Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2398
The Year 95
مَا فَعَلَهُ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ بَعْدَ مَوْتِ الْحَجَّاجِ وَقَتْلِهِ لَمَّا مَاتَ الْحَجَّاجُ بْنُ يُوسُفَ كَانَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ الْقَاسِمِ بِالْمُلْتَانِ، فَأَتَاهُ خَبَرُ وَفَاتِهِ، فَرَجَعَ إِلَى الرُّورِ وَالْبَغْرُورِ، وَكَانَ قَدْ فَتَحَهُمَا، فَأَعْطَى النَّاسَ، وَوَجَّهَ إِلَى الْبَيْلَمَانِ جَيْشًا، فَلَمْ يُقَاتِلُوا وَأَعْطَوُا الطَّاعَةَ، وَسَأَلَهُ أَهْلُ سُرَشْتَ، وَهِيَ مَغْزَى أَهْلِ الْبَصْرَةِ، وَأَهْلُهَا يَقْطَعُونَ فِي الْبَحْرِ، ثُمَّ أَتَى مُحَمَّدٌ الْكَيْرَجَ فَخَرَجَ إِلَيْهِ دَوْهَرُ فَقَاتَلَهُ، فَانْهَزَمَ دَوْهَرُ وَهَرَبَ، وَقِيلَ: بَلْ قُتِلَ، وَنَزَلَ أَهْلُ الْمَدِينَةِ عَلَى حُكْمِ مُحَمَّدٍ فَقَتَلَ وَسَبَى، قَالَ الشَّاعِرُ: نَحْنُ قَتَلْنَا ذَاهِرًا وَدَوْهَرَا وَالْخَيْلُ تَرْدِي مِنْسَرًا فَمِنْسَرَا وَمَاتَ الْوَلِيدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ وَوَلِيَ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، فَوَلَّى يَزِيدَ بْنَ أَبِي كَبْشَةَ السَّكْسَكِيَّ السِّنْدَ، فَأَخَذَ مُحَمَّدًا وَقَيَّدَهُ وَحَمَلَهُ إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ، فَقَالَ مُحَمَّدٌ مُتَمَثِّلًا: أَضَاعُونِي وَأَيَّ فَتًى أَضَاعُوا لِيَوْمِ كَرِيهَةٍ وَسِدَادِ ثَغْرِ فَبَكَى أَهْلُ السِّنْدِ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ، فَلَمَّا وَصَلَ إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ حَبَسَهُ صَالِحُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بِوَاسِطَ، فَقَالَ: فَلَئِنْ ثَوَيْتُ بِوَاسِطٍ وَبِأَرْضِهَا رَهْنَ الْحَدِيدِ مُكَبَّلًا مَغْلُولَا فَلَرُبَّ قَيْنَةِ فَارِسٍ قَدْ رُعْتُهَا وَلَرُبَّ قَرْنٍ قَدْ تَرَكْتُ قَتِيلَا وَقَالَ: وَلَوْ كُنْتُ أَجْمَعْتُ الْفِرَارَ لَوُطِّئَتْ إِنَاثٌ أُعِدَّتْ لِلْوَغَى وَذُكُورُ وَمَا دَخَلَتْ خَيْلُ السَّكَاسِكِ أَرْضَنَا وَلَا كَانَ مِنْ عَكٍّ عَلَيَّ أَمِيرُ وَمَا كُنْتُ لِلْبُدِّ الْمَزُونِيِّ تَابِعًا فَيَا لَكَ دَهْرٌ بِالْكِرَامِ عَثُورُ فَعَذَّبَهُ صَالِحٌ فِي رِجَالٍ مِنْ آلِ أَبِي عَقِيل حَتَّى قَتَلَهُ، وَكَانَ الْحَجَّاجُ قَتْلَ آدَمَ أَخَا صَالِحٍ، وَكَانَ يَرَى رَأْيَ الْخَوَارِجِ، وَقَالَ حَمْزَةُ بْنُ بَيْضٍ الْحَنَفِيُّ يَرْثِي مُحَمَّدًا: إِنَّ الْمُرُوءَةَ وَالسَّمَاحَةَ وَالنَّدَى لِمُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْقَاسِمِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ سَاسَ الْجُيُوشَ لِسَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ حِجَّةً يَا قُرْبَ ذَلِكَ سُؤْدُدًا مِنْ مَوْلِدِ وَقَالَ آخَرُ: سَاسَ الرِّجَالَ لِسَبْعَ عَشْرَةَ حِجَّةً وَلِدَاتُهُ إِذْ ذَاكَ فِي أَشْغَالِ وَمَاتَ يَزِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي كَبْشَةَ بَعْدَ قُدُومِهِ أَرْضَ السِّنْدِ بِثَمَانِيَةَ عَشَرَ يَوْمًا، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ سُلَيْمَانُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ عَلَى السِّنْدِ حَبِيبَ بْنَ الْمُهَلَّبِ، فَقَدِمَهَا وَقَدْ رَجَعَ مُلُوكُ السِّنْدِ إِلَى مَمَالِكِهِمْ وَرَجَعَ جَيْشَبَهْ بْنُ ذَاهِرٍ إِلَى بِرْهَمْنَابَاذَ، فَنَزَلَ حَبِيبٌ عَلَى شَاطِئِ مِهْرَانَ، فَأَعْطَاهُ أَهْلُ الرُّورِ الطَّاعَةَ، وَحَارَبَ قَوْمًا فَظَفِرَ بِهِمْ. ثُمَّ مَاتَ سُلَيْمَانُ وَاسْتُخْلِفَ عُمَرُ بْنُ عَبْدِ الْعَزِيزِ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَى الْمُلُوكِ يَدْعُوهُمْ إِلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَالطَّاعَةِ عَلَى أَنْ يُمَلِّكَهُمْ، وَلَهُمْ مَا لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ وَعَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَيْهِمْ. فَأَسْلَمَ جَيْشَبَهْ وَالْمُلُوكُ، وَتَسَمَّوْا بِأَسْمَاءِ الْعَرَبِ. وَكَانَ عَمْرُو بْنُ مُسْلِمٍ الْبَاهِلِيُّ عَامِلَ عُمَرَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ الثَّغْرِ، فَغَزَا بَعْضَ الْهِنْدِ فَظَفِرَ. ثُمَّ إِنَّ الْجُنَيْدَ بْنَ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ وَلِيَ السِّنْدَ أَيَّامَ هِشَامِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، فَأَتَى الْجُنَيْدُ شَطَّ مِهْرَانَ فَمَنَعَهُ جَيْشَبَهْ بْنُ ذَاهِرٍ الْعُبُورَ، وَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ: إِنِّي قَدْ أَسْلَمْتُ، وَوَلَّانِي الرَّجُلُ الصَّالِحُ بِلَادِي وَلَسْتُ آمَنُكَ، فَأَعْطَاهُ رُهُنًا وَأَخَذَ مِنْهُ رُهُنًا عَلَى خَرَاجِ بِلَادِهِ، ثُمَّ تَرَادَّا وَكَفَرَ جَيْشَبَهْ وَحَارَبَ، وَقِيلَ: إِنَّهُ لَمْ يُحَارِبْ وَلَكِنَّ الْجُنَيْدَ تَجَنَّى عَلَيْهِ، فَأَتَى الْهِنْدَ فَجَمَعَ جُمُوعًا، وَأَعَدَّ السُّفُنَ وَاسْتَعَدَّ لِلْحَرْبِ، فَسَارَ إِلَيْهِ الْجُنَيْدُ بِالسُّفُنِ، فَالْتَقَوْا فِي بَطِيحَةَ، فَأُخِذَ جَيْشَبَهْ أَسِيرًا، وَقَدْ جَنَحَتْ سَفِينَتُهُ، فَقَتَلَهُ الْجُنَيْدُ وَهَرَبَ صَصَّةُ بْنُ ذَاهِرٍ، وَهُوَ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَمْضِيَ إِلَى الْعِرَاقِ فَيَشْكُوَ غَدْرَ الْجُنَيْدِ، فَلَمْ يَزَلِ الْجُنَيْدُ يُؤْنِسُهُ حَتَّى وَضَعَ يَدَهُ فِي يَدِهِ فَقَتَلَهُ. وَغَزَا الْجُنَيْدُ الْكَيْرَجَ، وَكَانُوا قَدْ نَقَضُوا، فَاتَّخَذُوا كَبْشًا وَصَكَّ بِهَا سُورَ الْمَدِينَةِ، فَثَلَمَهُ وَدَخَلَهَا، فَقَتَلَ وَسَبَى، وَوَجَّهَ الْعُمَّالَ إِلَى الْمَرْمَذِ وَالْمَنْدَلِ وَدَهْنَجَ وَبُرُوَنْجَ. وَكَانَ الْجُنَيْدُ يَقُولُ: الْقَتْلُ فِي الْجَزَعِ أَكْبَرُ مِنْهُ فِي الصَّبْرِ. وَوَجَّهَ جَيْشًا إِلَى أَزِينَ فَأَغَارُوا عَلَيْهَا وَحَرَّقُوا رَبْضَهَا، وَفَتَحَ الْبَيْلَمَانَ، وَحَصَلَ عِنْدَهُ سِوَى مَا حَمَلَ أَرْبَعُونَ أَلْفَ أَلْفٍ وَحَمَلَ مِثْلَهَا، وَوَلَّى الْجُنَيْدُ تَمِيمَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ الْقَيْنِيَّ، فَضَعُفَ وَوَهَنَ، وَمَاتَ قَرِيبًا مِنَ الدَّيْبُلِ. وَفِي أَيَّامِهِ خَرَجَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَنْ بِلَادِ الْهِنْدِ وَرَفَضُوا مَرَاكِزَهُمْ، ثُمَّ وُلِّيَ الْحَكَمُ بْنُ عَوَّامٍ الْكَلْبِيُّ، وَقَدْ كَفَرَ أَهْلُ الْهِنْدِ إِلَّا أَهْلَ قَصَّةَ، فَبَنَى مَدِينَةً سَمَّاهَا الْمَحْفُوظَةَ، وَجَعَلَهَا مَأْوَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَكَانَ مَعَهُ عَمْرُو بْنُ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْقَاسِمِ، وَكَانَ يُفَوِّضُ إِلَيْهِ عَظِيمَ الْأُمُورِ، فَأَغْزَاهُ مِنَ الْمَحْفُوظَةِ، فَلَمَّا قَدِمَ عَلَيْهِ وَقَدْ ظَفِرَ أَمَرَهُ فَبَنَى مَدِينَةً وَسَمَّاهَا الْمَنْصُورَةَ، فَهِيَ الَّتِي يَنْزِلُهَا الْأُمَرَاءُ، وَاسْتَخْلَصَ مَا كَانَ قَدْ غَلَبَ عَلَيْهِ الْعَدُوُّ، وَرَضِيَ النَّاسُ بِوِلَايَتِهِ، وَكَانَ خَالِدٌ الْقَسْرِيُّ يَقُولُ: وَاعْجَبَا ! وَلَّيْتُ فَتَى الْعَرَبِ، يَعْنِي تَمِيمًا، فَرُفِضَ وَتُرِكَ، وَوَلَّيْتُ أَبْخَلَ الْعَرَبِ فَرُضِيَ بِهِ. ثُمَّ قُتِلَ الْحَكَمُ، وَكَانَ الْعُمَّالُ يُقَاتِلُونَ الْعَدُوَّ، فَكَانُوا يَفْتَتِحُونَ نَاحِيَةً وَيَأْخُذُونَ مَا تَيَسَّرَ لَهُمْ لِضَعْفِ الدَّوْلَةِ الْأُمَوِيَّةِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، إِلَى أَنْ جَاءَتِ الدَّوْلَةُ الْمُبَارَكَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّةُ.
Translation
✧ What Muhammad b. al-Qasim did after the death of al-Hajjaj and his killing When al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf died, Muhammad b. al-Qasim was at al-Multan, and the news of his death reached him, so he returned to al-Rur and al-Baghrur, which he had conquered, and he gave to the people. He sent an army to al-Baylaman, and they did not fight but gave obedience. The people of Surasht—which is the military goal of the people of al-Basrah, and whose people raid on the sea—asked him for terms. Then Muhammad came to al-Kayraj, and Dawhar came out to him and fought him, but Dawhar was defeated and fled—though it is said he was killed instead—and the people of the city submitted to Muhammad’s judgment, so he killed and took captives. The poet said: We killed Dahir and Dawhar, While the horses galloped troop after troop. Then al-Walid b. ʿAbd al-Malik died and Sulayman b. ʿAbd al-Malik became caliph. He appointed Yazid b. Abi Kabshah al-Saksaki over al-Sind, and he seized Muhammad, bound him in chains, and carried him to al-ʿIraq. Muhammad said, quoting: They lost me—and what a youth they lost— For a day of adversity and the closing of a frontier. The people of al-Sind wept over Muhammad. When he reached al-ʿIraq, Salih b. ʿAbd al-Rahman imprisoned him in Wasit, and he said: If I lie in Wasit and its land, A hostage to iron, fettered and shackled, Many a singing-girl of a horseman I have startled, And many a champion I have left slain. And he said: Had I resolved on flight, there would have been trampled Females and males prepared for battle. The horses of al-Sakasik would not have entered our land, Nor would any commander from ʿAkk have ruled over me. Nor would I have been a follower of al-Budd al-Mazuni— O what a time, ever stumbling over the noble. Then Salih tortured him along with men of the family of Abi ʿAqil until he killed him. Al-Hajjaj had killed Adam, Salih’s brother, who held the Kharijite view. Hamzah b. Bayd al-Hanafi said, elegizing Muhammad: Manliness, generosity, and bounty belong To Muhammad b. al-Qasim b. Muhammad. He led armies at seventeen years of age— How near that was to noble birth from his origins. And another said: He led men at seventeen years of age, While his peers at that time were still in their affairs. Yazid b. Abi Kabshah died eighteen days after arriving in the land of al-Sind. Sulayman b. ʿAbd al-Malik appointed Habib b. al-Muhallab over al-Sind, and he arrived there after the kings of al-Sind had returned to their realms and Jayshabah b. Dahir had returned to Brahmanabad. Habib encamped on the bank of the Mihran, and the people of al-Rur gave him obedience. He fought a group and was victorious over them. Then Sulayman died and ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz was made caliph. He wrote to the kings inviting them to Islam and obedience on condition that he would let them keep their kingdoms, and they would have what the Muslims have and owe what the Muslims owe. So Jayshabah and the kings embraced Islam and took Arab names. ʿAmr b. Muslim al-Bahili was ʿUmar’s governor over that frontier, and he raided part of al-Hind and was victorious. Then al-Junayd b. ʿAbd al-Rahman governed al-Sind in the days of Hisham b. ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Junayd came to the bank of the Mihran, but Jayshabah b. Dahir prevented him from crossing and sent to him: “I have embraced Islam, and the virtuous man [i.e., ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAziz] appointed me over my lands, and I do not trust you.” So al-Junayd gave him hostages and took hostages from him for the kharaj of his lands; then they exchanged them, but Jayshabah apostatized and fought—though it is said he did not fight, but al-Junayd acted unjustly toward him. So Jayshabah went to al-Hind, gathered multitudes, prepared ships, and readied for war. Al-Junayd marched against him with ships, and they met at a marsh. Jayshabah was taken prisoner when his ship ran aground, and al-Junayd killed him. Sassah b. Dahir fled, intending to go to al-ʿIraq and complain of al-Junayd’s treachery, but al-Junayd kept reassuring him until he placed his hand in his hand and killed him. Al-Junayd raided al-Kayraj, whose people had broken their pact. They made a battering ram and struck the city wall with it, breaching it, and he entered, killing and taking captives. He sent governors to al-Marmadh, al-Mandal, Dahnaj, and Burunj. Al-Junayd used to say: “Killing in panic is greater than in steadfast endurance.” He sent an army to Azin, and they raided it and burned its outskirts. He conquered al-Baylaman, and he obtained, besides what he took as booty, forty thousand thousand [dirhams], and he took the like again. Al-Junayd appointed Tamim b. Zayd al-Qayni, but he was weak and feeble, and he died near al-Daybul. In his days the Muslims withdrew from the land of al-Hind and abandoned their outposts. Then al-Hakam b. ʿAwwam al-Kalbi was appointed governor, and the people of al-Hind had apostatized except the people of Qassah. He built a city and named it al-Mahfuzah and made it a refuge for the Muslims. With him was ʿAmr b. Muhammad b. al-Qasim, and he delegated great matters to him. He sent him on a raid from al-Mahfuzah, and when he returned victorious, he ordered him to build a city and named it al-Mansurah, which is the one where the governors reside. He recovered what the enemy had seized, and the people were pleased with his governorship. Khalid al-Qasri used to say: “How astonishing! I appointed the youth of the Arabs—meaning Tamim—and he was rejected and left, but I appointed the most miserly of the Arabs, and he was accepted.” Then al-Hakam was killed. After that, the governors fought the enemy, and they would conquer one region and take what was easy for them because of the weakness of the Umayyad state, until the blessed Abbasid state came.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.