Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2486
The Year 105
خِلَافَةِ هِشَامِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بُويِعَ لَهُ بِالْخِلَافَةِ يَوْمَ الْجُمُعَةِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ أَخِيهِ لِخَمْسٍ بَقِينَ مِنْ شَعْبَانَ مِنْ هَذِهِ السَّنَةِ - أَعْنِي سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَمِائَةٍ - وَلَهُ مِنَ الْعُمْرِ أَرْبَعٌ وَثَلَاثُونَ سَنَةً وَأَشْهَرٌ ; لِأَنَّهُ وُلِدَ لَمَّا قَتَلَ أَبُوهُ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ، مُصْعَبَ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ فِي سَنَةِ ثِنْتَيْنِ وَسَبْعَيْنِ، فَسَمَّاهُ مَنْصُورًا تَفَاؤُلًا، ثُمَّ قَدِمَ فَوَجَدَ أُمَّهُ قَدْ أَسْمَتْهُ بِاسْمِ أَبِيهَا هِشَامٍ فَأَقَرَّهُ. وَكَانَتْ أُمُّهُ عَائِشَةُ بِنْتُ هِشَامٍ حَمْقَاءَ، فَطَلَّقَهَا عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ. وَكَانَتْ كُنْيَةُ هِشَامٍ: أَبَا الْوَلِيدِ وقَالَ الْوَاقِدِيُّ: أَتَتْهُ الْخِلَافَةُ وَهُوَ بِالزَّيْتُونَةِ فِي مَنْزِلٍ لَهُ، فَجَاءَهُ الْبَرِيدُ بِالْعَصَا وَالْخَاتَمِ، فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ بِالْخِلَافَةِ، فَرَكِبَ مِنَ الرَّصَافَةِ حَتَّى أَتَى دِمَشْقَ، فَقَامَ بِأَمْرِ الْخِلَافَةِ أَتَمَّ الْقِيَامِ. وقد وُلِدَ هشام بن عبد الملك سَنَةَ نَيِّفٍ وَسَبْعِينَ، وَاسْتُخْلِفَ بِعَهْدٍ مِنْ أَخِيهِ يَزِيدَ. قَالَ مُصْعَبٌ الزُّبَيْرِيُّ: (رَأَى عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ فِي مَنَامِهِ أَنَّهُ بَالَ فِي الْمِحْرَابِ أَرْبَعَ مَرَّاتٍ، فَسَأَلَ سَعِيدَ بْنَ الْمُسَيِّبِ فَقَالَ: يَمْلِكُ مِنْ وَلَدِهِ لِصُلْبِهِ أَرْبَعَةٌ، فَكَانَ آخِرَهُمْ هِشَامٌ). وَكَانَ هِشَامٌ حَازِمًا عَاقِلًا، كَانَ لَا يُدْخِلُ بَيْتَ مَالِهِ مَالًا حَتَّى يَشْهَدَ أَرْبَعُونَ قَسَامَةً: لَقَدْ أُخِذَ مِنْ حَقِّهِ، وَلَقَدْ أَعْطَى لِكُلِّ ذِي حَقٍّ حَقُّهُ. وَقَالَ الْأَصْمَعِيُّ: (أَسْمَعَ رَجُلٌ مَرَّةً هِشَامًا كَلَامًا، فَقَالَ لَهُ: يَا هَذَا؛ لَيْسَ لَكَ أَنْ تُسْمِعَ خَلِيفَتَكَ). قَالَ: وَغَضِبَ مَرَّةً عَلَى رَجُلٍ، فَقَالَ: (وَاللَّهِ؛ لَقَدْ هَمَمْتُ أَنْ أَضْرِبَكَ سَوْطًا). وَقَالَ سَحْبَلُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ: (مَا رَأَيْتُ أَحَدًا مِنَ الْخُلَفَاءِ أَكْرَهَ إِلَيْهِ الدِّمَاءُ وَلَا أَشَدَّ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ هِشَامٍ). وَعَنْ هِشَامٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: (مَا بَقِيَ شَيْءٌ مِنْ لَذَّاتِ الدُّنْيَا... إِلَّا وَقَدْ نِلْتُهُ إِلَّا شَيْئًا وَاحِدًا؛ أَخًا أَرْفَعُ مُؤْنَةَ التَّحَفُّظِ فِيمَا بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَهُ). وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: (لَمَّا بَنَى هِشَامٌ الرَّصَافَةَ بِقِنَّسْرِينَ... أَحَبَّ أَنْ يَخْلُوَ يَوْمًا لَا يَأْتِيهِ فِيهِ غَمٍّ، فَمَا انْتَصَفَ النَّهَارُ حَتَّى أَتَتْهُ رِيشَةٌ بِدَمٍ مِنْ بَعْضِ الثُّغُورِ، فَأُوصِلَتْ إِلَيْهِ فَقَالَ: وَلَا يَوْمًا وَاحِدًا!!(. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ هَذَا الْبَيْتَ لَهُ وَلَمْ يُحْفَظْ لَهُ سِوَاهُ: إِذَا أَنْتَ لَمْ تَعْصِ الْهَوَى قَادَكَ الْهَوَى إِلَى بَعْضِ مَا فِيهِ عَلَيْكَ مَقَالُ مَاتَ فِي رَبِيعٍ الْآخِرِ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَعِشْرِينَ وَمِائَةٍ. [الْحِكْمَةُ فِي مُخَاطَبَةِ السُّلْطَانِ] أَخْرَجَ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ عَنْ إِبْرَاهِيمَ بْنِ أَبِي عَبْلَةَ قَالَ: (أَرَادَ هِشَامُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ أَنْ يُوَلِّيَنِي خَرَاجَ مِصْرَ فَأَبَيْتُ، فَغَضِبَ حَتَّى اخْتَلَجَ وَجْهُهُ، وَكَانَ فِي عَيْنَيْهِ الْحَوْلُ، فَنَظَرَ إِلَيَّ نَظَرًا مُنْكَرًا وَقَالَ: لَتَلِيَنَّ طَائِعًا أَوْ لَتَلِيَنَّ كَارِهًا، فَأَمْسَكْتُ عَنِ الْكَلَامِ حَتَّى سَكَنَ غَضَبُهُ، فَقُلْتُ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، أَتَكَلَّمُ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قُلْتُ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى قَالَ فِي كِتَابِهِ الْعَزِيزِ: { إِنَّا عَرَضْنَا الأَمَانَةَ عَلَى السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ وَالْجِبَالِ فَأَبَيْنَ أَنْ يَحْمِلْنَهَا } الْآيَةَ فَوَاللَّهِ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ؛ مَا غَضِبَ عَلَيْهِنَّ إِذْ أَبَيْنَ، وَلَا أَكْرَهَهُنَّ إِذْ كَرِهْنَ، وَمَا أَنَا بِحَقِيقٍ أَنْ تَغْضَبَ عَلَيَّ إِنْ أَبَيْتُ، وَلَا تُكْرِهَنِي إِذْ كَرِهْتُ، فَضَحِكَ وَأَعْفَانِي). [مَوْعِظَةُ خَالِدِ بْنِ صَفْوَانَ لِهِشَامِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ] وَأُخْرِجَ عَنْ خَالِدِ بْنِ صَفْوَانَ قَالَ: (وَفَدْتُ عَلَى هِشَامِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ فَقَالَ: هَاتِ يَا بْنَ صَفْوَانَ، قُلْتُ: إِنَّ مَلِكًا مِنَ الْمُلُوكِ خَرَجَ مُتَنَزِّهًا إِلَى الْخَوَرْنَقِ، وَكَانَ ذَا عِلْمٍ مَعَ الْكَثْرَةِ وَالْغَلَبَةِ، فَنَظَرَ وَقَالَ لِجُلَسَائِهِ: لِمَنْ هَذَا؟ قَالُوا: لِلْمَلِكِ. قَالَ: فَهَلْ رَأَيْتُمْ أَحَدًا أُعْطِيَ مِثْلَ مَا أُعْطِيتُ؟ وَكَانَ عِنْدَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ بَقَايَا حَمَلَةِ الْحُجَّةِ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّكَ قَدْ سَأَلْتَ عَنْ أَمْرٍ، فَتَأْذَنُ لِي بِالْجَوَابِ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: أَرَأَيْتَ مَا أَنْتَ فِيهِ، أَشِيءٌ لَمْ تَزَلْ فِيهِ، أَمْ شَيْءٌ صَارَ إِلَيْكَ مِيرَاثًا وَهُوَ زَائِلٌ عَنْكَ إِلَى غَيْرِكَ كَمَا صَارَ إِلَيْكَ؟ قَالَ: كَذَا هُوَ. قَالَ: فَتُعْجَبُ بِشَيْءٍ يَسِيرٍ لَا تَكُونُ فِيهِ إِلَّا قَلِيلًا، وَتُنْقَلُ عَنْهُ طَوِيلًا، فَيَكُونُ عَلَيْكَ حِسَابًا؟! قَالَ: وَيْحَكَ!! فَأَيْنَ الْمَهْرَبُ؟ وَأَيْنَ الْمَطْلَبُ؟ وَأَخَذَتْهُ قُشَعْرِيرَةٌ، قَالَ: إِمَّا أَنْ تُقِيمَ فِي مِلْكِكَ فَتَعْمَلَ بِطَاعَةِ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى عَلَى مَا سَاءَكَ وَسَرَّكَ، وَإِمَّا أَنْ تَنْخَلِعَ مِنْ مُلْكِكَ وَتَضَعَ تَاجَكَ، وَتُلْقِيَ عَنْكَ أَطَمَارَكَ وَتَعْبُدَ رَبَّكَ؟ قَالَ: إِنِّي مُفَكِّرٌ اللَّيْلَةَ وَأُوَافِيكَ السَّحَرَ، فَلَمَّا كَانَ السَّحَرُ... قَرَعَ عَلَيْهِ بَابَهُ، فَقَالَ: إِنِّي اخْتَرْتُ هَذَا الْجَبَلَ وَفَلَوَاتِ الْأَرْضِ، وَقَدْ لَبِسْتُ عَلَى أَمْسَاحِي، فَإِنْ كُنْتَ لِي رَفِيقًا... لَا تُخَالِفْ، فَلَزِمَا الْجَبَلَ حَتَّى مَاتَا. وَفِيهِ يَقُولُ عَدِيُّ بْنُ زَيْدِ بْنِ الْحِمَارِ: أَيُّهَا الشَّامِتُ الْمُعَيِّرُ بِالدَّهْـ ـرِ أَأَنْتَ الْمُبَرَّأُ الْمَوْفُورُ؟ أَمْ لَدَيْكَ الْعَهْدُ الْوَثِيقُ مِنَ الْـ أَيَّامِ؟ بَلْ أَنْتَ جَاهِلٌ مَغْرُورُ مَنْ رَأَيْتَ الْمَنُونَ خَلَّدْنَ أَمْ مَنْ ذَا عَلَيْهِ مِنْ أَنْ يُضَامَ خَفِيرُ؟ أَيْنَ كِسْرَى كِسْرَى الْمُلُوكِ أَبُو سَا سَانَ أَمْ أَيْنَ قَبْلَهُ سَابُورُ؟ وَبَنُو الْأَصْفَرِ الْكِرَامُ مُلُوكُ الرُّ ومِ، لَمْ يَبْقَ مِنْهُمُ مَذْكُورُ وَأَخُو الْحُضْرِ إِذْ بَنَاهُ وَإِذْ دِجْـ ـلَةُ تُجْبَى إِلَيْهِ وَالْخَابُورُ شَادَهُ مَرْمَرًا وَجَلَّلَهُ كَلْـ ـسًا فَلِلطَّيْرِ فِي ذُرَاهُ وُكُورُ لَمْ تَهَبْهُ رَيْبُ الْمَنُونِ، فَبَادَ الْمُـ ـلْكِ عَنْهُ، فَبَابُهُ مَهْجُورُ وَتَذَكَّرْ رَبَّ الْخَوَرْنَقِ إِذْ أَشْـ ـرَفَ يَوْمًا، وَلِلْهُدَى تَذْكِيرُ سَرَّهُ مَالُهُ، وَكَثْرَةُ مَا يَمْـ ـلِكُ وَالْبَحْرُ مُعْرِضٌ وَالسَّدِيرُ فَارْعَوَى قَلْبُهُ، وَقَالَ وَمَا غِبْـ ـطَةٌ حَيٌّ إِلَى الْمَمَاتِ يَصِيرُ؟ ثُمَّ بَعْدَ الْفَلَاحِ وَالْمُلْكِ والْأُمَّـ ـةِ وَارَتْهُمْ هُنَاكَ الْقُبُورُ ثُمَّ صَارُوا كَأَنَّهُمْ وَرَقٌ جَـ ـفَّ فَأَلْوَتْ بِهِ الصَّبَا وَالدَّبُورُ قَالَ: فَبَكَى هِشَامٌ حَتَّى اخْضَلَّتْ لِحْيَتُهُ، وَأَمَرَ بِأَبْنِيَتَهِ وَطَيِّ فُرُشِهِ، وَلَزِمَ قَصْرَهُ، فَأَقْبَلَتِ الْمَوَالِي وَالْحَشَمُ عَلَى خَالِدِ بْنِ صَفْوَانَ وَقَالُوا: مَاذَا أَرَدْتَ إِلَى أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ؟ أَفْسَدْتَ عَلَيْهِ لَذَّتَهُ؟ فَقَالَ: إِلَيْكُمْ عَنِّي؛ فَإِنِّي عَاهَدْتُ اللَّهَ أَلَّا أَخْلُوَ بِمَلِكٍ... إِلَّا ذَكَّرْتُهُ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى).
Translation
✧ The Caliphate of Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik. He was given the oath of allegiance as caliph on Friday after the death of his brother, five nights remaining of Shaʿbān of this year—meaning the year 105—at the age of thirty-four years and some months; for he was born when his father ʿAbd al-Malik killed Muṣʿab b. al-Zubayr in the year 72, and he named him Manṣūr out of optimism. Then he arrived and found that his mother had named him after her father, Hishām, and he approved it. His mother was ʿĀʾishah bt. Hishām, who was foolish, so ʿAbd al-Malik divorced her. Hishām's kunyah was Abū al-Walīd. Al-Wāqidī said: The caliphate came to him while he was at al-Zaytūnah in a residence of his, and the courier brought him the staff and the seal, and greeted him with the caliphate. He rode from al-Ruṣāfah until he reached Damascus, and he took up the affairs of the caliphate in the most complete manner. Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik was born in the year seventy-something, and he was made successor by a covenant from his brother Yazīd. Muṣʿab al-Zubayrī said: ʿAbd al-Malik saw in his sleep that he urinated in the miḥrāb four times, and he asked Saʿīd b. al-Musayyib, who said: Four of his own loins' children will rule, and the last of them will be Hishām. Hishām was resolute and intelligent. He would not admit any wealth into his treasury until forty oath-takers testified: It has been taken from his right, and he has given every possessor of a right his due. Al-Aṣmaʿī said: A man once made Hishām hear some words, and Hishām said to him: O you, it is not for you to make your caliph hear. He said: He once became angry with a man and said: By God, I have considered striking you with a whip. Saḥbal b. Muḥammad said: I have not seen any of the caliphs to whom blood was more hateful or more distressing than Hishām. It is reported from Hishām that he said: Nothing of the pleasures of this world remains... except that I have attained it, except one thing: a brother with whom I could dispense with the burden of caution between me and him. Al-Shāfiʿī said: When Hishām built al-Ruṣāfah in Qinnasrīn... he wished to be alone one day in which no grief would come to him, but before midday a blood-stained feather came to him from one of the frontiers, and it was brought to him. He said: Not even one day! It is said that this verse is his, and no other is preserved from him: If you do not disobey desire, desire will lead you to some of what will be said against you. He died in Rabīʿ al-Ākhir, year 125. [The wisdom in addressing the ruler] Ibn ʿAsākir reported from Ibrāhīm b. Abī ʿAblah, who said: Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik wanted to appoint me over the land tax of Egypt, but I refused. He became angry until his face twitched—he had a squint in his eyes—and he looked at me with a disapproving look and said: You will take charge willingly or you will take charge unwillingly. I held back from speaking until his anger subsided, then I said: O Commander of the Faithful, may I speak? He said: Yes. I said: God Almighty said in His Mighty Book: {Indeed, We offered the Trust to the heavens and the earth and the mountains, but they refused to bear it} to the end of the verse. By God, O Commander of the Faithful, He did not become angry with them when they refused, nor did He compel them when they disliked it. I am not more deserving that you should be angry with me if I refuse, nor should you compel me if I dislike it. He laughed and excused me. [The exhortation of Khālid b. Ṣafwān to Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik] It is also reported from Khālid b. Ṣafwān, who said: I came as a delegate to Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik, and he said: Give it, O Ibn Ṣafwān. I said: A certain king went out for a pleasure excursion to al-Khawarnaq, and he was a man of knowledge along with abundance and dominance. He looked and said to his companions: To whom does this belong? They said: To the king. He said: Have you seen anyone given the like of what I have been given? With him was a man from the remnants of the bearers of the proof, and he said: You have asked about a matter; do you permit me to answer? He said: Yes. He said: Do you consider what you are in—is it something you have always been in, or something that came to you as an inheritance and will pass from you to another just as it came to you? He said: It is so. He said: Then do you marvel at a small thing in which you will remain only a little, and from which you will be removed for a long time, and for which you will be held to account?! He said: Woe to you! Where is the escape? Where is the recourse? And a shudder seized him. He said: Either you remain in your kingdom and act in obedience to God Almighty through what displeases you and what pleases you, or you strip yourself of your kingdom, lay down your crown, cast off your worn garments, and worship your Lord. He said: I will think tonight and come to you before dawn. When it was before dawn... he knocked on his door and said: I have chosen this mountain and the deserts of the earth, and I have put on my haircloth garments. If you will be my companion... do not oppose. So they kept to the mountain until they both died. About him ʿAdī b. Zayd b. al-Ḥimār said: O you who gloat and reproach about time, are you the one exempt and preserved? Or do you hold a firm covenant from the days? No, you are ignorant and deceived. Who have you seen that the fates made immortal, or who has a protector against being wronged? Where is Kisrā, Kisrā of kings, Abū Sāsān, or where before him is Sābūr? And the noble sons of al-Aṣfar, kings of the Byzantines—no mention of them remains, And the builder of al-Ḥuḍr when he built it, when the Tigris and the Khābūr were taxed for him, He raised it with marble and covered it with lime, so for the birds in its heights are nests. The vicissitudes of fate did not spare him, and the kingdom perished from him, and his gate is deserted. And remember the lord of al-Khawarnaq when he looked out one day—and remembrance is for guidance— His wealth pleased him, and the abundance of what he owned, while the sea and al-Sadīr lay before him. Then his heart turned back, and he said: What delight is there for a living being who ends in death? Then after success and kingship and nation, the graves there concealed them. Then they became as if they were leaves dried up, which the east wind and the west wind carried away. He said: Hishām wept until his beard was soaked, and he ordered his buildings to be torn down and his furnishings folded up, and he kept to his palace. The clients and servants came to Khālid b. Ṣafwān and said: What did you intend for the Commander of the Faithful? You have ruined his pleasure for him. He said: Away from me; I have covenanted with God that I will never be alone with a king... except that I remind him of God Almighty.
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