Dalil
العربية

Tarikh (al-Tabari) 2204

The caliphate of Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān

وَفَاةِ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ  خطبة معاوية بن أبي سفيان قبل مرضه خَطَبَ مُعَاوِيَةُ قَبْلَ مَرَضِهِ وَقَالَ: إِنِّي كَزَرْعٍ مُسْتَحْصَدٍ وَقَدْ طَالَتْ إِمْرَتِي عَلَيْكُمْ حَتَّى مَلِلْتُكُمْ وَمَلِلْتُمُونِي وَتَمَنَّيْتُ فِرَاقَكُمْ وَتَمَنَّيْتُمْ فِرَاقِي، وَلَنْ يَأْتِيَكُمْ بَعْدِي إِلَّا مَنْ أَنَا خَيْرٌ مِنْهُ، كَمَا أَنَّ مَنْ قَبْلِي كَانَ خَيْرًا مِنِّي، وَقَدْ قِيلَ: مَنْ أَحَبَّ لِقَاءَ اللَّهِ أَحَبَّ اللَّهُ لِقَاءَهُ، اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي قَدْ أَحْبَبْتُ لِقَاءَكَ فَأَحْبِبْ لِقَائِي وَبَارِكْ لِي فِيهِ ! عهد معاوية إلى ابنه يزيد في مرضه وكان مُعَاوِيَةُ أَخَذَ عَلَى الْوَفْدِ الَّذِينَ وَفَدُوا إِلَيْهِ مَعَ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ زِيَادٍ الْبَيْعَةَ لِابْنِهِ يَزِيدَ  ، وَعَهِدَ إِلَى ابْنِهِ يَزِيدَ حِينَ مَرِضَ، فَقَالَ لَهُ: يَا بُنِيَّ إِنِّي قَدْ كَفَيْتُكَ الشَّدَّ وَالتَّرْحَالَ، وَوَطَّأْتُ لَكَ الْأُمُورَ، وَذَلَّلْتُ لَكَ الْأَعْدَاءَ، وَأَخْضَعْتُ لَكَ رِقَابَ الْعَرَبِ، وَجَمَعْتُ لَكَ مَا لَمْ يَجْمَعْهُ أَحَدٌ، فَانْظُرْ أَهْلَ الْحِجَازِ فَإِنَّهُمْ أَصْلُكَ، وَأَكْرِمْ مَنْ قَدِمَ عَلَيْكَ مِنْهُمْ، وَتَعَاهَدَ مَنْ غَابَ، وَانْظُرْ أَهْلَ الْعِرَاقِ: فَإِنْ سَأَلُوكَ أَنْ تَعْزِلَ عَنْهُمْ كُلَّ يَوْمٍ عَامِلًا فَافْعَلْ، فَإِنَّ عَزْلَ عَامِلٍ أَيْسَرُ مِنْ أَنْ يُشْهَرَ عَلَيْكَ مِائَةُ أَلْفِ سَيْفٍ، وَانْظُرْ أَهْلَ الشَّامِ فَلْيَكُونُوا بِطَانَتَكَ وَعَيْبَتَكَ، فَإِنْ رَابَكَ مَنْ عَدُّوِكَ شَيْءٌ فَانْتَصِرْ بِهِمْ، فَإِذَا أَصَبْتَهُمْ فَارْدُدْ أَهْلَ الشَّامِ إِلَى بِلَادِهِمْ، فَإِنَّهُمْ إِنْ أَقَامُوا بِغَيْرِ بِلَادِهِمْ تَغَيَّرَتْ أَخْلَاقُهُمْ، وَإِنِّي لَسْتُ أَخَافُ عَلَيْكَ أَنْ يُنَازِعَكَ فِي هَذَا الْأَمْرِ إِلَّا أَرْبَعَةُ نَفَرٍ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ: الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ عُمَرَ، وَعَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، وَعَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، فَأَمَّا ابْنُ عُمَرَ فَإِنَّهُ رَجُلٌ قَدْ وَقَذَتْهُ الْعِبَادَةُ، فَإِذَا لَمْ يَبْقَ أَحَدٌ غَيْرُهُ بَايَعَكَ، وَأَمَّا الْحُسَيْنُ بْنُ عَلِيٍّ فَهُوَ رَجُلٌ خَفِيفٌ وَلَنْ يَتْرُكَهُ أَهْلُ الْعِرَاقِ حَتَّى يُخْرِجُوهُ، فَإِنْ خَرَجَ وَظَفِرْتَ بِهِ فَاصْفَحْ عَنْهُ، فَإِنَّ لَهُ رَحِمًا مَاسَّةً وَحَقًّا عَظِيمًا وَقَرَابَةً مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ ﷺ وَأَمَّا ابْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَإِنْ رَأَى أَصْحَابَهُ صَنَعُوا شَيْئًا صَنَعَ مِثْلَهُ، لَيْسَ لَهُ هِمَّةٌ إِلَّا فِي النِّسَاءِ وَاللَّهْوِ، وَأَمَّا الَّذِي يَجْثِمُ لَكَ جُثُومَ الْأَسَدِ وَيُرَاوِغُكَ مُرَاوَغَةَ الثَّعْلَبِ فَإِنْ أَمْكَنَتْهُ فُرْصَةٌ وَثَبَ فَذَاكَ ابْنُ الزُّبَيْرِ، فَإِنْ هُوَ فَعَلَهَا بِكَ فَظَفِرْتَ بِهِ فَقَطِّعْهُ إِرَبًا إِرَبًا، وَاحْقِنْ دِمَاءَ قَوْمِكَ مَا اسْتَطَعْتَ. هَكَذَا فِي هَذِهِ الرِّوَايَةِ ذُكِرَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ أَبِي بَكْرٍ، وَلَيْسَ بِصَحِيحٍ، فَإِنَّ عَبْدَ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنَ أَبِي بَكْرٍ كَانَ قَدْ مَاتَ قَبْلَ مُعَاوِيَةَ. وَقِيلَ: إِنَّ يَزِيدَ كَانَ غَائِبًا فِي مَرَضِ أَبِيهِ وَمَوْتِهِ، وَإِنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ أَحْضَرَ الضَّحَّاكَ بْنَ قَيْسٍ وَمُسْلِمَ بْنَ عُقْبَةَ الْمُرِّيَّ فَأَمَرَهُمَا أَنْ يُؤَدِّيَا عَنْهُ هَذِهِ الرِّسَالَةَ إِلَى يَزِيدَ ابْنِهِ، وَهُوَ الصَّحِيحُ. وفاة معاوية بن أبي سفيان ؓ كَتَبَ رَجُلٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ إِلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ، ؓ: إِذَا الرِّجَالُ وَلَدَتْ أَوْلَادُهَا وَاضْطَرَبَتْ مِنْ كِبَرٍ أَعَضَادُهَا     وَجَعَلَتْ أَسْقَامُهَا تَعْتَادُهَا فَهِيَ زُرُوعٌ قَدْ دَنَا حَصَادُهَا فَقَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ نَعَى إِلَيَّ نَفْسِي. عن حَدَّثَنِي ثُمَامَةُ بْنُ كُلْثُومٍ، أَنَّ آخِرَ خُطْبَةٍ خَطَبَهَا مُعَاوِيَةُ أَنْ قَالَ:وَيَا يَزِيدُ، إِذَا وَفَى أَجْلِي فَوَلِّ غُسْلِي رَجُلًا لَبِيبًا ; فَإِنَّ اللَّبِيبَ مِنَ اللَّهِ بِمَكَانٍ، فَلْيُنْعِمِ الْغُسْلَ وَلْيَجْهَرْ بِالتَّكْبِيرِ، ثُمَّ اعْمِدْ إِلَى مَنْدِيلٍ فِي الْخِزَانَةِ فِيهِ ثَوْبٌ مِنْ ثِيَابِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ، وَقُرَاضَةٌ مِنْ شَعْرِهِ وَأَظْفَارِهِ، فَاسْتَوْدِعِ الْقُرَاضَةَ أَنْفِي وَفَمِي وَأُذُنَيَّ وَعَيْنَيَّ، وَاجْعَلِ الثَّوْبَ يَلِي جِلْدِي دُونَ أَكْفَانِي، وَيَا يَزِيدُ، احْفَظْ وَصِيَّةَ اللَّهِ فِي الْوَالِدَيْنِ، فَإِذَا أَدْرَجْتُمُونِي فِي جَرِيدَتِي، وَوَضَعْتُمُونِي فِي حُفْرَتِي فَخَلُّوا مُعَاوِيَةَ وَأَرْحَمَ الرَّاحِمِينَ. وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: لَمَّا احْتُضِرَ مُعَاوِيَةُ جَعَلَ يَقُولُ: لَعَمْرِي لَقَدْ عُمِّرْتُ فِي الدَّهْرِ بُرْهَةً     وَدَانَتْ لِيَ الدُّنْيَا بِوَقْعِ الْبَوَاتِرِ وَأُعْطِيتُ حُمْرَ الْمَالِ وَالْحُكْمَ وَالنُّهَى     وَسِلْمَ قَمَاقِيمِ الْمُلُوكِ الْجَبَابِرِ فَأَضْحَى الَّذِي قَدْ كَانَ مِمَّا يَسُرُّنِي     كَحُلْمٍ مَضَى فِي الْمُزْمِنَاتِ الْغَوَابِرِ فَيَا لَيْتَنِي لَمْ أُعْنَ فِي الْمُلْكِ سَاعَةً     وَلَمْ أُعْنَ فِي لَذَّاتِ عَيْشٍ نَوَاضِرِ وَكُنْتُ كَذِي طِمْرَيْنِ عَاشَ بِبُلْغَةٍ     مِنَ الْعَيْشِ حَتَّى زَارَ ضِيقَ الْمَقَابِرِ وعَنْ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ، عَمَّنْ حَدَّثَهُ، أَنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ لَمَّا احْتُضِرَ أَوْصَى بْنصْفِ مَالِهِ أَنْ يُرَدَّ إِلَى بَيْتِ الْمَالِ، كَأَنَّهُ أَرَادَ أَنْ يُطَيَّبَ لَهُ ; لِأَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ قَاسَمَ عُمَّالَهُ. وَذَكَرُوا أَنَّهُ فِي آخِرِ عُمْرِهِ اشْتَدَّ بِهِ الْبَرْدُ، فَكَانَ إِذَا لَبِسَ أَوْ تَغَطَّى بِشَيْءٍ ثَقِيلٍ يَغُمُّهُ، فَاتُّخِذَ لَهُ ثَوْبٌ مِنْ حَوَاصِلِ الطَّيْرِ، ثُمَّ ثَقُلَ عَلَيْهِ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ، فَقَالَ: تَبًّا لَكِ مِنْ دَارٍ، مَلَكْتُكِ أَرْبَعِينَ سَنَةً ; عِشْرِينَ أَمِيرًا، وَعِشْرِينَ خَلِيفَةً، ثُمَّ هَذَا حَالِي فِيكِ، وَمَصِيرِي مِنْكِ، تَبًّا لِلدُّنْيَا وَمُحِبِّيهَا. وعَنْ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ عُمَيْرٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا ثَقُلَ مُعَاوِيَةُ وَتَحَدَّثَ النَّاسُ أَنَّهُ بِالْمَوْتِ قَالَ لِأَهْلِهِ: احْشُوَا عَيْنَيَّ إِثْمِدًا، وَأَوْسِعُوا رَأْسِي دُهْنًا. فَفَعَلُوا وَبَرَّقُوا وَجْهَهُ بِالدُّهْنِ، ثُمَّ مُهِّدَ لَهُ فَجَلَسَ وَقَالَ: أَسْنَدُونِي. ثُمَّ قَالَ: ائْذَنُوا لِلنَّاسِ فَلْيُسَلِّمُوا عَلَيَّ قِيَامًا وَلَا يَجْلِسْ أَحَدٌ. فَجَعَلَ الرَّجُلُ يَدْخُلُ فَيُسَلِّمُ قَائِمًا فَيَرَاهُ مُتَكَحِّلًا مُتَدَهِّنًا، فَيَقُولُ مُتَقَوِّلُ النَّاسِ: هُوَ لَمًّا بِهِ، وَهُوَ أَصَحُّ النَّاسِ. فَلَمَّا خَرَجُوا مِنْ عِنْدِهِ قَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ: وَتَجَلُّدِي لِلشَّامِتِينَ أُرِيهِمُ     أَنِّي لِرَيْبِ الدَّهْرِ لَا أَتَضَعْضَعُ وَإِذَا الْمَنِيَّةُ أَنْشَبَتْ أَظْفَارَهَا     أَلْفَيْتَ كُلَّ تَمِيمَةٍ لَا تَنْفَعُ قَالَ: وَكَانَ بِهِ الْتِفَاتَةٌ، يَعْنِي لَقْوَةً، فَمَاتَ مِنْ يَوْمِهِ ذَلِكَ، رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ وَرَضِيَ عَنْهُ. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عُقْبَةَ: لَمَّا نَزَلَ بِمُعَاوِيَةَ الْمَوْتَ قَالَ: يَا لَيْتَنِي كُنْتُ رَجُلًا مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ بِذِي طَوًى وَلَمْ أَلِ مِنْ هَذَا الْأَمْرِ شَيْئًا. وَقَالَ أَبُو السَّائِبِ الْمَخْزُومِيُّ: لَمَّا حَضَرَتْ مُعَاوِيَةَ الْوَفَاةُ تَمَثَّلَ بِقَوْلِ الشَّاعِرِ: إِنْ تُنَاقِشْ يَكُنْ نِقَاشُكَ يَا رَبِّ     عَذَابًا لَا طَوْقَ لِي بِالْعَذَابِ أَوْ تُجَاوِزْ تَجَاوُزَ الْعَفْوِ فَاصْفَحْ     عَنْ مُسِيءٍ ذُنُوبُهُ كَالتُّرَابِ وَقَالَ بَعْضُهُمْ: لَمَّا احْتُضِرَ مُعَاوِيَةُ جَعَلَ أَهْلُهُ يُقَلِّبُونَهُ فَقَالَ لَهُمْ: أَيَّ شَيْخٍ تُقَلِّبُونَ ؟ إِنْ نَجَّاهُ اللَّهُ مِنَ النَّارِ غَدًا. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ سِيرِينَ: جَعَلَ مُعَاوِيَةُ لَمَّا احْتُضِرَ يَضَعُ خَدًّا عَلَى الْأَرْضِ، ثُمَّ يُقَلِّبُ وَجْهَهُ، وَيَضَعُ الْخَدَّ الْآخَرَ، وَيَبْكِي وَيَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّكَ قُلْتَ فِي كِتَابِكَ: إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يَغْفِرُ أَنْ يُشْرَكَ بِهِ وَيَغْفِرُ مَا دُونَ ذَلِكَ لِمَنْ يَشَاءُ [ النِّسَاءِ: 48 ]. اللَّهُمَّ فَاجْعَلْنِي مِمَّنْ تَشَاءُ أَنْ تَغْفِرَ لَهُ. وَقَالَ الْعُتْبِيُّ عَنْ أَبِيهِ: تَمَثَّلَ مُعَاوِيَةُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ بِقَوْلِ بَعْضِهِمْ وَهُوَ فِي السِّيَاقِ: هُوَ الْمَوْتُ لَا مَنْجَى مِنَ الْمَوْتِ وَالَّذِي     نُحَاذِرُ بَعْدَ الْمَوْتِ أَدْهَى وَأَفْظَعُ ثُمَّ قَالَ: اللَّهُمَّ أَقِلِ الْعَثْرَةَ، وَاعْفُ عَنِ الزَّلَّةِ، وَتَجَاوَزْ بِحِلْمِكَ عَنْ جَهْلِ مَنْ لَمْ يَرْجُ غَيْرَكَ، فَإِنَّكَ وَاسِعُ الْمَغْفِرَةِ، لَيْسَ لِذِي خَطِيئَةٍ مِنْ خَطِيئَتِهِ مَهْرَبٌ إِلَّا إِلَيْكَ. وَقَالَ غَيْرُهُ: أُغْمِيَ عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ أَفَاقَ، فَقَالَ لِأَهْلِهِ: اتَّقُوا اللَّهَ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى يَقِي مَنِ اتَّقَاهُ، وَلَا يَقِي مَنْ لَا يَتَّقِي. ثُمَّ مَاتَ رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ. وعَنْ عَبْدِ الْمَلِكِ بْنِ نَوْفَلٍ قَالَ: لَمَّا مَاتَ مُعَاوِيَةُ صَعِدَ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ الْمِنْبَرَ، فَخَطَبَ النَّاسَ وَأَكْفَانُ مُعَاوِيَةَ عَلَى يَدَيْهِ، فَقَالَ بَعْدَ حَمْدِ اللَّهِ وَالثَنَاءِ عَلَيْهِ: إِنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ الَّذِي كَانَ عَوْدَ الْعَرَبِ وَحَدَّ الْعَرَبِ، قَطَعَ اللَّهُ بِهِ الْفِتْنَةَ، وَمَلَّكَهُ عَلَى الْعِبَادِ، وَفَتَحَ بِهِ الْبِلَادَ، أَلَا إِنَّهُ قَدْ مَاتَ وَهَذِهِ أَكْفَانُهُ، فَنَحْنُ مُدْرِجُوهُ فِيهَا، وَمُدْخِلُوهُ قَبْرَهُ وَمُخَلُّونَ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ عَمَلِهِ، ثُمَّ هُوَ الْبَرْزَخُ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ، فَمَنْ كَانَ مِنْكُمْ يُرِيدُ أَنْ يَشْهَدَهُ فَلْيَحْضُرْ عِنْدَ الْأُولَى. ثُمَّ نَزَلَ وَبَعَثَ الْبَرِيدَ إِلَى يَزِيدَ بْنِ مُعَاوِيَةَ يُعْلِمُهُ وَيَسْتَحِثُّهُ عَلَى الْمَجِيءِ. وَلَا خِلَافَ أَنَّهُ، ؓ، تُوُفِّيَ بِدِمَشْقَ فِي رَجَبٍ سَنَةَ سِتِّينَ. فَقَالَ جَمَاعَةٌ: لَيْلَةَ الْخَمِيسِ لِلنِّصْفِ مِنْ رَجَبٍ سَنَةَ سِتِّينَ. وَقِيلَ: لَيْلَةَ الْخَمِيسِ لِثَمَانٍ بَقِينَ مِنْ رَجَبٍ سَنَةَ سِتِّينَ. قَالَهُ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ وَغَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ. وَقِيلَ: لِأَرْبَعٍ خَلَتْ مِنْ رَجَبٍ. قَالَهُ اللَّيْثُ. وَقَالَ سَعْدُ بْنُ إِبْرَاهِيمَ: لِمُسْتَهَلِّ رَجَبٍ. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَاقَ وَالشَّافِعِيُّ: صَلَّى عَلَيْهِ ابْنُهُ يَزِيدُ. وَقَدْ وَرَدَ مِنْ غَيْرِ وَجْهٍ أَنَّهُ أَوْصَى إِلَيْهِ أَنْ يُكَفَّنَ فِي ثَوْبِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ﷺ الَّذِي كَسَاهُ إِيَّاهُ، وَكَانَ مُدَّخَرًا عِنْدَهُ لِهَذَا الْيَوْمِ، وَأَنْ يَجْعَلَ مَا عِنْدَهُ مِنْ شَعْرِهِ وَقُلَامَةِ أَظْفَارِهِ فِي فَمِهِ وَأَنْفِهِ وَعَيْنَيْهِ وَأُذُنَيْهِ. وَقَالَ آخَرُونَ: بَلْ كَانَ ابْنُهُ يَزِيدُ غَائِبًا، فَصَلَّى عَلَيْهِ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ بَعْدَ صَلَاةِ الظُّهْرِ بِمَسْجِدِ دِمَشْقَ، ثُمَّ دُفِنَ فَقِيلَ: بِدَارِ الْإِمَارَةِ. وَهِيَ الْخَضْرَاءُ، وَقِيلَ: بِمَقَابِرِ بَابِ الصَّغِيرِ. وَعَلَيْهِ الْجُمْهُورُ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَكَانَ عُمْرُهُ إِذْ ذَاكَ ثَمَانِيًا وَسَبْعِينَ سَنَةً. وَقِيلَ: جَاوَزَ الثَّمَانِينَ. وَهُوَ الْأَشْهَرُ. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. ثُمَّ رَكِبَ الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ فِي جَيْشٍ، وَخَرَجَ لِيَتَلَقَّى يَزِيدَ بْنَ مُعَاوِيَةَ، وَكَانَ يَزِيدُ بِحُوَّارِينَ، فَلَمَّا وَصَلُوا إِلَى ثَنِيَّةِ الْعُقَابِ تَلَقَّتْهُمْ أَثْقَالُ يَزِيدَ، وَإِذَا يَزِيدُ رَاكِبٌ عَلَى بُخْتِيٍّ وَعَلَيْهِ الْحُزْنُ ظَاهِرٌ، فَسَلَّمَ عَلَيْهِ النَّاسُ بِالْإِمَارَةِ، وَعَزَّوْهُ فِي أَبِيهِ، وَهُوَ يَخْفِضُ صَوْتَهُ فِي رَدِّهِ عَلَيْهِمْ، وَالنَّاسُ صَامِتُونَ لَا يَتَكَلَّمُ مَعَهُ إِلَّا الضَّحَّاكُ بْنُ قَيْسٍ، فَانْتَهَى إِلَى بَابِ تُومَاءَ، فَظَنَّ النَّاسُ أَنَّهُ يَدْخُلُ مِنْهُ إِلَى الْمَدِينَةِ، فَأَجَازَهُ مَعَ السُّورِ حَتَّى انْتَهَى إِلَى الْبَابِ الشَّرْقِيِّ، فَقِيلَ: يَدْخُلُ مِنْهُ. لِأَنَّهُ بَابُ خَالِدٍ، فَجَازَهُ حَتَّى أَتَى الْبَابَ الصَّغِيرَ، فَعَرَفَ النَّاسُ أَنَّهُ قَاصِدٌ قَبْرَ أَبِيهِ، فَلَمَّا وَصَلَ إِلَى بَابِ الصَّغِيرِ تَرَجَّلَ عِنْدَ الْمَقْبَرَةِ، ثُمَّ دَخَلَ، فَصَلَّى عَلَى أَبِيهِ بَعْدَ مَا دُفِنَ، ثُمَّ انْفَتَلَ، فَلَمَّا خَرَجَ مِنَ الْمَقْبَرَةِ أَتَى بِمَرَاكِبِ الْخِلَافَةِ، فَرَكِبَ، ثُمَّ دَخَلَ الْبَلَدَ، وَأَمَرَ فَنُودِيَ فِي النَّاسِ أَنِ الصَّلَاةُ جَامِعَةٌ. وَدَخَلَ الْخَضْرَاءَ، فَاغْتَسَلَ وَلَبِسَ ثِيَابًا حَسَنَةً، ثُمَّ خَرَجَ فَخَطَبَ النَّاسَ أَوَّلَ خُطْبَةٍ خَطَبَهَا وَهُوَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، فَقَالَ بَعْدَ حَمْدِ اللَّهِ وَالثَنَاءِ عَلَيْهِ: أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، إِنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ كَانَ عَبْدًا مِنْ عَبِيدِ اللَّهِ، أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ قَبَضَهُ إِلَيْهِ، وَهُوَ خَيْرٌ مِمَّنْ بَعْدَهُ، وَدُونَ مَنْ قَبْلَهُ، وَلَا أُزَكِّيهِ عَلَى اللَّهِ، عَزَّ وَجَلَّ، هُوَ أَعْلَمُ بِهِ، إِنْ عَفَا عَنْهُ فَبِرَحْمَتِهِ، وَإِنْ عَاقَبَهُ فَبِذَنْبِهِ، وَقَدْ وَلِيتُ الْأَمْرَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ، وَلَسْتُ آسَى عَلَى طَلَبٍ، وَلَا أَعْتَذِرُ مِنْ تَفْرِيطٍ، وَإِذَا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ شَيْئًا كَانَ. وَقَالَ لَهُمْ فِي خُطْبَتِهِ هَذِهِ: وَإِنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ كَانَ يُغْزِيكُمْ فِي الْبَرِّ وَالْبَحْرِ، وَإِنِّي لَسْتُ حَامِلًا أَحَدًا مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ فِي الْبَحْرِ، وَإِنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ كَانَ يُشَتِّيكُمْ بِأَرْضِ الرُّومِ، وَلَسْتُ مُشَتِّيًا أَحَدًا بِأَرْضِ الرُّومِ، وَإِنَّ مُعَاوِيَةَ كَانَ يُخْرِجُ لَكُمُ الْعَطَاءَ أَثْلَاثًا، وَأَنَا أَجْمَعُهُ لَكُمْ كُلَّهُ. قَالَ: فَافْتَرَقَ النَّاسُ عَنْهُ وَهُمْ لَا يُفَضِّلُونَ عَلَيْهِ أَحَدًا. وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الْحَكَمِ: سَمِعْتُ الشَّافِعِيَّ يَقُولُ: بَعَثَ مُعَاوِيَةُ وَهُوَ مَرِيضٌ إِلَى ابْنِهِ يَزِيدَ، فَلَمَّا جَاءَهُ الْبَرِيدُ رَكِبَ وَهُوَ يَقُولُ: جَاءَ الْبَرِيدُ بِقِرْطَاسٍ يَخُبُّ بِهِ     فَأَوْجَسَ الْقَلْبُ مِنْ قِرْطَاسِهِ فَزَعًا قُلْنَا لَكَ الْوَيْلُ مَاذَا فِي صَحِيفَتِكُمْ     قَالَ الْخَلِيفَةُ أَمْسَى مُثْبَتًا وَجِعًا فَمَادَتِ الْأَرْضُ أَوْ كَادَتْ تَمِيدُ بِنَا     كَأَنَّ أَغْبَرَ مِنْ أَرْكَانِهَا انْقَلَعَا ثُمَّ انْبَعَثْنَا إِلَى خُوصٍ مُضَمَّرَةٍ     نَرْمِي الْفِجَاجَ بِهَا مَا نَأْتَلِي سُرَعًا فَمَا نُبَالِي إِذَا بَلَّغْنَ أَرْحُلَنَا     مَا مَاتَ مِنْهُنَّ بِالْمَوْمَاةِ أَوْ ظَلَعَا وَزَادَ غَيْرُهُ: لَمَّا انْتَهَيْنَا وَبَابُ الدَّارِ مُنْصَفِقٌ     بِصَوْتِ رَمْلَةَ رِيعَ الْقَلْبُ فَانْصَدَعَا مَنْ لَا تَزَلْ نَفْسُهُ تُوفِي عَلَى شَرَفٍ     تُوشِكُ مَقَادِيرُ تِلْكَ النَّفْسِ أَنْ تَقَعَا أَوْدَى ابْنُ هِنْدَ وَأَوْدَى الْمَجْدُ يَتْبَعُهُ     كَانَا جَمِيعًا خَلِيطًا سَالِمَيْنِ مَعَا أَغَرُّ أَبْلَجُ يُسْتَسْقَى الْغَمَامُ بِهِ     لَوْ قَارَعَ النَّاسَ عَنْ أَحْلَامِهِمْ قَرَعَا لَا يَرْقَعُ النَّاسُ مَا أَوْهَى وَإِنْ جَهِدُوا     أَنْ يَرْقَعُوهُ وَلَا يُوهُونَ مَا رَقَعَا قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ: سَرَقَ يَزِيدُ هَذَيْنِ الْبَيْتَيْنِ مِنَ الْأَعْشَى. ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ أَنَّهُ دَخَلَ قَبْلَ مَوْتِ أَبِيهِ دِمَشْقَ، وَأَنَّهُ أَوْصَى إِلَيْهِ. وَهَذَا قَدْ قَالَهُ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ وَغَيْرُ وَاحِدٍ، وَلَكِنَّ الْجُمْهُورَ عَلَى أَنَّ يَزِيدَ لَمْ يَدْخُلْ دِمَشْقَ إِلَّا بَعْدَ مَوْتِ أَبِيهِ، وَأَنَّهُ صَلَّى عَلَى قَبْرِهِ بِالنَّاسِ، كَمَا قَدَّمْنَا. وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ. وَقَالَ أَبُو الْوَرْدِ الْعَنْبَرِيُّ يَرْثِي مُعَاوِيَةَ، ؓ: أَلَا أَنْعَى مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنَ حَرْبٍ     نَعَاهُ الْحِلُّ لِلشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ نَعَاهُ النَّاعِجَاتُ بِكُلِّ فَجٍّ     خَوَاضِعَ فِي الْأَزِمَّةِ كَالسِّهَامِ فَهَاتِيكَ النُّجُومُ وَهُنَّ خُرْسٌ     يَنُحْنَ عَلَى مُعَاوِيَةَ الشَّآمِ وَقَالَ أَيْمَنُ بْنُ خُرَيْمٍ يَرْثِيهِ أَيْضًا: رَمَى الْحِدْثَانُ نِسْوَةَ آلِ حَرْبٍ     بِمِقَدْارٍ سَمَدْنَ لَهُ سُمُودَا فَرَدَّ شُعُورَهُنَّ السُّودَ بِيضَا     وَرَدَّ وُجُوهَهُنَّ الْبِيضَ سُودَا فَإِنَّكَ لَوْ شَهِدْتَ بُكَاءَ هِنْدَ     وَرَمْلَةَ إِذْ يُصَفِّقْنَ الْخُدُودَا بَكَيْتَ بُكَاءَ مُعْوِلَةٍ قَرِيحٍ     أَصَابَ الدَّهْرُ وَاحِدَهَا الْفَرِيدَا وَلَمَّا اشْتَدَّ مَرَضُهُ أَخَذَتِ ابْنَتُهُ رَمْلَةُ رَأْسَهُ فِي حِجْرِهَا وَجَعَلَتْ تُفَلِّيهِ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّكِ لَتُفَلِّينَهُ حُوَّلًا قُلَّبًا، جَمَعَ الْمَالَ مِنْ شُبٍّ إِلَى دُبٍّ، فَلَيْتَهُ لَا يَدْخُلُ النَّارَ ! ثُمَّ تَمَثَّلَ: لَقَدْ سَعَيْتُ لَكُمْ مِنْ سَعْيِ ذِي نَصَبٍ     وَقَدْ كَفَيْتُكُمُ التَّطْوَافَ وَالرَّحَلَا وَبَلَغَهُ أَنَّ قَوْمًا يَفْرَحُونَ بِمَوْتِهِ، فَأَنْشَدَ: فَهَلْ مِنْ خَالِدٍ إِنْ مَا هَلَكْنَا     وَهَلْ بِالْمَوْتِ يَا لِلنَّاسِ عَارُ ؟ وَكَانَ فِي مَرَضِهِ رُبَّمَا اخْتَلَطَ فِي بَعْضِ الْأَوْقَاتِ، فَقَالَ مَرَّةً: كَمْ بَيْنَنَا وَبَيْنَ الْغُوطَةِ ؟ فَصَاحَتْ بِنْتُهُ: وَاحُزْنَاهُ ! فَأَفَاقَ فَقَالَ: إِنْ تَنْفِرِي فَقَدْ رَأَيْتِ مَنْفَرَا.

Translation

✧ The Death of Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān Muʿāwiyah's sermon before his illness Muʿāwiyah delivered a sermon before his illness and said: "I am like a crop ready to be harvested, and my rule over you has lasted so long that I have grown weary of you and you have grown weary of me; I have longed for parting from you and you have longed for parting from me. After me, none will come to you but one who is better than I am, just as the one before me was better than I am. It has been said: 'Whoever loves to meet Allah, Allah loves to meet him.' O Allah, I have loved to meet You, so love to meet me and bless me in it!" Muʿāwiyah's charge to his son Yazīd during his illness Muʿāwiyah had taken from the delegation that came to him with ʿUbayd Allāh b. Ziyād the oath of allegiance to his son Yazīd, and he charged his son Yazīd when he fell ill, saying to him: "My son, I have spared you hardship and travel, and I have made things easy for you, subdued enemies for you, abased the necks of the Arabs before you, and gathered for you what no one else has gathered. Look after the people of the Hijāz, for they are your origin; honor whoever among them comes to you, and look after those who are absent. Look after the people of Iraq: If they ask you to dismiss an official from them every day, do so, for dismissing an official is easier than having a hundred thousand swords drawn against you. Look after the people of Syria; let them be your inner circle and your confidants. If anything from your enemy disturbs you, seek victory through them. When you have struck them, send the people of Syria back to their own lands, for if they remain outside their lands their character will change. Indeed I do not fear that any will contend with you for this matter except four men of Quraysh: al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿUmar, ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr, and ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr. As for Ibn ʿUmar, he is a man whom worship has subdued; if no one else remains, he will pledge allegiance to you. As for al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī, he is a light-minded man, and the people of Iraq will not leave him until they stir him to rise. If he rises and you overcome him, pardon him, for he has a close blood tie, a great right, and kinship with Muḥammad ﷺ. As for Ibn Abī Bakr, if he sees his companions do something he will do the like; his only concern is women and amusement. As for the one who will crouch before you like a lion crouches and dodge you like a fox dodges, if an opportunity presents itself he will leap—that is Ibn al-Zubayr. If he does that to you and you prevail over him, cut him limb from limb. Spare the blood of your people as much as you can." Thus in this report ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr is mentioned, but this is not sound, for ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr had already died before Muʿāwiyah. It was said: Yazīd was absent during his father's illness and death, and Muʿāwiyah summoned al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays and Muslim b. ʿUqbah al-Murrī and ordered them to convey this message on his behalf to his son Yazīd. This is the sound view. The death of Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān ؓ A man from the people of al-Madīnah wrote to Muʿāwiyah b. Abī Sufyān ؓ: When men beget their sons and their upper arms tremble from old age, and their illnesses become habitual to them, then they are crops whose harvest has drawn near. Muʿāwiyah said: "He has announced my own death to me." From Thumāmah b. Kulthūm, who narrated to me: The last sermon Muʿāwiyah delivered, he said: "O Yazīd, when my appointed time comes, entrust my washing to an intelligent man, for the intelligent man has a station with Allah. Let him wash me thoroughly and proclaim the takbīr aloud. Then go to a cloth in the storeroom containing a garment from the garments of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, and parings of his hair and nails. Entrust the parings to my nose, my mouth, my ears, and my eyes, and place the garment next to my skin beneath my shrouds. O Yazīd, keep Allah's commandment regarding parents. When you have wrapped me in my shroud and placed me in my grave, leave Muʿāwiyah to the Most Merciful of the merciful." Some of them said: When Muʿāwiyah was dying, he began to say: By my life, I have lived long in this world, and the world has submitted to me through the falling of sharp swords. I was given ample wealth, rule, and forbearance, and peace from the flasks of tyrant kings. What once delighted me has become like a dream that passed in bygone ages. Would that I had not been troubled by kingship for an hour, and had not been troubled by the delights of a flourishing life, and had been like one in two worn garments who lived on a meager subsistence until he visited the narrowness of the graves. From Muḥammad b. al-Ḥakam, from someone who narrated to him, that when Muʿāwiyah was dying he bequeathed half his wealth to be returned to the public treasury, as if he wanted to purify it for himself, because ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb had shared with his officials. They mentioned that in the last part of his life he suffered severely from the cold. Whenever he dressed in or covered himself with something heavy it oppressed him, so a garment was made for him from the crops of birds. Then it became heavy on him after that, and he said: "Perish you, O abode! I possessed you for forty years: twenty as amīr and twenty as caliph, and then this is my state in you and my departure from you. Perish the world and those who love it!" From ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿUmayr, who said: When Muʿāwiyah grew seriously ill and people talked of his being near death, he said to his family: "Fill my eyes with antimony and anoint my head generously with oil." They did so and made his face glisten with oil. Then a cushion was prepared for him and he sat up and said: "Support me." Then he said: "Give permission to the people to greet me standing, and let no one sit." A man would enter and greet him standing and would see him with kohl on his eyes and oil on his head, and the talkers among the people would say: "He is being blamed for it, yet he is the healthiest of people." When they left him, Muʿāwiyah said: My feigned endurance before the gloaters—I show them that I do not crumble before the trials of time. But when death sinks its claws, you will find that no amulet avails. He said: He had a facial twitch, meaning partial paralysis, and he died that very day. May Allah have mercy on him and be pleased with him. Muḥammad b. ʿUqbah said: When death descended upon Muʿāwiyah he said: "Would that I were a man of Quraysh at Dhū Ṭawā and had never held any part of this matter!" Abū al-Sāʾib al-Makhzūmī said: When death was present with Muʿāwiyah, he recited the poet's verse: If You take me to account, my Lord, Your accounting will be a punishment that I cannot bear. Or if You pass over, pass over with pardon and overlook a sinner whose sins are like dust. Some of them said: When Muʿāwiyah was dying, his family began turning him over, and he said to them: "What old man are you turning over? If Allah saves him from the Fire tomorrow." Muḥammad b. Sīrīn said: When Muʿāwiyah was dying, he began to place one cheek on the ground, then turn his face over and place the other cheek, weeping and saying: "O Allah, You said in Your Book: 'Indeed Allah does not forgive that partners be associated with Him, but He forgives what is less than that for whom He wills' [al-Nisāʾ: 48]. O Allah, make me one of those whom You will to forgive." Al-ʿUtbī said, from his father: Muʿāwiyah at his death recited the saying of one of them while in the throes of death: It is death—no escape from death, and what we fear after death is more terrible and more dreadful. Then he said: "O Allah, pardon the slip, forgive the lapse, and by Your forbearance pass over the ignorance of one who hoped in none but You, for You are vast in forgiveness. A sinner has no escape from his sin except to You." Someone else said: He lost consciousness, then regained it and said to his family: "Fear Allah, for Allah protects whoever fears Him and does not protect whoever does not fear Him." Then he died. May Allah have mercy on him. From ʿAbd al-Malik b. Nawfal, who said: When Muʿāwiyah died, al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays ascended the pulpit and addressed the people with Muʿāwiyah's shrouds in his hands. After praising and extolling Allah, he said: "Muʿāwiyah was the might of the Arabs and the edge of the Arabs. Through him Allah cut off discord, gave him dominion over the servants, and opened lands through him. Indeed he has died, and these are his shrouds. We shall wrap him in them and place him in his grave, leaving him to his deeds. Then comes the isthmus until the Day of Resurrection. Whoever among you wishes to witness him, let him attend at the first prayer." Then he descended and sent the courier to Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah to inform him and urge him to come. There is no disagreement that he, ؓ, died in Damascus in Rajab of the year 60. A group said: on Thursday night, the middle of Rajab, year 60. It was said: on Thursday night, with eight nights remaining of Rajab, year 60. Ibn Isḥāq and more than one said this. It was said: on the fourth of Rajab. Al-Layth said this. Saʿd b. Ibrāhīm said: at the beginning of Rajab. Muḥammad b. Isḥāq and al-Shāfiʿī said: His son Yazīd prayed over him. It has been reported from several sources that he bequeathed to him that he be shrouded in the garment of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ which he had given him, and which he had kept for this day, and that the parings of his hair and nails that he had be placed in his mouth, nose, eyes, and ears. Others said: Rather his son Yazīd was absent, so al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays prayed over him after the noon prayer in the mosque of Damascus, and then he was buried. It was said: in the governor's residence, which is al-Khaḍrāʾ. It was said: in the cemetery of Bāb al-Ṣaghīr, and this is the view of the majority. And Allah knows best. His age at that time was seventy-eight years. It was said: he had passed eighty, and this is the more well-known view. And Allah knows best. Then al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays rode with an army and went out to meet Yazīd b. Muʿāwiyah. Yazīd was at Ḥuwwārīn. When they reached Thaniyyat al-ʿUqāb, Yazīd's baggage train met them, and there was Yazīd riding a Bactrian camel with grief apparent on him. The people greeted him as amīr and offered condolences for his father, while he lowered his voice in replying to them. The people were silent, and no one spoke with him except al-Ḍaḥḥāk b. Qays. He reached Bāb Tūmāʾ, and the people thought he would enter the city through it, but he passed it, keeping along the wall until he reached the eastern gate. It was said: he would enter through it, because it is the gate of Khālid. He passed it too until he came to Bāb al-Ṣaghīr. Then the people knew that he was heading for his father's grave. When he reached Bāb al-Ṣaghīr, he dismounted at the cemetery and entered. He prayed over his father after he had been buried, then turned away. When he left the cemetery, the mounts of the caliphate were brought to him, and he rode. Then he entered the city and ordered that it be announced among the people: "Prayer in congregation!" He entered al-Khaḍrāʾ, bathed, put on fine clothes, then came out and addressed the people in the first sermon he delivered as Commander of the Faithful. After praising and extolling Allah, he said: "O people, Muʿāwiyah was a servant among the servants of Allah. Allah blessed him, then took him to Himself. He was better than whoever comes after him and less than whoever came before him. I do not praise him before Allah, mighty and glorious; He knows him best. If He pardons him, it is by His mercy; if He punishes him, it is for his sin. I have assumed the matter after him. I do not grieve over any pursuit, nor do I apologize for any shortcoming. When Allah wills a thing, it is." And he said to them in this sermon: "Muʿāwiyah used to send you on expeditions by land and sea, but I will not carry anyone of the Muslims on the sea. Muʿāwiyah used to make you winter in the land of the Byzantines, but I will not make anyone winter in the land of the Byzantines. Muʿāwiyah used to distribute your stipends in three installments, but I will gather it all for you." He said: The people dispersed from him, preferring no one over him. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Ḥakam said: I heard al-Shāfiʿī say: Muʿāwiyah sent for his son Yazīd while he was ill. When the courier reached him, he mounted, reciting: The courier came with a letter, hastening with it, and the heart felt dread at his letter. We said: Woe to you! What is in your dispatch? He said: The caliph has become bedridden and in pain. The earth swayed, or nearly swayed, with us, as if a dusty mass of its pillars had been torn away. Then we set out on lean, emaciated camels, hurling them through the mountain passes, not slackening in speed. We do not care, if they reach our destination, how many of them die in the desert or go lame. Another added: When we arrived and the door of the house was flung open with the voice of Ramlah, the heart was startled and split. Whoever's soul keeps reaching for high eminence, the fates of that soul are likely to cause him to fall. Ibn Hind has perished, and glory has perished following him; they were both together a sound and secure companion. A noble, radiant man through whose intercession rain was sought; if he contended with people over their forbearance, he would prevail. People cannot mend what he has weakened, even if they strive to mend it, nor can they weaken what he has mended. Al-Shāfiʿī said: Yazīd stole these two verses from al-Aʿshā. Then he mentioned that he entered Damascus before his father's death, and that he was charged by him. This has been said by Ibn Isḥāq and more than one. However, the majority hold that Yazīd did not enter Damascus until after his father's death, and that he prayed over his grave with the people, as we have already stated. And Allah knows best. Abū al-Ward al-ʿAnbarī said in elegy for Muʿāwiyah ؓ: Lo, I announce the death of Muʿāwiyah b. Ḥarb; the lawful announced it in the sacred month. The swift she-camels announced it in every mountain pass, submissive in their reins like arrows. And there are the stars, though mute, wailing for Muʿāwiyah of Syria. Ayman b. Khuraym also said in elegy for him: The vicissitudes of time struck the women of the family of Ḥarb with a calamity before which they stood stunned. It turned their black locks white, and turned their white faces black. If you had witnessed the weeping of Hind and Ramlah as they struck their cheeks, you would have wept like a bereaved, wounded woman whose only one time has struck. When his illness became severe, his daughter Ramlah took his head in her lap and began to delouse him. He said: "You are delousing it, a shifty and fickle one! It gathered wealth from youth to old age. Would that it does not enter the Fire!" Then he recited: I have striven for you with the striving of one who toils, and I have spared you the wandering and the travel. He learned that some people were rejoicing at his death, and he recited: Is there any immortal if we perish? Is there any shame in death, O people? During his illness he sometimes became confused at certain times. Once he said: "How far is it between us and al-Ghūṭah?" His daughter cried out: "What grief!" He regained consciousness and said: "If you flee, you have seen a place to flee."

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