Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2558
The Year 119 AH
ذِكْرُ خَبَرِ الْخَوَارِجِ هَذِهِ السَّنَةَ وَفِي سنة تسع عشرة ومائة خَرَجَ بُهْلُولُ بْنُ بِشْرٍ الْمُلَقَّبُ كُثَارَةُ، وَهُوَ مِنَ الْمَوْصِلِ مِنْ شَيْبَانَ. وَكَانَ مَنْزِلُهُ بِدَابِقَ، وَكَانَ يَتَأَلَّهُ، فَقِيلَ: وَكَانَ سَبَبُ خُرُوجِهِ أَنَّهُ خَرَجَ يُرِيدُ الْحَجَّ، فَأَمَرَ غُلَامَهُ يَبْتَاعُ لَهُ خَلًّا بِدِرْهَمٍ، فَأَتَاهُ بِخَمْرٍ، فَأَمَرَهُ بَرَدِّهَا وَأَخَذَ الدِّرْهَمَ، فَلَمْ يُجِبْهُ صَاحِبُ الْخَمْرِ إِلَى ذَلِكَ، فَجَاءَ بُهْلُولٌ إِلَى عَامِلِ الْقَرْيَةِ، وَهِيَ مِنَ السَّوَادِ، فَكَلَّمَهُ، فَقَالَ الْعَامِلُ: الْخَمْرُ خَيْرٌ مِنْكَ وَمِنْ قَوْلِكَ. فَمَضَى فِي حَجِّهِ وَقَدْ عَزَمَ عَلَى الْخُرُوجِ، فَلَقِيَ بِمَكَّةَ مَنْ كَانَ عَلَى مِثْلِ رَأْيِهِ، فَاتَّعَدُوا قَرْيَةً مِنْ قُرَى الْمَوْصِلِ، فَاجْتَمَعُوا بِهَا، وَهُمْ أَرْبَعُونَ رَجُلًا، وَأَمَّرُوا عَلَيْهِمْ بُهْلُولًا، وَكَتَمُوا أَمْرَهُمْ وَجَعَلُوا لَا يَمُرُّونَ بِعَامِلٍ إِلَّا أَخْبَرُوهُ أَنَّهُمْ قَدِمُوا مِنْ عِنْدِ هِشَامٍ عَلَى بَعْضِ الْأَعْمَالِ، وَأَخَذُوا دَوَابَّ الْبَرِيدِ، فَلَمَّا انْتَهَوْا إِلَى الْقَرْيَةِ الَّتِي ابْتَاعَ الْغُلَامُ بِهَا الْخَمْرَ قَالَ بُهْلُولٌ: نَبْدَأُ بِهَذَا الْعَامِلِ فَنَقْتُلُهُ. فَقَالَ أَصْحَابُهُ: نَحْنُ نُرِيدُ قَتْلَ خَالِدٍ، فَإِنْ بَدَأْنَا بِهَذَا شُهِرَ أَمْرُنَا وَحَذِرَنَا خَالِدٌ وَغَيْرُهُ، فَنَشَدْنَاكَ اللَّهَ أَنْ نَقْتُلَ هَذَا فَيُفْلِتُ مِنَّا خَالِدٌ الَّذِي يَهْدِمُ الْمَسَاجِدَ، وَيَبْنِي الْبِيَعَ وَالْكَنَائِسَ، وَيُوَلِّي الْمَجُوسَ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَيُنْكِحُ أَهْلَ الذِّمَّةِ الْمُسْلِمَاتِ، لَعَلَّنَا نَقْتُلُهُ فَيُرِيحُ اللَّهُ مِنْهُ. قَالَ: وَاللَّهِ لَا أَدَعُ مَا يَلْزَمُنِي لِمَا بَعْدَهُ، وَأَرْجُو أَنْ أَقْتُلَ هَذَا وَخَالِدًا، فَقَتَلَهُ، فَعَلِمَ بِهِمُ النَّاسُ أَنَّهُمْ خَوَارِجُ، وَهَرَبُوا، وَخَرَجَتِ الْبَرِيدُ إِلَى خَالِدٍ فَأَعْلَمُوهُ بِهِمْ، وَلَا يَدْرُونَ مَنْ رَئِيسُهُمْ. فَخَرَجَ خَالِدٌ مِنْ وَاسِطٍ وَأَتَى الْحِيرَةَ، وَكَانَ بِهَا جُنْدٌ قَدْ قَدِمُوا مِنَ الشَّامِ مَدَدًا لِعَامِلِ الْهِنْدِ، فَأَمَرَهُمْ خَالِدٌ بِقِتَالِهِ وَقَالَ: مَنْ قَتَلَ مِنْهُمْ رَجُلًا أَعْطَيْتُهُ عَطَاءً سِوَى مَا أَخَذَ فِي الشَّامِ، وَأَعْفَيْتُهُ مِنَ الْخُرُوجِ إِلَى الْهِنْدِ. فَسَارَعُوا إِلَى ذَلِكَ، فَتَوَجَّهَ مُقَدِّمُهُمْ، وَهُوَ مِنْ بَنِي الْقَيْنِ، وَمَعَهُ سِتُّمِائَةٍ مِنْهُمْ، فَضَمَّ إِلَيْهِ خَالِدٌ مِائَتَيْنِ مِنَ الشُّرَطِ، فَالْتَقَوْا عَلَى الْفُرَاتِ، فَقَالَ الْقَيْنِيُّ لِمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنَ الشُّرَطِ: لَا تَكُونُوا مَعَنَا لِيَكُونَ الظَّفَرُ لَهُ وَلِأَصْحَابِهِ. وَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِمْ فَحَمَلَ عَلَى الْقَيْنِيِّ فَأَنْفَذَهُ، وَانْهَزَمَ أَهْلُ الشَّامِ وَالشُّرَطِ، وَتَبِعَهُمْ بُهْلُولٌ وَأَصْحَابُهُ يَقْتُلُونَهُمْ حَتَّى بَلَغُوا الْكُوفَةَ. فَأَمَّا أَهْلُ الشَّامِ فَكَانُوا عَلَى خَيْلٍ جِيَادٍ فَفَاتُوهُ، وَأَمَّا شُرَطُ الْكُوفَةِ فَأَدْرَكَهُمْ، فَقَالُوا: اتَّقِ اللَّهَ فِينَا فَإِنَّا مُكْرَهُونَ مَقْهُورُونَ، فَجَعَلَ يَقْرَعُ رُءُوسَهُمْ بِالرُّمْحِ وَيَقُولُ: النَّجَاءَ النَّجَاءَ. فَوَجَدَ بُهْلُولٌ مَعَ الْقَيْنِيِّ بَدْرَةً فَأَخَذَهَا. وَكَانَ فِي الْكُوفَةِ سِتَّةٌ يَرَوْنَ رَأْيَ بُهْلُولٍ، فَخَرَجُوا إِلَيْهِ فَقُتِلُوا بِصَرِيفِينَ، فَخَرَجَ بُهْلُولٌ وَمَعَهُ الْبَدْرَةُ قَالَ: مَنْ قَتَلَ هَؤُلَاءِ حَتَّى أُعْطِيَهُ هَذِهِ الْبَدْرَةَ ؟ فَجَاءَ قَوْمٌ فَقَالُوا: نَحْنُ قَتَلْنَاهُمْ، وَهُمْ يَظُنُّونَهُ مِنْ عِنْدِ خَالِدٍ، فَقَالَ بُهْلُولٌ لِأَهْلِ الْقَرْيَةِ: أَصَدَقَ هَؤُلَاءِ ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ، فَقَتَلَهُمْ وَتَرَكَ أَهْلَ الْقَرْيَةِ. وَبَلَغَتِ الْهَزِيمَةُ خَالِدًا وَمَا فَعَلَ بِصَرِيفِينَ، فَوَجَّهَ إِلَيْهِ قَائِدًا مِنْ شَيْبَانَ أَحَدَ بَنِي حَوْشَبِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ رُوَيْمٍ، فَلَقِيَهُ فِيمَا بَيْنَ الْمَوْصِلِ وَالْكُوفَةِ، فَانْهَزَمَ أَهْلُ الْكُوفَةِ فَأَتَوْا خَالِدًا. فَارْتَحَلَ بُهْلُولٌ مِنْ يَوْمِهِ يُرِيدُ الْمَوْصِلَ، فَكَتَبَ عَامِلُ الْمَوْصِلِ إِلَى هِشَامِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ يُخْبِرُهُ بِهِمْ وَيَسْأَلُهُ جُنْدًا، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ هِشَامٌ: وَجِّهْ إِلَيْهِ كُثَارَةَ بْنَ بِشْرٍ. وَكَانَ هِشَامٌ لَا يَعْرِفُ بُهْلُولًا إِلَّا بِلَقَبِهِ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ الْعَامِلُ أَنَّ الْخَارِجَ هُوَ كُثَارَةُ. ثُمَّ قَالَ بُهْلُولٌ لِأَصْحَابِهِ: إِنَّا وَاللَّهِ مَا نَصْنَعُ بِابْنِ النَّصْرَانِيَّةِ شَيْئًا، يَعْنِي خَالِدًا، فَلِمَ لَا نَطْلُبُ الرَّأْسَ الَّذِي سَلَّطَ خَالِدًا ؟ فَسَارَ يُرِيدُ هِشَامًا بِالشَّامِ، فَخَافَ عُمَّالُ هِشَامٍ مِنْ هِشَامٍ إِنْ تَرَكُوهُ يَجُوزُ إِلَى بِلَادِهِمْ، فَسَيَّرَ خَالِدٌ جُنْدًا مِنَ الْعِرَاقِ، وَسَيَّرَ عَامِلُ الْجَزِيرَةِ جُنْدًا مِنَ الْجَزِيرَةِ، وَوَجَّهَ هِشَامٌ جُنْدًا مِنَ الشَّامِ، وَاجْتَمَعُوا بِدَيْرٍ بَيْنَ الْجَزِيرَةِ وَالْمَوْصِلِ، وَأَقْبَلَ بُهْلُولٌ إِلَيْهِمْ، وَقِيلَ الْتَقَوْا بِكُحَيْلٍ دُونَ الْمَوْصِلِ، فَنَزَلَ بُهْلُولٌ عَلَى بَابِ الدَّيْرِ وَهُوَ فِي سَبْعِينَ وَحَمَلَ عَلَيْهِمْ فَقَتَلَ مِنْهُمْ نَفَرًا وَقَاتَلَهُمْ عَامَّةَ نَهَارِهِ، وَكَانُوا عِشْرِينَ أَلْفًا، فَأَكْثَرَ فِيهِمُ الْقَتْلَ وَالْجِرَاحَ، ثُمَّ إِنَّ بُهْلُولًا وَأَصْحَابَهُ عَقَرُوا دَوَابَّهُمْ وَتَرَجَّلُوا فَقَاتَلُوا قِتَالًا شَدِيدًا، فَقُتِلَ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ بُهْلُولٍ، فَطُعِنَ بُهْلُولٌ فَصُرِعَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ أَصْحَابُهُ: وَلِّ أَمْرَنَا. فَقَالَ: إِنْ هَلَكْتُ فَأَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ دِعَامَةُ الشَّيْبَانِيُّ، وَإِنْ هَلَكَ فَأَمِّرُوا الْيَشْكُرِيَّ. وَمَاتَ بُهْلُولٌ مِنْ لَيْلَتِهِ، فَلَمَّا أَصْبَحُوا هَرَبَ دِعَامَةُ وَخَلَّاهُمْ. فَقَالَ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ يَرْثِي بُهْلُولًا: بُدِّلْتُ بَعْدَ أَبِي بِشْرٍ وَصُحْبَتِهِ قَوْمًا عَلَيَّ مَعَ الْأَحْزَابِ أَعْوَانًا كَأَنَّهُمْ لَمْ يَكُونُوا مِنْ صَحَابَتِنَا وَلَمْ يَكُونُوا لَنَا بِالْأَمْسِ خِلَّانَا يَا عَيْنُ أَذْرِي دُمُوعًا مِنْكِ تَهْتَانًا وَابْكِي لَنَا صُحْبَةً بَانُوا وَإِخْوَانَا خَلَّوْا لَنَا ظَاهِرَ الدُّنْيَا وَبَاطِنَهَا وَأَصْبَحُوا فِي جِنَانِ الْخُلْدِ جِيرَانَا فَلَمَّا قُتِلَ بُهْلُولٌ خَرَجَ عَمْرٌو الْيَشْكُرِيُّ فَلَمْ يَلْبَثْ أَنْ قُتِلَ. وَخَرَجَ الْبَخْتَرِيُّ صَاحِبُ الْأَشْهَبِ، وَبِهَذَا كَانَ يُعْرَفُ، عَلَى خَالِدٍ فِي سِتِّينَ، فَوَجَّهَ إِلَيْهِ خَالِدٌ السِّمْطَ بْنَ مُسْلِمٍ الْبَجَلِيَّ فِي أَرْبَعَةِ آلَافٍ، فَالْتَقَوْا بِنَاحِيَةِ الْفُرَاتِ، فَانْهَزَمَتِ الْخَوَارِجُ، فَتَلَقَّاهُمْ عَبِيدُ أَهْلِ الْكُوفَةِ وَسِفْلَتُهُمْ فَرَمَوْهُمْ بِالْحِجَارَةِ حَتَّى قَتَلُوهُمْ. ثُمَّ خَرَجَ وَزِيرُ السِّخْتِيَانِيِّ عَلَى خَالِدٍ بِالْحِيرَةِ فِي نَفَرٍ، فَجَعَلَ لَا يَمُرُّ بِقَرْيَةٍ إِلَّا أَحْرَقَهَا، وَلَا يَلْقَى أَحَدًا إِلَّا قَتَلَهُ، وَغَلَبَ عَلَى مَا هُنَالِكَ وَعَلَى بَيْتِ الْمَالِ، فَوَجَّهَ إِلَيْهِ خَالِدٌ جُنْدًا فَقَاتَلُوا عَامَّةَ أَصْحَابِهِ وَأُثْخِنَ بِالْجِرَاحِ، وَأُتِيَ بِهِ خَالِدٌ، وَأَقْبَلَ عَلَى خَالِدٍ فَوَعَظَهُ، فَأَعْجَبَ خَالِدًا مَا سَمِعَ مِنْهُ فَلَمْ يَقْتُلْهُ وَحَبَسَهُ عِنْدَهُ، وَكَانَ يُؤْتَى بِهِ فِي اللَّيْلِ فَيُحَادِثُهُ. فَسُعِيَ بِخَالِدٍ إِلَى هِشَامٍ وَقِيلَ: أَخَذَ حَرُورِيًّا قَدْ قَتَلَ وَحَرَّقَ وَأَبَاحَ الْأَمْوَالَ فَجَعَلَهُ سَمِيرًا، فَغَضِبَ هِشَامٌ وَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ يَأْمُرُهُ بِقَتْلِهِ، وَكَانَ خَالِدٌ يَقُولُ: إِنِّي أَنْفَسُ بِهِ عَنِ الْمَوْتِ، فَأَخَّرَ قَتْلَهُ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ هِشَامٌ ثَانِيًا يَذُمُّهُ وَيَأْمُرُهُ بِقَتْلِهِ وَإِحْرَاقِهِ، فَقَتَلَهُ وَأَحْرَقَهُ وَنَفَرًا مَعَهُ، وَلَمْ يَزَلْ يَتْلُو الْقُرْآنَ حَتَّى مَاتَ وَهُوَ يَقْرَأُ: ( قُلْ نَارُ جَهَنَّمَ أَشَدُّ حَرًّا لَوْ كَانُوا يَفْقَهُونَ ).
Translation
✧ Mention of the news of the Khawārij this year In the year one hundred and nineteen, Buhlūl b. Bishr, nicknamed Kuthārah, rose in revolt. He was from al-Mawṣil, of Shaybān, and his dwelling was at Dābiq. He was given to devotion, so it was said. The reason for his coming out was that he set out intending to make the pilgrimage, and he ordered his servant to buy him vinegar for a dirham. The servant brought him wine instead, so he ordered him to return it and take back the dirham, but the wine-seller would not comply. Buhlūl then went to the governor of the village—which was in the Sawād—and spoke to him. The governor said: “Wine is better than you and your talk.” He went on with his pilgrimage, having resolved to rise in revolt. In Makkah he met those who held the same view as he did, and they agreed upon a village among the villages of al-Mawṣil, where they gathered, forty men in all. They made Buhlūl their commander and kept their affair secret. They did not pass by any governor without telling him that they had come from Hishām on some business, and they took the post-horses. When they reached the village where the servant had bought the wine, Buhlūl said: “Let us begin with this governor and kill him.” His companions said: “We want to kill Khālid. If we begin with this one, our affair will be exposed and Khālid and others will be on their guard against us. We adjure you by God not to kill this one, lest Khālid—who demolishes mosques and builds churches and synagogues, appoints Magians over the Muslims, and gives Muslim women in marriage to the people of the covenant—escape us. Perhaps we may kill him and God may grant relief from him.” He said: “By God, I will not leave what is incumbent upon me for what comes after it, and I hope to kill this one and Khālid too.” So he killed him. Then people knew that they were Khawārij, and they fled. The post went out to Khālid and informed him of them, though they did not know who their leader was. Khālid went out from Wāsiṭ and came to al-Ḥīrah. There was a body of troops there who had come from Syria as reinforcements for the governor of India. Khālid ordered them to fight him and said: “Whoever kills one of them, I shall give him a stipend in addition to what he received in Syria, and I shall exempt him from setting out to India.” They hastened to that. Their advance commander, who was of Banū al-Qayn, set out with six hundred of them. Khālid attached to him two hundred of the shurṭah. They met on the Euphrates. The Qaynī said to those of the shurṭah who were with him: “Do not be with us, so that the victory may be his and his companions’.” Then he went out to them and charged at the Qaynī, piercing him through. The Syrians and the shurṭah were routed, and Buhlūl and his companions pursued them, killing them until they reached al-Kūfah. As for the Syrians, they were on fine horses and escaped him. As for the shurṭah of al-Kūfah, he caught up with them, and they said: “Fear God regarding us, for we are coerced and compelled.” He began striking their heads with the spear and saying: “Flee! Flee!” Buhlūl found a purse of money with the Qaynī and took it. There were six men in al-Kūfah who held Buhlūl’s view, and they went out to him, but they were killed at Ṣarīfīn. Buhlūl went out with the purse and said: “Who killed these men, so that I might give him this purse?” Some people came and said: “We killed them,” thinking he was from Khālid. Buhlūl asked the people of the village: “Did these men speak the truth?” They said: “Yes.” So he killed them and spared the people of the village. The defeat and what he had done at Ṣarīfīn reached Khālid, and he sent against him a commander of Shaybān, one of Banū Ḥawshab b. Yazīd b. Ruwaym. He met him between al-Mawṣil and al-Kūfah, and the Kufans were routed and went to Khālid. Buhlūl departed that same day, heading for al-Mawṣil. The governor of al-Mawṣil wrote to Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik, informing him of them and asking him for troops. Hishām wrote to him: “Send Kuthārah b. Bishr against him.” Hishām knew Buhlūl only by his nickname. The governor wrote to him that the rebel was Kuthārah himself. Then Buhlūl said to his companions: “By God, we can do nothing against the son of the Christian woman—meaning Khālid. So why not seek the head who empowered Khālid?” He set out, intending Hishām in Syria. Hishām’s governors feared Hishām should they allow him to pass through their lands. So Khālid dispatched a body of troops from Iraq, the governor of al-Jazīrah dispatched a body from al-Jazīrah, and Hishām sent a body from Syria. They gathered at a monastery between al-Jazīrah and al-Mawṣil. Buhlūl advanced toward them—though it is said they met at Kuḥayl, short of al-Mawṣil. Buhlūl halted at the gate of the monastery with seventy men and charged them, killing a number of them and fighting them for most of the day. They were twenty thousand, and he inflicted heavy casualties and wounds upon them. Then Buhlūl and his companions hamstrung their mounts and dismounted, and they fought fiercely. Many of Buhlūl’s companions were killed, and Buhlūl was stabbed and fell. His companions said to him: “Appoint someone over our affair.” He said: “If I perish, then the commander of the faithful is Diʿāmah al-Shaybānī, and if he perishes, then appoint the Yashkurī.” Buhlūl died that night. When morning came, Diʿāmah fled and abandoned them. Al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays said, elegizing Buhlūl: I have been replaced, after Abū Bishr and his companionship, by a people who are helpers against me along with the factions. As if they had not been of our company, nor had they been to us yesterday friends. O eye, shed copious flowing tears, and weep for us for companions who departed and brothers. They left to us the outward of this world and its inward, and have become in the gardens of eternity our neighbors. When Buhlūl was killed, ʿAmr al-Yashkurī rose in revolt, but he did not last long before he was killed. Al-Bakhtarī, the master of al-Ashhab—by which he was known—rose in revolt against Khālid with sixty men. Khālid sent al-Simṭ b. Muslim al-Bajalī against him with four thousand. They met in the region of the Euphrates, and the Khawārij were routed. The slaves of the people of al-Kūfah and their rabble met them and pelted them with stones until they killed them. Then Wazīr al-Sikhtiyānī rose in revolt against Khālid at al-Ḥīrah with a small band. He did not pass by any village without burning it, nor meet anyone without killing him. He gained mastery over that area and over the treasury. Khālid sent troops against him. They fought most of his companions, and he was heavily wounded. He was brought to Khālid, and he turned to Khālid and admonished him. Khālid was impressed by what he heard from him, so he did not kill him but imprisoned him in his custody. He would be brought to him at night, and Khālid would converse with him. Khālid was denounced to Hishām, and it was said: “He has taken a Ḥarūrī who killed, burned, and made property lawful, and made him a night companion.” Hishām became angry and wrote to him ordering his execution. Khālid used to say: “I am too sparing of him to let him die.” He delayed his execution. Hishām wrote to him a second time, rebuking him and ordering him to kill him and burn him. So he killed him and burned him, along with a number of men with him. He did not cease reciting the Qurʾān until he died, while he was reciting: “Say: The fire of Hell is more intense in heat, if only they could understand.”
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