Tarikh (al-Tabari) 3156
The Year 201 AH
ذِكْرُ وِلَايَةِ زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ بْنِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ الْأَغْلَبِ إِفْرِيقِيَّةَ وَفِي هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ سَادِسَ ذِي الْحِجَّةِ تُوُفِّيَ أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ الْأَغْلَبِ، أَمِيرُ إِفْرِيقِيَّةَ، وَكَانَتْ إِمَارَتُهُ خَمْسَ سِنِينَ وَنَحْوَ شَهْرَيْنِ. وَكَانَ سَبَبَ مَوْتِهِ أَنَّهُ حَدَّدَ عَلَى كُلِّ فَدَّانٍ فِي عَمَلِهِ ثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَرَ دِينَارًا كُلَّ سَنَةٍ، فَضَاقَ النَّاسُ لِذَلِكَ وَشَكَا بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ، فَتَقَدَّمَ إِلَيْهِ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الصَّالِحِينَ، اسْمُهُ حَفْصُ بْنُ عُمَرَ الْجَزَرِيُّ، مَعَ رِجَالٍ مِنَ الصَّالِحِينَ، فَنَهَوْهُ عَنْ ذَلِكَ وَوَعَظُوهُ، وَخَوَّفُوهُ الْعَذَابَ فِي الْآخِرَةِ، وَسُوءَ الذِّكْرِ فِي الدُّنْيَا، وَزَوَالَ النِّعْمَةِ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ - تَعَالَى اسْمُهُ وَجَلَّ ثَنَاؤُهُ - لَا يُغَيِّرُ مَا بِقَوْمٍ حَتَّى يُغَيِّرُوا مَا بِأَنْفُسِهِمْ وَإِذَا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ بِقَوْمٍ سُوءًا فَلَا مَرَدَّ لَهُ وَمَا لَهُمْ مِنْ دُونِهِ مِنْ وَالٍ. فَلَمْ يُجِبْهُمْ أَبُو الْعَبَّاسِ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ الْأَغْلَبِ أَمِيرُ إِفْرِيقِيَّةَ الْمَذْكُورُ إِلَى مَا طَلَبُوا، فَخَرَجُوا مِنْ عِنْدِهِ إِلَى الْقَيْرَوَانِ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ حَفْصٌ: لَوْ أَنَّنَا نَتَوَضَّأُ لِلصَّلَاةِ وَنُصْلِي، وَنَسْأَلُ اللَّهَ - تَعَالَى - أَنْ يُخَفِّفَ عَنِ النَّاسِ ؟ فَفَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ، فَمَا لَبِثَ إِلَّا خَمْسَةَ أَيَّامٍ حَتَّى خَرَجَتْ قُرْحَةٌ تَحْتَ أُذُنِهِ، فَلَمْ يَنْشَبْ أَنْ مَاتَ مِنْهَا، وَكَانَ أَجْمَلَ أَهْلِ زَمَانِهِ، وَلَمَّا مَاتَ وَلِيَ بَعْدَهُ أَخُوهُ زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ، وَبَقِيَ أَمِيرًا رَخِيَّ الْبَالِ ( وَادِعًا، وَالدُّنْيَا ) عِنْدَهُ آمِنَةٌ. ثُمَّ جَهَّزَ جَيْشًا فِي أُسْطُولِ الْبَحْرِ، وَكَانَ مَرَاكِبَ كَثِيرَةً، إِلَى مَدِينَةِ سَرْدَانِيَةَ، وَهِيَ لِلرُّومِ، ( فَعَطِبَ بَعْضُهَا ) بَعْدَ أَنْ غَنِمُوا مِنَ الرُّومِ وَقَتَلُوا كَثِيرًا، فَلَمَّا عَادَ مَنْ سَلِمَ مِنْهُمْ أَحْسَنَ إِلَيْهِمْ زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ وَوَصَلَهُمْ. فَلَمَّا كَانَ سَنَةَ سَبْعٍ وَمِائَتَيْنِ خَرَجَ عَلَيْهِ زِيَادُ بْنُ سَهْلٍ الْمَعْرُوفُ بِابْنِ الصَّقْلِبِيَّةِ، وَجَمَعَ جَمْعًا كَثِيرًا، وَحَصَرَ مَدِينَةَ بَاجَةَ، فَسَيَّرَ إِلَيْهِ زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ الْعَسَاكِرَ، فَأَزَالُوهُ عَنْهَا، وَقَتَلُوا مَنْ وَافَقَهُ عَلَى الْمُخَالَفَةِ. وَفِي سَنَةِ ثَمَانٍ وَمِائَتَيْنِ نُقِلَ إِلَى زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ أَنَّ مَنْصُورَ بْنَ نُصَيْرٍ الطُّنْبُذِيَّ يُرِيدُ الْمُخَالَفَةَ عَلَيْهِ بِتُونُسَ، وَهُوَ يَسْعَى فِي ذَلِكَ، وَيُكَاتِبُ الْجُنْدَ، فَلَمَّا تَحَقَّقَهُ سَيَّرَ إِلَيْهِ قَائِدًا اسْمُهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ حَمْزَةَ فِي ثَلَاثِمِائَةِ فَارِسٍ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يُخْفِيَ خَبَرَهُ، وَيَجِدَّ السَّيْرَ إِلَى تُونُسَ، فَلَا يَشْعُرُ بِهِ مَنْصُورٌ حَتَّى يَأْخُذَهُ فَيَحْمِلَهُ إِلَيْهِ. فَسَارَ مُحَمَّدٌ وَدَخَلَ تُونُسَ، فَلَمْ يَجِدْ مَنْصُورًا بِهَا، كَانَ قَدْ تَوَجَّهَ إِلَى قَصْرِهِ بِطُنْبُذَةَ، فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ مُحَمَّدٌ قَاضِيَ تُونُسَ، وَمَعَهُ أَرْبَعُونَ شَيْخًا، يُقَبِّحُونَ لَهُ الْخِلَافَ، وَيَنْهَوْنَهُ عَنْهُ، وَيَأْمُرُونَهُ بِالطَّاعَةِ، فَسَارُوا إِلَيْهِ وَاجْتَمَعُوا بِهِ وَذَكَرُوا لَهُ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ مَنْصُورٌ: مَا خَالَفْتُ طَاعَةَ الْأَمِيرِ، وَأَنَا سَائِرٌ مَعَكُمْ إِلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ إِلَى الْأَمِيرِ، وَلَكِنْ أَقِيمُوا مَعِي يَوْمَنَا هَذَا، حَتَّى نَعْمَلَ لَهُ وَلِمَنْ مَعَهُ ضِيَافَةً. فَأَقَامُوا عِنْدَهُ، وَسَيَّرَ مَنْصُورٌ لِمُحَمَّدٍ وَلِمَنْ مَعَهُ الْإِقَامَةَ الْحَسَنَةَ الْكَثِيرَةَ مِنَ الْغَنَمِ وَالْبَقَرِ وَغَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِنْ أَنْوَاعِ مَا يُؤْكَلُ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ يَقُولُ: إِنَّنِي صَائِرٌ إِلَيْكَ مَعَ الْقَاضِي وَالْجَمَاعَةِ. فَرَكَنَ مُحَمَّدٌ إِلَى ذَلِكَ، وَأَمَرَ بِالْغَنَمِ فَذُبِحَتْ، وَأَكَلَ هُوَ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ، وَشَرِبُوا الْخَمْرَ. فَلَمَّا أَمْسَى مَنْصُورٌ سَجَنَ الْقَاضِي وَمَنْ مَعَهُ، وَسَارَ مُجِدًّا فِيمَنْ عِنْدَهُ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ سِرًّا إِلَى تُونُسَ، فَدَخَلُوا دَارَ الصِّنَاعَةِ وَفِيهَا مُحَمَّدٌ وَأَصْحَابُهُ، فَأَمَرَ بِالطُّبُولِ فَضُرِبَتْ، وَكَبَّرَ هُوَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ، فَوَثَبَ مُحَمَّدٌ وَأَصْحَابُهُ إِلَى سِلَاحِهِمْ وَقَدْ عَمِلَ فِيهِمُ الشَّرَابُ، وَأَحَاطَ بِهِمْ مَنْصُورٌ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ، وَأَقْبَلَتِ الْعَامَّةُ مِنْ كُلِّ مَكَانٍ، فَرَجَمُوهُمْ بِالْحِجَارَةِ، وَاقْتَتَلُوا عَامَّةَ اللَّيْلِ، فَقُتِلَ مَنْ كَانَ مَعَ مُحَمَّدٍ، وَلَمْ يَسْلَمْ مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا مَنْ نَجَا إِلَى الْبَحْرِ، فَسَبَحَ حَتَّى تَخَلَّصَ، وَذَلِكَ فِي صَفَرٍ. وَأَصْبَحَ مَنْصُورٌ، فَاجْتَمَعَ عَلَيْهِ الْجُنْدُ وَقَالُوا: نَحْنُ لَا نَثِقُ بِكَ، وَلَا نَأْمَنُ أَنْ يَخْلُبَكَ زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ، وَيَسْتَمِيلَكَ بِدُنْيَاهُ فَتَمِيلَ إِلَيْهِ، فَإِنْ أَحْبَبْتَ أَنْ نَكُونَ مَعَكَ فَاقْتُلْ أَحَدًا مِنْ أَهْلِهِ مِمَّنْ عِنْدَكَ ! فَأَحْضَرَ إِسْمَاعِيلَ بْنَ سُفْيَانَ بْنِ سَالِمِ بْنِ عِقَالٍ، وَهُوَ مِنْ أَهْلِ زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ، فَكَانَ هُوَ الْعَامِلُ عَلَى تُونُسَ، فَلَمَّا حَضَرَ أَمَرَ بِقَتْلِهِ. فَلَمَّا سَمِعَ زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ الْخَبَرَ سَيَّرَ جَيْشًا كَثِيفًا، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَلْبُونَ، وَاسْمُهُ الْأَغْلَبُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الْأَغْلَبِ، وَهُوَ وَزِيرُ زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ، إِلَى مَنْصُورٍ الطُّنْبُذِيِّ، فَلَمَّا وَدَّعَهُمْ زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ تَهَدَّدَهُمْ بِالْقَتْلِ إِنِ انْهَزَمُوا، فَلَمَّا وَصَلُوا إِلَى تُونُسَ خَرَجَ إِلَيْهِمْ مَنْصُورٌ، فَقَاتَلَهُمْ، فَانْهَزَمَ جَيْشُ زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ عَاشِرَ رَبِيعٍ الْأَوَّلِ، فَقَالَ الْقُوَّادُ الَّذِينَ فِيهِ لِغَلْبُونَ: لَا نَأْمَنُ زِيَادَةَ اللَّهِ عَلَى أَنْفُسِنَا، فَإِنْ أَخَذْتَ لَنَا أَمَانًا حَضَرْنَا عِنْدَهُ. وَفَارَقُوهُ وَاسْتَوْلَوْا عَلَى عِدَّةِ مُدُنٍ فَأَخَذُوهَا، مِنْهَا: بَاجَةُ، وَالْجَزِيرَةُ، وَصَطْفُورَةُ، وَمِسْرُ، وَالْأُرْبُسُ، وَغَيْرُهَا، فَاضْطَرَبَتْ إِفْرِيقِيَّةُ، وَاجْتَمَعَ الْجُنْدُ كُلُّهُمْ إِلَى مَنْصُورٍ، أَطَاعُوهُ لِسُوءِ سِيرَةِ زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ مَعَهُمْ. فَلَمَّا كَثُرَ جَمْعُ مَنْصُورٍ سَارَ إِلَى الْقَيْرَوَانِ فَحَصَرَهَا فِي جُمَادَى الْأُولَى، وَخَنْدَقَ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ، وَكَانَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ وَقَائِعُ كَثِيرَةٌ، وَعَمَّرَ مَنْصُورٌ سُورَ الْقَيْرَوَانِ [ فَوَالَاهُ ] أَهْلُهَا، فَبَقِيَ الْحِصَارُ عَلَيْهِ أَرْبَعِينَ يَوْمًا. ثُمَّ إِنَّ زِيَادَةَ اللَّهِ عَبَّأَ أَصْحَابَهُ وَجَمَعَهُمْ، وَسَارَ مَعَهُمُ الْفَارِسُ وَالرَّاجِلُ، فَكَانُوا خَلْقًا كَثِيرًا، فَلَمَّا رَآهُمْ مَنْصُورٌ رَاعَهُ مَا رَأَى وَهَالَهُ، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ يَعْرِفُ ذَلِكَ مِنْ زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ، لِمَا كَانَ فِيهِ مِنَ الْوَهْنِ، فَزَحَفَ مَنْصُورٌ إِلَيْهِ بِنَفْسِهِ أَيْضًا، فَالْتَقَوْا، وَاقْتَتَلُوا قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، وَانْهَزَمَ مَنْصُورٌ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ، وَمَضَوْا هَارِبِينَ، وَقُتِلَ مِنْهُمْ خَلْقٌ كَثِيرٌ، وَذَلِكَ مُنْتَصَفَ جُمَادَى الْآخِرَةِ، وَأَمَرَ زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ أَنْ يُنْتَقَمَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْقَيْرَوَانِ بِمَا جَنَوْهُ مِنْ مُسَاعَدَةِ مَنْصُورٍ وَالْقِتَالِ مَعَهُ، بِمَا تَقَدَّمَ أَوْلًا مِنْ مُسَاعَدَةِ عِمْرَانَ بْنِ مُجَالِدٍ لَمَّا قَاتَلَ أَبَاهُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنَ الْأَغْلَبِ، فَمَنَعَهُ أَهْلُ الْعِلْمِ وَالدِّينِ، فَكَفَّ عَنْهُمْ، وَخَرَّبَ سُورَ الْقَيْرَوَانِ. وَلَمَّا انْهَزَمَ مَنْصُورٌ فَارَقَهُ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ الَّذِينَ صَارُوا مَعَهُ، مِنْهُمْ: عَامِرُ بْنُ نَافِعٍ، وَعَبْدُ السَّلَامِ بْنُ الْمُفَرِّجِ، إِلَى الْبِلَادِ الَّتِي تَغَلَّبُوا عَلَيْهَا، ثُمَّ إِنَّ زِيَادَةَ اللَّهِ سَيَّرَ جَيْشًا، سَنَةَ تِسْعٍ وَمِائَتَيْنِ، إِلَى مَدِينَةِ سَبِيبَةَ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ مُحَمَّدَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الْأَغْلَبِ، وَكَانَ بِهَا جَمْعٌ مِنَ الْجُنْدِ الَّذِينَ صَارُوا مَعَ مَنْصُورٍ، عَلَيْهِمْ عُمَرُ بْنُ نَافِعٍ، فَالْتَقَوْا فِي الْعِشْرِينَ مِنَ الْمُحَرَّمِ، وَاقْتَتَلُوا، فَانْهَزَمَ ابْنُ الْأَغْلَبِ، وَعَادَ هُوَ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ إِلَى الْقَيْرَوَانِ، فَعَظُمَ الْأَمْرُ عَلَى زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ، وَجَمَعَ الرِّجَالَ وَبَذَلَ الْأَمْوَالَ. وَكَانَ عِيَالُ الْجُنْدِ الَّذِينَ مَعَ مَنْصُورٍ بِالْقَيْرَوَانِ، فَلَمْ يَعْرِضْ لَهُمْ زِيَادَةُ اللَّهِ، فَقَالَ الْجُنْدُ لِمَنْصُورٍ: الرَّأْيُ أَنْ تَحْتَالَ فِي نَقْلِ [ الْعِيَالِ ] مِنَ الْقَيْرَوَانِ لِنَأْمَنَ عَلَيْهِمْ. فَسَارَ بِهِمْ مَنْصُورٌ إِلَى الْقَيْرَوَانِ، وَحَصَرَ زِيَادَةَ اللَّهِ سِتَّةَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ مِنْهُمْ قِتَالٌ، وَأَخْرَجَ الْجُنْدُ نِسَاءَهُمْ وَأَوْلَادَهُمْ مِنَ الْقَيْرَوَانِ، وَانْصَرَفَ مَنْصُورٌ إِلَى تُونُسَ، وَلَمْ يَبْقَ بِيَدِ زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ مِنْ إِفْرِيقِيَّةَ كُلِّهَا إِلَّا قَابِسُ، وَالسَّاحِلُ، وَنِفْزَاوَةُ، وَطَرَابُلُسُ، فَإِنَّهُمْ تَمَسَّكُوا بِطَاعَتِهِ. وَأَرْسَلَ الْجُنْدُ إِلَى زِيَادَةِ اللَّهِ: أَنِ ارْحَلْ عَنَّا، وَخَلِّ إِفْرِيقِيَّةَ، وَلَكَ الْأَمَانُ عَلَى نَفْسِكَ وَمَالِكَ، وَمَنْ ضَمَّهُ قَصْرُكَ. فَضَاقَ بِهِ وَغَمَّهُ الْأَمْرُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ سُفْيَانُ بْنُ سَوَادَةَ: مَكِّنِي مِنْ عَسْكَرِكَ لِأَخْتَارَ مِنْهُمْ مِائَتَيْ فَارِسٍ، وَأَسِيرَ بِهِمْ إِلَى نِفْزَاوَةَ، فَقَدْ بَلَغَنِي أَنَّ عَامِرَ بْنَ نَافِعٍ يُرِيدُ قَصْدَهُمْ، فَإِنْ ظَفِرْتُ كَانَ الَّذِي تُحِبُّ، وَإِنْ تَكُنِ الْأُخْرَى عَمِلْتَ بِرَأْيِكَ. فَأَمَرَهُ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخَذَ مِائَتَيْ فَارِسٍ وَسَارَ إِلَى نِفْزَاوَةَ، فَدَعَا بَرَابِرَهَا إِلَى نُصْرَتِهِ، فَأَجَابُوهُ وَسَارَعُوا إِلَيْهِ، وَأَقْبَلَ عَامِرُ بْنُ نَافِعٍ فِي الْعَسْكَرِ إِلَيْهِمْ، فَالْتَقَوْا، وَاقْتَتَلُوا، فَانْهَزَمَ عَامِرٌ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ، وَكَثُرَ الْقَتْلُ فِيهِمْ، وَرَجَعَ عَامِرٌ إِلَى قَسْطِيلِيَةَ، فَجَبَى أَمْوَالَهَا لَيْلًا وَنَهَارًا فِي ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ، وَسَارُوا عَنْهَا، وَاسْتَخْلَفَ عَلَيْهَا مَنْ يَضْبُطُهَا، فَهَرَبَ مِنْهَا أَيْضًا خَوْفًا مِنْ أَهْلِهَا، فَأَرْسَلَ أَهْلُ قَسْطِيلِيَةَ إِلَى ابْنِ سَوَادَةَ، وَسَأَلُوهُ أَنْ يَجِيءَ إِلَيْهِمْ، فَسَارَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَمَلَكَ قَسْطِيلِيَةَ وَضَبَطَهَا. وَقَدْ قِيلَ: إِنَّ هَذِهِ الْحَوَادِثَ الْمَذْكُورَةَ سَنَةَ ثَمَانٍ وَتِسْعٍ وَمِائَتَيْنِ إِنَّمَا كَانَتْ سَنَةَ تِسْعٍ وَعَشْرٍ وَمِائَتَيْنِ. ( طُنْبُذَةُ بِضَمِّ الطَّاءِ الْمُهْمَلَةِ وَسُكُونِ النُّونِ وَضَمِّ الْبَاءِ الْمُوَحَّدَةِ وَبِذَالٍ مُعْجَمَةٍ وَآخِرُهُ هَاءٌ. وَصَطْفُورَةُ بِفَتْحِ الصَّادِ وَسُكُونِ الطَّاءِ وَضَمِّ الْفَاءِ وَسُكُونِ الْوَاوِ وَآخِرُهُ هَاءٌ. وَسَبِيبَةُ بِفَتْحِ السِّينِ الْمُهْمَلَةِ وَكَسْرِ الْبَاءِ الْمُوَحَّدَةِ وَسُكُونِ الْيَاءِ تَحْتَهَا نُقْطَتَانِ وَفَتْحِ الْبَاءِ الثَّانِيَةِ الْمُوَحَّدَةِ وَآخِرُهُ هَاءٌ. وَنِفْزَاوَةُ بِالنُّونِ وَالْفَاءِ السَّاكِنَةِ وَفَتْحِ الزَّايِ وَبَعْدَ الْأَلْفِ وَاوٌ ثُمَّ هَاءٌ ).
Translation
✧ Mention of the governorship of Ziyādat Allāh b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Aghlab over Ifrīqiyyah In this year, on the sixth of Dhū al-Ḥijjah, Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Aghlab, the amir of Ifrīqiyyah, died. His emirate had lasted five years and about two months. The cause of his death was that he imposed eighteen dinars annually on every faddān in his province. The people were distressed by that, and some of them complained to one another. A righteous man named Ḥafṣ b. ʿUmar al-Jazarī came forward to him, along with other righteous men, and they forbade him from that, admonished him, and warned him of punishment in the Hereafter, ill repute in this world, and the cessation of blessings. Indeed, Allah—exalted is His name and majestic is His praise—does not change what a people have until they change what is in themselves, and when Allah wills evil for a people, there is no repelling it, and they have no protector besides Him. But Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh b. Ibrāhīm b. al-Aghlab, the aforementioned amir of Ifrīqiyyah, did not respond to what they sought. So they left him and went to al-Qayrawān. Ḥafṣ said to them: "What if we perform ablution for prayer, pray, and ask Allah—exalted is He—to lighten the burden on the people?" They did that, and only five days passed before an ulcer appeared beneath his ear, and he did not linger before dying from it. He was the most handsome man of his time. When he died, his brother Ziyādat Allāh b. Ibrāhīm succeeded him, and he remained an amir of ease, tranquil, with the world secure under him. Then he equipped an army in a naval fleet—and there were many ships—to the city of Sardāniyah, which belonged to the Byzantines. Some of the ships were wrecked after they had won spoils from the Byzantines and killed many. When those of them who survived returned, Ziyādat Allāh treated them well and gave them gifts. In the year 207 AH, Ziyād b. Sahl, known as Ibn al-Ṣaqlibiyyah, rose against him, gathered a large force, and besieged the city of Bājah. Ziyādat Allāh sent armies against him, and they drove him away from it and killed those who supported his rebellion. In the year 208 AH, it was reported to Ziyādat Allāh that Manṣūr b. Nuṣayr al-Ṭunbudhī intended to rebel against him in Tunis, working toward that and corresponding with the troops. When he confirmed it, he sent against him a commander named Muḥammad b. Ḥamzah with three hundred horsemen, ordering him to conceal his movements and hasten to Tunis so that Manṣūr would not be aware until he seized him and brought him back. Muḥammad marched and entered Tunis, but he did not find Manṣūr there; he had gone to his palace at Ṭunbudhah. Muḥammad sent the qāḍī of Tunis to him, accompanied by forty elders, to portray rebellion as odious, forbid him from it, and command him to obey. They went to him, met with him, and mentioned that to him. Manṣūr said: "I have not disobeyed the amir's authority. I will go with you to Muḥammad and those with him, and then to the amir. But stay with me today so that we may prepare hospitality for him and his men." So they stayed with him, and Manṣūr sent Muḥammad and his men abundant provisions of sheep, cattle, and other kinds of food. He wrote to him saying: "I will come to you with the qāḍī and the group." Muḥammad trusted that, ordered the sheep slaughtered, and he and his men ate and drank wine. When evening came, Manṣūr imprisoned the qāḍī and those with him, and marched swiftly with his companions secretly to Tunis. They entered the arsenal where Muḥammad and his companions were. He ordered the drums beaten, and he and his companions shouted "Allāhu akbar." Muḥammad and his companions leapt to their weapons, but the wine had taken effect on them, and Manṣūr and his men surrounded them. The common people came from every direction and stoned them with rocks. They fought for most of the night. Those with Muḥammad were killed, and none of them escaped except those who fled to the sea and swam until they got away. That was in Ṣafar. In the morning, Manṣūr found the troops gathered around him. They said: "We do not trust you, and we do not feel safe that Ziyādat Allāh will beguile you and win you over with his worldly wealth, so that you incline to him. If you want us to be with you, then kill one of his family who is with you!" So he brought Ismāʿīl b. Sufyān b. Sālim b. ʿIqāl, who was from Ziyādat Allāh's family and was the governor of Tunis. When he appeared, Manṣūr ordered him killed. When Ziyādat Allāh heard the news, he sent a large army under the command of Ghalbūn, whose name was al-Aghlab b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Aghlab, the vizier of Ziyādat Allāh, against Manṣūr al-Ṭunbudhī. When Ziyādat Allāh bade them farewell, he threatened them with death if they fled. When they reached Tunis, Manṣūr came out and fought them. Ziyādat Allāh's army was defeated on the tenth of Rabīʿ al-Awwal. The commanders in it said to Ghalbūn: "We do not trust Ziyādat Allāh with our lives. If you obtain a guarantee of safety for us, we will appear before him." They parted from him and seized several cities, including Bājah, al-Jazīrah, Ṣaṭfūrah, Misr, al-Urbus, and others. Ifrīqiyyah was thrown into turmoil, and all the troops gathered to Manṣūr, obeying him because of Ziyādat Allāh's ill treatment of them. When Manṣūr's forces grew numerous, he marched to al-Qayrawān and besieged it in Jumādā al-Ūlā, digging a trench for his own protection. Many battles took place between him and Ziyādat Allāh. Manṣūr repaired the wall of al-Qayrawān, and its people assisted him. The siege continued for forty days. Then Ziyādat Allāh arrayed his men and gathered them, and cavalry and infantry marched with him, a great multitude. When Manṣūr saw them, what he saw alarmed and terrified him, for he had not known such strength from Ziyādat Allāh, given the weakness he had shown. Manṣūr advanced against him in person as well. They met and fought fiercely. Manṣūr and his men were defeated and fled, and a great many of them were killed. That was in the middle of Jumādā al-Ākhirah. Ziyādat Allāh ordered that the people of al-Qayrawān be punished for their offense in aiding Manṣūr and fighting with him, as had happened earlier with their aid to ʿImrān b. Mujālid when he fought his father Ibrāhīm b. al-Aghlab. But the scholars and religious men prevented him, so he refrained from them and demolished the wall of al-Qayrawān. When Manṣūr was defeated, many of his companions who had joined him deserted him, among them ʿĀmir b. Nāfiʿ and ʿAbd al-Salām b. al-Mufarrij, to the regions they had seized. Then, in the year 209 AH, Ziyādat Allāh sent an army to the city of Sabībah, placing Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Aghlab in command. There was a group of the troops who had sided with Manṣūr, led by ʿUmar b. Nāfiʿ. They met on the twentieth of al-Muḥarram and fought. Ibn al-Aghlab was defeated, and he and his men returned to al-Qayrawān. The matter weighed heavily on Ziyādat Allāh, and he gathered men and spent money. The families of the troops with Manṣūr were in al-Qayrawān, and Ziyādat Allāh did not interfere with them. The troops said to Manṣūr: "The best plan is to contrive to move our families from al-Qayrawān so that we may be secure about them." So Manṣūr marched with them to al-Qayrawān and besieged Ziyādat Allāh for sixteen days, but there was no fighting between them. The troops brought out their women and children from al-Qayrawān, and Manṣūr departed to Tunis. Nothing remained in Ziyādat Allāh's hands of all Ifrīqiyyah except Qābis, the coast, Nafzāwah, and Tripoli, for they held to obedience to him. The troops sent word to Ziyādat Allāh: "Depart from us and leave Ifrīqiyyah, and you shall have safe conduct for yourself, your wealth, and whoever is within your palace." The matter distressed and grieved him. Sufyān b. Sawādah said to him: "Let me take charge of your camp so that I may choose two hundred horsemen from them and march with them to Nafzāwah. I have heard that ʿĀmir b. Nāfiʿ intends to attack them. If I succeed, it will be what you desire; if the other happens, you may act according to your own judgment." So he ordered him to do that. He took two hundred horsemen and marched to Nafzāwah. He summoned its Berbers to support him, and they responded and hastened to him. ʿĀmir b. Nāfiʿ advanced with his army against them. They met and fought, and ʿĀmir and his men were defeated, with heavy slaughter among them. ʿĀmir returned to Qasṭīliyah and collected its taxes day and night for three days. Then they departed, and he left a deputy to govern it, but the deputy fled from it too, fearing its people. The people of Qasṭīliyah sent to Ibn Sawādah and asked him to come to them. He marched to them and took control of Qasṭīliyah, governing it firmly. It has been said that these events mentioned for the years 208 and 209 AH actually occurred in the year 219 AH. (Ṭunbudhah: with ḍammah on the unpointed ṭāʾ, sukūn on the nūn, ḍammah on the single-dotted bāʾ, a dotted dhāl, and final hāʾ. Ṣaṭfūrah: with fatḥah on the ṣād, sukūn on the ṭāʾ, ḍammah on the fāʾ, sukūn on the wāw, and final hāʾ. Sabībah: with fatḥah on the unpointed sīn, kasrah on the single-dotted bāʾ, sukūn on the yāʾ with two dots beneath, fatḥah on the second single-dotted bāʾ, and final hāʾ. Nafzāwah: with nūn, sukūn on the fāʾ, fatḥah on the zāy, then after the alif a wāw, then hāʾ.)
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