Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2444
The Year 101
( مَنَاقِبُ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ ) قَالَ: أَبُو دَاوُدَ الطَّيَالِسِيُّ: بسنده عن عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ دِينَارٍ، قَالَ: قَالَ ابْنُ عُمَرَ: يَا عَجَبًا ! يَزْعُمُ النَّاسُ أَنَّ الدُّنْيَا لَا تَنْقَضِي حَتَّى يَلِيَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ آلِ عُمَرَ يَعْمَلُ بِمِثْلِ عَمَلِ عُمَرَ. قَالَ: فَكَانُوا يَرَوْنَهُ بِلَالَ بْنَ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ قَالَ: وَكَانَ بِوَجْهِهِ أَثَرٌ، فَلَمْ يَكُنْ هُوَ، وَإِذَا هُوَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَأُمُّهُ ابْنَةُ عَاصِمِ بْنِ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ وَقَالَ الْبَيْهَقِيُّ: بسنده عَنْ جُوَيْرِيَّةَ بْنِ أَسْمَاءَ، عَنْ نَافِعٍ، قَالَ: بَلَغَنَا أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ قَالَ: إِنَّ مِنْ وَلَدِي رَجُلًا بِوَجْهِهِ شَيْنٌ يَلِي، فَيَمْلَأُ الْأَرْضَ عَدْلًا. قَالَ نَافِعٌ مِنْ قَبْلِهِ: وَلَا أَحْسَبُهُ إِلَّا عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ. وَقَالَ: وُهَيْبُ بْنُ الْوَرْدِ: بَيْنَمَا أَنَا نَائِمٌ، رَأَيْتُ كَأَنَّ رَجُلًا دَخَلَ مِنْ بَابِ بَنِي شَيْبَةَ، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، وُلِّيَ عَلَيْكُمْ كِتَابُ اللَّهِ. فَقُلْتُ: مَنْ ؟ فَأَشَارَ إِلَى ظَهْرِهِ، فَإِذَا مَكْتُوبٌ عَلَيْهِ: عُ مَ رُ. قَالَ: فَجَاءَتْ بَيْعَةُ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَقَالَ بَقِيَّةُ، بسنده عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ أَنَّهُ رَأَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي رَوْضَةٍ خَضْرَاءَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: " إِنَّكَ سَتَلِي أَمْرَ أُمَّتِي فَزَعْ عَنِ الدَّمِ، فَإِنَّ اسْمَكَ فِي النَّاسِ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَاسْمُكَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ جَابِرٌ ". وَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ الْمُقْرِيِّ: بسنده عَنْ رَبَاحِ بْنِ عُبَيْدَةَ، قَالَ: خَرَجَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ إِلَى الصَّلَاةِ، وَشَيْخٌ مُتَوَكِّئٌ عَلَى يَدِهِ، فَقُلْتُ فِي نَفْسِي: إِنَّ هَذَا الشَّيْخَ جَافٌّ، فَلَمَّا صَلَّى وَدَخَلَ لَحِقْتُهُ، فَقُلْتُ: أَصْلَحَ اللَّهُ الْأَمِيرَ، مَنِ الشَّيْخُ الَّذِي كَانَ مُتَّكِئًا عَلَى يَدِكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: يَا رَبَاحُ رَأَيْتَهُ ؟ قُلْتُ: نَعَمْ. قَالَ: مَا أَحْسَبُكَ يَا رَبَاحُ إِلَّا رَجُلًا صَالِحًا، ذَاكَ أَخِي الْخَضِرُ، أَتَانِي فَأَعْلَمَنِي أَنِّي سَأَلِي أَمْرَ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ، وَأَنِّي سَأَعْدِلُ فِيهَا. وَقَالَ يَعْقُوبُ بْنُ سُفْيَانَ: بسنده عَنْ أَبِي الْأَعْيَسِ، قَالَ: كُنْتُ جَالِسًا مَعَ خَالِدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ، فَجَاءَ شَابٌّ عَلَيْهِ مُقَطَّعَاتٌ، فَأَخَذَ بِيَدِ خَالِدٍ، فَقَالَ: هَلْ عَلَيْنَا مِنْ عَيْنٍ ؟ فَقَالَ أَبُو الْأَعْيَسِ: فَقُلْتُ: عَلَيْكُمَا مِنَ اللَّهِ عَيْنٌ بَصِيرَةٌ وَأُذُنٌ سَمِيعَةٌ، قَالَ: فَتَرَقْرَقَتْ عَيْنَا الْفَتَى. فَأَرْسَلَ يَدَهُ مِنْ يَدِ خَالِدٍ وَوَلَّى، فَقُلْتُ: مَنْ هَذَا ؟ قَالَ: هَذَا عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ ابْنُ أَخِي أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَلَئِنْ طَالَتْ بِكَ حَيَاةٌ لَتَرَيَنَّهُ إِمَامَ هُدًى. قُلْتُ: قَدْ كَانَ عِنْدَ خَالِدِ بْنِ يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ شَيْءٌ جَيِّدٌ مِنْ أَخْبَارِ الْأَوَائِلِ وَأَقْوَالِهِمْ. العهد لعمر بن عبد العزيز بالخلافة وَقَدْ روي أن سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ لَمَّا حَضَرَتْهُ الْوَفَاةُ عَزَمَ أَنْ يَكْتُبَ الْعَهْدَ بِاسْمِ أَحَدِ أَوْلَادِهِ، فَمَا زَالَ بِهِ وَزِيرُهُ الصَّادِقُ رَجَاءُ بْنُ حَيْوَةَ حَتَّى صَرَفَهُ عَنْ ذَلِكَ، وَأَشَارَ عَلَيْهِ أَنْ يَجْعَلَ الْأَمْرَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ لِأَصْلَحِ النَّاسِ لَهُمْ، فَأَلْهَمَ اللَّهُ الْخَلِيفَةَ رُشْدَهُ، فَعَيَّنَ لَهَا ابْنَ عَمِّهِ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فَجَوَّدَ رَأْيَهُ رَجَاءُ بْنُ حَيْوَةَ وَصَوَّبَهُ، فَكَتَبَ سُلَيْمَانُ الْعَهْدَ فِي صَحِيفَةٍ، وَخَتَمَهَا، وَلَمْ يَشْعُرْ بِذَلِكَ عُمَرُ، وَلَا أَحَدٌ مِنْ بَنِي مَرْوَانَ سِوَى سُلَيْمَانَ وَرَجَاءٍ، ثُمَّ أَمَرَ صَاحِبَ الشُّرَطَةِ بِإِحْضَارِ الْأُمَرَاءِ، وَرُءُوسِ النَّاسِ مِنْ بَنِي مَرْوَانَ وَغَيْرِهِمْ، فَبَايَعُوا سُلَيْمَانَ عَلَى مَا فِي الصَّحِيفَةِ الْمَخْتُومَةِ، ثُمَّ انْصَرَفُوا، ثُمَّ لَمَّا مَاتَ الْخَلِيفَةُ اسْتَدْعَاهُمْ رَجَاءُ بْنُ حَيْوَةَ فَبَايَعُوا ثَانِيَةً، قَبْلَ أَنْ يَعْلَمُوا مَوْتَ الْخَلِيفَةِ، ثُمَّ فَتَحَهَا فَقَرَأَهَا عَلَيْهِمْ، فَإِذَا فِيهَا الْبَيْعَةُ لِعُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، فَأَخَذُوهُ فَأَجْلَسُوهُ عَلَى الْمِنْبَرِ وَبَايَعُوهُ، فَانْعَقَدَتْ لَهُ الْبَيْعَةُ. اختلاف العلماء في الرَّجُلِ يُوصِي الْوَصِيَّةَ فِي كِتَابٍ وَيُشْهِدُ عَلَى مَا فِيهِ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يُقْرَأَ عَلَى الشُّهُودِ وَقَدِ اخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاءُ فِي مِثْلِ هَذَا الصَّنِيعِ فِي الرَّجُلِ يُوصِي الْوَصِيَّةَ فِي كِتَابٍ وَيُشْهِدُ عَلَى مَا فِيهِ مِنْ غَيْرِ أَنْ يُقْرَأَ عَلَى الشُّهُودِ، ثُمَّ يَشْهَدُونَ عَلَى مَا فِيهِ فَيَنْفُذُ ، فَسَوَّغَ ذَلِكَ جَمَاعَاتٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْعِلْمِ ; قَالَ الْقَاضِي أَبُو الْفَرَجِ الْمُعَافَى بْنُ زَكَرِيَّا الْجُرَيْرِيُّ: أَجَازَ ذَلِكَ وَأَمْضَاهُ وَأَنْفَذَ الْحُكْمَ بِهِ جُمْهُورُ أَهْلِ الْحِجَازِ. وَرُوِيَ ذَلِكَ عَنْ سَالِمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، وَهُوَ مَذْهَبُ مَالِكٍ وَمَنْ وَافَقَهُ مِنْ فُقَهَاءِ الشَّامِ. وَحَكَى نَحْوَ ذَلِكَ خَالِدُ بْنُ يَزِيدَ بْنِ أَبِي مَالِكٍ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ وَقُضَاةِ جُنْدِهِ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ اللَّيْثِ بْنِ سَعْدٍ فِي مَنْ وَافَقَهُ مِنْ فُقَهَاءِ أَهْلِ مِصْرَ وَالْمَغْرِبِ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ فُقَهَاءِ أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ وَقُضَاتِهِمْ. وَرُوِيَ عَنْ قَتَادَةَ، وَعَنْ سَوَّارِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، وَعُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ الْحُسَيْنِ، وَمُعَاذِ بْنِ مُعَاذٍ الْعَنْبَرِيِّ فِي مَنْ سَلَكَ سَبِيلَهُمْ. وَأَخَذَ بِهَذَا عَدَدٌ كَثِيرٌ مِنْ أَصْحَابِ الْحَدِيثِ. قُلْتُ: وَقَدِ اعْتَنَى بِهِ الْبُخَارِيُّ فِي " صَحِيحِهِ ". قَالَ الْمُعَافَى: وَأَبَى ذَلِكَ جَمَاعَةٌ مِنْ فُقَهَاءِ الْعِرَاقِ، مِنْهُمْ: إِبْرَاهِيمُ، وَحَمَّادٌ، وَالْحَسَنُ، وَهُوَ مَذْهَبُ الشَّافِعِيِّ، وَأَبِي ثَوْرٍ. قَالَ: وَهُوَ قَوْلُ شَيْخِنَا أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ، وَكَانَ بَعْضُ أَصْحَابِ الشَّافِعِيِّ بِالْعِرَاقِ يَذْهَبُ إِلَى الْقَوْلِ الْأَوَّلِ. قَالَ الْجَرِيرِيُّ: وَإِلَى الْقَوْلِ الْأَوَّلِ نَذْهَبُ. وَتَقَدَّمَ أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ لَمَّا رَجَعَ مِنْ جِنَازَةِ سُلَيْمَانَ أُتِيَ بِمَرَاكِبِ الْخِلَافَةِ لِيَرْكَبَهَا، فَامْتَنَعَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ، وَأَنْشَأَ يَقُولُ: فَلَوْلَا التُّقَى ثُمَّ النُّهَى خَشْيَةَ الرَّدَى لَعَاصَيْتُ فِي حُبِّ الصِّبَا كُلَّ زَاجِرِ قَضَى مَا قَضَى فِيمَا مَضَى ثُمَّ لَا تَرَى لَهُ صَبْوَةً أُخْرَى اللَّيَالِي الْغَوَابِرِ ثُمَّ قَالَ: مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ لَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ، قَدِّمُوا إِلَيَّ بَغْلَتِي. ثُمَّ أَمَرَ بِبَيْعِ تِلْكَ الْمَرَاكِبِ الْخَلِيفِيَّةِ فِي مَنْ يُرِيدُ، وَكَانَتْ مِنَ الْخُيُولِ الْجِيَادِ الْمُثَمَّنَةِ، فَبَاعَهَا وَجَعَلَ أَثْمَانَهَا فِي بَيْتِ الْمَالِ. قَالُوا: فَلَمَّا رَجَعَ مِنَ الْجِنَازَةِ، وَقَدْ بَايَعَهُ النَّاسُ، وَاسْتَقَرَّتِ الْخِلَافَةُ بِاسْمِهِ، انْقَلَبَ وَهُوَ مُغْتَمٌّ مَهْمُومٌ، فَقَالَ لَهُ مَوْلَاهُ: مَا لَكَ هَكَذَا مُغْتَمًّا مَهْمُومًا، وَلَيْسَ هَذَا بِوَقْتِ هَذَا ؟ فَقَالَ: وَيْحَكَ ! وَمَا لِي لَا أَغْتَمُّ، وَلَيْسَ أَحَدٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَشَارِقِ وَالْمَغَارِبِ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ إِلَّا وَهُوَ يُطَالِبُنِي بِحَقِّهِ ; أَنْ أُؤَدِّيَهُ إِلَيْهِ، كَتَبَ إِلَيَّ فِي ذَلِكَ أَوْ لَمْ يَكْتُبْ، طَلَبَهُ مِنِّي أَوْ لَمْ يَطْلُبْ. قَالُوا: ثُمَّ إِنَّهُ خَيَّرَ امْرَأَتَهُ فَاطِمَةَ بَيْنَ أَنْ تُقِيمَ مَعَهُ عَلَى أَنَّهُ لَا فَرَاغَ لَهُ إِلَيْهَا، وَبَيْنَ أَنْ تَلْحَقَ بِأَهْلِهَا، فَبَكَتْ وَبَكَى جَوَارِيهَا لِبُكَائِهَا، فَسُمِعَتْ ضَجَّةٌ فِي دَارِهِ، ثُمَّ اخْتَارَتْ مُقَامَهَا مَعَهُ عَلَى كُلِّ حَالٍ، رَحِمَهَا اللَّهُ. وَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ: تَفَرَّغْ لَنَا يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. فَأَنْشَأَ يَقُولُ قَدْ جَاءَ شُغْلٌ شَاغِلٌ وَعَدَلْتُ عَنْ طُرُقِ السَّلَامَهْ ذَهَبَ الْفَرَاغُ فَلَا فَرَا غَ لَنَا إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَهْ وَقَالَ سَهْلُ بْنُ صَدَقَةَ: (لَمَّا اسْتُخْلِفَ عُمَرُ... سُمِعَ فِي مَنْزِلِهِ بُكَاءٌ، فَسَأَلُوا عَنْ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالُوا: إِنَّ عُمَرَ خَيَّرَ جَوَارِيَهُ، فَقَالَ: قَدْ نَزَلَ بِي أَمْرٌ قَدْ شَغَلَنِي عَنْكُمْ، فَمَنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ أُعْتِقَهُ... أَعْتَقْتُهُ، وَمَنْ أَحَبَّ أَنْ أُمْسِكَهُ... أَمْسَكْتُهُ إِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ مِنِّي إِلَيْهَا شَيْءٌ، فَبَكَيْنَ إِيَاسًا مِنْهُ). وَقَالَتْ فَاطِمَةُ امْرَأَتُهُ: (كَانَ عُمَرُ إِذَا دَخَلَ الْبَيْتَ... أَلْقَى نَفْسَهُ فِي مَسْجِدِهِ، فَلَا يَزَالُ يَبْكِي وَيَدْعُو حَتَّى تَغْلِبَهُ عَيْنَاهُ، ثُمَّ يَسْتَيْقِظُ فَيَفْعَلُ مِثْلَ ذَلِكَ لَيْلَتَهُ أَجْمَعَ). وَقَالَ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي السَّائِبِ: (مَا رَأَيْتُ أَحَدًا قَطُّ أَخْوَفَ مِنْ عُمَرَ). وَقَالَ الْأَوْزَاعِيُّ: (إِنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ كَانَ جَالِسًا فِي بَيْتِهِ وَعِنْدَهُ أَشْرَافُ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ، فَقَالَ: تُحِبُّونَ أَنْ أُوَلِّيَ كُلَّ رَجُلٍ مِنْكُمْ جُنْدًا؟ فَقَالَ رَجُلٌ مِنْهُمْ: لِمَ تَعْرِضُ عَلَيْنَا مَا لَا تَفْعَلُهُ؟! قَالَ: تَرَوْنَ بِسَاطِي هَذَا؟ إِنِّي لَأَعْلَمُ أَنَّهُ يَصِيرُ إِلَى بِلًى وَفَنَاءٍ، وَإِنِّي أَكْرَهُ أَنْ تُدَنِّسُوهُ بِأَرْجُلِكُمْ، فَكَيْفَ أُوَلِّيكُمْ دِينِي، أُوَلِّيكُمْ أَعْرَاضَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ وَأَبْشَارَهُمْ؟! هَيْهَاتَ لَكُمْ هَيْهَاتَ!! فَقَالُوا لَهُ: لِمَ؟ أَمَا لَنَا قَرَابَةٌ؟ أَمَا لَنَا حَقٌّ؟ قَالَ: مَا أَنْتُمْ وَأَقْصَى رَجُلٍ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ عِنْدِي فِي هَذَا الْأَمْرِ إِلَّا سَوَاءٌ، إِلَّا رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ حَبَسَهُ عَنِّي طُولُ شُقَّتِهِ). وَقَالَ حُمَيْدٌ: (أَمْلَى عَلَيَّ الْحَسَنُ رِسَالَةً إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فَأَبْلَغَ، ثُمَّ شَكَا الْحَاجَةَ وَالْعِيَالَ، فَأَمَرَ بِعَطَائِهِ). وَقَالَ الْأَوْزَاعِيُّ: (كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ إِذَا أَرَادَ أَنْ يُعَاقِبَ رَجُلًا... حَبَسَهُ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ، ثُمَّ عَاقَبَهُ، كَرَاهَةَ أَنْ يَعْجَلَ فِي أَوَّلِ غَضَبِهِ). وَقَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ بْنُ مَيْسَرَةَ: (مَا رَأَيْتُ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ ضَرَبَ أَحَدًا فِي خِلَافَتِهِ، غَيْرَ رَجُلٍ وَاحِدٍ، تَنَاوَلَ مِنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ، فَضَرَبَهُ ثَلَاثَةَ أَسْوَاطٍ. وَقَالَ الْأَوْزَاعِيُّ: لَمَّا قَطَعَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ عَنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ مَا كَانَ يَجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ أَرْزَاقِ الْخَاصَّةِ... كَلَّمُوهُ فِي ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ: لَنْ يَتَّسِعَ مَالِي لَكُمْ، وَأَمَّا هَذَا الْمَالُ... فَإِنَّمَا حَقُّكُمْ فِيهِ كَحَقِّ رَجُلٍ بِأَقْصَى بَرْكِ الْغِمَادِ). وَقَالَ أَبُو عُمَرَ: (كَتَبَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ: بِرَدِّ أَحْكَامٍ مَنْ أَحْكَامِ الْحَجَّاجِ مُخَالِفَةٍ لِأَحْكَامِ النَّاسِ). وَقَالَ يَحْيَى الْغَسَّانِيُّ: (لَمَّا وَلَّانِي عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ الْمَوْصِلَ.. قَدِمْتُهَا فَوَجَدْتُهَا مِنْ أَكْثَرِ الْبِلَادِ سَرِقَةً وَنَقْبًا، فَكَتَبْتُ إِلَيْهِ أُعْلِمُهُ حَالَ الْبَلَدِ، وَأَسْأَلُهُ: آخُذُ النَّاسَ بِالظِّنَّةِ وَأَضْرِبُهُمْ عَلَى التُّهْمَةِ؟ أَوْ آخُذُهُمْ بِالْبَيِّنَةِ وَمَا جَرَتْ عَلَيْهِ السُّنَّةُ؟ فَكَتَبَ إِلَيَّ: أَنْ خُذِ النَّاسَ بِالْبَيِّنَةِ وَمَا جَرَتْ عَلَيْهِ السُّنَّةُ؛ فَإِنْ لَمْ يُصْلِحْهُمُ الْحَقُّ... فَلَا أَصْلَحَهُمُ اللَّهُ. قَالَ يَحْيَى: فَفَعَلْتُ ذَلِكَ، فَمَا خَرَجْتُ مِنَ الْمَوْصِلِ.. حَتَّى كَانَتْ مِنْ أَصْلَحِ الْبِلَادِ، وَأَقَلِّهِ سَرِقَةً وَنَقْبًا). وَقَالَ رَجَاءُ بْنُ حَيْوَةَ: (سَمَرْتُ لَيْلَةً عِنْدَ عُمَرَ، فَعَشَى السِّرَاجُ، - وَإِلَى جَانِبِهِ وَصِيفٌ، قُلْتُ: أَلَا أُنَبِّهُهُ؟ قَالَ: لَا، قُلْتُ: أَفَلَا أَقُومُ؟ قَالَ: لَيْسَ مِنْ مُرُوءَةِ الرَّجُلِ اسْتِخْدَامُهُ ضَيْفَهُ، فَقَامَ إِلَى بَطَّةِ الزَّيْتِ، وَأَصْلَحَ السِّرَاجَ ثُمَّ رَجَعَ، وَقَالَ: قُمْتُ وَأَنَا عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، وَرَجَعْتُ وَأَنَا عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ). وَقَالَ نُعَيْمٌ كَاتِبُهُ: (قَالَ عُمَرُ: إِنَّهُ لَيَمْنَعُنِي مِنْ كَثِيرٍ مِنَ الْكَلَامِ مَخَافَةُ الْمُبَاهَاةِ). وَقَالَ مَكْحُولٌ: (لَوْ حَلَفْتُ... لَصَدَقْتُ؛ مَا رَأَيْتُ أَزْهَدَ وَلَا أَخْوَفَ لِلَّهِ مِنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ!!). وَقَالَ سَعِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي عَرُوبَةَ: (كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ إِذَا ذَكَرَ الْمَوْتَ... اضْطَرَبَتْ أَوْصَالُهُ). وَقَالَ عَطَاءٌ: (كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ يَجْمَعُ كُلَّ لَيْلَةٍ الْفُقَهَاءَ، فَيَتَذَاكَرُونَ الْمَوْتَ وَالْقِيَامَةَ ثُمَّ يَبْكُونَ، حَتَّى كَأَنَّ بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ جِنَازَةً). وَقَالَ عُبَيْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْعِيزَارِ: (خَطَبَنَا عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ بِالشَّامِ عَلَى مِنْبَرٍ مِنْ طِينٍ، فَقَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، أَصْلِحُوا أَسْرَارَكُمْ... تَصْلُحْ عَلَانِيَتُكُمْ، وَاعْمَلُوا لِآخِرَتِكُمْ... تُكْفَوْا دُنْيَاكُمْ، وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّ رَجُلًا لَيْسَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ آدَمَ أَبٌ حَيٌّ لَمُعْرَقٌ لَهُ فِي الْمَوْتِ، وَالسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ). وَقَالَ وُهَيْبُ بْنُ الْوَرْدِ: (اجْتَمَعَ بَنُو مَرْوَانَ إِلَى بَابِ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، فَقَالُوا لِابْنِهِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ: قُلْ لِأَبِيكَ: إِنَّ مَنْ كَانَ قَبْلَهُ مِنَ الْخُلَفَاءِ كَانَ يُعْطِينَا وَيَعْرِفُ لَنَا مَوْضِعَنَا، وَإِنَّ أَبَاكَ قَدْ حَرَمَنَا مَا فِي يَدَيْهِ، فَدَخَلَ عَلَى أَبِيهِ فَأَخْبَرَهُ، فَقَالَ لَهُ قُلْ: إِنَّ أَبِي يَقُولُ لَكُمْ: { إِنِّي أَخَافُ إِنْ عَصَيْتُ رَبِّي عَذَابَ يَوْمٍ عَظِيمٍ }. وَقَالَ الْأَوْزَاعِيُّ: (قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ: خُذُوا مِنَ الرَّأْيِ مَا يُصَدِّقُ مَنْ كَانَ قَبْلَكُمْ، وَلَا تَأْخُذُوا مَا هُوَ خِلَافٌ لَهُمْ؛ فَإِنَّهُمْ خَيْرٌ مِنْكُمْ وَأَعْلَمُ). [ قِصَّةُ صَاحِبِ الْحَرَسِ مَعَ سَيِّدِنَا عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ] وَقَالَ يَحْيَى الْغَسَّانِيُّ: (كَانَ عُمَرُ يَنْهَى سُلَيْمَانَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ عَنْ قَتْلِ الْحَرُورِيَّةِ، وَيَقُولُ: ضَمِنَهُمُ الْحَبْسُ حَتَّى يُحْدِثُوا تَوْبَةً، فَأَتَى سُلَيْمَانُ بِحَرُورِيٍّ، فَقَالَ لَهُ سُلَيْمَانُ: هِيهِ، فَقَالَ الْحَرُورِيُّ: وَمَاذَا أَقُولُ؟ يَا فَاسِقَ ابْنَ الْفَاسِقِ، فَقَالَ سُلَيْمَانُ: عَلَيَّ بِعُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ. فَلَمَّا جَاءَ.. قَالَ: اسْمَعْ مَقَالَةَ هَذَا، فَأَعَادَهَا الْحَرُورِيُّ، فَقَالَ سُلَيْمَانُ لِعُمَرَ: مَاذَا تَرَى عَلَيْهِ؟ فَسَكَتَ، قَالَ: عَزَمْتُ عَلَيْكَ؛ لَتُخْبِرَنِّي مَاذَا تَرَى عَلَيْهِ؟ قَالَ: أَرَى عَلَيْهِ أَنْ تَشْتِمَهُ كَمَا شَتَمَكَ، قَالَ: لَيْسَ إِلَّا [ذَا]؟! فَأَمَرَ بِهِ سُلَيْمَانُ فَضُرِبَتْ عُنُقُهُ، وَخَرَجَ عُمَرُ، فَأَدْرَكَهُ خَالِدٌ صَاحِبُ الْحَرَسِ، فَقَالَ: يَا عُمَرُ؛ كَيْفَ تَقُولُ لِأَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ: مَا أَرَى عَلَيْهِ إِلَّا أَنْ تَشْتُمَهُ كَمَا شَتَمَكَ؟! وَاللَّهِ؛ لَقَدْ كُنْتُ مُتَوَقِّعًا أَنْ يَأْمُرَنِي بِضَرْبِ عُنُقِكَ. قَالَ: وَلَوْ أَمَرَكَ... فَعَلْتَ؟ قَالَ: إِي وَاللَّهِ. فَلَمَّا أَفْضَتِ الْخِلَافَةُ إِلَى عُمَرَ... جَاءَ خَالِدٌ فَقَامَ مَقَامَ صَاحِبِ الْحَرَسِ، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: يَا خَالِدُ؛ ضَعْ هَذَا السَّيْفَ عَنْكَ، وَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ؛ إِنِّي قَدْ وَضَعْتُ لَكَ خَالِدًا فَلَا تَرْفَعْهُ أَبَدًا، ثُمَّ نَظَرَ فِي وُجُوهِ الْحَرَسِ، فَدَعَا عَمْرَو بْنَ مُهَاجِرٍ الْأَنْصَارِيَّ، وَقَالَ: يَا عَمْرُو، وَاللَّهِ لَتَعْلَمَنَّ أَنَّ، مَا بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَكَ قَرَابَةٌ إِلَّا قَرَابَةُ الْإِسْلَامِ؛ وَلَكِنْ سَمِعْتُكَ تُكْثِرُ تِلَاوَةَ الْقُرْآنِ، وَرَأَيْتُكَ تُصَلِّي فِي مَوْضِعٍ تَظُنُّ أَلَّا يَرَاكَ أَحَدٌ، فَرَأَيْتُكَ تُحْسِنُ الصَّلَاةَ، وَأَنْتَ رَجُلٌ مِنَ الْأَنْصَارِ، خُذْ هَذَا السَّيْفَ؛ فَقَدْ وَلَّيْتُكَ حَرَسِي). وَقَالَ شُعَيْبٌ: (حُدِّثْتُ أَنَّ عَبْدَ الْمَلِكِ بْنَ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ دَخَلَ عَلَى أَبِيهِ، فَقَالَ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ؛ مَا أَنْتَ قَائِلٌ لِرَبِّكَ غَدًا إِذَا سَأَلَكَ؟ فَقَالَ: رَأَيْتَ بِدَعَةً فَلَمْ تُمِتْهَا، أَوْ سُنَّةً فَلَمْ تُحْيِهَا؟ فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُوهُ: رَحِمَكَ اللَّهُ وَجَزَاكَ مِنْ وَلَدٍ خَيْرًا، يَا بُنَيَّ؛ إِنَّ قَوْمَكَ قَدْ شَدُّوا هَذَا الْأَمْرَ عُقْدَةً عُقْدَةً، وَعُرْوَةً عُرْوَةً، وَمَتَى أَرَدْتُ مُكَابَرَتَهُمْ عَلَى انْتِزَاعِ مَا فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ... لَمْ آمَنْ أَنْ يَفْتُقُوا عَلَيَّ فَتْقًا يَكْثُرُ فِيهِ الدِّمَاءُ، وَاللَّهِ؛ لَزَوَالُ الدُّنْيَا أَهْوَنُ عَلَيَّ مِنْ أَنْ يُرَاقَ فِي سَبَبِي مَحْجَمَةٌ مِنْ دَمٍ، أَوَ مَا تَرْضَى أَلَّا يَأْتِيَ عَلَى أَبِيكَ يَوْمٌ مِنْ أَيَّامِ الدُّنْيَا... إِلَّا وَهُوَ يُمِيتُ فِيهِ بِدْعَةً، وَيُحْيِي فِيهِ سُنَّةً؟!) وَقَالَ مَعْمَرٌ: (قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ: قَدْ أَفْلَحَ مَنْ عُصِمَ مِنَ الْمِرَاءِ وَالْغَضَبِ وَالطَّمَعِ). وَقَالَ أَرْطَاةُ بْنُ الْمُنْذِرِ: (قِيلَ لِعُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ: لَوِ اتَّخَذْتَ حَرَسًا، وَاحْتَرَزْتَ فِي طَعَامِكَ وَشَرَابِكَ؟ فَقَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ؛ إِنْ كُنْتَ تَعْلَمُ أَنِّي أَخَافُ شَيْئًا دُونَ يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ... فَلَا تُؤْمِنْ خَوْفِي). كتاب عمر بن عبد العزيز إلى يزيد بن المهلب وقِيلَ: لَمَّا وَلِيَ الْخِلَافَةَ كَتَبَ إِلَى يَزِيدَ بْنِ الْمُهَلَّبِ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنَّ سُلَيْمَانَ كَانَ عَبْدًا مِنْ عِبَادِ اللَّهِ، أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَبَضَهُ وَاسْتَخْلَفَنِي، وَيَزِيدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ مِنْ بَعْدِي إِنْ كَانَ، وَإِنَّ الَّذِي وَلَّانِي اللَّهُ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَقَدَّرَ لِي لَيْسَ عَلَيَّ بِهَيِّنٍ، وَلَوْ كَانَتْ رَغْبَتِي فِي اتِّخَاذِ أَزْوَاجٍ، أَوِ اعْتِقَادِ أَمْوَالٍ، لَكَانَ فِي الَّذِي أَعْطَانِي مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا قَدْ بَلَغَ بِي، أَفْضَلَ مَا بَلَغَ بِأَحَدٍ مِنْ خَلْقِهِ، وَأَنَا أَخَافُ فِيمَا ابْتُلِيتُ بِهِ حِسَابًا شَدِيدًا، وَمَسْأَلَةً غَلِيظَةً، إِلَّا مَا عَفَا اللَّهُ وَرَحِمَ، وَقَدْ بَايَعَ مَنْ قِبَلَنَا، فَبَايِعْ مَنْ قِبَلَكَ. فَلَمَّا قَرَأَ الْكِتَابَ قِيلَ لَهُ: لَسْتَ مِنْ عُمَّالِهِ، لِأَنَّ كَلَامَهُ لَيْسَ كَكَلَامِ مَنْ مَضَى مِنْ أَهْلِهِ. فَدَعَا يَزِيدُ النَّاسَ إِلَى الْبَيْعَةِ، فَبَايَعُوا. قَالَ مُقَاتِلُ بْنُ حَيَّانَ: كَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ نُعَيْمٍ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَاعْمَلْ عَمَلَ مَنْ يَعْلَمُ أَنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُصْلِحُ عَمَلَ الْمُفْسِدِينَ. قَالَ طُفَيْلُ بْنُ مِرْدَاسٍ: كَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ أَبِي السَّرِيِّ: أَنِ اعْمَلْ خَانَاتٍ، فَمَنْ مَرَّ بِكَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فَاقْرُوهُ يَوْمًا وَلَيْلَةً، وَتَعَهَّدُوا دَوَابَّهُمْ، وَمَنْ كَانَتْ بِهِ عِلَّةٌ فَاقْرُوهُ يَوْمَيْنِ وَلَيْلَتَيْنِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ مُنْقَطِعًا بِهِ، فَأَبْلِغْهُ بَلَدَهُ. فَلَمَّا أَتَاهُ كِتَابُ عُمَرَ قَالَ لَهُ أَهْلُ سَمَرْقَنْدَ: قُتَيْبَةُ ظَلَمَنَا وَغَدَرَ بِنَا فَأَخَذَ بِلَادَنَا، وَقَدْ أَظْهَرَ اللَّهُ الْعَدْلَ وَالْإِنْصَافَ، فَأْذَنْ لَنَا فَلْيَقْدَمْ مِنَّا وَفْدٌ عَلَى أَمِيرِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ. فَأَذِنَ لَهُمْ، فَوَجَّهُوا وَفْدًا إِلَى عُمَرَ، فَكَتَبَ لَهُمْ إِلَى سُلَيْمَانَ: إِنَّ أَهْلَ سَمَرْقَنْدَ شَكَوْا ظُلْمًا وَتَحَامُلًا مِنْ قُتَيْبَةَ عَلَيْهِمْ، حَتَّى أَخْرَجَهُمْ مِنْ أَرْضِهِمْ، فَإِذَا أَتَاكَ كِتَابِي فَأَجْلِسْ لَهُمُ الْقَاضِي، فَلْيَنْظُرْ فِي أَمْرِهِمْ، فَإِنْ قَضَى لَهُمْ، فَأَخْرِجِ الْعَرَبَ إِلَى مُعَسْكَرِهِمْ كَمَا كَانُوا قَبْلَ أَنْ يَظْهَرَ عَلَيْهِمْ قُتَيْبَةُ. قَالَ: فَأَجْلَسَ لَهُمْ سُلَيْمَانُ جُمَيْعَ بْنَ حَاضِرٍ الْقَاضِيَ، فَقَضَى أَنْ يَخْرُجَ عَرَبُ سَمَرْقَنْدَ إِلَى مُعَسْكَرِهِمْ، وَيُنَابِذُوهُمْ عَلَى سَوَاءٍ، فَيَكُونُ صُلْحًا جَدِيدًا، أَوْ ظَفَرًا عَنْوَةً. فَقَالَ أَهْلُ الصُّغْدِ: بَلَى نَرْضَى بِمَا كَانَ وَلَا نُحْدِثُ حَرْبًا، وَتَرَاضَوْا بِذَلِكَ. قَالَ دَاوُدُ بْنُ سُلَيْمَانَ الْجُعْفِيُّ: كَتَبَ عُمَرُ إِلَى عَبْدِ الْحَمِيدِ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنَّ أَهْلَ الْكُوفَةِ قَدْ أَصَابَهُمْ بَلَاءٌ وَشِدَّةٌ وَجَوْرٌ فِي أَحْكَامِ اللَّهِ، وَسُنَّةٌ خَبِيثَةٌ سَنَّهَا عَلَيْهِمْ عُمَّالُ السُّوءِ، وَإِنَّ قِوَامَ الدِّينِ الْعَدْلُ وَالْإِحْسَانُ، فَلَا يَكُونَنَّ شَيْءٌ أَهَمَّ إِلَيْكَ مِنْ نَفْسِكَ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا قَلِيلَ مِنَ الْإِثْمِ، وَلَا تَحْمِلْ خَرَابًا عَلَى عَامِرٍ، وَخُذْ مِنْهُ مَا أَطَاقَ، وَأَصْلِحْهُ حَتَّى يُعَمَّرَ، وَلَا يُؤْخَذَنَّ مِنَ الْعَامِرِ إِلَّا وَظِيفَةَ الْخَرَاجِ فِي رِفْقٍ وَتَسْكِينٍ لِأَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ، وَلَا تَأْخُذَنَّ أُجُورَ الضَّرَّابِينَ، وَلَا هَدِيَّةَ النَّوْرُوزِ وَالْمَهْرَجَانِ، وَلَا ثَمَنَ الصُّحُفِ، وَلَا أُجُورَ الْفُيُوجِ، وَلَا أُجُورَ الْبُيُوتِ، وَلَا دِرْهَمَ النِّكَاحِ، وَلَا خَرَاجَ عَلَى مَنْ أَسْلَمَ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْأَرْضِ، فَاتَّبِعْ فِي ذَلِكَ أَمْرِي، فَإِنِّي قَدْ وَلَّيْتُكَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ مَا وَلَّانِي اللَّهُ، وَلَا تُعَجِّلْ دُونِي بِقَطْعٍ وَلَا صَلْبٍ حَتَّى تُرَاجِعَنِي فِيهِ، وَانْظُرْ مَنْ أَرَادَ مِنَ الذُّرِّيَّةِ أَنْ يَحُجَّ، فَعَجِّلْ لَهُ مِائَةً لِيَحُجَّ بِهَا، وَالسَّلَامُ. أول خطبة خطبها عمر بن عبد العزيز بعد توليه الخلافة وَقَالَ الزُّبَيْرُ بْنُ بَكَّارٍ: بسنده عَنْ سَلَّامِ بْنِ سُلَيْمٍ، قَالَ: لَمَّا وَلِيَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ صَعِدَ الْمِنْبَرَ، وَكَانَ أَوَّلَ خُطْبَةٍ خَطَبَهَا حَمِدَ اللَّهَ، وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، مَنْ صَحِبَنَا فَلْيَصْحَبْنَا بِخَمْسٍ، وَإِلَّا فَلْيُفَارِقْنَا ; يَرْفَعُ إِلَيْنَا حَاجَةَ مَنْ لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ رَفْعَهَا، وَيُعِينُنَا عَلَى الْخَيْرِ بِجُهْدِهِ، وَيَدُلُّنَا مِنَ الْخَيْرِ عَلَى مَا لَا نَهْتَدِي إِلَيْهِ، وَلَا يَغْتَابَنَّ عِنْدَنَا الرَّعِيَّةَ، وَلَا يَعْرِضَنَّ فِيمَا لَا يَعْنِيهِ. فَانْقَشَعَ عَنْهُ الشُّعَرَاءُ وَالْخُطَبَاءُ، وَثَبَتَ مَعَهُ الْفُقَهَاءُ وَالزُّهَّادُ، وَقَالُوا: مَا يَسَعُنَا أَنْ نُفَارِقَ هَذَا الرَّجُلَ حَتَّى يُخَالِفَ فِعْلُهُ قَوْلَهُ. وَقَالَ سُفْيَانُ بْنُ عُيَيْنَةَ: لَمَّا وَلِيَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ بَعَثَ إِلَى مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ كَعْبٍ وَرَجَاءِ بْنِ حَيْوَةَ وَسَالِمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: قَدْ تَرَوْنَ مَا ابْتُلِيتُ بِهِ وَمَا قَدْ نَزَلَ بِي، فَمَا عِنْدَكُمْ ؟ فَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ كَعْبٍ: اجْعَلِ الشَّيْخَ أَبًا، وَالشَّابَّ أَخًا، وَالصَّغِيرَ وَلَدًا، فَبِرَّ أَبَاكَ، وَصِلْ أَخَاكَ، وَتَعَطَّفْ عَلَى وَلَدِكَ. وَقَالَ رَجَاءٌ: ارْضَ لِلنَّاسِ مَا تَرْضَى لِنَفْسِكَ، وَمَا كَرِهْتَ أَنْ يُؤْتَى إِلَيْكَ فَلَا تَأْتِهِ إِلَيْهِمْ، وَاعْلَمْ أَنَّكَ أَوَّلُ خَلِيفَةٍ تَمُوتُ. وَقَالَ سَالِمٌ اجْعَلِ الْأَمْرَ يَوْمًا وَاحِدًا صُمْ فِيهِ عَنْ شَهَوَاتِ الدُّنْيَا، وَاجْعَلْ آخِرَ فِطْرِكَ فِيهِ الْمَوْتَ، فَكَأَنْ قَدْ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: لَا حَوْلَ وَلَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِاللَّهِ. وَقَالَ غَيْرُهُ: خَطَبَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ يَوْمًا النَّاسَ فَقَالَ، وَقَدْ خَنَقَتْهُ الْعَبْرَةُ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، أَصْلِحُوا آخِرَتَكُمْ تَصْلُحْ لَكُمْ دُنْيَاكُمْ، وَأَصْلِحُوا سَرَائِرَكُمْ تَصْلُحْ لَكُمْ عَلَانِيَتُكُمْ، وَاللَّهِ إِنَّ عَبْدًا لَيْسَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ آدَمَ أَبٌ إِلَّا قَدْ مَاتَ، إِنَّهُ لَمُعْرَقٌ لَهُ فِي الْمَوْتِ. وَقَالَ فِي بَعْضِ خُطَبِهِ: كَمْ مِنْ عَامِرٍ مُؤَنَّقٍ عَمَّا قَلِيلٍ يَخْرُبُ، وَكَمْ مِنْ مُقِيمٍ مُغْتَبِطٍ عَمَّا قَلِيلٍ يَظْعَنُ، فَأَحْسِنُوا - رَحِمَكُمُ اللَّهُ - مِنَ الدُّنْيَا الرِّحْلَةَ بِأَحْسَنِ مَا بِحَضْرَتِكُمْ مِنَ النَّقْلَةِ، بَيْنَمَا ابْنُ آدَمَ فِي الدُّنْيَا يُنَافِسُ فِيهَا قَرِيرَ الْعَيْنِ قَانِعًا، إِذْ دَعَاهُ اللَّهُ بِقَدَرِهِ وَرَمَاهُ بِيَوْمِ حَتْفِهِ، فَسَلَبَهُ آثَارَهُ وَدُنْيَاهُ، وَصَيَّرَ لِقَوْمٍ آخَرِينَ مَصَانِعَهُ وَمَغْنَاهُ، إِنَّ الدُّنْيَا لَا تَسُرُّ بِقَدْرِ مَا تَضُرُّ، تَسُرُّ قَلِيلًا، وَتُحْزِنُ طَوِيلًا. وَقَالَ إِسْمَاعِيلُ بْنُ عَيَّاشٍ، عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ مُهَاجِرٍ، قَالَ: لَمَّا اسْتُخْلِفَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ قَامَ فِي النَّاسِ، فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، إِنَّهُ لَا كِتَابَ بَعْدَ الْقُرْآنِ، وَلَا نَبِيَّ بَعْدَ مُحَمَّدٍ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، وَإِنِّي لَسْتُ بِقَاضٍ وَلَكِنِّي مُنْفِذٌ، وَإِنِّي لَسْتُ بِمُبْتَدِعٍ وَلَكِنِّي مُتَّبِعٌ، إِنَّ الرَّجُلَ الْهَارِبَ مِنَ الْإِمَامِ الظَّالِمِ لَيْسَ بِظَالِمٍ، أَلَا إِنَّ الْإِمَامَ الظَّالِمَ هُوَ الْعَاصِي، أَلَا لَا طَاعَةَ لِمَخْلُوقٍ فِي مَعْصِيَةِ الْخَالِقِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ فِيهَا: وَإِنِّي لَسْتُ بِخَيْرٍ مِنْ أَحَدٍ مِنْكُمْ وَلَكِنِّي أَثْقَلُكُمْ حِمْلًا، أَلَا لَا طَاعَةَ لِمَخْلُوقٍ فِي مَعْصِيَةِ اللَّهِ، أَلَا هَلْ أَسْمَعْتُ ؟ آخر خطبة خطبها عمر بن عبد العزيز وَقَالَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ: بسنده عَنْ شُعَيْبِ بْنِ صَفْوَانَ، حَدَّثَنِي ابْنٌ لِسَعِيدِ بْنِ الْعَاصِ، قَالَ: كَانَ آخِرُ خُطْبَةً خَطَبَهَا عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ حَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْنَى، عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ فَإِنَّكُمْ لَمْ تُخْلَقُوا عَبَثًا، وَلَنْ تُتْرَكُوا سُدًى، وَإِنَّ لَكُمْ مَعَادًا يَنْزِلُ اللَّهُ فِيهِ لِلْحُكْمِ فِيكُمْ وَالْفَصْلِ بَيْنَكُمْ، فَخَابَ وَخَسِرَ مَنْ خَرَجَ مِنْ رَحْمَةِ اللَّهِ، وَحُرِمَ جَنَّةً عَرْضُهَا السَّمَاوَاتُ وَالْأَرْضُ، أَلَمْ تَعْلَمُوا أَنَّهُ لَا يَأْمَنُ غَدًا إِلَّا مَنْ حَذِرَ الْيَوْمَ الْآخِرَ وَخَافَهُ، وَبَاعَ نَافِدًا بِبَاقٍ، وَقَلِيلًا بِكَثِيرٍ، وَخَوْفًا بِأَمَانٍ ؟ أَلَا تَرَوْنَ أَنَّكُمْ فِي أَسْلَابِ الْهَالِكِينَ، وَسَيَكُونُ مِنْ بَعْدِكُمْ لِلْبَاقِينَ، كَذَلِكَ حَتَّى نُرَدَّ إِلَى خَيْرِ الْوَارِثِينَ ؟ ثُمَّ إِنَّكُمْ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ تُشَيِّعُونَ غَادِيًا وَرَائِحًا إِلَى اللَّهِ، قَدْ قَضَى نَحْبَهُ حَتَّى تُغَيِّبُوهُ فِي صَدْعٍ مِنَ الْأَرْضِ، فِي بَطْنِ صَدْعٍ غَيْرِ مُوَسَّدٍ وَلَا مُمَهَّدٍ، قَدْ فَارَقَ الْأَحْبَابَ، وَبَاشَرَ التُّرَابَ، وَوَاجَهَ الْحِسَابَ، فَهُوَ مُرْتَهَنٌ بِعَمَلِهِ، غَنِيٌّ عَمَّا تَرَكَ، فَقِيرٌ إِلَى مَا قَدَّمَ، فَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ قَبْلَ انْقِضَاءِ مُرَاقَبَتِهِ وَنُزُولِ الْمَوْتِ بِكُمْ، أَمَا إِنِّي أَقُولُ هَذَا. ثُمَّ وَضَعَ طَرْفَ رِدَائِهِ عَلَى وَجْهِهِ فَبَكَى وَأَبْكَى مَنْ حَوْلَهُ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: وَايْمِ اللَّهِ، إِنِّي لَأَقُولَ قَوْلِي هَذَا، وَمَا أَعْلَمُ عِنْدَ أَحَدٍ مِنْكُمْ مِنَ الذُّنُوبِ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا أَعْلَمُ مِنْ نَفْسِي، وَلَكِنَّهَا سُنَنٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ عَادِلَةٌ ; أَمَرَ فِيهَا بِطَاعَتِهِ، وَنَهَى فِيهَا عَنْ مَعْصِيَتِهِ. وَاسْتَغْفَرَ اللَّهَ، وَوَضَعَ كُمَّهُ عَلَى وَجْهِهِ فَبَكَى حَتَّى بَلَّ لِحْيَتَهُ، فَمَا عَادَ لِمَجْلِسِهِ حَتَّى مَاتَ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ. وَرَوَى أَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي الدُّنْيَا، عَنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ أَنَّهُ رَأَى رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ فِي النَّوْمِ، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: " ادْنُ يَا عُمَرُ ". قَالَ: فَدَنَوْتُ حَتَّى خَشِيتُ أَنْ أُصِيبَهُ، فَقَالَ: " إِذَا وُلِّيتَ فَاعْمَلْ نَحْوًا مِنْ عَمَلِ هَذَيْنِ ". وَإِذَا كَهْلَانِ قَدِ اكْتَنَفَاهُ، فَقُلْتُ: وَمَنْ هَذَانِ ؟ قَالَ: " هَذَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ، وَهَذَا عُمَرُ ". وَرُوِّينَا أَنَّهُ قَالَ لِسَالِمِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ اكْتُبْ لِي سِيرَةَ عُمَرَ حَتَّى أَعْمَلَ بِهَا، فَقَالَ لَهُ سَالِمٌ: إِنَّكَ لَا تَسْتَطِيعُ ذَلِكَ. قَالَ: وَلِمَ ؟ قَالَ: إِنَّكَ إِنْ عَمِلْتَ بِهَا كُنْتَ أَفْضَلَ مِنْ عُمَرَ ; لِأَنَّهُ كَانَ يَجِدُ عَلَى الْخَيْرِ أَعْوَانًا، وَأَنْتَ لَا تَجِدُ مَنْ يُعِينُكَ عَلَى الْخَيْرِ. وَقَدْ رُوِيَ أَنَّهُ كَانَ نَقْشُ خَاتَمِهِ: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: آمَنْتُ بِاللَّهِ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: الْوَفَاءُ عَزِيزٌ. وَقَدْ جَمَعَ يَوْمًا رُءُوسَ النَّاسِ فَخَطَبَهُمْ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ فَدَكَ كَانَتْ بِيَدِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ يَضَعُهَا حَيْثُ أَرَاهُ اللَّهُ، ثُمَّ وَلِيَهَا أَبُو بَكْرٍ، وَعُمَرُ كَذَلِكَ. قَالَ الْأَصْمَعِيُّ: وَمَا أَدْرِي مَا قَالَ فِي عُثْمَانَ. قَالَ: ثُمَّ إِنَّ مَرْوَانَ أَقْطَعَهَا فَحَصَلَ لِي مِنْهَا نَصِيبٌ، وَوَهَبَنِي الْوَلِيدُ وَسُلَيْمَانُ نَصِيبَهُمَا، وَلَمْ يَكُنْ مِنْ مَالِي شَيْءٌ أَرَدَّ عَلَيَّ مِنْهَا، وَقَدْ رَدَدْتُهَا فِي بَيْتِ الْمَالِ عَلَى مَا كَانَتْ عَلَيْهِ فِي زَمَانِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ. قَالَ: فَيَئِسَ النَّاسُ عِنْدَ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْمَظَالِمِ، ثُمَّ أَخَذَ أَمْوَالَ جَمَاعَةٍ مِنْ بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ فَرَدَّهَا إِلَى بَيْتِ الْمَالِ، وَسَمَّاهَا أَمْوَالُ الْمَظَالِمِ، فَاسْتَشْفَعُوا إِلَيْهِ بِالنَّاسِ، وَتَوَسَّلُوا إِلَيْهِ بِعَمَّتِهِ فَاطِمَةَ بِنْتِ مَرْوَانَ فَلَمْ يَنْجَعْ فِيهِ وَلَمْ يَرُدُّهُ عَنِ الْحَقِّ شَيْءٌ، وَقَالَ لَهُمْ: وَاللَّهِ لَتَدَعُنِّي، وَإِلَّا ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى مَكَّةَ فَنَزَلْتُ عَنْ هَذَا الْأَمْرِ لِأَحَقِّ النَّاسِ بِهِ. وَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ لَوْ أَقَمْتُ فِيكُمْ خَمْسِينَ عَامًا مَا أَقَمْتُ فِيكُمْ مَا أُرِيدُ مِنَ الْعَدْلِ، وَإِنِّي لَأُرِيدُ الْأَمْرَ فَمَا أُنْفِذُهُ إِلَّا مَعَ طَمَعٍ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا حَتَّى تَسْكُنَ قُلُوبُهُمْ. وَقَالَ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ بسنده عَنْ وَهْبِ بْنِ مُنَبِّهٍ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: إِنْ كَانَ فِي هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ مَهْدِيٌّ فَهُوَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ. وَنَحْوَ هَذَا قَالَ قَتَادَةُ، وَسَعِيدُ بْنُ الْمُسَيِّبِ، وَغَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ. وَقَالَ طَاوُسٌ: هُوَ مَهْدِيٌّ وَلَيْسَ بِهِ، إِنَّهُ لَمْ يَسْتَكْمِلِ الْعَدْلَ كُلَّهُ، إِذَا كَانَ الْمَهْدِيُّ تِيبَ عَلَى الْمُسِيءِ مِنْ إِسَاءَتِهِ، وَزِيدَ الْمُحْسِنُ فِي إِحْسَانِهِ، سَمْحٌ بِالْمَالِ، شَدِيدٌ عَلَى الْعُمَّالِ، رَحِيمٌ بِالْمَسَاكِينِ، وَقَالَ قَيْسُ بْنُ حَبْتَرٍ: (مَثَلُ عُمَرَ فِي بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ.. مَثَلُ مُؤْمِنِ آلِ فِرْعَوْنَ). وَقَالَ مَيْمُونُ بْنُ مَهْرَانَ: (إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ يَتَعَاهَدُ النَّاسَ بِنَبِيٍّ بَعْدَ نَبِيٍّ، وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَاهَدَ النَّاسَ بِعُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ). عمر بن عبد العزيز خامس الخلفاء الراشدين وَقَالَ مَالِكٌ، بسنده عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ الْمُسَيِّبِ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: الْخُلَفَاءُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَالْعُمَرَانِ. فَقِيلَ لَهُ: أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرُ قَدْ عَرَفْنَاهُمَا، فَمَنْ عُمَرُ الْآخَرُ ؟ قَالَ: يُوشِكُ إِنْ عِشْتَ أَنْ تَعْرِفَهُ. يُرِيدُ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ. وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ أُخْرَى عَنْهُ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: هُوَ أَشَجُّ بَنِي مَرْوَانَ. وَقَالَ عَبَّادٌ السَّمَّاكُ وَكَانَ يُجَالِسُ سُفْيَانَ الثَّوْرِيَّ: سَمِعْتُ الثَّوْرِيَّ يَقُولُ: الْخُلَفَاءُ خَمْسَةٌ ; أَبُو بَكْرٍ، وَعُمَرُ، وَعُثْمَانُ، وَعَلِيٌّ، وَعُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ. وَهَكَذَا رُوِيَ عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ عَيَّاشٍ، وَالشَّافِعِيِّ، وَغَيْرِ وَاحِدٍ. وَأَجْمَعَ الْعُلَمَاءُ قَاطِبَةً عَلَى أَنَّهُ مِنْ أَئِمَّةِ الْعَدْلِ، وَأَحَدِ الْخُلَفَاءِ الرَّاشِدِينَ وَالْأَئِمَّةِ الْمَهْدِيِّينَ. وَذَكَرَهُ غَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ فِي الْأَئِمَّةِ الِاثْنَيْ عَشَرَ، الَّذِينَ جَاءَ فِيهِمُ الْحَدِيثُ الصَّحِيحُ: " لَا يَزَالُ أَمْرُ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ مُسْتَقِيمًا حَتَّى يَكُونَ فِيهِمُ اثْنَا عَشَرَ خَلِيفَةً كُلُّهُمْ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ ". وَقَدِ اجْتَهَدَ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ فِي مُدَّةِ وِلَايَتِهِ مَعَ قِصَرِهَا حَتَّى رَدَّ الْمَظَالِمَ، وَصَرَفَ إِلَى كُلِّ ذِي حَقٍّ حَقَّهُ، وَكَانَ مُنَادِيهِ فِي كُلِّ يَوْمٍ يُنَادِي: أَيْنَ الْغَارِمُونَ ؟ أَيْنَ النَّاكِحُونَ ؟ أَيْنَ الْمَسَاكِينُ ؟ أَيْنَ الْيَتَامَى ؟ حَتَّى أَغْنَى كُلًّا مِنْ هَؤُلَاءِ. أَيُّهُمَا أَفْضَلُ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ أم عمر بن عبد العزيز وَقَدِ اخْتَلَفَ الْعُلَمَاءُ أَيُّهُمَا أَفْضَلُ هُوَ أَوْ مُعَاوِيَةُ بْنُ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ ؟ فَفَضَّلَ بَعْضُهُمْ عُمَرَ لِسِيرَتِهِ وَمَعْدَلَتِهِ وَزُهْدِهِ وَعِبَادَتِهِ، وَفَضَّلَ آخَرُونَ مُعَاوِيَةَ لِسَابِقَتِهِ وَصُحْبَتِهِ، حَتَّى قَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: لَيَوْمٌ شَهِدَهُ مُعَاوِيَةُ مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ خَيْرٌ مِنْ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَأَيَّامِهِ، وَأَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ. وَذَكَرَ الْحَافِظُ ابْنُ عَسَاكِرَ فِي " تَارِيخِهِ " أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ كَانَ يُعْجِبُهُ جَارِيَةٌ مِنْ جَوَارِي زَوْجَتِهِ فَاطِمَةَ بِنْتِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، فَكَانَ يَسْأَلُهَا إِيَّاهَا إِمَّا بَيْعًا أَوْ هِبَةً، فَكَانَتْ تَأْبَى عَلَيْهِ ذَلِكَ، فَلَمَّا وَلِيَ الْخِلَافَةَ أَلْبَسَتْهَا وَطَيَّبَتْهَا وَأَهْدَتْهَا إِلَيْهِ وَوَهَبَتْهَا لَهُ، فَلَمَّا أَخْلَتْهَا بِهِ أَعْرَضَ عَنْهَا، فَتَعَرَّضَتْ لَهُ فَصَدَفَ عَنْهَا، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ: يَا سَيِّدِي، فَأَيْنَ مَا كَانَ يَظْهَرُ لِي مِنْ مَحَبَّتِكَ إِيَّايَ ؟ فَقَالَ: وَاللَّهِ إِنَّ مَحَبَّتَكِ لَبَاقِيَةٌ كَمَا هِيَ، وَلَكِنْ لَا حَاجَةَ لِي فِي النِّسَاءِ، فَقَدْ جَاءَنِي أَمْرٌ شَغَلَنِي عَنْكِ، وَعَنْ غَيْرِكِ. ثُمَّ سَأَلَهَا عَنْ أَصْلِهَا، وَمِنْ أَيْنَ جَلَبُوهَا، فَقَالَتْ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ إِنَّ أَبِي أَصَابَ جِنَايَةً بِبِلَادِ الْمَغْرِبِ، فَصَادَرَهُ مُوسَى بْنُ نُصَيْرٍ فَأُخِذْتُ فِي الْجِنَايَةِ، وَبَعَثَ بِي إِلَى الْوَلِيدِ فَوَهَبَنِي الْوَلِيدُ لِأُخْتِهِ فَاطِمَةَ زَوْجَتِكَ، فَأَهْدَتْنِي إِلَيْكَ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: إِنَّا لِلَّهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعُونَ، كِدْنَا وَاللَّهِ نَفْتَضِحُ وَنَهْلَكُ، ثُمَّ أَمَرَ بِرَدِّهَا مُكَرَّمَةً إِلَى بِلَادِهَا وَأَهْلِهَا. وَقَالَتْ زَوْجَتُهُ فَاطِمَةُ: دَخَلْتُ يَوْمًا عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ جَالِسٌ فِي مُصَلَّاهُ وَاضِعًا خَدَّهُ عَلَى يَدِهِ، وَدُمُوعُهُ تَسِيلُ عَلَى خَدَّيْهِ، فَقُلْتُ: مَا لَكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: وَيْحَكِ يَا فَاطِمَةُ، إِنِّي قَدْ وُلِّيتُ مِنْ أَمْرِ هَذِهِ الْأُمَّةِ مَا وُلِّيتُ، فَتَفَكَّرْتُ فِي الْفَقِيرِ الْجَائِعِ، وَالْمَرِيضِ الضَّائِعِ، وَالْعَارِي الْمَجْهُودِ، وَالْيَتِيمِ الْمَكْسُورِ، وَالْأَرْمَلَةِ الْوَحِيدَةِ، وَالْمَظْلُومِ الْمَقْهُورِ، وَالْغَرِيبِ، وَالْأَسِيرِ، وَالشَّيْخِ الْكَبِيرِ، وَذِي الْعِيَالِ الْكَثِيرِ وَالْمَالِ الْقَلِيلِ، وَأَشْبَاهِهِمْ فِي أَقْطَارِ الْأَرْضِ وَأَطْرَافِ الْبِلَادِ، فَعَلِمْتُ أَنَّ رَبِّي عَزَّ وَجَلَّ سَيَسْأَلُنِي عَنْهُمْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ، وَأَنَّ خَصْمِي دُونَهُمْ مُحَمَّدٌ ﷺ، فَخَشِيتُ أَنْ لَا يَثْبُتَ لِي حُجَّةٌ عِنْدَ خُصُومَتِهِ، فَرَحِمْتُ نَفْسِي فَبَكَيْتُ. كتب عمر بن عبد العزيز إلى عماله وَقَالَ مَيْمُونُ بْنُ مِهْرَانَ وَلَّانِي عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ عِمَالَةً، ثُمَّ قَالَ لِي: إِذَا جَاءَكَ كِتَابٌ مِنِّي عَلَى غَيْرِ الْحَقِّ فَاضْرِبْ بِهِ الْأَرْضَ. وَكَتَبَ إِلَى بَعْضِ عُمَّالِهِ: إِذَا دَعَتْكَ قُدْرَتُكَ عَلَى النَّاسِ إِلَى ظُلْمِهِمْ، فَاذْكُرْ قُدْرَةَ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكَ، وَنَفَادَ مَا تَأْتِي إِلَيْهِمْ، وَبَقَاءَ مَا يَأْتُونَ إِلَيْكَ. وَقَالَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ مَهْدِيٍّ، بسنده عَنْ عِيسَى بْنِ عَاصِمٍ، قَالَ: كَتَبَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ إِلَى عَدِيِّ بْنِ عَدِيٍّ: إِنَّ لِلْإِسْلَامِ سُنَنًا وَشَرَائِعَ وَفَرَائِضَ، فَمَنِ اسْتَكْمَلَهَا اسْتَكْمَلَ الْإِيمَانَ، وَمَنْ لَمْ يَسْتَكْمِلْهَا لَمْ يَسْتَكْمِلِ الْإِيمَانَ، فَإِنْ أَعِشْ أُبَيِّنْهَا لَكُمْ لِتَعْمَلُوا بِهَا، وَإِنْ أَمُتْ فَوَاللَّهِ مَا أَنَا عَلَى صُحْبَتِكُمْ بِحَرِيصٍ.. وَذَكَرَ الصُّولِيُّ أَنَّ عُمَرَ كَتَبَ إِلَى بَعْضِ عُمَّالِهِ: عَلَيْكَ بِتَقْوَى اللَّهِ، فَإِنَّهَا هِيَ الَّتِي لَا يُقْبَلُ غَيْرُهَا، وَلَا يُرْحَمُ إِلَّا أَهْلُهَا، وَلَا يُثَابُ إِلَّا عَلَيْهَا، وَإِنَّ الْوَاعِظِينَ بِهَا كَثِيرٌ، وَالْعَامِلِينَ بِهَا قَلِيلٌ. وَقَالَ أَيْضًا: مَنْ عَلِمَ أَنَّ كَلَامَهُ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ أَقَلَّ مِنْهُ إِلَّا فِيمَا يَنْفَعُهُ، وَمَنْ أَكْثَرَ ذِكْرَ الْمَوْتِ اجْتَزَأَ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا بِالْيَسِيرِ. وَقَالَ أَيْضًا: مَنْ لَمْ يَعُدَّ كَلَامَهُ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ كَثُرَتْ خَطَايَاهُ، وَمَنْ عَبَدَ اللَّهَ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ كَانَ مَا يُفْسِدُهُ أَكْثَرَ مِمَّا يُصْلِحُهُ. وَكَلَّمَهُ رَجُلٌ يَوْمًا حَتَّى أَغْضَبَهُ فَهَمَّ بِهِ عُمَرُ ثُمَّ أَمْسَكَ نَفْسَهُ، ثُمَّ قَالَ لِلرَّجُلِ: أَرَدْتَ أَنْ يَسْتَفِزَّنِي الشَّيْطَانُ بِعِزَّةِ السُّلْطَانِ فَأَنَالَ مِنْكَ مَا تَنَالُهُ مِنِّي غَدًا ! قُمْ عَافَاكَ اللَّهُ، لَا حَاجَةَ لَنَا فِي مُقَاوَلَتِكَ. وَكَانَ يَقُولُ: إِنَّ أَحَبَّ الْأُمُورِ إِلَى اللَّهِ الْقَصْدُ فِي الْجِدِّ، وَالْعَفْوُ فِي الْمَقْدِرَةِ، وَالرِّفْقُ فِي الْوِلَايَةِ، وَمَا رَفَقَ عَبْدٌ بِعَبْدٍ فِي الدُّنْيَا إِلَّا رَفَقَ اللَّهُ بِهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ. وَقَدْ كَانَ عُمَرُ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ يُعْطِي مَنِ انْقَطَعَ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ الْجَامِعِ، مِنْ بَلَدِهِ وَغَيْرِهَا، لِلْفِقْهِ وَنَشْرِ الْعِلْمِ وَتِلَاوَةِ الْقُرْآنِ، فِي كُلِّ عَامٍ مِنْ بَيْتِ الْمَالِ مِائَةَ دِينَارٍ، وَكَانَ يَكْتُبُ إِلَى عُمَّالِهِ أَنْ يَأْخُذُوا النَّاسَ بِالسُّنَّةِ، وَيَقُولَ: إِنْ لَمْ تُصْلِحْهُمُ السُّنَّةُ فَلَا أَصْلَحَهُمُ اللَّهُ. وَكَتَبَ إِلَى سَائِرِ الْبِلَادِ أَنْ لَا يَرْكَبَ ذِمِّيٌّ مِنَ الْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى وَغَيْرِهِمْ عَلَى سَرْجٍ، وَلَا يَلْبَسُ قَبَاءً وَلَا طَيْلَسَانًا وَلَا السَّرَاوِيلَ وَلَا يَمْشِيَنَّ أَحَدٌ مِنْهُمْ إِلَّا بِزُنَّارٍ مِنْ جِلْدٍ، وَهُوَ مَقْرُونُ النَّاصِيَةِ، وَمَنْ وُجِدَ مِنْهُمْ فِي مَنْزِلِهِ سِلَاحٌ أُخِذَ مِنْهُ، وَكَتَبَ أَيْضًا أَنْ لَا يُسْتَعْمَلَ عَلَى الْأَعْمَالِ إِلَّا أَهْلُ الْقُرْآنِ، فَإِنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ عِنْدَهُمْ خَيْرٌ فَغَيْرُهُمْ أَوْلَى أَنْ لَا يَكُونَ عِنْدَهُ خَيْرٌ. وَكَانَ يَكْتُبُ إِلَى عُمَّالِهِ: اجْتَنِبُوا الْأَشْغَالَ عِنْدَ حُضُورِ الصَّلَوَاتِ، فَإِنَّ مَنْ أَضَاعَهَا فَهُوَ لِمَا سِوَاهَا مِنْ شَرَائِعِ الْإِسْلَامِ أَشَدُّ تَضْيِيعًا. وَقَدْ كَانَ يَكْتُبُ الْمَوْعِظَةَ إِلَى الْعَامِلِ مِنْ عُمَّالِهِ فَيَنْخَلِعُ بِهَا قَلْبُهُ، وَرُبَّمَا عَزَلَ بَعْضُهُمْ نَفْسَهُ عَنِ الْعِمَالَةِ مِنْ شِدَّةِ مَا تَقَعُ مَوْعِظَتُهُ مِنْهُ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْمَوْعِظَةَ إِذَا خَرَجَتْ مِنْ قَلْبِ الْوَاعِظِ دَخَلَتْ قَلْبَ الْمَوْعُوظِ. وَقَدْ صَرَّحَ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ الْأَئِمَّةِ بِأَنَّ كُلَّ مَنِ اسْتَعْمَلَهُ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ ثِقَةٌ، وَقَدْ كَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ الْحَسَنُ الْبَصْرِيُّ بِمَوَاعِظَ حِسَانٍ وَلَوْ تَقَصَّيْنَا ذَلِكَ لَطَالَ هَذَا الْفَصْلُ، وَلَكِنْ قَدْ ذَكَرْنَا مَا فِيهِ إِشَارَةً إِلَى ذَلِكَ. وَكَتَبَ إِلَى بَعْضِ عُمَّالِهِ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ، فَإِنِّي أُذَكِّرُكَ لَيْلَةً تَمَخَّضُ بِالسَّاعَةِ فَصَبَاحُهَا الْقِيَامَةُ، فَيَا لَهَا مِنْ لَيْلَةٍ وَيَا لَهُ مِنْ صَبَاحٍ، وَكَانَ يَوْمًا عَلَى الْكَافِرِينَ عَسِيرًا. وَكَتَبَ إِلَى آخَرَ: أُذَكِّرُكَ طُولَ سَهَرِ أَهْلِ النَّارِ فِي النَّارِ مَعَ خُلُودِ الْأَبَدِ، وَإِيَّاكَ أَنْ يُنْصَرَفَ بِكَ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ فَيَكُونَ آخِرَ الْعَهْدِ بِكَ، وَانْقِطَاعَ الرَّجَاءِ مِنْكَ. قَالُوا: فَخَلَعَ هَذَا الْعَامِلُ نَفْسَهُ مِنَ الْعِمَالَةِ، وَقَدِمَ عَلَى عُمَرَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: مَا لَكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: خَلَعْتَ قَلْبِي بِكِتَابِكَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَاللَّهِ لَا أَعُودُ إِلَى وِلَايَةٍ أَبَدًا. وَأُخْرِجَ عَنْ جَعْوَنَةَ قَالَ: (وَلَّى عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ عَمْرَو بْنَ قَيْسٍ السَّكُونِيَّ الصَّائِفَةَ، فَقَالَ: اقْبَلْ مِنْ مُحْسِنِهِمْ، وَتَجَاوَزْ عَنْ مُسِيئِهِمْ، وَلَا تَكُنْ فِي أَوَّلِهِمْ فَتُقْتَلُ، وَلَا فِي آخِرِهِمْ فَتَفْشَلُ، وَلَكِنْ كُنْ وَسَطًا حَيْثُ يُرَى مَكَانُكَ، وَيُسْمَعُ صَوْتُكَ). وَأُخْرِجَ عَنِ السَّائِبِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ قَالَ: (كَتَبَ الْجَرَّاحُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ إِلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ: إِنَّ أَهْلَ خُرَاسَانَ قَوْمٌ سَاءَتْ رَعِيَّتُهُمْ، وَإِنَّهُ لَا يُصْلِحُهُمْ إِلَّا السَّيْفُ وَالسَّوْطُ؛ فَإِنْ رَأَى أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ أَنْ يَأْذَنَ لِي فِي ذَلِكَ؟ فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ عُمَرُ: أَمَّا بَعْدُ: فَقَدْ بَلَغَنِي كِتَابُكَ تَذْكُرُ أَنَّ أَهْلَ خُرَاسَانَ قَدْ سَاءَتْ رَعِيَّتُهُمْ، وَأَنَّهُ لَا يُصْلِحُهُمْ إِلَّا السَّيْفُ وَالسَّوْطُ؛ فَقَدْ كَذَبْتَ، بَلْ يُصْلِحُهُمُ الْعَدْلُ وَالْحَقُّ، فَابْسُطْ ذَلِكَ فِيهِمْ، وَالسَّلَامُ). وَأُخْرِجَ عَنْ أُمَيَّةَ بْنِ يَزِيدَ الْقُرَشِيِّ قَالَ: (كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ إِذَا أَمْلَى عَلَيَّ كِتَابَهُ... قَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ؛ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ شَرِّ لِسَانِي). وَأُخْرِجَ عَنْ صَالِحِ بْنِ جُبَيْرٍ قَالَ: (رُبَّمَا كَلَّمْتُ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فِي الشَّيْءِ فَيَغْضَبُ، فَأَذْكُرُ أَنَّ فِي الْكِتَابِ مَكْتُوبًا: اتَّقِ غَضْبَةَ الْمَلِكِ الشَّابِّ، فَأَرْفُقُ بِهِ حَتَّى يَذْهَبَ غَضَبُهُ، فَيَقُولُ لِي بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ: لَا يَمْنَعُكَ يَا صَالِحُ مَا تَرَى مِنَّا أَنْ تُرَاجِعَنَا فِي الْأَمْرِ إِذَا رَأَيْتَهُ). وَأُخْرِجَ عَنْ عَبْدِ الْحَلِيمِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ الْمَخْزُومِيِّ قَالَ: (قَدِمَ جَرِيرُ بْنُ الْخَطَفِيِّ عَلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، فَذَهَبَ لِيَقُولَ، فَنَهَاهُ عُمَرُ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّمَا أَذْكُرُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ قَالَ: أَمَّا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ... فَاذْكُرْ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ الَّذِي ابْتَعَثَ النَّبِيَّ مُحَمَّدًا جَعَلَ الْخِلَافَةَ لِلْأَمِيرِ الْعَادِلِ رَدَّ الْمَظَالِمَ حَقَّهَا بِيَقِينِهَا عَنْ جَوْرِهَا، وَأَقَامَ مَيْلَ الْمَائِلِ إِنِّي لَأَرْجُو مِنْكَ خَيْرًا عَاجِلًا وَالنَّفْسُ مُغْرَمَةٌ بِحُبِّ الْعَاجِلِ فَقَالَ لَهُ عُمَرُ: مَا أَجِدُ لَكَ فِي كِتَابِ اللَّهِ حَقًّا!! قَالَ: بَلَى يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ؛ إِنَّنِي ابْنُ سَبِيلٍ، فَأَمَرَ لَهُ مِنْ خَاصَّةِ مَالِهِ بِخَمْسِينَ دِينَارًا). وَفِي «الطُّيُورِيَّاتِ»: (أَنَّ حَرِيزَ بْنَ عُثْمَانَ الرَّحْبِيَّ دَخَلَ مَعَ أَبِيهِ عَلَى عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، فَسَأَلَهُ عُمَرُ عَنْ حَالِ ابْنِهِ، ثُمَّ قَالَ لَهُ: عَلِّمْهُ الْفِقْهَ الْأَكْبَرَ، قَالَ: وَمَا الْفِقْهُ الْأَكْبَرُ؟ قَالَ: الْقَنَاعَةُ وَكَفُّ الْأَذَى). وَأَخْرَجَ ابْنُ أَبِي حَاتِمٍ فِي «تَفْسِيرِهِ» عَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ كَعْبٍ الْقُرَظِيِّ قَالَ: (دَعَانِي عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، فَقَالَ: صِفْ لِي الْعَدْلَ، فَقُلْتُ: بَخٍ!! سَأَلْتَ عَنْ أَمْرٍ جَسِيمٍ، كُنْ لِصَغِيرِ النَّاسِ أَبًا، وَلِكَبِيرِهِمُ ابْنًا، وَلِلْمِثْلِ مِنْهُمْ أَخًا، وَلِلنِّسَاءِ كَذَلِكَ، وَعَاقِبِ النَّاسَ عَلَى قَدْرِ ذُنُوبِهِمْ؛ وَعَلَى قَدْرِ أَجْسَادِهِمْ، وَلَا تَضْرِبَنَّ لِغَضَبِكَ سَوْطًا وَاحِدًا فَتَعَدَّى فَتَكُونَ مِنَ الْعَادِينَ). وَأَخْرَجَ عَبْدُ الرَّزَّاقِ فِي «مُصَنَّفِهِ» عَنِ الزُّهْرِيِّ: (أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ كَانَ يَتَوَضَّأُ مِمَّا مَسَّتْهُ النَّارُ؛ حَتَّى كَانَ يَتَوَضَّأُ مِنَ السُّكَّرِ). وَأُخْرِجَ عَنْ وُهَيْبٍ: (أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ قَالَ: مَنْ عَدَّ كَلَامَهُ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ... قَلَّ كَلَامُهُ). وَقَالَ الذَّهَبِيُّ: (أَظْهَرَ غَيْلَانُ الْقَدَرَ فِي خِلَافَةِ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، فَاسْتَتَابَهُ عُمَرُ، فَقَالَ: لَقَدْ كُنْتُ ضَالًّا فَهَدَيْتَنِي، فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنْ كَانَ صَادِقًا وَإِلَّا... فَاصْلُبْهُ وَاقْطَعْ يَدَيْهِ وَرِجْلَيْهِ، فَنَفَذَتْ فِيهِ دَعْوَتُهُ، فَأُخِذَ فِي خِلَافَةِ هِشَامِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، وَقُطِعَتْ أَرْبَعَتُهُ، وَصُلِبَ بِدِمَشْقَ فِي الْقَدَرِ). وقَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ قَبْلَ خِلَافَتِهِ: انْهَ الْفُؤَادَ عَنِ الصِّبَا وَعَنِ انْقِيَادٍ لِلْهَوَى فَلَعَمْرُ رَبِّكَ إِنَّ فِي شَيْبِ الْمَفَارِقِ وَالْجَلَى لَكَ وَاعِظًا لَوْ كُنْتَ تَتَّـ ــعِظُ اتِّعَاظَ ذَوِي النُّهَى حَتَّى مَتَى لَا تَرْعَوِي وَإِلَى مَتَى وَإِلَى مَتَى؟ مَا بَعْدَ أَنْ سُمِّيتَ كَهْــــ ــلًا وَاسْتُلِبْتَ اسْمَ الْفَتَى بَلِيَ الشَّبَابُ وَأَنْتَ إِنْ عُمِّرْتَ رَهْنٌ لِلْبِلَى وَكَفَى بِذَلِكَ زَاجِرًا لِلْمَرْءِ عَنْ غَيٍّ كَفَى وَخَرَجَ ابْنٌ لَهُ وَهُوَ صَغِيرٌ يَلْعَبُ مَعَ الْغِلْمَانِ فَشَجَّهُ صَبِيٌّ مِنْهُمْ، فَاحْتَمَلُوا الصَّبِيَّ الَّذِي شَجَّ ابْنَهُ وَجَاءُوا بِهِ إِلَى عُمَرَ، فَسَمِعَ الْجَلَبَةَ فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِمْ، فَإِذَا مُرَيْئَةٌ تَقُولُ: إِنَّهُ ابْنِي، وَإِنَّهُ يَتِيمٌ. فَقَالَ لَهَا عُمَرُ: أَلَهُ عَطَاءٌ فِي الدِّيوَانِ ؟ قَالَتْ: لَا، قَالَ: فَاكْتُبُوهُ فِي الذُّرِّيَّةِ. فَقَالَتْ زَوْجَتُهُ فَاطِمَةُ: فَعَلَ اللَّهُ بِهِ وَفَعَلَ إِنْ لَمْ يَشُجَّ ابْنَكَ ثَانِيَةً. فَقَالَ: وَيْحَكِ، إِنَّكُمْ أَفْزَعْتُمُوهُ. وَقَالَ مَالِكُ بْنُ دِينَارٍ يَقُولُونَ: مَالِكٌ زَاهِدٌ. أَيُّ زُهْدٍ عِنْدِي ! إِنَّمَا الزَّ?هِدُ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ أَتَتْهُ الدُّنْيَا فَاغِرَةً فَاهَا فَتَرَكَهَا. قَالُوا: وَلَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ سِوَى قَمِيصٍ وَاحِدٍ فَكَانَ إِذَا غَسَلُوهُ جَلَسَ فِي الْمَنْزِلِ حَتَّى يَيْبَسَ. وَقَدْ وَقَفَ مَرَّةً عَلَى رَاهِبٍ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: وَيْحَكَ عِظْنِي. فَقَالَ لَهُ: عَلَيْكَ بِقَوْلِ الشَّاعِرِ تَجَرَّدْ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا فَإِنَّكَ إِنَّمَا خَرَجْتَ إِلَى الدُّنْيَا وَأَنْتَ مُجَرَّدُ قَالُوا: فَكَانَ يُعْجِبُهُ وَيُكَرِّرُهُ وَعَمِلَ بِهِ حَقَّ الْعَمَلِ. قَالُوا: وَدَخَلَ عَلَى امْرَأَتِهِ يَوْمًا فَسَأَلَهَا أَنْ تُقْرِضَهُ دِرْهَمًا أَوْ فُلُوسًا يَشْتَرِي لَهُ بِهَا عِنَبًا، فَلَمْ يَجِدْ عِنْدَهَا شَيْئًا، فَقَالَتْ لَهُ: أَنْتَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَلَيْسَ فِي خِزَانَتِكَ مَا تَشْتَرِي بِهِ عِنَبًا ؟ ! فَقَالَ: هَذَا أَيْسَرُ مِنْ مُعَالَجَةِ الْأَغْلَالِ وَالْأَنْكَالِ غَدًا فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ. قَالُوا: وَكَانَ سِرَاجُ بَيْتِهِ عَلَى ثَلَاثِ قَصَبَاتٍ فِي رَأْسِهِنَّ طِينٌ. قَالُوا: وَبَعَثَ يَوْمًا غُلَامَهُ لِيَشْوِيَ لَهُ لَحْمَةً فَجَاءَهُ بِهَا سَرِيعًا مَشْوِيَّةً، فَقَالَ: أَيْنَ شَوَيْتَهَا ؟ قَالَ: فِي الْمَطْبَخِ. فَقَالَ: فِي مَطْبَخِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ؟ قَالَ: نَعَمْ. فَقَالَ: كُلْهَا فَإِنِّي لَمْ أُرْزَقْهَا، هِيَ رِزْقُكَ. وَسَخَّنُوا لَهُ مَاءً فِي الْمَطْبَخِ الْعَامِّ فَرَدَّ بَدَلَ ذَلِكَ بِدِرْهَمٍ حَطَبًا. وَقَالَتْ زَوْجَتُهُ: مَا جَامَعَ وَلَا احْتَلَمَ وَهُوَ خَلِيفَةٌ. قَالُوا: وَبَلَغَ عُمَرَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ عَنْ أَبِي سَلَّامٍ الْأَسْوَدِ أَنَّهُ يُحَدِّثُ عَنْ ثَوْبَانَ فِي الْحَوْضِ، فَبَعَثَ إِلَيْهِ فَأَحْضَرَهُ عَلَى الْبَرِيدِ، وَقَالَ لَهُ كَالْمُتَوَجِّعِ: مَا أَرَدْنَا الْمَشَقَّةَ عَلَيْكَ يَا أَبَا سَلَّامٍ، وَلَكِنْ أَرَدْتُ أَنْ تُشَافِهَنِي بِالْحَدِيثِ مُشَافَهَةً. فَقَالَ: سَمِعْتُ ثَوْبَانَ، يَقُولُ قَالَ: رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَوْضِي مَا بَيْنَ عَدَنَ إِلَى عَمَّانَ الْبَلْقَاءِ مَاؤُهُ أَشَدُّ بَيَاضًا مِنَ اللَّبَنِ، وَأَحْلَى مِنَ الْعَسَلِ، أَكَاوِيبُهُ عَدَدُ نُجُومِ السَّمَاءِ، مَنْ شَرِبَ مِنْهُ شَرْبَةً لَمْ يَظْمَأْ بَعْدَهَا أَبَدًا، وَأَوَّلُ النَّاسِ وُرُودًا عَلَيْهِ فُقَرَاءُ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، الشُّعْثُ رُءُوسًا، الدُّنْسُ ثِيَابًا، الَّذِينَ لَا يَنْكِحُونَ الْمُتَنَعِّمَاتِ، وَلَا تُفْتَحُ لَهُمُ السُّدَدُ. فَقَالَ عُمَرُ: لَكِنِّي نَكَحْتُ الْمُتَنَعِّمَاتِ، فَاطِمَةَ بِنْتَ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، وَفُتِحَتْ لِيَ السُّدَدُ فَلَا جَرَمَ لَا أَغْسِلُ رَأْسِي حَتَّى يَشْعَثَ، وَلَا أُلْقِى ثَوْبِي حَتَّى يَتَّسِخَ. قَالُوا: وَكَانَ لَهُ سِرَاجٌ يَكْتُبُ عَلَيْهِ حَوَائِجَهُ، وَسِرَاجٌ لِبَيْتِ الْمَالِ يَكْتُبُ عَلَيْهِ مَصَالِحَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، لَا يَكْتُبُ عَلَى ضَوْئِهِ لِنَفْسِهِ حَرْفًا. وَكَانَ يَقْرَأُ فِي الْمُصْحَفِ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ أَوَّلَ النَّهَارِ، وَلَا يُطِيلُ الْقِرَاءَةَ، وَكَانَ لَهُ ثَلَاثُمِائَةِ شُرَطِيٍّ، وَثَلَاثُمِائَةِ حَرَسِيٍّ، وَأَهْدَى لَهُ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِهِ تُفَّاحًا فَاشْتَمَّهُ ثُمَّ رَدَّهُ مَعَ الرَّسُولِ، وَقَالَ لَهُ: قُلْ لَهُ: قَدْ بَلَغَتْ مَحَلَّهَا. فَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ ﷺ كَانَ يَقْبَلُ الْهَدِيَّةَ، وَهَذَا رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ بَيْتِكَ. فَقَالَ: إِنَّ الْهَدِيَّةَ كَانَتْ لِرَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ هَدِيَّةً، فَأَمَّا نَحْنُ فَهِيَ لَنَا رِشْوَةٌ. قَالُوا: وَكَانَ يُوَسِّعُ عَلَى عُمَّالِهِ فِي النَّفَقَةِ ; يُعْطِي الرَّجُلَ مِنْهُمْ فِي الشَّهْرِ مِائَةَ دِينَارٍ، وَمِائَتَيْ دِينَارٍ، وَكَانَ يَتَأَوَّلُ أَنَّهُمْ إِذَا كَانُوا فِي كِفَايَةٍ تَفَرَّغُوا لِأَشْغَالِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، فَقَالُوا لَهُ: لَوْ أَنْفَقْتَ عَلَى عِيَالِكَ كَمَا تُنْفِقُ عَلَى عُمَّالِكَ ؟ فَقَالَ: لَا أَمْنَعُهُمْ حَقًّا لَهُمْ، وَلَا أُعْطِيهِمْ حَقَّ غَيْرِهِمْ. وَكَانَ أَهْلُهُ قَدْ بَقُوا فِي جَهْدٍ عَظِيمٍ فَاعْتَذَرَ بِأَنَّ مَعَهُمْ سَلَفًا كَثِيرًا مِنْ قَبْلِ ذَلِكَ، وَقَالَ يَوْمًا لِرَجُلٍ مِنْ وَلَدِ عَلِيٍّ: إِنِّي لَأَسْتَحِي مِنَ اللَّهِ أَنْ تَقِفَ بِبَابِي وَلَا يُؤْذَنُ لَكَ. وَقَالَ لِآخَرَ مِنْهُمْ: إِنِّي لَأَسْتَحِي مِنَ اللَّهِ وَأَرْغَبُ بِكَ أَنْ أُدَنِّسَكَ بِالدُّنْيَا لِمَا أَكْرَمَكُمُ اللَّهُ بِهِ. وَقَالَ أَيْضًا: كُنَّا نَحْنُ وَبَنُو عَمِّنَا بَنُو هَاشِمٍ، مَرَّةً لَنَا وَمَرَّةً عَلَيْنَا، نَلْجَأُ إِلَيْهِمْ وَيَلْجَئُونَ إِلَيْنَا، حَتَّى طَلَعَتْ شَمْسُ الرِّسَالَةِ فَأَكْسَدَتْ كُلَّ نَافِقٍ، وَأَخْرَسَتْ كُلَّ مُنَافِقٍ، وَأَسْكَتَتْ كُلَّ نَاطِقٍ. وَقَالَ أَحْمَدُ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ: بسنده عَنْ مُوسَى بْنِ أَعْيَنَ الرَّاعِي وَكَانَ يَرْعَى الْغَنَمَ لِمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ أَبِي عُيَيْنَةَ قَالَ: كَانَتِ الْغَنَمُ وَالْأُسْدُ وَالْوَحْشُ تَرْعَى فِي خِلَافَةِ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فِي مَوْضِعٍ وَاحِدٍ، فَعَرَضَ لِشَاةٍ مِنْهَا ذِئْبٌ، فَقُلْتُ: إِنَّا لِلَّهِ، مَا أَرَى الرَّجُلَ الصَّالِحَ إِلَّا قَدْ هَلَكَ. قَالَ: فَحَسَبْنَاهُ فَوَجَدْنَاهُ قَدْ هَلَكَ فِي تِلْكَ اللَّيْلَةِ. من دعاء عمر بن عبد العزيز وَمِنْ دُعَائِهِ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنْ رِجَالًا أَطَاعُوكَ فِيمَا أَمَرْتَهُمْ، وَانْتَهَوْا عَمَّا نَهَيْتَهُمْ، اللَّهُمَّ وَإِنَّ تَوْفِيقَكَ إِيَّاهُمْ كَانَ قَبْلَ طَاعَتِهِمْ إِيَّاكَ، فَوَفِّقْنِي. وَمِنْهُ: اللَّهُمَّ، إِنَّ عُمَرَ لَيْسَ بِأَهْلٍ أَنْ تَنَالَهُ رَحْمَتُكَ، وَلَكِنَّ رَحْمَتَكَ أَهْلٌ أَنْ تَنَالَ عُمَرَ. وَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ: أَبْقَاكَ اللَّهُ مَا كَانَ الْبَقَاءُ خَيْرًا لَكَ. فَقَالَ: هَذَا شَيْءٌ قَدْ فُرِغَ مِنْهُ، وَلَكِنْ قُلْ: أَحْيَاكَ اللَّهُ حَيَاةً طَيِّبَةً، وَتَوَفَّاكَ مَعَ الْأَبْرَارِ. وَقَالَ لَهُ رَجُلٌ: كَيْفَ أَصْبَحْتَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ؟ فَقَالَ: أَصْبَحْتُ بَطِيئًا بَطِينًا، مُتَلَوِّثًا بِالْخَطَايَا، أَتَمَنَّى عَلَى اللَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ. وَدَخَلَ عَلَيْهِ رَجُلٌ، فَقَالَ: يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، إِنَّ مَنْ كَانَ قَبْلَكَ كَانَتِ الْخِلَافَةُ لَهُمْ زَيْنٌ، وَأَنْتَ زَيْنُ الْخِلَافَةِ، وَإِنَّمَا مَثَلُكَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، كَمَا قَالَ الشَّاعِرُ: وَإِذَا الدُّرُّ زَانَ حُسْنَ وُجُوهٍ كَانَ لِلدُّرِّ حُسْنُ وَجْهِكَ زَيْنَا قَالَ: فَأَعْرَضَ عَنْهُ عُمَرُ. وَقَالَ: أَكْثِرُوا ذِكْرَ النِّعَمِ فَإِنَّ ذِكْرَهَا شُكْرُهَا. وَقَالَ: إِنَّهُ لَيَمْنَعُنِي مِنْ كَثْرَةِ الْكَلَامِ مَخَافَةَ الْمُبَاهَاةِ. وَبَلَغَهُ أَنَّ رَجُلًا مِنْ أَصْحَابِهِ تُوُفِّيَ، فَجَاءَ إِلَى أَهْلِهِ لِيُعَزِّيَهُمْ فِيهِ، فَصَرَخُوا فِي وَجْهِهِ بِالْبُكَاءِ عَلَيْهِ، فَقَالَ: مَهْ، إِنَّ صَاحِبَكُمْ لَمْ يَكُنْ يَرْزُقُكُمْ، وَإِنَّ الَّذِي يَرْزُقُكُمْ حَيٌّ لَا يَمُوتُ، وَإِنَّ صَاحِبَكُمْ هَذَا، لَمْ يَسُدَّ شَيْئًا مِنْ حُفَرِكُمْ، وَإِنَّمَا سَدَّ حُفْرَةَ نَفْسِهِ، وَإِنَّ لِكُلِّ امْرِئٍ مِنْكُمْ حُفْرَةً لَا بُدَّ وَاللَّهِ أَنْ يَسُدَّهَا، إِنَّ اللَّهَ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لَمَّا خَلَقَ الدُّنْيَا حَكَمَ عَلَيْهَا بِالْخَرَابِ وَعَلَى أَهْلِهَا بِالْفَنَاءِ، وَمَا امْتَلَأَتْ دَارٌ حَبْرَةً إِلَّا امْتَلَأَتْ عَبْرَةً، وَلَا اجْتَمَعُوا إِلَّا تَفَرَّقُوا، حَتَّى يَكُونَ اللَّهُ هُوَ الَّذِي يَرِثُ الْأَرْضَ وَمَنْ عَلَيْهَا، فَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْكُمْ بَاكِيًا فَلْيَبْكِ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ، فَإِنَّ الَّذِي صَارَ إِلَيْهِ صَاحِبُكُمْ، كُلُّكُمْ يَصِيرُ إِلَيْهِ غَدًا. خوف عمر بن عبد العزيز من الله وَقَالَ مَيْمُونُ بْنُ مِهْرَانَ خَرَجْتُ مَعَ عُمَرَ إِلَى الْقُبُورِ، فَقَالَ لِي: يَا أَبَا أَيُّوبَ، هَذِهِ قُبُورُ آبَائِي بَنِي أُمَيَّةَ، كَأَنَّهُمْ لَمْ يُشَارِكُوا أَهْلَ الدُّنْيَا فِي لَذَّتِهِمْ وَعَيْشِهِمْ، أَمَا تَرَاهُمْ صَرْعَى قَدْ خَلَتْ فِيهِمُ الْمَثُلَاتُ، وَاسْتَحْكَمَ فِيهِمُ الْبَلَاءُ ؟ ثُمَّ بَكَى حَتَّى غُشِيَ عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ أَفَاقَ، فَقَالَ: انْطَلِقُوا بِنَا فَوَاللَّهِ لَا أَعْلَمُ أَحَدًا أَنْعَمَ مِمَّنْ صَارَ إِلَى هَذِهِ الْقُبُورِ، وَقَدْ أَمِنَ مِنْ عَذَابِ اللَّهِ. وَقَالَ غَيْرُهُ: خَرَجَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فِي جِنَازَةٍ، فَلَمَّا دُفِنَتْ قَالَ لِأَصْحَابِهِ: قِفُوا حَتَّى آتِيَ قُبُورَ الْأَحِبَّةِ. فَأَتَاهُمْ فَجَعَلَ يَبْكِي وَيَدْعُو، إِذْ هَتَفَ بِهِ التُّرَابُ، فَقَالَ: يَا عُمَرُ أَلَا تَسْأَلُنِي مَا فَعَلْتُ فِي الْأَحِبَّةِ ؟ قَالَ: قُلْتُ: وَمَا فَعَلْتَ بِهِمْ ؟ قَالَ: مَزَّقْتُ الْأَكْفَانَ، وَأَكَلْتُ اللُّحُومَ، وَشَدَخْتُ الْمُقْلَتَيْنِ، وَأَكَلْتُ الْحَدَقَتَيْنِ، وَنَزَعْتُ الْكَفَّيْنِ مِنَ السَّاعِدَيْنِ، وَالسَّاعِدَيْنِ مِنَ الْعَضُدَيْنِ، وَالْعَضُدَيْنِ مِنَ الْمَنْكِبَيْنِ، وَالْمَنْكِبَيْنِ مِنَ الصُّلْبِ، وَالْقَدَمَيْنِ مِنَ السَّاقَيْنِ، وَالسَّاقَيْنِ مِنَ الْفَخْذَيْنِ، وَالْفَخْذَيْنِ مِنَ الْوِرْكِ، وَالْوِرْكَ مِنَ الصُّلْبِ وَعُمَرُ يَبْكِي. فَلَمَّا أَرَادَ أَنْ يَذْهَبَ قَالَ لَهُ: يَا عُمَرُ، أَلَا أَدُلُّكَ عَلَى أَكْفَانٍ لَا تَبْلَى ؟ قَالَ: وَمَا هِيَ ؟ قَالَ: تَقْوَى اللَّهِ، وَالْعَمَلُ الصَّالِحُ. وَقَالَ مَرَّةً لِرَجُلٍ مِنْ جُلَسَائِهِ: لَقَدْ أَرِقْتُ اللَّيْلَةَ مُفَكِّرًا. قَالَ: وَفِيمَ يَا أَمِيرَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ ؟ قَالَ: فِي الْقَبْرِ وَسَاكِنِهِ، إِنَّكَ لَوْ رَأَيْتَ الْمَيِّتَ بَعْدَ ثَالِثَةٍ فِي قَبْرِهِ لَاسْتَوْحَشْتَ مِنْ قُرْبِهِ بَعْدَ طُولِ الْأُنْسِ مِنْكَ بِنَاحِيَتِهِ، وَلَرَأَيْتَ بَيْتًا تَجُولُ فِيهِ الْهَوَامُّ، وَيَجْرِي فِيهِ الصَّدِيدُ، وَتَخْتَرِقُهُ الدِّيدَانُ، مَعَ تَغَيُّرِ الرِّيحِ، وَبِلَى الْأَكْفَانِ بَعْدَ حُسْنِ الْهَيْئَةِ، وَطِيبِ الرِّيحِ، وَنَقَاءِ الثَّوْبِ. قَالَ: ثُمَّ شَهِقَ شَهْقَةً خَرَّ مَغْشِيًّا عَلَيْهِ. وَقَالَ مُقَاتِلُ بْنُ حَيَّانَ: صَلَّيْتُ وَرَاءَ عُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ فَقَرَأَ وَقِفُوهُمْ إِنَّهُمْ مَسْئُولُونَ فَجَعَلَ يُكَرِّرُهَا وَمَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يُجَاوِزَهَا. وَقَالَتِ امْرَأَتُهُ فَاطِمَةُ: مَا رَأَيْتُ أَحَدًا أَكْثَرَ صَلَاةً وَصِيَامًا مِنْهُ، وَلَا أَحَدًا أَشَدَّ فَرَقًا مِنْ رَبِّهِ مِنْهُ، كَانَ يُصَلِّي الْعِشَاءَ ثُمَّ يَجْلِسُ يَبْكِي حَتَّى تَغْلِبَهُ عَيْنُهُ، ثُمَّ يَنْتَبِهُ فَلَا يَزَالُ يَبْكِي حَتَّى تَغْلِبَهُ عَيْنُهُ. قَالَتْ: وَلَقَدْ كَانَ يَكُونُ مَعِي فِي الْفِرَاشِ فَيَذْكُرُ الشَّيْءَ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْآخِرَةِ ; فَيَنْتَفِضُ كَمَا يَنْتَفِضُ الْعُصْفُورُ فِي الْمَاءِ، وَيَجْلِسُ يَبْكِي، فَأَطْرَحُ عَلَيْهِ اللِّحَافَ رَحْمَةً لَهُ، وَأَنَا أَقُولُ: يَا لَيْتَ كَانَ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَ الْخِلَافَةِ بُعْدَ الْمَشْرِقَيْنِ، فَوَاللَّهِ مَا رَأَيْنَا سُرُورًا مُنْذُ دَخَلْنَا فِيهَا. وَقَالَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ زَيْدٍ: مَا رَأَيْتُ رَجُلَيْنِ كَأَنَّ النَّارَ لَمْ تُخْلَقْ إِلَّا لَهُمَا مِثْلَ الْحَسَنِ، وَعُمَرَ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ. وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: رَأَيْتُهُ يَبْكِي حَتَّى بَكَى دَمًا. قَالُوا: وَكَانَ إِذَا أَوَى إِلَى فِرَاشِهِ قَرَأَ إِنَّ رَبَّكُمُ اللَّهُ الَّذِي خَلَقَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضَ فِي سِتَّةِ أَيَّامٍ [ الْأَعْرَافِ: 54 ] الْآيَةَ. وَيَقْرَأُ: أَفَأَمِنَ أَهْلُ الْقُرَى أَنْ يَأْتِيَهُمْ بَأْسُنَا بَيَاتًا وَهُمْ نَائِمُونَ وَنَحْوَ هَذِهِ الْآيَاتِ، وَكَانَ يَجْتَمِعُ كُلَّ لَيْلَةٍ إِلَيْهِ أَصْحَابُهُ مِنَ الْفُقَهَاءِ فَلَا يَذْكُرُونَ إِلَّا الْمَوْتَ وَالْآخِرَةَ، ثُمَّ يَبْكُونَ حَتَّى كَأَنَّ بَيْنَهُمْ جِنَازَةً. وَقَالَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصُّولِيُّ عَنِ الْمُبَرِّدِ كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ يَتَمَثَّلُ بِقَوْلِ الشَّاعِرِ: فَمَا تَزَوَّدَ مِمَّا كَانَ يَجْمَعُهُ سِوَى حَنُوطٍ غَدَاةَ الْبَيْنِ فِي خِرَقِ وَغَيْرَ نَفْحَةِ أَعْوَادٍ تُشَبُّ لَهُ وَقَلَّ ذَلِكَ مِنْ زَادٍ لِمُنْطَلِقِ بِأَيِّمَا بَلَدٍ كَانَتْ مَنِيَّتُهُ إِنْ لَا يَسِرْ طَائِعًا فِي قَصْدِهَا يُسَقِ وَنَظَرَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ وَهُوَ فِي جِنَازَةٍ، إِلَى قَوْمٍ قَدْ تَلَثَّمُوا مِنَ الْغُبَارِ وَالشَّمْسِ، وَانْحَازُوا إِلَى الظِّلِّ، فَبَكَى وَأَنْشَدَ: مَنْ كَانَ حِينَ تُصِيبُ الشَّمْسُ جَبْهَتَهُ أَوِ الْغُبَارُ يَخَافُ الشَّيْنَ وَالشَّعَثَا وَيَأْلَفُ الظِّلَّ كَيْ تَبْقَى بَشَاشَتُهُ فَسَوْفَ يَسْكُنُ يَوْمًا رَاغِمًا جَدَثًا فِي قَعْرِ مُظْلِمَةٍ غَبْرَاءَ مُوحِشَةٍ يُطِيلُ فِي قَعْرِهَا تَحْتَ الثَّرَى لُبْثَا تَجَهَّزِي بِجَهَازٍ تَبْلُغِينَ بِهِ يَا نَفْسُ قَبْلَ الرَّدَى لَمْ تُخْلَقِي عَبَثَا وَقَالَ الْمُفَضَّلُ بْنُ غَسَّانَ الْغَلَّابِيُّ: كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ لَا يَجِفُّ فُوهُ مِنْ هَذَا الْبَيْتِ: وَلَا خَيْرَ فِي عَيْشِ امْرِئٍ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مِنَ اللَّهِ فِي دَارِ الْقَرَارِ نَصِيبُ وَزَادَ غَيْرُهُ مَعَهُ بَيْتًا حَسَنًا، وَهُوَ قَوْلُهُ: فَإِنْ تُعْجِبُ الدُّنْيَا أُنَاسًا فَإِنَّهَا مَتَاعٌ قَلِيلٌ وَالزَّوَالُ قَرِيبُ وَمِنْ شَعْرِهِ الَّذِي أَنْشَدَهُ ابْنُ الْجَوْزِيِّ: أَنَا مَيْتٌ وَعَزَّ مَنْ لَا يَمُوتُ قَدْ تَيَقَّنْتُ أَنَّنِي سَأَمُوتُ لَيْسَ مُلْكٌ يُزِيلُهُ الْمَوْتُ مُلْكًا إِنَّمَا الْمُلْكُ مُلْكُ مَنْ لَا يَمُوتُ وَقَالَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الْمُبَارَكِ: كَانَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ يَقُولُ: تُسَرُّ بِمَا يَبْلَى وَتَفْرَحُ بِالْمُنَى كَمَا اغْتَرَّ بِاللَّذَّاتِ فِي النَّوْمِ حَالِمُ نَهَارُكَ يَا مَغْرُورُ سَهْوٌ وَغَفْلَةٌ وَلَيْلُكَ نَوْمٌ وَالرَّدَى لَكَ لَازِمُ وَسَعْيكُ فِيمَا سَوْفَ تَكْرَهُ غِبَّهُ كَذَلِكَ فِي الدُّنْيَا تَعِيشُ الْبَهَائِمُ وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ كَثِيرٍ: قَالَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ يَلُومُ نَفْسَهُ وَيُعَاتِبُهَا: أَيَقِظَانُ أَنْتَ الْيَوْمَ أَمْ أَنْتَ نَائِمُ وَكَيْفَ يُطِيقُ النَّوْمَ حَيْرَانُ هَائِمُ فَلَوْ كَنْتَ يَقْظَانَ الْغَدَاةَ لَحَرَّقَتْ مَدَامِعَ عَيْنَيْكَ الدُّمُوعُ السَّوَاجِمُ نَهَارُكَ يَا مَغْرُورُ سَهْوٌ وَغَفْلَةٌ وَلَيْلُكَ نَوْمٌ وَالرَّدَى لَكَ لَازِمُ بَلَ اصْبَحْتَ فِي النَّوْمِ الطَّوِيلِ وَقَدْ دَنَتْ إِلَيْكَ أُمُورٌ مُفْظِعَاتٌ عَظَائِمُ وَشُغْلُكَ فِيمَا سَوْفَ تَكْرَهُ غِبَّهُ كَذَلِكَ فِي الدُّنْيَا تَعِيشُ الْبَهَائِمُ وَرَوَى ابْنُ أَبِي الدُّنْيَا بِسَنَدِهِ عَنْ فَاطِمَةَ بِنْتِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، قَالَتْ: انْتَبَهَ عُمَرُ ذَاتَ لَيْلَةٍ، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: لَقَدْ رَأَيْتُ رُؤْيَا مُعْجِبَةً. فَقُلْتُ: أَخْبِرْنِي بِهَا. فَقَالَ: حَتَّى نُصْبِحَ. فَلَمَّا صَلَّى الصُّبْحَ بِالْمُسْلِمِينَ دَخَلَ فَسَأَلْتُهُ عَنْهَا، فَقَالَ: رَأَيْتُ كَأَنِّي دُفِعْتُ إِلَى أَرْضٍ خَضْرَاءَ وَاسِعَةٍ كَأَنَّهَا بِسَاطٌ أَخْضَرُ، وَإِذَا فِيهَا قَصْرٌ كَأَنَّهُ الْفِضَّةُ، فَخَرَجَ مِنْهُ خَارِجٌ فَنَادَى: أَيْنَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ؟ أَيْنَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ ؟ إِذْ أَقْبَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ ﷺ حَتَّى دَخَلَ ذَلِكَ الْقَصْرَ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ آخَرُ فَنَادَى: أَيْنَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ ؟ فَأَقْبَلَ فَدَخَلَ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ آخَرُ فَنَادَى: أَيْنَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ ؟ فَأَقْبَلَ فَدَخَلَ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ آخَرُ فَنَادَى: أَيْنَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ ؟ فَأَقْبَلَ فَدَخَلَ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ آخَرُ فَنَادَى: أَيْنَ عَلِيُّ بْنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ؟ فَأَقْبَلَ فَدَخَلَ، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ آخَرُ فَنَادَى: أَيْنَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ ؟ فَقُمْتُ - فَدَخَلْتُ فَجَلَسْتُ إِلَى جَانِبِ أَبِي عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ، وَهُوَ عَنْ يَسَارِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ عَنْ يَمِينِهِ، وَبَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ رَجُلٌ، فَقُلْتُ لِأَبِي: مَنْ هَذَا ؟ قَالَ: هَذَا عِيسَى بْنُ مَرْيَمَ. ثُمَّ سَمِعْتُ هَاتِفًا يَهْتِفُ، بَيْنِي وَبَيْنَهُ نُورٌ لَا أَرَاهُ، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: يَا عُمَرُ بْنَ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ تَمَسَّكْ بِمَا أَنْتَ عَلَيْهِ، وَاثْبُتْ عَلَى مَا أَنْتَ عَلَيْهِ. قَالَ: ثُمَّ كَأَنَّهُ أُذِنَ لِي فِي الْخُرُوجِ فَخَرَجْتُ، فَالْتَفَتُّ فَإِذَا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ وَهُوَ خَارِجٌ مِنَ الْقَصْرِ، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي نَصَرَنِي رَبِّي، وَإِذَا عَلِيٌّ فِي إِثْرِهِ، وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِي غَفَرَ لِي رَبِّي.
Translation
✧ ( THE VIRTUES OF ʿUMAR B. ʿABD AL-ʿAZĪZ ) He said: Abū Dāwūd al-Ṭayālisī: with his chain of transmission from ʿAbd Allāh b. Dīnār, who said: Ibn ʿUmar said: How amazing! People claim that the world will not come to an end until a man from the family of ʿUmar takes charge, acting like the deeds of ʿUmar. He said: They used to think it was Bilāl b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar. He said: There was a mark on his face, so it was not him. And behold, it is ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, whose mother is the daughter of ʿĀṣim b. ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb. Al-Bayhaqī said: with his chain of transmission from Juwayriyyah b. Asmāʾ, from Nāfiʿ, who said: It reached us that ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb said: Among my descendants is a man with a blemish on his face who will take charge, and he will fill the earth with justice. Nāfiʿ said before that: I think it is none other than ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Wuhayb b. al-Ward said: While I was sleeping, I saw as if a man entered through the gate of Banū Shaybah, saying: O people, the Book of God has been placed in charge over you. I said: Who? He pointed to his back, and behold, written on it: ʿU M R. He said: Then came the oath of allegiance to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Baqiyyah said, with his chain of transmission from ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, that he saw the Messenger of God ﷺ in a green meadow, and he said to him: “You will take charge of the affair of my community, so restrain from bloodshed, for your name among the people is ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, and your name with God is Jābir.” Abū Bakr b. al-Muqrī said: with his chain of transmission from Rabāḥ b. ʿUbaydah, who said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz went out to prayer, with an old man leaning on his arm. I said to myself: This old man is coarse. When he prayed and entered, I caught up with him and said: May God set the amīr aright; who is the old man who was leaning on your arm? He said: O Rabāḥ, did you see him? I said: Yes. He said: I think you, O Rabāḥ, are none other than a righteous man. That was my brother al-Khaḍir. He came to me and informed me that I would take charge of the affair of this community, and that I would be just in it. Yaʿqūb b. Sufyān said: with his chain of transmission from Abū al-Aʿyas, who said: I was sitting with Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah, when a young man came wearing patched garments. He took Khālid by the hand and said: Are we being watched? Abū al-Aʿyas said: I said: Over you both is an all-seeing eye and an all-hearing ear from God. He said: The young man’s eyes welled with tears. He released his hand from Khālid’s hand and turned away. I said: Who is this? He said: This is ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, the nephew of the Commander of the Faithful, and if you live long, you will see him as an imam of guidance. I said: Khālid b. Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah had something good from the reports of the ancients and their sayings. The Covenant to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz for the Succession It has been narrated that when Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik was on his deathbed, he resolved to write the covenant in the name of one of his sons. But his faithful minister Rajāʾ b. Ḥaywah kept at him until he dissuaded him from that, and advised him to entrust the matter after him to the most upright person for them. God inspired the caliph with his right course, so he designated for it his paternal cousin ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Rajāʾ b. Ḥaywah approved and endorsed his opinion. So Sulaymān wrote the covenant on a sheet, sealed it, and neither ʿUmar nor anyone of the Banū Marwān knew of it except Sulaymān and Rajāʾ. Then he ordered the chief of the guard to bring the commanders and the leading men of the Banū Marwān and others, and they swore allegiance to Sulaymān to whatever was in the sealed sheet. Then they departed. When the caliph died, Rajāʾ b. Ḥaywah summoned them and they swore allegiance a second time, before they knew of the caliph’s death. Then he opened it and read it to them, and behold, in it was the oath of allegiance to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. They took him, seated him on the pulpit, and swore allegiance to him, and thus the oath of allegiance was concluded for him. The Disagreement of the Scholars Concerning a Man Who Makes a Bequest in a Writing and Has Witnesses Attest to Its Contents Without It Being Read to Them The scholars have disagreed about the like of this practice: a man makes a bequest in a writing and has witnesses attest to its contents without it being read to the witnesses, and then they testify to what is in it, and it is executed. Groups of the people of knowledge permitted that. Al-Qāḍī Abū al-Faraj al-Muʿāfā b. Zakariyyā al-Jarīrī said: The majority of the people of the Ḥijāz permitted that, carried it out, and enforced judgment by it. That was narrated from Sālim b. ʿAbd Allāh, and it is the school of Mālik and those who agreed with him among the jurists of Syria. Khālid b. Yazīd b. Abī Mālik narrated the like of that from his father and the judges of his military district, and it is the saying of al-Layth b. Saʿd and those who agreed with him among the jurists of Egypt and the Maghrib, and it is the saying of the jurists of Baṣrah and their judges. It was narrated from Qatādah, and from Sawwār b. ʿAbd Allāh, ʿUbayd Allāh b. al-Ḥusayn, and Muʿādh b. Muʿādh al-ʿAnbarī, among those who followed their path. A great number of the companions of ḥadīth adopted this. I say: Al-Bukhārī paid attention to it in his Ṣaḥīḥ. Al-Muʿāfā said: A group of the jurists of Iraq refused that, among them: Ibrāhīm, Ḥammād, and al-Ḥasan, and it is the school of al-Shāfiʿī and Abū Thawr. He said: And it is the saying of our shaykh Abū Jaʿfar, and some of the companions of al-Shāfiʿī in Iraq went to the first saying. Al-Jarīrī said: And we go to the first saying. It was mentioned earlier that when ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz returned from the funeral of Sulaymān, the mounts of the caliphate were brought to him to ride, but he refused that, and he began to recite: Were it not for piety, then restraint, from fear of ruin, I would have disobeyed every rebuker in the love of youth. He decreed what he decreed in what has passed, then you do not see any further youthful inclination for him in the remaining nights. Then he said: What God wills; there is no strength except through God. Bring me my mule. Then he ordered those caliphal mounts to be sold to whoever wanted, and they were of excellent, precious horses, and he sold them and put their prices in the public treasury. They said: When he returned from the funeral, and the people had sworn allegiance to him, and the caliphate was settled in his name, he went back grieving and distressed. His freedman said to him: Why are you so grieved and distressed, and this is not the time for that? He said: Woe to you! How should I not grieve, when there is no one among the people of the East and the West of this community but he demands his right from me, that I deliver it to him, whether he wrote to me about it or not, whether he sought it from me or not. They said: Then he gave his wife Fāṭimah the choice between staying with him on the condition that he would have no leisure for her, and joining her family. She wept, and her maidservants wept because of her weeping, and a clamor was heard in his house. Then she chose to stay with him in every circumstance, may God have mercy on her. A man said to him: Devote yourself to us, O Commander of the Faithful. He began to recite: A distracting occupation has come, and I have turned away from the paths of safety. Leisure is gone, so there is no leisure for us until the Day of Resurrection. Sahl b. Ṣadaqah said: When ʿUmar was made caliph, weeping was heard in his house. They asked about that, and they said: ʿUmar gave his maidservants the choice, saying: An affair has befallen me that has occupied me from you. Whoever wishes me to set her free, I will set her free, and whoever wishes me to keep her, I will keep her if I have nothing toward her. So they wept out of despair of him. His wife Fāṭimah said: When ʿUmar entered the house, he would throw himself in his prayer place, and he would continue weeping and supplicating until his eyes were overcome, then he would wake up and do the like of that all his night. Al-Walīd b. Abī al-Sāʾib said: I have never seen anyone more fearful than ʿUmar. Al-Awzāʿī said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was sitting in his house, and with him were the nobles of the Banū Umayyah. He said: Would you like me to appoint each man of you to a military district? A man among them said: Why do you offer us what you will not do?! He said: Do you see this carpet of mine? I know that it will end in decay and annihilation, and I hate for you to defile it with your feet. So how could I appoint you over my religion, appoint you over the honors and bodies of the Muslims?! Far be it from you, far be it!! They said to him: Why? Do we not have kinship? Do we not have a right? He said: You and the farthest man of the Muslims are equal with me in this matter, except a man of the Muslims whom his long distance has kept from me. Ḥumayd said: Al-Ḥasan dictated to me a letter to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, and it was delivered. Then he complained of need and dependents, so he ordered his stipend to be given. Al-Awzāʿī said: When ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz intended to punish a man, he would imprison him for three days, then punish him, out of dislike of hastening in the first moment of his anger. Ibrāhīm b. Maysarah said: I did not see ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz strike anyone during his caliphate, except one man who spoke ill of Muʿāwiyah, and he struck him three lashes. Al-Awzāʿī said: When ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz cut off from his own household what used to flow to them from the stipends of the elite, they spoke to him about that. He said: My own wealth will not suffice for you. As for this wealth, your right in it is like the right of a man at the farthest point of Bark al-Ghimād. Abū ʿUmar said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz wrote ordering the reversal of the rulings of al-Ḥajjāj that were contrary to the rulings of the people. Yaḥyā al-Ghassānī said: When ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz appointed me over Mosul, I came to it and found it among the cities most given to theft and housebreaking. So I wrote to him informing him of the condition of the city, and asking him: Should I take the people on suspicion and strike them on accusation, or take them on clear evidence and what the Sunnah has established? He wrote to me: Take the people on clear evidence and what the Sunnah has established; for if the truth does not set them right, may God not set them right. Yaḥyā said: I did that, and I did not leave Mosul until it was among the most upright of cities, and the least given to theft and housebreaking. Rajāʾ b. Ḥaywah said: I stayed up one night with ʿUmar, and the lamp grew dim, and beside him was a servant boy. I said: Shall I wake him? He said: No. I said: Shall I get up? He said: It is not part of a man’s manliness to make use of his guest. So he got up to the oil jar, fixed the lamp, then returned, and said: I got up as ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, and I returned as ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Nuʿaym, his scribe, said: ʿUmar said: What prevents me from much talk is the fear of ostentation. Makḥūl said: If I were to swear, I would be truthful: I have never seen anyone more ascetic or more fearful of God than ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz!! Saʿīd b. Abī ʿArūbah said: When ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz mentioned death, his limbs would tremble. ʿAṭāʾ said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz used to gather the jurists every night, and they would discuss death and the resurrection, then they would weep, until it was as if a funeral was before them. ʿUbayd Allāh b. al-ʿIzār said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz preached to us in Syria on a pulpit of clay, and said: O people, set right your inner secrets, and your outward conduct will be set right. Work for your hereafter, and your worldly affairs will be taken care of. And know that a man between whom and Adam there is no living father is indeed deeply rooted in death. And peace be upon you. Wuhayb b. al-Ward said: The Banū Marwān gathered at the door of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, and they said to his son ʿAbd al-Malik: Tell your father: The caliphs before him used to give us and acknowledge our standing, and your father has deprived us of what is in his hands. He entered to his father and informed him. He said to him: Say: My father says to you: { I fear, if I disobey my Lord, the punishment of a mighty day }. Al-Awzāʿī said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz said: Take from opinion that which confirms those who were before you, and do not take what is contrary to them; for they are better than you and more knowledgeable. [The Story of the Chief of the Guard with Our Master ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz] Yaḥyā al-Ghassānī said: ʿUmar used to forbid Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik from killing the Ḥarūriyyah, and he would say: Imprisonment is enough for them until they bring about repentance. Sulaymān was brought a Ḥarūrī, and Sulaymān said to him: Speak. The Ḥarūrī said: What should I say? O wicked man, son of a wicked man. Sulaymān said: Bring me ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. When he came, he said: Listen to the speech of this one. The Ḥarūrī repeated it. Sulaymān said to ʿUmar: What do you think he deserves? He was silent. He said: I adjure you to tell me what you think he deserves. He said: I think he deserves that you insult him as he insulted you. He said: Is there nothing but that?! So Sulaymān ordered him, and his neck was struck. ʿUmar went out, and Khālid, the chief of the guard, caught up with him and said: O ʿUmar, how can you say to the Commander of the Faithful: I think he deserves nothing but that you insult him as he insulted you?! By God, I was expecting him to order me to strike your neck. He said: And if he had ordered you, would you have done it? He said: Yes, by God. When the caliphate passed to ʿUmar, Khālid came and stood in the position of chief of the guard. ʿUmar said: O Khālid, put down this sword from you. And he said: O God, I have deposed Khālid for Your sake, so never raise him again. Then he looked at the faces of the guard, and he called ʿAmr b. Muhājir al-Anṣārī, and said: O ʿAmr, by God, you will know that between me and you there is no kinship except the kinship of Islam; but I heard you reciting the Qurʾān often, and I saw you praying in a place where you thought no one would see you, and I saw you performing the prayer well. You are a man of the Anṣār. Take this sword; I have appointed you over my guard. Shuʿayb said: I was told that ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz entered upon his father and said: O Commander of the Faithful, what will you say to your Lord tomorrow if He asks you: Did you see an innovation and not put it to death, or a Sunnah and not revive it? His father said to him: May God have mercy on you and reward you as a good son. O my son, your people have tightened this affair knot by knot and loop by loop. Whenever I wanted to force them to relinquish what is in their hands, I was not safe from their tearing open a rent in which much blood would be shed. By God, the passing away of the world is easier for me than that a cupping-glass of blood be shed because of me. Or are you not content that not a day of the world passes over your father except that he puts to death an innovation in it and revives a Sunnah in it?! Maʿmar said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz said: He has succeeded who is protected from disputation, anger, and greed. Arṭāh b. al-Mundhir said: It was said to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz: “Would that you take a guard and protect your food and drink?” He said: “O Allah, if You know that I fear anything other than the Day of Resurrection… then do not make my fear secure.” ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz’s letter to Yazīd b. al-Muhallab It was said: When he assumed the caliphate, he wrote to Yazīd b. al-Muhallab: “To proceed: Sulaymān was a servant among the servants of Allah. Allah bestowed favor upon him, then took him and appointed me as successor, and Yazīd b. ʿAbd al-Malik after me, if it should be. What Allah has entrusted to me of that and decreed for me is not easy for me. Had my desire been in taking wives or amassing wealth, then in what He has given me of that there would have reached me the best that has reached any of His creation. But I fear, in what I have been tested with, a severe reckoning and a harsh questioning, except what Allah pardons and has mercy upon. Those with us have pledged allegiance, so pledge allegiance to those with you.” When he read the letter, it was said to him: “You are not one of his governors, because his speech is not like the speech of those of his house who have gone before.” So Yazīd called the people to allegiance, and they pledged. Muqātil b. Ḥayyān said: ʿUmar wrote to ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Nuʿaym: “To proceed: Act with the deed of one who knows that Allah does not set right the work of the corrupters.” Ṭufayl b. Mirdās said: ʿUmar wrote to Sulaymān b. Abī al-Sarī: “Build caravanserais. Whoever of the Muslims passes by you, entertain him for a day and a night, and look after their mounts. Whoever has an illness, entertain him for two days and two nights. If he is cut off, convey him to his town.” When ʿUmar’s letter came to him, the people of Samarqand said to him: “Qutaybah wronged us and betrayed us, and took our land. Allah has now made justice and fairness apparent, so permit us to send a delegation to the Commander of the Faithful.” He permitted them, and they sent a delegation to ʿUmar. He wrote for them to Sulaymān: “The people of Samarqand complained of injustice and oppression from Qutaybah against them, until he expelled them from their land. When my letter comes to you, seat the judge for them, and let him examine their affair. If he rules in their favor, remove the Arabs to their camp as they were before Qutaybah prevailed over them.” He said: Sulaymān seated for them Jumayʿ b. Ḥāḍir the judge, and he ruled that the Arabs of Samarqand should withdraw to their camp and make terms with them on equal footing, so that it would be either a new peace or a victory by force. The people of Soghd said: “Rather we are content with what was, and we will not renew war.” And they consented to that. Dāwūd b. Sulaymān al-Juʿfī said: ʿUmar wrote to ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd: “To proceed: The people of Kufa have been afflicted with trial, hardship, and injustice in the rulings of Allah, and with a wicked practice that evil governors instituted among them. The foundation of religion is justice and benevolence. Let nothing be more important to you than your own self, for there is no small amount of sin. Do not impose ruin upon a cultivated land, but take from it what it can bear and set it right until it is populated. Let nothing be taken from the cultivated land except the fixed tax, with gentleness and tranquility for the people of the land. Do not take the wages of the minters, nor the gift of Nayrūz and Mihrajān, nor the price of documents, nor the wages of couriers, nor the wages of houses, nor the dirham of marriage, nor the land tax on those of the land’s people who embrace Islam. Follow my command in that, for I have entrusted to you of that what Allah entrusted to me. Do not hasten before me with amputation or crucifixion until you refer to me about it. And look to whoever of the descendants wishes to perform Hajj, and hasten for him one hundred so that he may perform Hajj with it. Peace.” The first sermon ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz delivered after assuming the caliphate Al-Zubayr b. Bakkār said with his chain from Sallām b. Sulaym: When ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz assumed the caliphate, he ascended the pulpit. The first sermon he delivered, he praised Allah and extolled Him, then said: “O people, whoever accompanies us, let him accompany us with five things, otherwise let him part from us: he brings to us the need of one who cannot bring it; he helps us in good with his effort; he shows us of good what we cannot find; he does not slander the subjects in our presence; and he does not involve himself in what does not concern him.” The poets and orators dispersed from him, and the jurists and ascetics remained with him, saying: “It does not befit us to part from this man until his actions contradict his words.” Sufyān b. ʿUyaynah said: When ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz assumed the caliphate, he sent for Muḥammad b. Kaʿb, Rajāʾ b. Ḥaywah, and Sālim b. ʿAbd Allāh, and said to them: “You see what I have been tested with and what has befallen me. What do you advise?” Muḥammad b. Kaʿb said: “Make the elder a father, the youth a brother, and the child a son. Honor your father, maintain ties with your brother, and be kind to your child.” Rajāʾ said: “Be content for people with what you are content with for yourself. What you hate to be done to you, do not do to them. Know that you are the first caliph to die.” Sālim said: “Make the matter a single day: fast in it from the desires of this world, and make your breaking of the fast in it death, as if it already were.” ʿUmar said: “There is no might and no power except with Allah.” Someone else said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz delivered a sermon one day while tears choked him: “O people, set right your Hereafter and your world will be set right for you. Set right your inner selves and your outer selves will be set right for you. By Allah, there is no servant between him and Adam a father except that he has died. He is surely rooted in death.” He said in another of his sermons: “How many a flourishing, adorned dwelling will soon fall into ruin! How many a resident, rejoicing, will soon depart! Make good, may Allah have mercy on you, the departure from this world with the best of what is present with you of the move. While the son of Adam is in this world, competing in it with delighted eye and content, Allah calls him by His decree and strikes him with the day of his death, stripping him of his traces and his world, and making his fortresses and his dwelling for other people. This world does not gladden as much as it harms. It gladdens a little and grieves long.” Ismāʿīl b. ʿAyyāsh said, from ʿAmr b. Muhājir: When ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz was made caliph, he stood among the people, praised Allah and extolled Him, then said: “O people, there is no book after the Qurʾan and no prophet after Muḥammad, ﷺ. I am not a judge but an executor. I am not an innovator but a follower. The man who flees from an unjust ruler is not unjust. Indeed, the unjust ruler is the disobedient one. Indeed, there is no obedience to a creature in disobedience to the Creator, Mighty and Majestic.” In another narration, he said in it: “I am not better than any of you, but I am the heaviest of you in burden. Indeed, there is no obedience to a creature in disobedience to Allah. Have I made myself heard?” The last sermon ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz delivered Aḥmad b. Marwān said with his chain from Shuʿayb b. Ṣafwān: A son of Saʿīd b. al-ʿĀṣ narrated to me: The last sermon ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz delivered, he praised Allah and extolled Him, then said: “To proceed: You were not created in vain, and you will not be left aimlessly. You have a return to which Allah will descend to judge among you and decide between you. Lost and ruined is he who departs from Allah’s mercy and is deprived of a garden whose width is the heavens and the earth. Do you not know that no one will be secure tomorrow except he who is wary of the Last Day today and fears it, and sells a fleeting thing for an enduring one, a little for much, and fear for security? Do you not see that you are in the spoils of the perished, and after you it will be for the remaining, until we are returned to the Best of Inheritors? Then every day you escort one going in the morning or evening to Allah, who has fulfilled his term, until you hide him in a cleft of the earth, in the belly of a cleft, without pillow or bedding. He has parted from loved ones, touched the dust, and faced the reckoning. He is held by his deeds, rich beyond what he left, poor in what he sent ahead. So fear Allah before the end of His watch and the descent of death upon you. Indeed, I say this.” Then he placed the edge of his cloak over his face and wept, and made those around him weep. In another narration: “By Allah, I say this and I do not know of anyone among you who has more sins than I know of myself, but they are just ways from Allah; He commanded obedience to Him in them and forbade disobedience to Him.” He sought Allah’s forgiveness, put his sleeve over his face and wept until he wet his beard. He did not return to his gathering until he died, may Allah have mercy on him. Abū Bakr b. Abī al-Dunyā narrated from ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz that he saw the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in a dream, saying: “Come near, O ʿUmar.” He said: I came near until I feared that I would touch him. He said: “When you are given authority, act like the work of these two.” And there were two middle-aged men flanking him. I said: “Who are these two?” He said: “This is Abū Bakr, and this is ʿUmar.” It has been narrated to us that he said to Sālim b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar: “Write for me the conduct of ʿUmar so that I may act upon it.” Sālim said to him: “You will not be able to do that.” He said: “Why?” He said: “If you act upon it, you will be better than ʿUmar, because he found helpers for good, and you will not find anyone to help you for good.” It has been narrated that the inscription of his seal was: “There is no god but Allah alone, with no partner.” In another narration: “I believe in Allah.” In another narration: “Fulfillment is precious.” One day he gathered the notables and preached to them, saying: “Fadak was in the hand of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and he disposed of it as Allah showed him. Then Abū Bakr took charge of it, and ʿUmar likewise.” Al-Aṣmaʿī said: “I do not know what he said about ʿUthmān.” He said: “Then Marwān granted it as a fief, and I obtained a share of it. Al-Walīd and Sulaymān gave me their share. None of my wealth was more hateful to me than it. I have returned it to the public treasury as it was in the time of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.” He said: At that, people despaired of injustices. Then he took the wealth of a group of the Banū Umayyah and returned it to the treasury, calling it “wealth of injustices.” They sought his intercession with people and appealed to him through his paternal aunt Fāṭimah bt. Marwān, but it did not help with him, and nothing turned him from the truth. He said to them: “By Allah, leave me, or I will go to Makkah and step down from this affair for the one most entitled to it among the people.” He said: “By Allah, if I stayed among you fifty years, I would not establish among you the justice I desire. I desire a matter and do not carry it out except with a craving for this world until their hearts are calmed.” Imam Aḥmad said with his chain from Wahb b. Munabbih that he said: “If there is a Mahdī in this community, it is ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz.” Similar to this said Qatādah, Saʿīd b. al-Musayyib, and more than one. Ṭāwūs said: “He is a Mahdī, but not the Mahdī, because he did not complete all justice. When the Mahdī comes, the wrongdoer will be forgiven for his wrongdoing, the doer of good will be increased in his good. He will be generous with wealth, stern with governors, merciful to the poor.” Qays b. Ḥabtar said: “The likeness of ʿUmar among the Banū Umayyah is the likeness of the believer of the family of Pharaoh.” Maymūn b. Mihrān said: “Allah used to tend to people with prophet after prophet, and Allah tended to people with ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz.” ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, the fifth of the rightly guided caliphs Mālik said with his chain from Saʿīd b. al-Musayyib that he said: “The caliphs are Abū Bakr and the two ʿUmars.” It was said to him: “Abū Bakr and ʿUmar we know, but who is the other ʿUmar?” He said: “If you live, you will soon know him.” He meant ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. In another narration from him, he said: “He is the scarred one of the Banū Marwān.” ʿAbbād al-Sammāk, who used to sit with Sufyān al-Thawrī, said: I heard al-Thawrī say: “The caliphs are five: Abū Bakr, ʿUmar, ʿUthmān, ʿAlī, and ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz.” This is also narrated from Abū Bakr b. ʿAyyāsh, al-Shāfiʿī, and more than one. The scholars unanimously agreed that he was among the imams of justice, one of the rightly guided caliphs and guided imams. More than one mentioned him among the twelve imams concerning whom the authentic hadith came: “The affair of this community will remain upright until there are in it twelve caliphs, all of them from Quraysh.” He strove, may Allah have mercy on him, during his short tenure, until he restored injustices and gave every rightful person his due. His crier would call every day: “Where are the debtors? Where are those who wish to marry? Where are the poor? Where are the orphans?” until he enriched each of these. Which is better, Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān or ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz? The scholars differed as to which of them is better, him or Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān. Some preferred ʿUmar for his conduct, justice, asceticism, and worship. Others preferred Muʿāwiyah for his precedence and companionship, until some said: “One day that Muʿāwiyah witnessed with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ is better than ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and all his days and his household.” Al-Ḥāfiẓ Ibn ʿAsākir mentioned in his “History” that ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz admired a slave girl of the slave girls of his wife Fāṭimah bt. ʿAbd al-Malik. He would ask her for her, either by sale or gift, but she would refuse him that. When he assumed the caliphate, she dressed her, perfumed her, and gave her to him as a gift. When she was alone with him, he turned away from her. She tried to attract him, but he turned aside from her. She said to him: “O my master, where is the love for me that used to appear from you?” He said: “By Allah, my love for you remains as it was, but I have no need of women. A matter has come to me that occupies me from you and from others.” Then he asked her about her origin and where they had brought her from. She said: “O Commander of the Faithful, my father committed an offense in the lands of the Maghreb, and Mūsā b. Nuṣayr confiscated his property, and I was taken in the offense. He sent me to al-Walīd, and al-Walīd gave me to his sister Fāṭimah, your wife, and she gave me to you.” ʿUmar said: “Indeed we belong to Allah and to Him we return. By Allah, we almost disgraced ourselves and perished.” Then he ordered that she be returned with honor to her land and her people. And his wife Fāṭimah said: I entered upon him one day while he was sitting in his prayer place, resting his cheek on his hand, and his tears were flowing down his cheeks. I said: What is the matter with you? He said: Woe to you, O Fāṭimah! I have been given charge of the affair of this community; so I reflected upon the poor hungry one, the sick lost one, the naked destitute one, the broken orphan, the lonely widow, the oppressed subjugated one, the stranger, the captive, the old man, the one with many dependents and little wealth, and their like in the regions of the earth and the far corners of the lands. And I knew that my Lord, mighty and majestic, will ask me about them on the Day of Resurrection, and that my adversary on their behalf is Muḥammad ﷺ. So I feared that no argument would stand for me in his dispute, and I took pity on myself and wept. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz wrote to his governors. And Maymūn b. Mihrān said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz appointed me to a governorship, then he said to me: If a letter comes to you from me contrary to the truth, strike the ground with it. And he wrote to one of his governors: If your power over people invites you to wrong them, remember God’s power over you, and the passing away of what you bring to them, and the lasting of what they bring to you. And ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Mahdī said, with his chain of transmission from ʿĪsā b. ʿĀṣim, who said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz wrote to ʿAdī b. ʿAdī: Islam has sunan, laws, and obligations; whoever fulfills them completely has completed faith, and whoever does not fulfill them completely has not completed faith. If I live, I shall make them clear to you so that you may act upon them; and if I die, then by God, I am not eager for your company.. And al-Ṣūlī mentioned that ʿUmar wrote to one of his governors: I enjoin upon you fear of God, for it is the only thing besides which nothing else is accepted, and none are shown mercy except its people, and none are rewarded except for it. Indeed, those who admonish about it are many, but those who act upon it are few. And he also said: Whoever knows that his speech is part of his deeds speaks little except in what benefits him. And whoever remembers death often is content with little of this world. And he also said: Whoever does not count his speech as part of his deeds, his sins become many. And whoever worships God without knowledge, what he corrupts is more than what he sets right. A man spoke to him one day until he angered him, and ʿUmar was about to strike him, then restrained himself. Then he said to the man: You wanted Satan to provoke me through the might of authority, so that I would inflict upon you what you would inflict upon me tomorrow! Arise, may God pardon you; we have no need to dispute with you. And he used to say: The most beloved of matters to God is moderation in effort, pardon with power, and gentleness in governance. No servant is gentle with another in this world except that God is gentle with him on the Day of Resurrection. And ʿUmar, may God have mercy on him, used to give to those who devoted themselves to the congregational mosque—from his own city and elsewhere—for jurisprudence, spreading knowledge, and recitation of the Qurʾān, every year from the public treasury one hundred dinars. And he used to write to his governors to make people adhere to the sunnah, saying: If the sunnah does not set them right, may God not set them right. And he wrote to all the lands that no dhimmī from the Jews, Christians, and others should ride on a saddle, nor wear a qabāʾ, nor a ṭaylasān, nor trousers, and none of them should walk except with a leather belt (zunnār), and he should have his forelock tied. And whoever of them is found with a weapon in his house, it shall be taken from him. And he also wrote that only people of the Qurʾān should be appointed to offices; for if there is no good in them, then others are even less likely to have good. And he used to write to his governors: Avoid occupations at the time of prayers, for whoever neglects them is even more neglectful of other laws of Islam. And he used to write admonition to a governor among his governors, and his heart would be torn away by it; and sometimes one of them would remove himself from office because of the intensity of the effect of his admonition. That is because when admonition comes from the heart of the admonisher, it enters the heart of the admonished. Many imams have declared that everyone whom ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz appointed was trustworthy. Al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī wrote to him fine admonitions; if we were to recount that, this chapter would become long, but we have mentioned what points to it. And he wrote to one of his governors: To proceed: I remind you of a night that labors with the Hour, whose morning is the Resurrection. What a night, and what a morning! It was a hard day for the disbelievers. And he wrote to another: I remind you of the long wakefulness of the people of the Fire in the Fire, along with eternal everlastingness. Beware lest you be turned away from God’s presence, so that it becomes the last covenant with you and the cutting off of hope from you. They said: So this governor removed himself from office and came to ʿUmar. He said to him: What is the matter with you? He said: You tore out my heart with your letter, O Commander of the Faithful. By God, I shall never return to any office ever. And it is reported from Jaʿwanah who said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz appointed ʿAmr b. Qays al-Sakūnī over the summer expedition, and said: Accept from their good-doers, overlook their wrongdoers, and do not be in the vanguard lest you be killed, nor in the rearguard lest you lose heart; but be in the middle where your position is seen and your voice is heard. And it is reported from al-Sāʾib b. Muḥammad who said: Al-Jarrāḥ b. ʿAbd Allāh wrote to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz: The people of Khurasān are a people whose subjects have become evil, and nothing sets them right except the sword and the whip; so if the Commander of the Faithful sees fit to permit me that? So ʿUmar wrote to him: To proceed: Your letter has reached me, mentioning that the people of Khurasān have become evil subjects, and that nothing sets them right except the sword and the whip. You have lied; rather, justice and truth set them right. So spread that among them. Peace. And it is reported from Umayyah b. Yazīd al-Qurashī who said: When ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz dictated his letter to me... he said: O God, I seek refuge in You from the evil of my tongue. And it is reported from Ṣāliḥ b. Jubayr who said: Sometimes I would speak to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz about something and he would become angry. Then I would remember that it is written in the Book: “Guard against the anger of the young king,” so I would be gentle with him until his anger subsided. Then he would say to me: Do not let what you see from us prevent you, O Ṣāliḥ, from taking us back to the matter when you see fit. And it is reported from ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm b. Muḥammad al-Makhzūmī who said: Jarīr b. al-Khaṭafī came to ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz and began to speak, but ʿUmar stopped him. He said: I am only mentioning the Messenger of God ﷺ. He said: As for the Messenger of God ﷺ... then mention. So he recited: Verily the One who sent the Prophet Muḥammad / made the caliphate for the just ruler He restored rights to the wronged with certainty / from their injustice, and straightened the crookedness of the deviant Truly I hope from you good that is prompt / for the soul is enamored with love of the quick So ʿUmar said to him: I find no right for you in the Book of God! He said: Yes, O Commander of the Faithful; I am a wayfarer. So he ordered for him from his private wealth fifty dinars. And in "al-Ṭuyūriyyāt": Ḥarīz b. ʿUthmān al-Raḥbī entered with his father upon ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, and ʿUmar asked him about the state of his son. Then he said to him: Teach him the greater jurisprudence (al-fiqh al-akbar). He said: And what is the greater jurisprudence? He said: Contentment and refraining from harm. And Ibn Abī Ḥātim reported in his "Tafsīr" from Muḥammad b. Kaʿb al-Quraẓī, who said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz summoned me and said: Describe justice to me. I said: Bravo! You have asked about a weighty matter. Be for the young among the people a father, for their elders a son, for their peers a brother, and likewise for women. And punish people according to the measure of their sins and according to the measure of their bodies. And do not strike even one lash out of anger, for then you would transgress and be among the transgressors. And ʿAbd al-Razzāq reported in his "Muṣannaf" from al-Zuhrī: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz used to perform ablution after eating what fire had touched, to the point that he performed ablution after eating sugar. And it is reported from Wuhayb: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz said: Whoever counts his speech as part of his deeds... his speech becomes little. And al-Dhahabī said: Ghaylān manifested the doctrine of qadar (free will) during the caliphate of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ʿUmar asked him to repent, and he said: I was astray, and you guided me. So ʿUmar said: O God, if he is truthful, then...; otherwise, crucify him and cut off his hands and feet. His supplication was answered, and he was seized during the caliphate of Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik, his four limbs were cut off, and he was crucified in Damascus for the doctrine of qadar. And ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz said before his caliphate: Forbid the heart from youthful folly / and from yielding to desire For by the life of your Lord, in the gray of the temples / and the receding hairline there is an admonisher for you, if you would / take admonition like those of understanding Until when will you not desist / and until when, and until when? What comes after you are called a mature man / and the name of youth is stripped from you? Youth has worn away, and you, if you live long, / are a pledge to decay And sufficient is that as a restrainer / for a man from error—sufficient indeed. And a young son of his went out playing with the boys, and one of them wounded his head. So they brought the boy who had wounded his son to ʿUmar, and he heard the clamor and came out to them. There was a woman saying: He is my son, and he is an orphan. So ʿUmar said to her: Does he have a stipend in the register (dīwān)? She said: No. He said: Then record him among the dependents (dhurriyyah). So his wife Fāṭimah said: May God do such and such to him if he does not wound your son a second time. He said: Woe to you! You have frightened him. And Mālik b. Dīnār said: They say: Mālik is an ascetic. What asceticism do I have! The true ascetic is ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. The world came to him with its mouth gaping open, and he abandoned it. They said: He had only one shirt, and when they washed it, he would sit in the house until it dried. Once he stood before a monk and said to him: Woe to you! Admonish me. So the monk said to him: Adhere to the poet’s saying: Strip yourself of the world, for you only / came out to the world stripped bare. They said: It pleased him and he repeated it, and he acted upon it in the truest manner. They said: One day he entered upon his wife and asked her to lend him a dirham or some small coins to buy grapes with. She found nothing with her. She said to him: You are the Commander of the Faithful, and there is nothing in your treasury with which to buy grapes?! He said: This is easier than dealing with the fetters and shackles tomorrow in the fire of Hell. They said: The lamp of his house was on three reeds with clay at their tops. They said: One day he sent his servant to roast a piece of meat for him, and he brought it to him quickly, roasted. He said: Where did you roast it? He said: In the kitchen. He said: In the kitchen of the Muslims? He said: Yes. He said: Eat it, for I have not been provided it; it is your provision. And they heated water for him in the public kitchen, so he repaid that with a dirham’s worth of firewood. And his wife said: He did not have intercourse nor a wet dream while he was caliph. They said: News reached ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz about Abū Sallām al-Aswad that he was narrating from Thawbān about the Ḥawḍ (the Pool). So he sent for him and brought him by the postal courier, and he said to him as if lamenting: We did not intend hardship for you, O Abū Sallām, but I wanted you to tell me the ḥadīth directly face to face. So he said: I heard Thawbān say: The Messenger of God ﷺ said: My Pool is between ʿAdan and ʿAmmān al-Balqāʾ; its water is whiter than milk and sweeter than honey; its cups are as numerous as the stars of the sky. Whoever drinks a single drink from it will never thirst after it. The first of people to come to it are the poor among the Emigrants, the disheveled of hair, the soiled of clothes, those who do not marry the pampered women and for whom the doors of the rulers are not opened. So ʿUmar said: But I have married a pampered woman, Fāṭimah daughter of ʿAbd al-Malik, and the doors are opened for me. Therefore, I will not wash my head until it becomes disheveled, and I will not cast off my garment until it becomes dirty. They said: He had a lamp on which he wrote his personal needs, and a lamp for the public treasury on which he wrote the affairs of the Muslims; he did not write a single letter for himself by its light. And he used to read the muṣḥaf at the beginning of every day, without prolonging the recitation. He had three hundred policemen and three hundred guardsmen. A man from his household gave him apples as a gift, and he smelled them, then returned them with the messenger, saying to him: Tell him: It has reached its proper place. A man said to him: O Commander of the Faithful, the Messenger of God ﷺ used to accept gifts, and this man is from your household. He said: A gift was a gift for the Messenger of God ﷺ; but for us, it is a bribe. They said: He used to be generous to his governors in expenses; he gave a man among them one hundred dinars or two hundred dinars a month. He interpreted that if they were in sufficiency, they would be free for the affairs of the Muslims. So they said to him: Would that you spent on your own family as you spend on your governors? He said: I do not deny them a right that belongs to them, and I do not give them the right of others. And his family remained in great hardship; so he excused that they had much previous provision. One day he said to a man from the descendants of ʿAlī: I am ashamed before God that you stand at my door and are not granted permission. And he said to another of them: I am ashamed before God and desire to avoid defiling you with the world because of what God has honored you with. And he also said: We and our cousins, the Banū Hāshim, were once on their side and once on ours; we sought refuge with them and they sought refuge with us, until the sun of the message rose, and it made every hypocrisy worthless, and silenced every hypocrite, and struck dumb every speaker. And Aḥmad b. Marwān said, with his chain from Mūsā b. Aʿyan al-Rāʿī, who was a shepherd for Muḥammad b. Abī ʿUyaynah, who said: In the caliphate of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, sheep, lions, and wild beasts used to graze in the same place. A wolf attacked one of the sheep, and I said: Truly we belong to God; I think the righteous man must have died. He said: So we calculated and found that he had died that very night. Of the supplication of ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz: Among his supplications: O God, there are men who obeyed You in what You commanded them and abstained from what You forbade them; O God, Your granting them success was before their obedience to You, so grant me success. And among them: O God, ʿUmar is not worthy that Your mercy should reach him, but Your mercy is worthy to reach ʿUmar. A man said to him: May God keep you alive as long as life is good for you. He said: That is a matter already decided; but say: May God give you a good life and take you with the righteous. A man said to him: How have you become this morning, O Commander of the Faithful? He said: I have become slow, fat, stained with sins, desiring from God, mighty and majestic. A man entered upon him and said: O Commander of the Faithful, those before you had the caliphate as an ornament for them, but you are the ornament of the caliphate. Indeed, your example, O Commander of the Faithful, is as the poet said: And when pearls adorn the beauty of faces, the beauty of your face is an adornment for the pearls. He said: ʿUmar turned away from him. And he said: Mention the blessings often, for mentioning them is gratitude for them. And he said: What prevents me from much talk is fear of boasting. It reached him that a man from among his companions had died, so he came to his family to console them about him, and they cried out in his face weeping over him. He said: Enough! Your companion was not the one who provided for you; the One who provides for you is alive and does not die. This companion of yours has not filled any of your graves; he has only filled his own grave. Each one of you has a grave that, by God, he must fill. When God, mighty and glorious, created this world, He decreed ruin for it and annihilation for its people. No house is filled with joy but it is filled with tears, and no people gather but they scatter, until God is the One who inherits the earth and those upon it. Whoever among you weeps, let him weep for himself, for what your companion has come to, all of you will come to tomorrow. ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz's Fear of God Maymūn b. Mahrān said: I went out with ʿUmar to the graves, and he said to me: O Abū Ayyūb, these are the graves of my forefathers, the Banū Umayyah. It is as if they did not share with the people of the world in their pleasures and their living. Do you not see them thrown down, exemplary punishments having passed over them, and affliction having taken firm hold of them? Then he wept until he fainted. Then he came to, and said: Let us go, for by God, I do not know anyone more blessed than one who has come to these graves and has been secured from God's punishment. Another said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz went out in a funeral procession, and when the deceased was buried, he said to his companions: Stop until I visit the graves of the loved ones. So he came to them and began weeping and supplicating, when the dust called out to him and said: O ʿUmar, will you not ask me what I have done with the loved ones? He said: I said: And what have you done with them? It said: I have torn the shrouds, eaten the flesh, crushed the eyeballs, consumed the pupils, pulled the hands from the forearms, the forearms from the upper arms, the upper arms from the shoulders, the shoulders from the backbone, the feet from the shins, the shins from the thighs, the thighs from the hips, and the hips from the backbone—while ʿUmar wept. When he wanted to leave, it said to him: O ʿUmar, shall I not guide you to shrouds that never decay? He said: And what are they? It said: Fear of God and righteous deeds. And he said once to a man among his companions: I was sleepless last night, reflecting. He said: About what, O Commander of the Faithful? He said: About the grave and its dweller. If you were to see the dead man three days after being in his grave, you would be repelled by his nearness after your long familiarity with his side. You would see a house in which vermin roam, in which pus flows, and which worms bore through, along with the change of smell and the decay of the shrouds after fine appearance, pleasant scent, and clean garment. He said: Then he sobbed and fell down unconscious. Muqātil b. Ḥayyān said: I prayed behind ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, and he recited: "And stop them; indeed, they are to be questioned." (al-Ṣāffāt 37:24) He kept repeating it and could not go beyond it. His wife Fāṭimah said: I have not seen anyone more given to prayer and fasting than him, nor anyone more fearful of his Lord than him. He would pray the evening prayer, then sit weeping until sleep overcame him, then wake up and continue weeping until sleep overcame him. She said: He would be with me in bed, and he would remember something of the Hereafter, and he would tremble as a sparrow trembles in water, and sit weeping, and I would throw the blanket over him out of mercy for him, saying: Would that between us and the caliphate were the distance of the two easts. For by God, we have not seen joy since we entered it. ʿAlī b. Zayd said: I have not seen two men as if the Fire was created only for them, like al-Ḥasan and ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Some said: I saw him weep until he wept blood. They said: When he retired to his bed, he would recite: "Indeed, your Lord is God, who created the heavens and the earth in six days" (al-Aʿrāf 7:54), the verse, and he would recite: "Do the people of the towns feel secure from Our might coming upon them at night while they are asleep?" (al-Aʿrāf 7:97), and similar verses. Every night, his companions among the jurists would gather with him, and they would mention nothing but death and the Hereafter, then they would weep until it was as if there were a funeral among them. Abū Bakr al-Ṣūlī reported from al-Mubarrad: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz used to quote the poet's saying: He took no provision from what he had gathered / except embalming spice on the morning of departure, in rags, And other than a whiff of aloes wood kindled for him / and little is that as provision for one departing. In whichever land his death is decreed, / if he does not travel willingly toward it, he will be driven. And ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz looked, while he was in a funeral procession, at people who had veiled their faces from the dust and the sun and withdrawn to the shade, and he wept and recited: One who, when the sun strikes his forehead / or the dust, fears disfigurement and untidiness, And keeps to the shade so that his cheerfulness remains, / will one day dwell, unwillingly, in a grave, In the depths of a dark, dusty, desolate hole, / where he will prolong his stay beneath the soil. Prepare with provisions by which you may reach, / O soul, before perdition—you were not created in vain. Al-Mufaḍḍal b. Ghassān al-Ghallābī said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz's mouth never dried from this verse: There is no good in the life of a man for whom / there is no share with God in the abode of permanence. Another added to it a fine verse, which is his saying: If the world pleases some people, it is / a small enjoyment, and its passing is near. And among his poetry that Ibn al-Jawzī cited: I am one who dies, and mighty is He who does not die. / I have become certain that I will die. No dominion that death removes is dominion; / dominion belongs only to Him who does not die. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Mubārak said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz used to say: You rejoice in what decays and delight in hopes, / as a dreamer is deceived by pleasures in sleep. Your daytime, O deceived one, is heedlessness and inattention, / and your night is sleep, while perdition clings to you. And your striving for what you will later hate its outcome— / thus do beasts live in this world. Muḥammad b. Kathīr said: ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz said, blaming himself and reproaching it: Are you awake today, or are you asleep? / How can a bewildered, wandering one endure sleep? If you were awake this morning, your eyes' / tears would have burned with flowing floods. Your daytime, O deceived one, is heedlessness and inattention, / and your night is sleep, while perdition clings to you. Rather, you have entered a long sleep, and there have drawn near / to you matters terrifying and immense. And your occupation with what you will later hate its outcome— / thus do beasts live in this world. Ibn Abī al-Dunyā narrated with his chain from Fāṭimah bt. ʿAbd al-Malik, who said: ʿUmar woke up one night and said: I have seen a wondrous vision. I said: Tell me it. He said: Not until morning. When he had prayed the morning prayer with the Muslims, he entered, and I asked him about it. He said: I saw as if I were brought to a vast green land, as if it were a green carpet, and in it was a palace as if it were of silver. Then a herald came out of it and called: Where is Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh? Where is the Messenger of God ﷺ? Then the Messenger of God ﷺ came forward and entered that palace. Then another came out and called: Where is Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq? He came forward and entered. Then another came out and called: Where is ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb? He came forward and entered. Then another came out and called: Where is ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān? He came forward and entered. Then another came out and called: Where is ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib? He came forward and entered. Then another came out and called: Where is ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz? I stood up and entered, and sat beside my father ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb, who was on the left of the Messenger of God ﷺ, with Abū Bakr on his right, and between him and the Messenger of God ﷺ was a man. I said to my father: Who is this? He said: This is ʿĪsā b. Maryam. Then I heard a caller crying out—between me and him was a light that I could not see—saying: O ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, hold fast to what you are upon, and remain steadfast upon what you are upon. He said: Then it was as if I was permitted to leave, and I left. I turned around, and there was ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān coming out of the palace, saying: Praise be to God, who has helped me, my Lord. And ʿAlī followed him, saying: Praise be to God, who has forgiven me, my Lord.
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