَ مِنْهَا، وَكَتَبَ الْوَاثِقُ إِلَى بُغَا يَأْمُرُهُ بِحَرْبِهِمْ وَهُوَ بِالْمَدِينَةِ، فَسَارَ نَحْوَ الْيَمَامَةِ، فَلَقِيَ مِنْ بَنِي نُمَيْرٍ جَمَاعَةً بِالرِّيفِ فَحَارَبَهُمْ، فَقَتَلَ مِنْهُمْ نَيِّفًا وَخَمْسِينَ رَجُلًا، ( وَأَسَرَ أَرْبَعِينَ رَجُلًا ). ثُمَّ سَارَ حَتَّى نَزَلَ مَرْأَةَ، وَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِمْ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى السَّمْعِ وَالطَّاعَةِ، فَامْتَنَعُوا، وَسَارَ بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى نَحْوِ جِبَالِ السَّوْدِ، وَهِيَ خَلْفَ الْيَمَامَةِ، وَبَثَّ بُغَا سَرَايَاهُ فِيهِمْ، فَأَصَابَتْ مِنْهُمْ، ثُمَّ سَارَ بِجَمَاعَةٍ مِمَنْ مَعَهُ، وَهُمْ نَحْوَ أَلْفِ رَجُلٍ، سِوَى مَنْ تَخَلَّفَ فِي الْعَسْكَرِ مِنَ الضُّعَفَاءِ وَالْأَتْبَاعِ، فَلَقِيَهُمْ وَقَدْ جَمَعُوا لَهُمْ وَهُمْ نَحْوَ ثَلَاثَةِ آلَافٍ بِمَوْضِعٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ: رَوْضَةُ الْأَمَانِ، عَلَى مَرْحَلَةٍ مِنْ أُضَاخَ، فَهَزَمُوا مُقَدِّمَتَهُ، وَكَشَفُوا مَيْسَرَتَهُ، وَقَتَلُوا مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ نَحْوَ مِائَةِ رَجُلٍ وَعِشْرِينَ رَجُلًا، وَعَقَرُوا مِنْ إِبِلِ عَسْكَرِهِ نَحْوَ سَبْعِ مِائَةِ بَعِيرٍ، وَمِائَةِ دَابَّةٍ، وَانْتَهَبُوا الْأَثْقَالَ، وَبَعْضَ الْأَمْوَالِ، ثُمَّ أَدْرَكَهُمُ اللَّيْلُ، وَجَعَلَ بُغَا يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى الطَّاعَةِ. فَلَمَّا طَلَعَ الصُّبْحُ وَرَأَوْا قِلَّةَ مَنْ مَعَ بُغَا عَبَّأُوا، وَجَعَلُوا رَجَّالَتَهُمْ أَمَامَهُمْ، وَنَعَمَهُمْ وَمَوَاشِيَهُمْ وَرَاءَهُمْ، وَحَمَلُوا عَلَى بُغَا، فَهَزَمُوهُ، حَتَّى بَلَغَ مُعَسْكَرَهُ، وَأَيْقَنَ مَنْ مَعَهُ بِالْهَلَكَةِ. وَكَانَ بُغَا قَدْ أَرْسَلَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ مِائَتَيْ فَارِسٍ إِلَى طَائِفَةٍ مِنْهُمْ، فَبَيْنَا هُوَ قَدْ أَشْرَفَ عَلَى الْعَطَبِ، إِذْ وَصَلَ أَصْحَابُهُ إِلَيْهِ مُنْصَرِفِينَ مِنْ وُجُوهِهِمْ، فَلَمَّا نَظَرَ بَنُو نُمَيْرٍ وَرَأَوْهُمْ قَدْ أَقْبَلُوا مِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ وَلَّوْا هَارِبِينَ، وَأَسْلَمُوا رَجَّالَتَهُمْ، وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ، فَلَمْ يُفْلِتْ مِنَ الرَّجَّالَةِ إِلَّا الْيَسِيرُ، وَأَمَّا الْفُرْسَانُ فَنَجَوْا عَلَى خَيْلِهِمْ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ الْهَزِيمَةَ كَانَتْ عَلَى بُغَا مُذْ غَدْوَةٍ إِلَى انْتِصَافِ النَّهَارِ، ثُمَّ تَشَاغَلُوا بِالنَّهْبِ، فَرَجَعَ إِلَى بُغَا مَنْ كَانَ انْهَزَمَ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ، فَرَجَعَ بِهِمْ، فَهَزَمَ بَنِي نُمَيْرٍ، وَقَتَلَ فِيهِمْ مِنْ زَوَالِ الشَّمْسِ إِلَى آخِرِ وَقْتِ الْعَصْرِ زُهَاءَ أَلْفٍ وَخَمْسِ مِائَةِ رَاجِلٍ، وَأَقَامَ بِمَوْضِعِ الْوَاقِعَةِ، فَأَرْسَلَ أُمَرَاءُ الْعَرَبِ يَطْلُبُونَ الْأَمَانَ، فَأَمَّنَهُمْ، فَأَتَوْهُ، فَقَيَّدَهُمْ، وَأَخَذَهُمْ مَعَهُ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ، وَكَانَتِ الْوَاقِعَةُ فِي جُمَادَى الْآخِرَةِ. ثُمَّ قَدِمَ وَاجِنُ الْأُشْرُوسَنِيُّ عَلَى بُغَا فِي سَبْعِ مِائَةِ مُقَاتِلٍ، مَدَدًا لَهُ، فَسَيَّرَهُ بُغَا فِي آثَارِهِمْ، حَتَّى بَلَغَ تَبَالَةَ مِنْ أَعْمَالِ الْيَمَنِ، وَرَجَعَ. وَكَانَ بُغَا قَدْ كَتَبَ إِلَى صَالِحٍ أَمِيرِ الْمَدِينَةِ لِيُوَافِيَهُ بِبَغْدَاذَ ( بِمَنْ عِنْدَهُ مِنْ فَزَارَةَ، وَمُرَّةَ، وَثَعْلَبَةَ، وَكِلَابَ، فَفَعَلَ، فَلَقِيَهُ بِبَغْدَاذَ )، فَسَارَا جَمِيعًا، وَقَدِمَ بُغَا سَامَرَّا بِمَنْ بَقِيَ مَعَهُ مِنْهُمْ، سِوَى مَنْ هَرَبَ وَمَاتَ وَقُتِلَ فِي الْحُرُوبِ، فَكَانُوا يَزِيدُونَ عَلَى أَلْفَيْ رَجُلٍ مِنْ نُمَيْرٍ، وَكِلَابَ، وَمُرَّةَ، وَفَزَارَةَ، وَثَعْلَبَةَ، وَطَيِّءٍ. ذِكْرُ عِدَّةِ حَوَادِثَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ أَصَابَ الْحُجَّاجَ فِي الْعَوْدِ عَطَشٌ عَظِيمٌ، فَبَلَغَتِ الشَّرْبَةُ عِدَّةَ دَنَانِيرَ، وَمَاتَ مِنْهُمْ خَلْقٌ كَثِيرٌ. ( وَفِيهَا غَدَرَ مُوسَى بِالْأَنْدَلُسِ، وَخَالَفَ عَلَى عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ أَمِيرِ الْأَنْدَلُسِ، بَعْدَ أَنْ كَانَ قَدْ وَافَقَهُ، وَأَطَاعَهُ، وَسَيَّرَ إِلَيْهِ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ جَيْشًا مَعَ ابْنِهِ مُحَمَّدٍ. مجاعة شديدة بالأندلس وَفِيهَا كَانَ بِالْأَنْدَلُسِ مَجَاعَةٌ شَدِيدَةٌ، وَقَحْطٌ عَظِيمٌ، وَكَانَ ابْتِدَاؤُهُ سَنَةَ اثْنَتَيْنِ وَثَلَاثِينَ، فَهَلَكَ فِيهِ خَلْقٌ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْآدَمِيِّينَ وَالدَّوَابِّ، وَيَبِسَتِ الْأَشْجَارُ، وَلَمْ يَزْرَعِ النَّاسُ شَيْئًا، فَخَرَجَ النَّاسُ هَذِهِ السَّنَةَ يَسْتَسْقُونَ، فَسُقُوا، وَزَرَعُوا، وَزَالَ عَنِ النَّاسِ الْقَحْطُ ). تولية إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُصْعَبٍ وَفِيهَا وَلِيَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ مُصْعَبٍ بِلَادَ فَارِسٍ. غَرِقَ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْمَوْصِلِ ( وَفِيهَا غَرِقَ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْمَوْصِلِ [ وَهَلَكَ ] فِيهَا خَلْقٌ ، قِيلَ: كَانُوا نَحْوَ مِائَةِ أَلْفِ إِنْسَانٍ، وَكَانَ سَبَبُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمَطَرَ جَاءَ بِهَا عَظِيمًا لَمْ يُسْمَعْ بِمِثْلِهِ، بِحَيْثُ أَنَّ بَعْضَ أَهْلِهَا جَعَلَ سَطْلًا عُمْقُهُ ذِرَاعٌ فِي سِعَةِ ذِرَاعٍ، فَامْتَلَأَ ثَلَاثَ دُفُعَاتٍ فِي نَحْوِ سَاعَةٍ، وَزَادَتْ دِجْلَةُ زِيَادَةً عَظِيمَةً، فَرَكِبَ الْمَاءَ الرَّبَضَ الْأَسْفَلَ، وَشَاطِئَ نَهْرِ سُوقِ الْأَرْبِعَاءَ، فَدَخَلَ كَثِيرًا مِنَ الْأَسْوَاقِ، فَقِيلَ: إِنَّ أَمِيرَ الْمَوْصِلِ، وَهُوَ غَانِمُ بْنُ حُمَيْدٍ الطُّوسِيُّ، كَفَّنَ ثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفًا، وَبَقِيَ تَحْتَ الْهَدْمِ خَلْقٌ كَثِيرٌ لَمْ يَحْمِلُوا سِوَى مَنْ حَمَلَهُ الْمَاءُ ). تَرْكِ أَعْشَارِ سُفُنِ ( وَفِيهَا أَمَرَ الْوَاثِقُ بِتَرْكِ أَعْشَارِ سُفُنِ الْبَحْرِ ). [جَاءَ السُّودَانُ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ ] [وَفِيهَا: جَاءَ السُّودَانُ إِلَى الْبَصْرَةِ. [مَوْتُ الْوَاثِقِ ] وَفِيهَا: مَاتَ الْوَاثِقُ، وَبُويِعَ لِلْمُتَوَكِّلِ. وَحَجَّ بِالنَّاسِ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ دَاوُدَ. ( وَفِي سَنَةِ اثْنَيْنِ وَثَلَاثِينَ ) وَمِائَتَيْنِ حَصَرَ الْفَضْلُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ مَدِينَةَ لَنْتِينِي فَأَخْبَرَ الْفَضْلُ أَنَّ أَهْلَ لَنْتِينِي كَاتَبُوا الْبِطْرِيقَ الَّذِي بِصِقِلِّيَّةَ ; لِيَنْصُرَهُمْ، فَأَجَابَهُمْ، وَقَالَ لَهُمْ: إِنَّ الْعَلَّامَةَ عِنْدَ وُصُولِي أَنْ تُوقَدَ النَّارُ ثَلَاثَ لَيَالٍ عَلَى الْجَبَلِ الْفُلَانِيِّ، فَإِذَا رَأَيْتُمْ ذَلِكَ، فَفِي الْيَوْمِ الرَّابِعِ أَصِلُ إِلَيْكُمْ، فَنَجْتَمِعُ أَنَا وَأَنْتُمْ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ بَغْتَةً. فَأَرْسَلَ الْفَضْلُ مَنْ أَوْقَدَ النَّارَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ الْجَبَلِ ثَلَاثَ لَيَالٍ، فَلَمَّا رَأَى أَهْلُ لَنْتِينِي النَّارَ أَخَذُوا فِي أَمْرِهِمْ، وَأَعَدَّ الْفَضْلُ مَا يَنْبَغِي أَنْ يَسْتَعِدَّ بِهِ وَكَمَنَ الْكُمَنَاءُ، وَأَمَرَ الَّذِينَ يُحَاصِرُونَ الْمَدِينَةَ أَنْ يَنْهَزِمُوا إِلَى جِهَةِ الْكَمِينِ، فَإِذَا خَرَجَ أَهْلُهَا عَلَيْهِمْ قَاتَلُوهُمْ، فَإِذَا جَاوَزُوا الْكَمِينَ عَطَفُوا عَلَيْهِمْ. فَلَمَّا كَانَ الْيَوْمُ الرَّابِعُ خَرَجَ أَهْلُ لَنْتِينِي، وَقَاتَلُوا الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَهُمْ يَنْتَظِرُونَ وُصُولَ الْبِطْرِيقِ، فَانْهَزَمَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ، وَاسْتَجَرُّوا الرُّومَ حَتَّى جَاوَزُوا الْكَمِينَ، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ بِالْبَلَدِ أَحَدٌ إِلَّا خَرَجَ، فَلَمَّا جَاوَزُوا الْكَمِينَ عَادَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَخَرَجَ الْكَمِينُ مِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ، وَوَضَعُوا فِيهِمُ السَّيْفَ، فَلَمْ يَنْجُ ( مِنْهُمْ ) إِلَّا الْقَلِيلُ، فَسَأَلُوا الْأَمَانَ عَلَى أَنْفُسِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ لِيُسَلِّمُوا الْمَدِينَةَ، فَأَجَابَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ وَأَمَّنُوهُمْ، فَسَلَّمُوا الْمَدِينَةَ. وَفِيهَا أَقَامَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ بِمَدِينَةِ طَارَنْتَ مِنْ أَرْضِ أَنْكَبَرْدَةَ وَسَكَنُوهَا. وَفِي سَنَةِ ثَلَاثٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ وَمِائَتَيْنِ وَصَلَ عَشْرُ شَلَنْدِيَّاتٍ مِنَ الرُّومِ، فَأَرْسَوْا بِمَرْسَى الطِّينِ، وَخَرَجُوا لِيُغِيرُوا، فَضَلُّوا الطَّرِيقَ، فَرَجَعُوا خَائِبِينَ، وَرَكِبُوا الْبَحْرَ رَاجِعِينَ، فَغَرِقَ مِنْهَا سَبْعُ قِطَعٍ. وَفِي سَنَةِ أَرْبَعٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ صَالَحَ أَهْلُ رَغُوسَ، وَسَلَّمُوا الْمَدِينَةَ إِلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ بِمَا فِيهَا، فَهَدَمَهَا الْمُسْلِمُونَ، وَأَخَذُوا مِنْهَا مَا أَمْكَنَ حَمْلُهُ. وَفِي سَنَةِ خَمْسٍ وَثَلَاثِينَ سَارَ طَائِفَةٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ إِلَى مَدِينَةِ قَصْرُيَانَه، فَغَنِمُوا وَسَلَبُوا وَأَحْرَقُوا وَقَتَّلُوا فِي أَهْلِهَا. وَكَانَ الْأَمِيرُ عَلَى صِقِلِّيَّةَ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الْأَغْلَبِ، فَتُوُفِّيَ فِي رَجَبٍ مِنْ سَنَةِ سِتٍّ وَثَلَاثِينَ وَمِائَتَيْنِ، فَكَانَ مُقِيمًا بِمَدِينَةِ بَلَرْمَ لَمْ يَخْرُجْ مِنْهَا، وَإِنَّمَا كَانَ يُخْرِجُ الْجُيُوشَ وَالسَّرَايَا فَتَفْتَحُ، فَتَغْنَمُ، فَكَانَتْ إِمَارَتُهُ عَلَيْهَا تِسْعَ عَشْرَةَ سَنَةً، وَاللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ Then the year 232 AH began. Mention of the war with Banū Numayr In this year Bughā the Elder marched against Banū Numayr and inflicted a defeat upon them. The reason for that was that ʿImārah b. ʿAqīl b. Bilāl b. Jarīr al-Khaṭafā praised al-Wāthiq in a qaṣīdah. He entered upon him and recited it, and he ordered for him thirty thousand dirhams. He informed al-Wāthiq of the corruption of Banū Numayr in the land and their raids upon al-Yamāmah and what was near it. Al-Wāthiq wrote to Bughā, who was in al-Madīnah, ordering him to make war on them. He marched toward al-Yamāmah and met a group of Banū Numayr at al-Rīf. He fought them and killed more than fifty men of them, and took forty men prisoner. Then he marched until he halted at Marʾah. He sent to them summoning them to obedience and submission, but they refused. Some of them marched toward the mountains of al-Sawd, which are behind al-Yamāmah. Bughā dispatched his raiding parties against them, and they took some of them. Then he marched with a group of those with him, about a thousand men apart from those who remained behind in the camp among the weak and the followers. He met them, and they had gathered about three thousand men at a place called Rawḍat al-Amān, one stage from Uḍākh. They routed his vanguard, broke his left wing, and killed about one hundred and twenty men of his companions. They hamstrung about seven hundred camels of his camp and one hundred riding animals, and plundered the baggage and part of the property. Then night overtook them, and Bughā began summoning them to obedience. When dawn rose and they saw the small number of those with Bughā, they formed up. They placed their infantry before them and their cattle and livestock behind them, and charged Bughā. They routed him until he reached his camp, and those with him were certain of destruction. Bughā had sent two hundred horsemen of his companions against a group of them. While he was on the brink of ruin, his companions arrived, returning from their directions. When Banū Numayr looked and saw them coming from behind them, they turned in flight and abandoned their infantry and their property. None of the infantry escaped except a few. As for the horsemen, they escaped on their horses. It was said that the defeat was upon Bughā from morning until midday. Then they became occupied with plunder, and those of his companions who had fled returned to Bughā. He returned with them and routed Banū Numayr. He killed among them from the sun's decline until the end of the afternoon about one thousand five hundred foot soldiers. He remained at the site of the battle, and the commanders of the Arabs sent asking for safe-conduct. He granted them safe-conduct, and they came to him. He put them in fetters and took them with him to al-Baṣrah. The battle was in Jumādā al-Ākhirah. Then Wājin al-Ushrūsanī came to Bughā with seven hundred fighting men as reinforcements for him. Bughā sent him in pursuit of them until he reached Tabālah in the districts of Yemen, and he returned. Bughā had written to Ṣāliḥ, the governor of al-Madīnah, to meet him in Baghdādh with those with him of Fazārah, Murrah, Thaʿlabah, and Kilāb. He did so and met him in Baghdādh. They traveled together, and Bughā arrived in Sāmarrā with those who remained with him of them, apart from those who had fled, died, or were killed in the wars. They numbered more than two thousand men of Numayr, Kilāb, Murrah, Fazārah, Thaʿlabah, and Ṭayyiʾ. Mention of several events In this year the pilgrims suffered a great thirst on their return. A single drink reached several dinars, and many of them died. In it Mūsā acted treacherously in al-Andalus and rebelled against ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. al-Ḥakam, the ruler of al-Andalus, after having agreed with him and obeyed him. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān sent an army against him under his son Muḥammad. Severe famine in al-Andalus In it there was a severe famine and great drought in al-Andalus. Its beginning was in the year 232. Many people and animals perished, the trees dried up, and the people sowed nothing. This year the people went out to pray for rain, and were given rain and sowed, and the drought departed from the people. Appointment of Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Muṣʿab In it Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad b. Muṣʿab was appointed over the lands of Fārs. Many drowned in al-Mawṣil In it many drowned in al-Mawṣil, and many people perished there. It was said they numbered about one hundred thousand persons. The reason for that was that a rain came upon it so great that the like of it had not been heard of, such that one of its people placed a bucket a cubit deep and a cubit wide, and it filled three times in about an hour. The Tigris rose greatly, and the water inundated the lower suburb and the bank of the Sūq al-Arbaʿāʾ canal, and entered many markets. It was said that the governor of al-Mawṣil, who was Ghānim b. Ḥumayd al-Ṭūsī, shrouded thirty thousand, and many remained under the ruins whom no one carried away except those whom the water carried. Abandoning the tithes on ships In it al-Wāthiq ordered the abandonment of the tithes on sea-going ships. The blacks came to al-Baṣrah In it the blacks came to al-Baṣrah. Death of al-Wāthiq In it al-Wāthiq died, and al-Mutawakkil was given the oath of allegiance. Muḥammad b. Dāwūd led the people in the pilgrimage. In the year 232 AH al-Faḍl b. Jaʿfar besieged the city of Lentini. Al-Faḍl reported that the people of Lentini had written to the patrician in Sicily to help them. He answered them and said to them: "The sign at my arrival is that a fire is kindled for three nights on such-and-such mountain. When you see that, then on the fourth day I shall reach you, and we shall fall upon the Muslims suddenly." Al-Faḍl sent someone who kindled the fire on that mountain for three nights. When the people of Lentini saw the fire, they began their preparations, and al-Faḍl prepared what he needed and placed ambushes. He ordered those besieging the city to flee toward the place of the ambush, so that when its people came out against them they would fight them, and when they passed the ambush they would turn upon them. On the fourth day the people of Lentini came out and fought the Muslims while awaiting the patrician's arrival. The Muslims fled and drew the Byzantines on until they passed the ambush. No one remained in the town except those who came out. When they passed the ambush, the Muslims returned upon them, and the ambush came out from behind them and put them to the sword. Only a few of them escaped. They asked for safe-conduct for their persons and their property in exchange for surrendering the city. The Muslims granted them that and gave them safe-conduct, and they surrendered the city. In it the Muslims stayed in the city of Taranto in the land of Lombardy and settled there. In the year 233 AH ten chelandia arrived from the Byzantines and anchored at the harbor of al-Ṭīn. They went out to raid but lost their way, and returned disappointed. They put to sea to go back, and seven vessels of them sank. In the year 234 AH the people of Ragusa made peace and surrendered the city to the Muslims with all that was in it. The Muslims destroyed it and took from it what could be carried. In the year 235 AH a party of the Muslims marched to the city of Cossyra and took booty, plundered, burned, and killed among its people. The governor of Sicily for the Muslims was Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Aghlab. He died in Rajab of the year 236 AH. He had resided in the city of Palermo and did not leave it. He only sent out armies and raiding parties, which conquered and took booty. His governorship over it lasted nineteen years. God, glorified be He, knows best.
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