Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2271
The Year 66 AH
وَفِي سنة ست وستين ابْتَدَأَ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بْنُ مَرْوَانَ بِبِنَاءِ الْقُبَّةِ عَلَى صَخْرَةِ بَيْتِ الْمُقَدَّسِ، وَعِمَارَةِ الْجَامِعِ الْأَقْصَى، وَكَمَلَتْ عِمَارَتُهُ فِي سَنَةِ ثَلَاثٍ وَسَبْعِينَ، وَكَانَ السَّبَبُ فِي ذَلِكَ أَنَّ عَبْدَ اللَّهِ بْنَ الزُّبَيْرِ كَانَ قَدِ اسْتَوْلَى عَلَى مَكَّةَ، وَكَانَ يَخْطُبُ فِي أَيَّامِ مِنًى وَعَرَفَةَ، وَمُقَامَ النَّاسِ بِمَكَّةَ، وَيَنَالُ مِنْ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ، وَيَذْكُرُ مَسَاوِئَ بَنِي مَرْوَانَ، وَيَقُولُ: إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ لَعَنَ الْحَكَمَ وَمَا نَسَلَ، وَإِنَّهُ طَرِيدُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ وَلَعِينُهُ، وَكَانَ يَدْعُو إِلَى نَفْسِهِ، وَكَانَ فَصِيحًا، فَمَالَ مُعْظَمُ أَهْلِ الشَّامِ إِلَيْهِ، وَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ عَبْدَ الْمَلِكِ فَمَنْعَ النَّاسِ مِنَ الْحَجِّ فَضَجُّوا، فَبَنَى لَهُمُ الْقُبَّةَ عَلَى الصَّخْرَةِ وَالْجَامِعَ الْأَقْصَى لِيَشْغَلَهُمْ بِذَلِكَ عَنِ الْحَجِّ وَيَسْتَعْطِفَ قُلُوبَهُمْ وَكَانُوا يَقِفُونَ عِنْدَ الصَّخْرَةِ وَيَطُوفُونَ حَوْلَهَا كَمَا يَطُوفُونَ حَوْلَ الْكَعْبَةِ، وَيَنْحَرُونَ يَوْمَ الْعِيدِ وَيَحْلِقُونَ رُءُوسَهُمْ فَفَتَحَ بِذَلِكَ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ بَابَ تَشْنِيعِ ابْنِ الزُّبَيْرِ عَلَيْهِ، فَكَانَ يُشَنِّعُ عَلَيْهِ بِمَكَّةَ وَيَقُولُ ضَاهَى بِهَا فِعْلَ الْأَكَاسِرَةِ فِي إِيوَانِ كِسْرَى، وَالْخَضْرَاءَ كَمَا فَعَلَ مُعَاوِيَةُ، وَنَقْلَ الطَّوَافَ مِنْ بَيْتِ اللَّهِ إِلَى قِبْلَةِ بَنِي إِسْرَائِيلَ، وَنَحْوَ ذَلِكَ. وَلَمَّا أَرَادَ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ بِنَاءَهَا سَارَ مِنْ دِمَشْقَ إِلَى بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ وَمَعَهُ الْأَمْوَالُ وَالْعُمَّالُ، وَوَكَّلَ بِالْعَمَلِ رَجَاءَ بْنَ حَيْوَةَ، وَيَزِيدَ بْنَ سَلَّامٍ مَوْلَاهُ، وَجَمَعَ الصُّنَّاعَ وَالْمُهَنْدِسِينَ فَأَمْرَهُمْ فَصَوَّرُوا لَهُ الْقُبَّةَ فِي صَحْنِ الْمَسْجِدِ فَأَعْجَبَهُ، وَبَنَى لِلْمَالِ بَيْتًا شَرْقِيَّ الْقُبَّةِ، وَشَحَنَهُ بِالْمَالِ، وَأَمَرَ رَجَاءَ بْنَ حَيْوَةَ، وَيَزِيدَ أَنْ يُفْرِغَا الْأَمْوَالَ إِفْرَاغًا، وَلَا يَتَوَقَّفَا فِيهِ، فَبَثُّوا النَّفَقَاتِ وَأَكْثَرُوا فَبَنَوُا الْقُبَّةَ الَّتِي هِيَ الْيَوْمَ قَائِمَةٌ، وَبَنَوْا مِنْ نَاحِيَةِ الْقِبْلَةِ سَبْعَ قِبَابٍ، وَالْقُبَّةُ الَّتِي بَاقِيَةٌ الْيَوْمَ عَلَى الْمِحْرَابِ هِيَ أَوْسَطُهَا، وَلَمَّا تَمَّ بِنَاءُ الْقُبَّةِ عَمِلَ لَهَا جَلَّالَيْنِ أَحَدُهُمَا مِنْ لَبُّودٍ أَحْمَرَ لِلشِّتَاءِ، وَالْآخَرُ مِنْ أُدُمٍ لِلصَّيْفِ، وَحَفَّ الصَّخْرَةَ بِدَرَابِزِينَ مِنَ السَّاجِ الْمُطَعَّمِ بِالْيَشْمِ، وَخَلْفَ الدَّرَابِزِينِ سُتُورٌ مِنَ الدِّيبَاجِ مُرْخَاةً بَيْنَ الْعُمُدِ، وَكَانَتِ السَّدَنَةُ كُلَّ خَمِيسٍ وَاثْنَيْنٍ يَذُوِّبُونَ الْمِسْكَ، وَالْعَنْبَرَ وَالْمَاوَرْدَ وَالزَّعْفَرَانَ وَيَعْمَلُونَ مِنْهُ غَالِيَةً، وَيُخَمِّرُونَهَا مِنَ اللَّيْلِ ثُمَّ يَدْخُلُ الْخَدَمُ الْحَمَّامَ مِنَ اللَّيْلِ فَيَغْتَسِلُونَ وَيَتَطَيَّبُونَ، وَيَلْبَسُونَ ثِيَابَ الْوَشْيِ، وَيَشُدُّونَ أَوْسَاطَهُمْ بِالْمَنَاطِقِ الْمُحَلَّاةِ بِالذَّهَبِ وَيُخْلِّقُونَ الصَّخْرَةَ، ثُمَّ يَضَعُونَ الْبَخُورَ فِي مَجَامِرِ الذَّهَبِ وَالْفِضَّةِ، وَفِيهَا الْعُودُ الْقَمَارِيُّ الْمَغْلِيُّ بِالْمِسْكِ، وَيُرْخِي السَّدَنَةُ السُّتُورَ فَتَخْرُجُ تِلْكَ الرَّائِحَةُ فَتَمْلَأُ الْمَدِينَةَ كُلَّهَا، ثُمَّ يُنَادِي مُنَادٍ: أَلَا إِنَّ الصَّخْرَةَ قَدْ فُتِحَتْ، فَمَنْ أَرَادَ الزِّيَارَةَ فَلْيَأْتِ، فَيُقْبِلُ النَّاسُ مُبَادِرِينَ، فَيُصَلُّونَ وَيَخْرُجُونَ، فَمَنْ وُجِدَتْ مِنْهُ رَائِحَةُ الْبَخُورِ قَالَ النَّاسُ: هَذَا كَانَ الْيَوْمَ فِي الصَّخْرَةِ. وَأَبْوَابُ الصَّخْرَةِ أَرْبَعَةٌ، عَلَى كُلِّ بَابٍ عَشَرَةٌ مِنَ الْحَجَبَةِ، الْبَابُ الشَّمَالِيُّ يُسَمَّى بَابَ الْجَنَّةِ، وَالشَّرْقِيُّ بَابَ إِسْرَائِيلَ، وَالْغَرْبِيُّ بَابَ جِبْرِيلَ، وَالْقِبْلِيُّ بَابَ الْأَقْصَى، وَكَانُوا يُشْعِلُونَهَا بِدُهْنِ الْبَانِ، وَلَا يَدْخُلُهَا أَحَدٌ غَيْرَ أَيَّامِ الزِّيَارَةِ سِوَى الْخَدَمِ، وَكَانَ لِلْحَرَمِ عِشْرُونَ بَابًا، وَكَانَ فِيهِ أَلْفَ عَمُودٍ مِنَ الرُّخَامِ، وَفِي السُّقُوفِ سِتُّونَ أَلْفَ خَشَبَةٍ مِنَ السَّاجِ الْمَنْقُوشِ، وَمِنَ الْقَنَادِيلِ خَمْسَةُ آلَافِ قِنْدِيلٍ، وَكَانَ فِيهِ أَرْبَعُمِائَةِ سِلْسِلَةٍ، كُلُّ سِلْسِلَةٍ أَلْفُ رِطْلٍ شَامِيٍّ، طُولُ السَّلَاسِلِ ثَلَاثُونَ أَلْفَ ذِرَاعٍ، وَكَانَ يُوقَدُ فِي الصَّخْرَةِ كُلَّ لَيْلَةٍ مِائَةُ شَمْعَةٍ، وَكَذَا فِي الْأَقْصَى، وَكَانَ يُوقَدُ فِي الْقَنَادِيلِ كُلَّ لَيْلَةٍ مِنَ الزَّيْتِ الْمَفْتُولِ قِنْطَارٌ، وَكَانَ فِي الْحَرَمِ خَمْسُونَ قُبَّةً، وَمِنْ أَلْوَاحِ الرَّصَاصِ سَبْعُونَ أَلْفَ لَوْحٍ، وَكَانَ فِي الْحَرَمِ ثَلَاثُمِائَةِ خَادِمٍ ابْتَاعُوا مِنْ بَيْتِ الْمَالِ مِنَ الْخُمْسِ، كُلَّمَا مَاتَ وَاحِدٌ قَامَ وَلَدُهُ بَعْدَهُ مَقَامَهُ، وَيَقْبِضُونَ أَرْزَاقَهُمْ مِنْ بَيْتِ الْمَالِ شَهْرًا بِشَهْرٍ، وَكَانَ فِي الْحَرَمِ مِائَةُ صِهْرِيجٍ، وَكَانَتْ صَفَائِحُ الْقُبَّةِ وَسَقْفُ الْأَقْصَى مِنْ صَفَائِحِ الذَّهَبِ عِوَضَ الرَّصَاصِ، وَكَذَلِكَ أَبْوَابُ الْقُبَّةِ صَفَائِحُهَا، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ لَمَّا كَمَلَ الْبِنَاءُ فَضَلَ مِنَ الْمَالِ ثَلَاثُمِائَةِ أَلْفِ دِينَارٍ، وَقِيلَ سِتُّمِائَةِ أَلْفٍ. وَكَتَبَ رَجَاءُ بْنُ حَيْوَةَ، وَ يَزِيدُ إِلَى عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ يُعَرِّفَانِهِ بِذَلِكَ، فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِمَا: قَدْ جَعَلْتُهُ لَكُمَا عِوَضًا عَنْ تَعَبِكُمَا. فَكَتَبَا إِلَيْهِ: إِنَّمَا قُمْنَا بِهَذَا الْبَيْتِ لِلَّهِ تَعَالَى، فَلَا نَقْبَلُ عَلَى ذَلِكَ عَرَضَ الدُّنْيَا، وَلَوَدِدْنَا أَنْ نَزِيدَ فِيهِ مِنْ حَلْيِ نِسَائِنَا. فَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِمْ إِذَا أَبَيْتُمْ ذَلِكَ فَأَفْرِغَاهُ عَلَى الْقُبَّةِ وَالْأَبْوَابِ، فَمَا كَانَ أَحَدٌ يَسْتَطِيعُ أَنْ يَتَأَمَّلَ الْقُبَّةَ مِمَّا عَلَيْهَا مِنَ الذَّهَبِ. فَلَمَّا كَانَ فِي خِلَافَةِ أَبِي جَعْفَرٍ الْمَنْصُورِ قَدِمَ الْقُدْسَ سَنَةَ أَرْبَعِينَ وَمِائَةٍ فَوَجْدَ الْأَقْصَى وَقِبَابُهُ تَشْكُو مِنَ الْخَرَابِ، فَأَمَرَ بِقَلْعِ الصَّفَائِحِ الَّتِي عَلَى الْقُبَّةِ وَالْأَبْوَابِ، وَأَنْ يُعَمَّرَ بِهَا مَا تَشَعَّثَ فِي الْحَرَمِ، فَفَعَلُوا ذَلِكَ، وَكَانَ الْمَسْجِدُ طَوِيلًا فَأَمَرَ أَنْ يُؤْخَذَ مِنْ طُولِهِ وَيُزَادَ فِي عَرْضِهِ، وَلَمَّا كَمَلَ الْبِنَاءُ كَتَبُوا عَلَى الْقُبَّةِ مِمَّا يَلِي الْبَابَ الْقِبْلِيَّ مِنْ جِهَةِ الْأَقْصَى بِالنَّصِّ بَعْدَ الْبَسْمَلَةِ: بَنَى هَذِهِ الْقُبَّةَ عَبْدُ اللَّهِ عَبْدُ الْمَلِكِ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ سَنَةَ اثْنَتَيْنِ وَسَبْعِينَ مِنَ الْهِجْرَةِ النَّبَوِيَّةِ، وَكَانَ طُولُ الْمَسْجِدِ مِنَ الْقِبْلَةِ إِلَى الشَّمَالِ سَبْعَمِائَةٍ وَخَمْسَةٍ وَسِتِّينَ ذِرَاعًا، وَعَرَضُهُ أَرْبَعَمِائَةٍ وَسِتِّينَ ذِرَاعًا، وَكَانَ فَتْحُ الْقُدْسِ سَنَةَ سِتَّ عَشْرَةَ، وَاللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى أَعْلَمُ.
Translation
✧ In the year sixty-six, ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān began the construction of the Dome over the Rock of the Holy House and the building of the Aqṣā Mosque, and its building was completed in the year seventy-three. The reason for that was that ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr had taken control of Makkah, and he used to give sermons during the days of Minā and ʿArafah and the people's stay in Makkah, and he used to speak against ʿAbd al-Malik and mention the faults of the Banū Marwān, saying: "The Prophet ﷺ cursed al-Ḥakam and his descendants, and he is an outcast of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and accursed by him." And he used to call people to himself, and he was eloquent, so most of the people of Syria inclined toward him. This reached ʿAbd al-Malik, so he prevented the people from performing the Hajj, and they clamored. So he built for them the Dome over the Rock and the Aqṣā Mosque to occupy them with that instead of the Hajj and to win their hearts. They used to stand at the Rock and circumambulate it as they circumambulate the Kaʿbah, and they slaughtered on the day of the feast and shaved their heads. Thus he opened upon himself the door of Ibn al-Zubayr's denunciation of him. Ibn al-Zubayr used to denounce him in Makkah, saying: "He has imitated the practices of the Persian kings in the īwān of Kisrā, and the Green Dome, as Muʿāwiyah did, and transferred the circumambulation from the House of Allah to the qiblah of the Children of Israel," and the like. When ʿAbd al-Malik wanted to build it, he traveled from Damascus to the Holy House, accompanied by funds and workers. He entrusted the work to Rajāʾ b. Ḥaywah and Yazīd b. Sallām, his client. He gathered the craftsmen and engineers and commanded them, and they depicted for him the dome in the courtyard of the mosque, and he was pleased. He built a treasury east of the dome, filled it with money, and commanded Rajāʾ b. Ḥaywah and Yazīd to pour out the funds without stopping. They disbursed expenditures generously, and they built the dome that still stands today, and they built on the qiblah side seven domes, of which the remaining dome today over the miḥrāb is the middle one. When the construction of the dome was completed, he made for it two coverings, one of red felt for winter and the other of tanned leather for summer. He surrounded the Rock with a balustrade of teak inlaid with jade, and behind the balustrade were curtains of brocade hanging between the columns. The custodians used every Thursday and Monday to melt musk, ambergris, rosewater, and saffron and make from it a perfume called ghāliyah, and they prepared it at night. Then the servants would enter the bathhouse at night, bathe and perfume themselves, put on garments of figured silk, gird their waists with belts adorned with gold, and anoint the Rock. Then they would place incense in gold and silver censers, containing Qimārī aloeswood simmered in musk. The custodians would let down the curtains, and that fragrance would come out and fill the entire city. Then a crier would call: "Behold, the Rock is open; whoever wishes to visit, let him come." The people would hasten, pray, and leave. Whoever was found to have the scent of incense, people would say: "This one was today at the Rock." The doors of the Rock are four, with ten chamberlains at each door. The northern door is called the Gate of Paradise, the eastern the Gate of Israel, the western the Gate of Gabriel, and the southern the Gate of al-Aqṣā. They used to light it with oil of ben, and no one entered it except on visiting days, other than the servants. The sanctuary had twenty gates, and in it were a thousand marble columns, and in the ceilings sixty thousand carved teak beams, and of lamps five thousand lamps, and in it were four hundred chains, each chain weighing a thousand Syrian raṭls, the total length of the chains being thirty thousand cubits. Every night a hundred candles were lit in the Rock, and likewise in al-Aqṣā, and every night a qinṭār of refined oil was burned in the lamps. In the sanctuary were fifty domes and seventy thousand sheets of lead, and in the sanctuary were three hundred servants purchased from the public treasury from the fifth (khums). Whenever one died, his son took his place after him, and they received their stipends from the treasury month by month. In the sanctuary were a hundred cisterns. The plates of the dome and the roof of al-Aqṣā were of gold plates instead of lead, and likewise the doors of the dome and their plates. That was because when the building was completed, there remained of the money three hundred thousand dinars, and it is said six hundred thousand. Rajāʾ b. Ḥaywah and Yazīd wrote to ʿAbd al-Malik informing him of that, and he wrote to them: "I have granted it to you in return for your toil." They wrote back: "We undertook this house only for Allah Almighty, so we will not accept in return for it any worldly gain, and we would wish to add to it from the ornaments of our women." He wrote to them: "If you refuse that, then pour it upon the dome and the doors." So they did, and no one could gaze steadily at the dome because of the gold upon it. When it was the caliphate of Abū Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr, he came to Jerusalem in the year one hundred and forty, and he found al-Aqṣā and its domes complaining of ruin. He ordered the plates that were on the dome and the doors to be removed and that the sanctuary be repaired with them where it had fallen into disrepair. They did that. The mosque was long, so he ordered that its length be reduced and its width increased. When the building was completed, they wrote on the dome, on the side facing the southern door toward al-Aqṣā, in the text after the basmalah: "ʿAbd Allāh ʿAbd al-Malik, Commander of the Faithful, built this dome in the year seventy-two of the Prophetic Hijrah." The length of the mosque from the qiblah to the north was seven hundred and sixty-five cubits, and its width was four hundred and sixty cubits. The conquest of Jerusalem was in the year sixteen, and Allah, glorified and exalted be He, knows best.
Grades by grader
No grade is recorded for this wording.