Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2518
The Year 110 of the Prophetic Hijrah
مَا جَرَى لِأَشْرَسَ مَعَ أَهْلِ سَمَرْقَنْدَ وَغَيْرِهَا وفِي سَنَةُ عَشْرٍ وَمِائَةٍ أَرْسَلَ أَشْرَسُ إِلَى أَهْلِ سَمَرْقَنْدَ وَمَا وَرَاءَ النَّهْرِ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، عَلَى أَنْ تُوضَعَ عَنْهُمُ الْجِزْيَةُ، وَأَرْسَلَ فِي ذَلِكَ أَبَا الصَّيْدَاءِ ( صَالِحَ بْنَ طَرِيفٍ مَوْلَى بَنِي ضَبَّةَ، وَالرَّبِيعَ بْنَ عِمْرَانَ التَّمِيمِيَّ. فَقَالَ أَبُو الصَّيْدَاءِ ): إِنَّمَا أَخْرُجُ عَلَى شَرِيطَةِ أَنَّ مَنْ أَسْلَمَ لَا تُؤْخَذُ مِنْهُ الْجِزْيَةُ، وَإِنَّمَا خَرَاجُ خُرَاسَانَ عَلَى رُءُوسِ الرِّجَالِ. فَقَالَ أَشْرَسُ: نَعَمْ. فَقَالَ أَبُو الصَّيْدَاءِ لِأَصْحَابِهِ: فَإِنِّي أَخْرُجُ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَفِ الْعُمَّالُ أَعَنْتُمُونِي عَلَيْهِمْ ؟ قَالُوا: نَعَمْ. فَشَخَصَ إِلَى سَمَرْقَنْدَ وَعَلَيْهَا الْحَسَنُ بْنُ أَبِي الْعَمَرَّطَةِ الْكِنْدِيُّ عَلَى حَرْبِهَا وَخَرَاجِهَا، فَدَعَا أَبُو الصَّيْدَاءِ أَهْلَ سَمَرْقَنْدَ وَمَنْ حَوْلَهَا إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ، عَلَى أَنْ تُوضَعَ عَنْهُمُ الْجِزْيَةُ، فَسَارَعَ النَّاسُ، فَكَتَبَ غَوْزَكُ إِلَى أَشْرَسَ أَنَّ الْخَرَاجَ قَدِ انْكَسَرَ. فَكَتَبَ أَشْرَسُ إِلَى ابْنِ [ أَبِي ] الْعَمَرَّطَةَ: إِنَّ فِي الْخَرَاجِ قُوَّةً لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَقَدْ بَلَغَنِي أَنَّ أَهْلَ الصُّغْدِ وَأَشْبَاهِهِمْ لَمْ يُسْلِمُوا رَغْبَةً، إِنَّمَا أَسْلَمُوا تَعَوُّذًا مِنَ الْجِزْيَةِ، فَانْظُرْ مَنِ اخْتَتَنَ، وَأَقَامَ الْفَرَائِضَ، وَقَرَأَ سُورَةً مِنَ الْقُرْآنِ، فَارْفَعْ خَرَاجَهُ. ثُمَّ عَزَلَ أَشْرَسُ ابْنَ [ أَبِي ] الْعَمَرَّطَةِ عَنِ الْخَرَاجِ، وَصَيَّرَهُ إِلَى هَانِئِ بْنِ هَانِئٍ، فَمَنَعَهُمْ أَبُو الصَّيْدَاءِ مِنْ أَخْذِ الْجِزْيَةِ مِمَّنْ أَسْلَمَ، فَكَتَبَ هَانِئٌ إِلَى أَشْرَسَ: إِنَّ النَّاسَ قَدْ أَسْلَمُوا وَبَنَوُا الْمَسَاجِدَ. فَكَتَبَ أَشْرَسُ إِلَيْهِ وَإِلَى الْعُمَّالِ: خُذُوا الْخَرَاجَ مِمَّنْ كُنْتُمْ تَأْخُذُونَهُ مِنْهُ. فَأَعَادُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ. فَامْتَنَعُوا وَاعْتَزَلُوا فِي سَبْعَةِ آلَافٍ، عَلَى عِدَّةِ فَرَاسِخَ مِنْ سَمَرْقَنْدَ، وَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِمْ أَبُو الصَّيْدَاءِ، وَرَبِيعُ بْنُ عِمْرَانَ التَّمِيمِيُّ، وَالْهَيْثَمُ الشَّيْبَانِيُّ، وَأَبُو فَاطِمَةَ الْأَزْدِيُّ، وَعَامِرُ بْنُ قُشَيْرٍ، وَبَحِيرُ الْخُجَنْدِيُّ، وَبَنَانُ الْعَنْبَرِيُّ، وَإِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ لِيَنْصُرُوهُمْ، فَعَزَلَ أَشْرَسُ بْنُ [ أَبِي ] الْعَمَرَّطَةِ عَنِ الْحَرْبِ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ مَكَانَهُ الْمُجَشِّرَ بْنَ مُزَاحِمٍ السُّلَمِيَّ عَلَى الْحَرْبِ، وَضَمَّ إِلَيْهِ عُمَيْرَةُ بْنُ سَعْدٍ الشَّيْبَانِيُّ. فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ الْمُجَشِّرُ كَتَبَ إِلَى أَبِي الصَّيْدَاءِ يَسْأَلُهُ أَنْ يَقْدَمَ عَلَيْهِ هُوَ وَأَصْحَابُهُ، فَقَدِمَ أَبُو الصَّيْدَاءِ وَثَابَتُ قُطْنَةَ، فَحَبَسَهُمَا، فَقَالَ أَبُو الصَّيْدَاءِ: غَدَرْتُمْ وَرَجَعْتُمْ عَمَّا قُلْتُمْ. فَقَالَ هَانِئٌ: لَيْسَ بِغَدْرٍ مَا كَانَ فِيهِ حَقْنُ الدِّمَاءِ، ثُمَّ سَيَّرُوهُ إِلَى أَشْرَسَ، وَاجْتَمَعَ أَصْحَابُهُ وَوَلَّوْا أَمْرَهُمْ أَبَا فَاطِمَةَ لِيُقَاتِلُوا هَانِئًا، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: كُفُّوا حَتَّى نَكْتُبَ إِلَى أَشْرَسَ، فَكَتَبُوا إِلَيْهِ، فَكَتَبَ أَشْرَسُ: ضَعُوا عَلَيْهِمُ الْخَرَاجَ، فَرَجَعَ أَصْحَابُ أَبِي الصَّيْدَاءِ وَضَعُفَ أَمْرُهُمْ، فَتَتَبَّعَ الرُّؤَسَاءَ، فَأُخِذُوا وَحُمِلُوا إِلَى مَرْوَ، وَبَقِيَ ثَابِتٌ مَحْبُوسًا، فَأَلَحَّ هَانِئٌ فِي الْخَرَاجِ، وَاسْتَخَفُّوا بِعُظَمَاءِ الْعَجَمِ وَالدَّهَاقِينِ، وَأُقِيمُوا وَخُرِّقَتْ ثِيَابُهُمْ، وَأَلْقِيَتْ مَنَاطِقُهُمْ فِي أَعْنَاقِهِمْ، وَأَخَذُوا الْجِزْيَةَ مِمَّنْ أَسَلَمَ [ مِنَ الضُّعَفَاءِ ]، فَكَفَرَتِ الصُّغْدُ وَبُخَارَى، وَاسْتَجَاشُوا التُّرْكَ. وَلَمْ يَزَلْ ثَابِتُ قُطْنَةَ فِي حَبْسِ الْمُجَشِّرِ حَتَّى قَدِمَ نَصْرُ بْنُ سَيَّارٍ إِلَى الْمُجَشِّرِ وَالِيًا، فَحَمَلَهُ إِلَى أَشْرَسَ فَحَبَسَهُ، وَكَانَ نَصْرٌ قَدْ أَحْسَنَ إِلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ ثَابِتٌ يَمْدَحْهُ [ بِأَبْيَاتٍ ] يَقُولُ فِيهَا: مَا هَاجَ شَوْقُكَ مِنْ نُؤْيٍ وَأَحْجَارِ وَمِنْ رُسُومٍ عَفَاهَا صَوْبُ أَمْطَارِ إِنْ كَانَ ظَنِّي بِنَصْرٍ صَادِقًا أَبَدًا فِيمَا أُدَبِّرُ مِنْ نَقْضِي وَإِمْرَارِي لَا يَصْرِفُ الْجُنْدَ حَتَّى يَسْتَفِيءَ بِهِمْ نَهْبًا عَظِيمًا وَيَحْوِيَ مُلْكَ جَبَّارِ إِنِّي وَإِنْ كُنْتُ مِنْ جَذْمِ الَّذِي نَضُرَتْ مِنْهُ الْفُرُوعُ وَزَنْدِي الثَّاقِبُ الْوَارِي لَذَاكِرٌ مِنْكَ أَمْرًا قَدْ سَبَقْتَ بِهِ مَنْ كَانَ قَبْلَكَ يَا نَصْرُ بْنُ سَيَّارِ نَاضَلْتَ عَنِّي نِضَالَ الْحُرِّ إِذْ قَصُرَتْ دُونِي الْعَشِيرَةُ وَاسْتَبْطَأْتُ أَنْصَارِي وَصَارَ كُلُّ صِدِّيقٍ كُنْتُ آمُلُهُ أَلْبًا عَلَي وَرَثَّ الْحَبْلُ مِنْ جَارِي وَمَا تَلَبَّسْتُ بِالْأَمْرِ الَّذِي وَقَعُوا بِهِ عَلَيَّ وَلَا دَنَّسْتُ أَطَمَارِي وَلَا عَصَيْتُ إِمَامًا كَانَ طَاعَتُهُ حَقًا عَلِيَّ وَلَا قَارَفْتُ مِنْ عَارِ وَخَرَجَ أَشْرَسُ غَازِيًا، فَنَزَلَ آمُلَ، فَأَقَامَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَشْهُرٍ. وَقَدَّمَ قَطَنَ بْنَ قُتَيْبَةَ بْنِ مُسْلِمٍ، فَعَبَرَ النَّهْرَ فِي عَشَرَةِ آلَافٍ، فَأَقْبَلَ أَهْلُ الصُّغْدِ وَبُخَارَى مَعَهُمْ خَاقَانُ وَالتُّرْكُ، فَحَصَرُوا قَطَنًا فِي خَنْدَقِهِ، فَأَرْسَلَ خَاقَانُ مَنْ أَغَارَ عَلَى مَسْرَحِ النَّاسِ، فَأَخْرَجَ أَشْرَسُ ثَابِتَ قُطْنَةَ بِكَفَالَةِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ بِسْطَامِ بْنِ مَسْعُودِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو، فَوَجَّهَهُ مَعَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ بِسْطَامٍ فِي خَيْلٍ، فَقَاتَلُوا التُّرْكَ بِآمُلَ حَتَّى اسْتَنْقَذُوا مَا بِأَيْدِيهِمْ، وَرَجَعَ التُّرْكُ. ثُمَّ عَبَرَ أَشْرَسُ بِالنَّاسِ إِلَى قَطَنٍ، وَبَعْثَ أَشْرَسُ سَرِيَّةً مَعَ مَسْعُودٍ أَحَدِ بَنِي حَيَّانَ، فَلَقِيَهُمُ الْعَدُوُّ ( فَقَاتَلُوهُمْ، فَقُتِلَ رِجَالٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَهُزِمَ مَسْعُودٌ، فَرَجَعَ أَشْرَسُ )، وَأَقْبَلَ الْعَدُوُّ، فَلَقِيَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ فَجَالُوا جَوْلَةً، فَقُتِلَ رِجَالٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، ثُمَّ رَجَعَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ وَصَبَرُوا فَانْهَزَمَ الْمُشْرِكُونَ، وَسَارَ أَشْرَسُ بِالنَّاسِ حَتَّى نَزَلَ بِيكَنْدَ، فَقَطَعَ الْعَدُوُّ عَنْهُمُ الْمَاءَ، وَأَقَامَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ يَوْمًا وَلَيْلَةً وَعَطِشُوا، فَرَحَلُوا إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ الَّتِي قَطَعَ الْعَدُوُّ [ الْمِيَاهَ ] مِنْهَا، وَعَلَى الْمُقَدِّمَةِ قَطَنُ بْنُ قُتَيْبَةَ، فَلَقِيَهُمُ الْعَدُوُّ، فَقَاتَلُوهُمْ، فَجَهِدُوا مِنَ الْعَطَشِ، فَمَاتَ مِنْهُمْ سَبْعُمِائَةٍ، ( فَعَجَزَ النَّاسُ عَنِ الْقِتَالِ )، فَحَرَّضَ الْحَارِثُ بْنُ سُرَيْجٍ النَّاسَ، فَقَالَ: الْقَتْلُ بِالسَّيْفِ أَكْرَمُ فِي الدُّنْيَا وَأَعْظَمُ أَجْرًا عِنْدَ اللَّهِ مِنَ الْمَوْتِ عَطَشًا. وَتَقَدَّمَ الْحَارِثُ وَقَطَنٌ فِي فَوَارِسَ مِنْ تَمِيمٍ، فَقَاتَلُوا حَتَّى أَزَالُوا التُّرْكَ عَنِ الْمَاءِ، فَابْتَدَرَهُ النَّاسُ فَشَرِبُوا وَاسْتَقَوْا. ثُمَّ مَرَّ ثَابِتُ قُطْنَةَ بِعَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ دِثَارٍ الْبَاهِلِيِّ، فَقَالَ: هَلْ لَكَ فِي الْجِهَادِ ؟ فَقَالَ: أَمْهِلْنِي حَتَّى أَغْتَسِلَ وَأَتَحَنَّطَ. فَوَقَفَ لَهُ حَتَّى اغْتَسَلَ ثُمَّ مَضَيَا، وَقَالَ ثَابِتٌ لِأَصْحَابِهِ: أَنَا أَعْلَمُ بِقِتَالِ هَؤُلَاءِ مِنْكُمْ، وَحَرَّضَهُمْ، فَحَمَلُوا، وَاشْتَدَّ الْقِتَالُ، فَقَالَ ثَابِتُ قُطْنَةَ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي كَنْتُ ضَيْفَ ابْنِ بِسْطَامٍ الْبَارِحَةَ، فَاجْعَلْنِي ضَيْفَكَ اللَّيْلَةَ، وَاللَّهِ لَا يَنْظُرُ إِلَيَّ بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ مَشْدُودًا فِي الْحَدِيدِ. فَحَمَلَ وَحَمَلَ أَصْحَابُهُ، فَرَجَعَ أَصْحَابُهُ وَثَبَتَ هُوَ، فَرُمِيَ بِرْذَوْنُهُ فَشَبَّ، وَضَرَبَهُ فَأَقْدَمَ، وَضُرِبَ ثَابِتٌ، فَارْتُثَّ، فَقَالَ وَهُوَ صَرِيعٌ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَصْبَحْتُ ضَيْفًا لِابْنِ بِسْطَامٍ وَأَمْسَيْتُ ضَيْفَكَ ! فَاجْعَلْ قِرَايَ مِنْكَ الْجَنَّةَ ! فَقَتَلُوهُ وَقَتَلُوا مَعَهُ عِدَّةً مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، مِنْهُمْ: صَخْرُ بْنُ مُسْلِمِ بْنِ النُّعْمَانِ الْعَبْدِيُّ، وَعَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ دِثَارٍ الْبَاهِلِيُّ، وَغَيْرُهُمَا، وَجَمَعَ قَطَنٌ، وَإِسْحَاقُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ حِبَّانَ خَيْلًا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ تَبَايَعُوا عَلَى الْمَوْتِ، فَحَمَلُوا عَلَى الْعَدُوِّ، فَقَاتَلُوهُمْ، فَكَشَفُوهُمْ، وَرَكِبَهُمُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ يَقْتُلُونَهُمْ حَتَّى حَجَزَهُمُ اللَّيْلُ، وَتَفَرَّقَ الْعَدُوُّ، وَأَتَى أَشْرَسُ بُخَارَى فَحَصَرَ أَهْلَهَا.
Translation
✧ What happened to Ashras with the people of Samarqand and others In the year 110, Ashras sent to the people of Samarqand and what is beyond the river, calling them to Islam, on condition that the jizya be lifted from them. He sent regarding that Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ (Ṣāliḥ b. Ṭarīf, mawlā of Banū Ḍabba, and al-Rabīʿ b. ʿImrān al-Tamīmī). Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ said: I will only go out on the condition that whoever becomes Muslim, the jizya will not be taken from him, and that the kharāj of Khurāsān is only on the heads of men. Ashras said: Yes. Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ said to his companions: Then I will go out; if the officials do not fulfill it, will you help me against them? They said: Yes. So he set out to Samarqand, where al-Ḥasan b. Abī al-ʿAmarraṭa al-Kindī was over its war and kharāj. Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ called the people of Samarqand and its surroundings to Islam, on condition that the jizya be lifted from them. The people hastened. Ghūzak wrote to Ashras that the kharāj had diminished. Ashras wrote to Ibn [Abī] al-ʿAmarraṭa: The kharāj is a strength for the Muslims. It has reached me that the people of al-Ṣughd and their like did not become Muslims out of desire; they became Muslims only to seek protection from the jizya. So examine whoever has been circumcised, performed the obligatory duties, and read a sūrah of the Qurʾān, and lift his kharāj. Then Ashras dismissed Ibn [Abī] al-ʿAmarraṭa from the kharāj and transferred it to Hāniʾ b. Hāniʾ. Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ prevented them from taking the jizya from those who had become Muslim. Hāniʾ wrote to Ashras: The people have become Muslims and built mosques. Ashras wrote to him and to the officials: Take the kharāj from those from whom you used to take it. So they reinstated the jizya on those who had become Muslim. They refused and withdrew to the number of seven thousand, at a distance of several parasangs from Samarqand. Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ, Rabīʿ b. ʿImrān al-Tamīmī, al-Haytham al-Shaybānī, Abū Fāṭima al-Azdī, ʿĀmir b. Qushayr, Buḥayr al-Khujandī, Banān al-ʿAnbarī, and Ismāʿīl b. ʿUqba went out to them to support them. Ashras dismissed Ibn [Abī] al-ʿAmarraṭa from the war and appointed in his place al-Mujashshir b. Muzāḥim al-Sulamī over the war, and attached to him ʿUmayra b. Saʿd al-Shaybānī. When al-Mujashshir arrived, he wrote to Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ asking him and his companions to come to him. Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ and Thābit Quṭna came, and he imprisoned them. Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ said: You have acted treacherously and gone back on what you said. Hāniʾ said: It is not treachery if it involves the sparing of blood. Then they sent him to Ashras. His companions gathered and appointed Abū Fāṭima over their affairs to fight Hāniʾ. He said to them: Refrain until we write to Ashras. So they wrote to him. Ashras wrote: Impose the kharāj on them. The companions of Abū al-Ṣaydāʾ returned and their affair weakened. He pursued the leaders, and they were seized and carried to Marw. Thābit remained imprisoned. Hāniʾ insisted on the kharāj, and they humiliated the great men of the Persians and the dihqāns; they were made to stand, their clothes were torn, their belts were placed around their necks, and the jizya was taken from the weak among those who had become Muslim. So al-Ṣughd and Bukhārā disbelieved and sought help from the Turks. Thābit Quṭna remained in the prison of al-Mujashshir until Naṣr b. Sayyār came to al-Mujashshir as governor, and he carried him to Ashras, who imprisoned him. Naṣr had treated him well, so Thābit praised him with verses, saying: What stirred your longing from tent traces and stones, and from ruins effaced by the downpour of rains? If my opinion of Naṣr is forever true in what I manage of my undoing and my passing, he will not divert the army until he gains through them a great booty and encompasses the dominion of a tyrant. Indeed, though I am of the root from which the branches flourished and my firestick is the piercing, blazing one, I shall remember of you a matter in which you preceded those who came before you, O Naṣr b. Sayyār. You defended me with the defense of a free man when the clan fell short of me and I deemed my helpers slow. And every true friend I had hoped for became a party against me, and the rope from my neighbor wore thin. I did not entangle myself in the matter with which they charged me, nor did I soil my worn garments, and I did not disobey an imam whose obedience was a duty upon me, nor did I commit any disgrace. Ashras went out on campaign and encamped at Āmul, where he stayed for three months. He sent forward Qaṭan b. Qutayba b. Muslim, who crossed the river with ten thousand. The people of al-Ṣughd and Bukhārā came, with them the Khāqān and the Turks, and they besieged Qaṭan in his trench. The Khāqān sent those who raided the people's pasture. Ashras released Thābit Quṭna on the surety of ʿAbd Allāh b. Bisṭām b. Masʿūd b. ʿAmr, and sent him with ʿAbd Allāh b. Bisṭām in cavalry. They fought the Turks at Āmul until they recovered what was in their hands, and the Turks retreated. Then Ashras crossed with the people to Qaṭan. Ashras sent a raiding party with Masʿūd, one of the Banū Ḥayyān. The enemy met them and fought them; some men of the Muslims were killed, and Masʿūd was routed. Ashras returned, and the enemy advanced. The Muslims met them and made a charge, and some men of the Muslims were killed. Then the Muslims returned and held firm, and the polytheists were defeated. Ashras marched with the people until he encamped at Baykand. The enemy cut off the water from them. The Muslims remained a day and a night and became thirsty. They departed for the city from which the enemy had cut off the waters. In the vanguard was Qaṭan b. Qutayba. The enemy met them and fought them. They were exhausted by thirst, and seven hundred of them died. The people were unable to fight. Al-Ḥārith b. Surayj incited the people, saying: Death by the sword is nobler in this world and greater in reward with God than death by thirst. Al-Ḥārith and Qaṭan advanced with horsemen from Tamīm, and they fought until they drove the Turks from the water. The people rushed to it, drank, and drew water. Then Thābit Quṭna passed by ʿAbd al-Malik b. Dithār al-Bāhilī and said: Will you join the jihād? He said: Give me time to wash and perfume myself. He waited for him until he had washed, and then they went on. Thābit said to his companions: I know better than you how to fight these people. He incited them, and they charged, and the fighting became intense. Thābit Quṭna said: O God, I was a guest of Ibn Bisṭām last night, so make me Your guest tonight. By God, the Banū Umayya will not see me bound in iron. He charged, and his companions charged. His companions retreated, but he stood firm. His horse was hit by an arrow and reared; he struck it, and it advanced. Thābit was struck and fell wounded. As he lay, he said: O God, I began the day as a guest of Ibn Bisṭām and I end it as Your guest, so make my hospitality from You the Garden. They killed him, and with him a number of Muslims, among them Ṣakhr b. Muslim b. al-Nuʿmān al-ʿAbdī, ʿAbd al-Malik b. Dithār al-Bāhilī, and others. Qaṭan and Isḥāq b. Muḥammad b. Ḥibbān gathered cavalry from the Muslims who had pledged themselves to death. They charged the enemy and fought them, and dispersed them. The Muslims pursued them, killing them until night separated them. The enemy scattered. Ashras came to Bukhārā and besieged its people.
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